DNA is the genetic material found in living organisms. It is a polymer made up of nucleotides that stores and transmits genetic information. Griffith's transformation experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material by demonstrating that non-virulent bacteria could become virulent after uptake of DNA from dead virulent bacteria. Further experiments by Avery, Hershey and Chase provided stronger evidence that DNA, not proteins, was the genetic material. The double-helix structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick based on Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography data, with the two strands running in opposite directions and connected through complementary base pairing.
The genetic material of any organisms is the substance that stores information about structure, function and
Development of various characteristics of a living
organisms.
The genetic material of any organisms is the substance that stores information about structure, function and
Development of various characteristics of a living
organisms.
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
chemistry of nucleic acids,
history --> Discovered by JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
central dogma of life
components of nucleic acids-->Nitrogenous base +pentose sugar +phosphate group.
structure of nucleotides --> purines and pyrimidens
minor bases in nucleic acids are 5-methylcytosine,N4-acetylcytosine, N6-methylsdenine, N6,N6-dimethyladenine, pseudouracil.
Biologically importanat Bases-->Hypoxanthine, Xanthine, uric acid.
Purines bases of plant --> caffeine,theophylline, theobromine
Biochemistry of nucleic acids DNA RNA structures with the comparison chart between them chemistry of nucleic acids structures and composition and protein synthesis nucleotides and nucleosides
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
chemistry of nucleic acids,
history --> Discovered by JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
central dogma of life
components of nucleic acids-->Nitrogenous base +pentose sugar +phosphate group.
structure of nucleotides --> purines and pyrimidens
minor bases in nucleic acids are 5-methylcytosine,N4-acetylcytosine, N6-methylsdenine, N6,N6-dimethyladenine, pseudouracil.
Biologically importanat Bases-->Hypoxanthine, Xanthine, uric acid.
Purines bases of plant --> caffeine,theophylline, theobromine
Biochemistry of nucleic acids DNA RNA structures with the comparison chart between them chemistry of nucleic acids structures and composition and protein synthesis nucleotides and nucleosides
Biological molecules (chemical tests and nucleic acids) proteins and Lipids r...Jorge Pinto
Objectives:
List different types of biological tests
Describe the basic structure of DNA
List DNA properties
Distinguish between RNA and DNA
Explain why DNA is so important
This power point presentation explains double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).Attempts have also been made to high light the valuable contributions made by Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins. Brief details of different types of DNA have also been included.
Nucleic acid and its chemistry - DNA, RNA, DNA as genetic materialDhanuja Kumar
The nucleic acids are vital biopolymers found in all living organisms, where they function to encode, transfer, and express genes. The nucleic acids are of two types, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA)
Nucleic acid and its chemistry, dna as genetic materialdeepa sundari
The nucleic acids are vital biopolymers found in all living organisms, where they function to encode, transfer, and express genes. The nucleic acids are of two types, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA).
EVER WONDERED WHY DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL INSTEAD OF RNA OR PROTEIN?
2. DNA
•Material genetik pada mahluk hidup adalah Asam nukleat (DNA atau RNA) yaitu suatu polimer nukleotidayg berperanan dlm penyimpanan serta pemindahan informasi genetik
4. Transformation
•Fred Griffith menggunakan strain bakteri S.pneumoniaevirulen tipe Sand nonvirulent tipe R
Smooth Streptococcuspneumoniae(pneumococci)
Rough Streptococcuspneumoniae(pneumococci)
6. 6Transformation
•Dia menemukan bhw strain tipe R dapat menjadi virulentketika mengambil DNA (transformasi) dari strain tipe S yg sudah mati
•Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa DNA adalah adalah material genetik
12. Support for Avery
•They radiolabeled the protein coat with 35S and theDNAwith 32P in order to “see” which of the molecules actually entered the cell and produced more phage.
14. DNA/RNA
•Asam nukleat terdapat dlm 2 bentuk, yaitu asam deoksiribosa (DNA) dan asam ribosa (RNA).
•Pdseleukariot,DNAterdapatdidlmnukleus,
•padaselprokariot,terdptdlmsitoplasmadalambentuknukleoid.
17. DNA
•Gula pentose (Deoxyribose) terikat ke gugus phosphat (PO4) groups melalui ikatan phosphodiester
•Ikatan antara molekul deoxiribosa dengan basa-basa nitrogen disebut ikatan glikosida
18. 18
Nukleotida DNA
O=P-O
OPhosphateGroup
NNitrogenous base(A, G, C, or T) CH2OC1
C4
C3
C2
5Sugar(deoxyribose) O
19. 19
Gula Pentosa
•Tersusun atas 5 atom karbon yg dinotasi 1’ -5’
CH2OC1C4C3
C2
5Sugar(deoxyribose)
20. 20
Basa2 Nitrogen
•Double ring PURIN
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
•Single ring PYRIMIDIN
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
T or CA or G
21. Pasangan-basa
•Purin hanya berpasangan dgnPirimidin
•Pasangan antara Guanin & sitosinmembentuk tiga ikatan hidrogen
C
G
3 H-bonds
26. Three Dimensional Structure of DNA
•Rosalind Franklin-X-ray crystallography of DNA-showed that DNA was in a helix with PO4and sugars to the outside.
•James Watson and Francis Crick- took Franklin’s data-in April 23, 1953, and deduced the structure of DNA. Won the Nobel Prize along with Maurice Wilkins.
27. 1962: Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
James D. WatsonFrancis H. Crick
Maurice H. F.
Wilkins
What about?
Rosalind Franklin
35. Type B-DNA
Other DNA forms include: A-DNA: Right-handed double helix with 11 bases per turn; shorter and wider at 2.2 nm diameter. Exists in some DNA-protein complexes. Z-DNA: Left-handed double helix with 12 bases per turn; longer and thinner at 1.8 nm diameter.
36. Characteristics of DNA
•All chains of DNA and RNA have a 5’ PO4end and a 3’ OH end.
•Base sequences are written in a 5’ to 3’ direction.
•Ex. 5’ pGpTpCpCpApT-OH 3’ or
-GTCCAT -
37. Characteristics of DNA
•Base pairs stabilize the molecule by forming H-bonds.
•Antiparallel Strands-
5’----------------3’
3’----------------5’
•Strands are complementary.
38. Discovery of DNA Structure
•Erwin Chargaffmenunjukkan jumlah dari basa penyusun DNA ( A,T,C,G)
•Pada sel somatik:
A = 30.3%
T = 30.3%
G = 19.5%
C = 19.9%
39. Genome:
Keseluruhan gen/DNA yang ada di dalam sel hidup.
Gene:
Urutan nukleotida yang mengkode suatu protein.
40. Two types of organism:
Eukaryotes;
cells contain membrane-bound
compartments, including a nucleus and organelles.
Eukaryotes include: animals, plants, fungi, and
protozoa.
Prokaryotes:Lack internal compartments extensively.
Divided into two groups: bacteria and archaea.]