Time :The role of agency in temporal metaphorsJohn Dennis
In this presentation, we describe metaphors and their structure, we also discuss how temporal metaphors can be used in psychological research to better understand the nature of metaphors.
2.Explanations of Word Meaning, Semantic Theory Ruth M. Kempson 1977Amer Al Amery
UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION FOR HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
Semantic Theory Ruth M. Kempson 1977
2.Explanations of Word Meaning,
By
A'MER SAGHEER ALLWAN AL-A'MERY
amer.amery@Yahoo.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100004785700427
SUPERVISED BY
Asst. Prof. Dr. QASSIM ABBAS AlTufaili, Ph.D.
qassimdhayf@Gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001523273930&ref=br_rs
AD 2016 AH 1437
Metaphor is a pervasive phenomenon, the study of metaphor is a complicated task, and the exploration of metaphor is still going on. This present paper attempts to interpret metaphor from pragmaticapproaches from the perspectives of Indirect Speech Act Theory, Conversational Implicature Theory and Relevance Theory respectively, aiming at making a contrastive study of these three interpretations and finding features including similarities and differences and limitations among them.
PROFESSOR ROBERTO N. PADUATHEORY CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELO.docxbriancrawford30935
PROFESSOR ROBERTO N. PADUA
THEORY CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
COURSE OUTLINE
I. Theory,Philosophical Bases and Logic
II. Deductive Methods of Theory Development
III. Inductive Methods of Theory Development
IV. Theory Development Versus Theory Verification
Course Requirements: Workshop Outputs
LECTURE I: Theory and Philosophical Bases
1. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relationships among phenomena.
2. THEORY: is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining, predicting, and controlling the phenomena.
DEFINITIONS
A Theory is a statement that explains why things happen as they do. There are three forms of a theory:
1. The "set-of-laws" form defines theory as a set of well-supported empirical generalizations, or "laws." Here, theory is thought of as "things we feel very certain about." This is the inductive form.
2. The "axiomatic" form defines theory as a set of interrelated propositions and definitions derived from axioms (i.e., things we feel certain about). This is the deductive form of a theory.
3. The "causal" form defines theory as a set of descriptions of causal processes. Here, theory "tells us how things work."
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY
a. EXPLANATION: provides an answer to the question "why is the fact what it is?" that is intellectually satisfying. Formal explanation: subsuming a proposition under a broader proposition which needs no explanation. It consists of a universal generalization that is assumed to be true, a particular set of circumstances, and a conclusion which asserts that an event had to occur because it was deducible from the logic of the propositions of the theory. Such explanations are deterministic/causal/nomic. Law: (x) <If Px then Qx>; Antecedent Condition: Px; Conclusion: Qx.
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY:
b. PREDICTION: proposing the occurrence of a future event given some awareness of a past or present relationship which may or may not be understood (e.g., astronomy). One can predict without explanation, but the reverse is not true. Thus explanation, rather than prediction, is the end of science.
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY
c. CONTROL: ability to intervene in a particular case or to alter the case of a particular relationship. In the pure case it implies complete understanding of elements and their relationships as well as a closed system. Less purely, it implies knowledge of the principles along which the phenomena vary.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY
ABSTRACTNESS
Abstract concepts are independent of a specific time and place. Because scientific statements must predict future events, they cannot be specific to past events. Scientists prefer theories that are as general as possible to time and place.
Abstract concepts are independent of specific circumst.
Time :The role of agency in temporal metaphorsJohn Dennis
In this presentation, we describe metaphors and their structure, we also discuss how temporal metaphors can be used in psychological research to better understand the nature of metaphors.
2.Explanations of Word Meaning, Semantic Theory Ruth M. Kempson 1977Amer Al Amery
UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION FOR HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
Semantic Theory Ruth M. Kempson 1977
2.Explanations of Word Meaning,
By
A'MER SAGHEER ALLWAN AL-A'MERY
amer.amery@Yahoo.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100004785700427
SUPERVISED BY
Asst. Prof. Dr. QASSIM ABBAS AlTufaili, Ph.D.
qassimdhayf@Gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001523273930&ref=br_rs
AD 2016 AH 1437
Metaphor is a pervasive phenomenon, the study of metaphor is a complicated task, and the exploration of metaphor is still going on. This present paper attempts to interpret metaphor from pragmaticapproaches from the perspectives of Indirect Speech Act Theory, Conversational Implicature Theory and Relevance Theory respectively, aiming at making a contrastive study of these three interpretations and finding features including similarities and differences and limitations among them.
PROFESSOR ROBERTO N. PADUATHEORY CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELO.docxbriancrawford30935
PROFESSOR ROBERTO N. PADUA
THEORY CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
COURSE OUTLINE
I. Theory,Philosophical Bases and Logic
II. Deductive Methods of Theory Development
III. Inductive Methods of Theory Development
IV. Theory Development Versus Theory Verification
Course Requirements: Workshop Outputs
LECTURE I: Theory and Philosophical Bases
1. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relationships among phenomena.
