DNA is the genetic material found in living organisms. It is a polymer made up of nucleotides that stores and transmits genetic information. Griffith's transformation experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material by demonstrating that non-virulent bacteria could become virulent after uptake of DNA from dead virulent bacteria. Further experiments by Avery, Hershey and Chase provided stronger evidence that DNA, not proteins, was the genetic material. The double-helix structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography data, with the two strands running in opposite directions and connected through complementary base pairing.

1. 1
Polinukleotida(StrukturDNA)
copyright cmassengale

2. DNA
•Material genetik pada mahluk hidup adalah Asam nukleat (DNA atau RNA) yaitu suatu polimer nukleotidayg berperanan dlm penyimpanan serta pemindahan informasi genetik

3. Bukti bahwa DNA adalah material genetik

4. Transformation
•Fred Griffith menggunakan strain bakteri S.pneumoniaevirulen tipe Sand nonvirulent tipe R
Smooth Streptococcuspneumoniae(pneumococci)
Rough Streptococcuspneumoniae(pneumococci)

5. 台大農藝系遺傳學 601 20000
Chapter 2 slide 5Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Griffith’s transformation experiment

6. 6Transformation
•Dia menemukan bhw strain tipe R dapat menjadi virulentketika mengambil DNA (transformasi) dari strain tipe S yg sudah mati
•Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa DNA adalah adalah material genetik

7. Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Oswald T. Avery’s Transformation Experiment -1944Determined that “IIIS”DNA was the genetic material responsible for Griffith’s results (not RNA).

8. Support for Avery
•Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase-in 1952, used bacteriophage (T2) as a model.

9. Fig. 16.3

10. Structure of Viruses
•bacterial viruses may have tails and related structures
T4 virus

11. Structure of Viruses

12. Support for Avery
•They radiolabeled the protein coat with 35S and theDNAwith 32P in order to “see” which of the molecules actually entered the cell and produced more phage.

13. Fig. 16.4: Hershey-Chase Exp.

14. DNA/RNA
•Asam nukleat terdapat dlm 2 bentuk, yaitu asam deoksiribosa (DNA) dan asam ribosa (RNA).
•Pdseleukariot,DNAterdapatdidlmnukleus,
•padaselprokariot,terdptdlmsitoplasmadalambentuknukleoid.

15. StrukturDNA

16. DNA
Tersusunatassubunit ygdisebutnukleotida
Nukleotidaterdiriatas:
Gugusphosphate
Gulaberkarbon-5
BasaNitrogen

17. DNA
•Gula pentose (Deoxyribose) terikat ke gugus phosphat (PO4) groups melalui ikatan phosphodiester
•Ikatan antara molekul deoxiribosa dengan basa-basa nitrogen disebut ikatan glikosida

18. 18
Nukleotida DNA
O=P-O
OPhosphateGroup
NNitrogenous base(A, G, C, or T) CH2OC1
C4
C3
C2
5Sugar(deoxyribose) O

19. 19
Gula Pentosa
•Tersusun atas 5 atom karbon yg dinotasi 1’ -5’
CH2OC1C4C3
C2
5Sugar(deoxyribose)

20. 20
Basa2 Nitrogen
•Double ring PURIN
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
•Single ring PYRIMIDIN
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
T or CA or G

21. Pasangan-basa
•Purin hanya berpasangan dgnPirimidin
•Pasangan antara Guanin & sitosinmembentuk tiga ikatan hidrogen
C
G
3 H-bonds

22. 22TA
•Pasangan antara Timin & Adeninmembentuk dua ikatan hidrogen

23. Ikatan Hidrogen
HHH
H
O
O
HC
CCC
NN
C
TiminHNHH
NC
C
CCNNH
NC
AdeninH
O
N
H
C
CCNNCSitosinH
HHNC
CCC
N
NH
NCGuaninNHO
H

24. 5’end3’end
Perbedaan DNA dan RNA

25. 25DNA (Polinukleotida)
P
PPOOO
1
23
4
5
5
3
35PPPO
O
O1
2
3
4
5
5
3
53G
CTA

26. Three Dimensional Structure of DNA
•Rosalind Franklin-X-ray crystallography of DNA-showed that DNA was in a helix with PO4and sugars to the outside.
•James Watson and Francis Crick- took Franklin’s data-in April 23, 1953, and deduced the structure of DNA. Won the Nobel Prize along with Maurice Wilkins.

27. 1962: Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
James D. WatsonFrancis H. Crick
Maurice H. F.
Wilkins
What about?
Rosalind Franklin

29. 29
UntaigandaygbersifatAntiparalel
•Satu untai tumbuh dari
5’ ke 3’ (gula)
•Untai yang lain memiliki arah yg berlawanan dari 3’ ke 5’

30. 5’end
3’end

32. 32DNA Double Helix
Nitrogenous
Base (A,T,G or C) “Rungs of ladder” “Legs of ladder” Phosphate & Sugar Backbone

34. Type A, B, and Z conformations of DNA

35. Type B-DNA
Other DNA forms include: A-DNA: Right-handed double helix with 11 bases per turn; shorter and wider at 2.2 nm diameter. Exists in some DNA-protein complexes. Z-DNA: Left-handed double helix with 12 bases per turn; longer and thinner at 1.8 nm diameter.

36. Characteristics of DNA
•All chains of DNA and RNA have a 5’ PO4end and a 3’ OH end.
•Base sequences are written in a 5’ to 3’ direction.
•Ex. 5’ pGpTpCpCpApT-OH 3’ or
-GTCCAT -

37. Characteristics of DNA
•Base pairs stabilize the molecule by forming H-bonds.
•Antiparallel Strands-
5’----------------3’
3’----------------5’
•Strands are complementary.

38. Discovery of DNA Structure
•Erwin Chargaffmenunjukkan jumlah dari basa penyusun DNA ( A,T,C,G)
•Pada sel somatik:
A = 30.3%
T = 30.3%
G = 19.5%
C = 19.9%

39. Genome:
Keseluruhan gen/DNA yang ada di dalam sel hidup.
Gene:
Urutan nukleotida yang mengkode suatu protein.

40. Two types of organism:
Eukaryotes;
cells contain membrane-bound
compartments, including a nucleus and organelles.
Eukaryotes include: animals, plants, fungi, and
protozoa.
Prokaryotes:Lack internal compartments extensively.
Divided into two groups: bacteria and archaea.]

41. 5’ 5’
3’
3’ exonexon
intron
upstream
downstreamInitiation codon
termination codon

42. Gene organization in genomes

43. Circular shape of microbial DNA

44. 台大農藝系遺傳學 601 20000
Chapter 2 slide 44

45. •Terima kasih