2. THEORY: is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining, predicting, and controlling the phenomena.
DEFINITIONS
A Theory is a statement that explains why things happen as they do. There are three forms of a theory:
1. The "set-of-laws" form defines theory as a set of well-supported empirical generalizations, or "laws." Here, theory is thought of as "things we feel very certain about." This is the inductive form.
2. The "axiomatic" form defines theory as a set of interrelated propositions and definitions derived from axioms (i.e., things we feel certain about). This is the deductive form of a theory.
3. The "causal" form defines theory as a set of descriptions of causal processes. Here, theory "tells us how things work."
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY
a. EXPLANATION: provides an answer to the question "why is the fact what it is?" that is intellectually satisfying. Formal explanation: subsuming a proposition under a broader proposition which needs no explanation. It consists of a universal generalization that is assumed to be true, a particular set of circumstances, and a conclusion which asserts that an event had to occur because it was deducible from the logic of the propositions of the theory. Such explanations are deterministic/causal/nomic. Law: (x) <If Px then Qx>; Antecedent Condition: Px; Conclusion: Qx.
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY:
b. PREDICTION: proposing the occurrence of a future event given some awareness of a past or present relationship which may or may not be understood (e.g., astronomy). One can predict without explanation, but the reverse is not true. Thus explanation, rather than prediction, is the end of science.
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY
c. CONTROL: ability to intervene in a particular case or to alter the case of a particular relationship. In the pure case it implies complete understanding of elements and their relationships as well as a closed system. Less purely, it implies knowledge of the principles along which the phenomena vary.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY
ABSTRACTNESS
Abstract concepts are independent of a specific time and place. Because scientific statements must predict future events, they cannot be specific to past events. Scientists prefer theories that are as general as possible to time and place.
Abstract concepts are independent of specific circumst.
Making Sense Of It All: Mapping the Current to the PastJohn Dennis
This project is about the representation of the present as an analogy to the past and differences between situations that do and don’t map well to the past.
Time: Structural alignment and retrospective duration estimatesJohn Dennis
By psychological point of view, the concept of time estimation is presented, we also discuss some perspective and problem on psychological research on time estimation.
In questa presentazione illustriamo ”Drawing Together”, un'applicazione di disegno collaborativo che permette all’insegnante e tutti i bambini connessi di disegnare assieme su una lavagna condivisa.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
ESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdf
Structuring abstract concepts
1. Are Abstract Concepts Structured via More Concrete Concepts?
. John L. Dennis (johnlmdennis@mail.utexas.edu) & Arthur B. Markman (markman@psy.utexas.edu)
Psychology Department University of Texas at Austin
Temporally Ambiguous Question
Wednesday Wednesday
Monday Friday Monday Friday
Metaphoric Structuring View
Wednesday
Monday Friday
Wednesday
Monday Friday
Implied Representation of Agency
EMM TMM
past future past future
Relatively Active Relatively Passive
Spatial Analog of EMM Spatial Analog of TMM
Relatively Active Relatively Passive
Experiment 1
Materials
Fillmore (1968) observed that interpersonal action verbs
(IAVs), like ‘kissed’, have an implicit causality that helps us
formulate inferences about causes of action.
Example:
Agency vs. Passivity
Mary kissed Tom.
Mary is the agent and is typically interpreted as the cause of
the action, while Tom is the patient and is typically
interpreted as the recipient.
In order to prime subjects we asked them to unscramble
sentences, where the sentences were constructed with either
the first person subject pronoun, "I" or the first person object
pronoun, "me".
Examples:
Agency
Mary I bridge under kissed the
Passivity
Mary me kissed the bridge under
We hypothesized that the grammatical subject/object of the
SvO sentence construction and the IAVs would prime
representations of agency for those subjects who
unscrambled "I" sentences and passivity for those subjects
who unscrambled "me" sentences.
Introduction
Cognitive Scientists have long debated the connection
between abstract concepts like happiness integrity, and time,
and experiential concepts, like moving, eating, and physical
space (Barsalou, 1999; Clark, 2001; Prinz, 2002).
In this poster we focus on space/time metaphors, which
have been the subject of much previous research on the role
of metaphor in conceptual understanding (Boroditsky, 2000;
McGlone & Harding, 1998) In particular, there are two
distinct metaphors in English for describing the passage of
time: the ego-moving and time-moving metaphors. In this
poster, we point out that these space/time metaphors have an
implied agency within the grammar of the metaphors. We
present 2 studies, one that demonstrates the degree to which
the concept of agency or passivity is active influences the
interpretation of temporal metaphors, and a second that
demonstrates the degree to which abstract representations of
agency influence our thinking about the concrete domain of
space.
Motivation & Background
Linguistic and Psychological Evidence
Metaphoric Representation View (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980)
Abstract concepts are represented via a metaphor from more
concrete concepts.
Perceptual Symbol Systems (Barsalou, 1997)
Actions like predicates and recursion are done by perception.
Embodied Cognition (Clark, 2001; Prinz & Barsalou, 2000)
Representations as context sensitive, embodied, and
temporally based.
Metaphoric Structuring View (Boroditsky, 2000)
Metaphors provide relational structure for abstract concepts,
e.g., the ego-moving and time-moving metaphors.
Ego & Time-Moving Metaphor
Ego-moving metaphor (EMM)
We passed the deadline two days ago.
past deadline future
Time-moving metaphor (TMM)
The deadline passed [us] two days ago.
past deadline future
Metaphoric Structuring View
Boroditsky (2000) argues that the abstract domain of time is
structured via a metaphor to the concrete domain of space.
Spatial Analog of EMM Spatial Analog of TMM
Boroditsky, 2000 Figure 3
Spatially Ambiguous Target Question
Results
As predicted, 24/30 “I” primed subjects selected the
“distant” widget, while 16/30 of the “me” primed subjects
selected the “closer widget.
A Pearson Chi-Square confirmed that this difference was
significant (1, N=60) = 7.18, P < .007. 16/30 control
participants who had not participated in the sentence
unscrambling primes selected the “distant” widget.
Conclusions
One’s implicit representation of agency alters the way that
one thinks about time and space. We demonstrated that the
implicit representation of agency is fundamental to the
space/time metaphor. Finally, we established that one’s
representation of relative agency significantly alters the
perception of a spatially and temporally ambiguous
scenarios.
Discussion
Previous research on the space/time metaphor has focused on
the explicit connection between space and time by asking
one of two related questions: Are there distinct schemas for
the space/metaphors? Is the abstract domain of time
structured in terms of the more concrete and experiential
domain of space? Previous researchers have answered these
questions in the affirmative. We, on the contrary, argue that
the results from this research is a derivative of one’s
unconscious representations of agency/passivity. Since it
seems plausible that agency is incorporated in our
representations of goals, motivations, affect, and self-
regulation, we believe that these factors could also be
important as an alternative explanation of the findings on the
space/time metaphor. Our current research is untangling
these issues.
Design
The experiment design was between subjects, with subjects
either running in either the "I" (“agency”) or the "me”
(“passivity”) priming condition. Immediately following the
primes subjects answered the temporally ambiguous target
question: “Next Wednesday's meeting has been moved
forward two days. What day is the meeting now that it has
been rescheduled?”
Procedure
Subjects were run solely on Wednesdays, in order to
maintain the same reference point for answering the
temporally ambiguous question. Subjects completed three
pages of scrambled sentences in about 20 minutes. Only the
target question was presented for those in the control group.
Predictions
We predicted that one’s implicit representation of agency
alters how one thinks about time such that the ‘agency’ and
‘passivity’ primes will induce subjects to answer the
temporally ambiguous ‘next Wednesday’s meeting’
question consistent with the ego-moving metaphor and the
time-moving metaphor respectively.
Results
As predicted, for the “I” prime 30/42 selected Friday, the
ego-moving frame of reference, while for the “me” prime
25/42 selected Monday, the time-moving frame of
reference.
A Pearson Chi-Square confirmed that this difference was
significant, (1, N=84) = 8.16, P < .004. Control participants
who had not participated in the sentence unscrambling
primes were about evenly split between Monday (19/42)
and Friday.
Experiment 2
Materials
Experiment 2 was designed to test whether one’s abstract
representation of agency can alter one’s thinking of a more
concrete or experiential representation - i.e., space.
Design
The design of this experiment was exactly the same as
experiment 1 except immediately following the sentence
unscrambling subjects were asked to answer the spatially
ambiguous target question as used by Boroditsky (2000).
Predictions
We predicted that one’s implicit
representation of agency will alter how
one thinks about space thus allowing
subjects to disambiguate the scenario.
such that the ‘agency’ primed subjects
will select the ‘distant' widget while the
‘passivity’ primes will select the ‘closer’
widget.
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
Control (No Prime) Agency ("I" Grammatical
Subject)
Passivity ("ME"
Grammatical Object)
Condition
Proportion Selecting Friday
Ego-Moving
(Selecting
Friday)
Time-Moving
(Selecting
Monday)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
Control (No Prime) Agency ("I"
Grammatical Subject)
Passivity ("ME"
Grammatical Object)
Condition
Proportion Selecting Farther Widget
Ego-Moving
(Selecting the
Distant Widget)
Time-Moving
(Selecting the
Closer Widget)