The document discusses the development of Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression. It describes how Beck initially observed a patient experiencing automatic negative thoughts just before feelings of guilt. He then inductively verified this observation with other patients by having them report thoughts before different feelings. This led Beck to conclude that automatic thoughts involving rapid negative interpretations play a causal role in depression. The document advocates an inductive, positive discovery approach to theory development rather than a falsification approach.
Intro to the philosophy of the human person _ ch 2-3 scientific method of phi...Ariel Gilbuena
Ā
This lesson aims to: define and discuss the scientific method of philosophizing,
compare the Socratic method, dialectic method, and scientific method as methods of philosophizing,
distinguish opinions from truths by analyzing given situations, and
justify the validity of the statement āThe scientific method leads to wisdom and truth.ā
Intro to the philosophy of the human person _ ch 2-3 scientific method of phi...Ariel Gilbuena
Ā
This lesson aims to: define and discuss the scientific method of philosophizing,
compare the Socratic method, dialectic method, and scientific method as methods of philosophizing,
distinguish opinions from truths by analyzing given situations, and
justify the validity of the statement āThe scientific method leads to wisdom and truth.ā
A power point by Dr. John Beggs, professor at Indiana University for 2010 ICEC on his research in neuroscience and the philosophical and theological questions of the existence of the human soul.
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weitenās "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
Franz Anton Mesmer animal magnetism . Public lecture by Miroslaw Magola.Miroslaw Magola
Ā
Paranormal phenomenon of Biophysics.
The terms "human magnetism" or "animal magnetism" came into use around 200 years ago, in the time of such well known figures as Franz Anton Mesmer, the famous healer and hypnotist and later other experimental research scientists like Hector Durville and Albert de Rochas.
Although it is called such, it is not a magnetic force in the usual sense of the word. It would be much more accurate to say it is a concentrated will power that results in such fascinating phenomenon such as magnetism among other strange effects.
A power point by Dr. John Beggs, professor at Indiana University for 2010 ICEC on his research in neuroscience and the philosophical and theological questions of the existence of the human soul.
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weitenās "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
Franz Anton Mesmer animal magnetism . Public lecture by Miroslaw Magola.Miroslaw Magola
Ā
Paranormal phenomenon of Biophysics.
The terms "human magnetism" or "animal magnetism" came into use around 200 years ago, in the time of such well known figures as Franz Anton Mesmer, the famous healer and hypnotist and later other experimental research scientists like Hector Durville and Albert de Rochas.
Although it is called such, it is not a magnetic force in the usual sense of the word. It would be much more accurate to say it is a concentrated will power that results in such fascinating phenomenon such as magnetism among other strange effects.
Making Sense Of It All: Mapping the Current to the PastJohn Dennis
Ā
This project is about the representation of the present as an analogy to the past and differences between situations that do and donāt map well to the past.
Time :The role of agency in temporal metaphorsJohn Dennis
Ā
In this presentation, we describe metaphors and their structure, we also discuss how temporal metaphors can be used in psychological research to better understand the nature of metaphors.
Time: Structural alignment and retrospective duration estimatesJohn Dennis
Ā
By psychological point of view, the concept of time estimation is presented, we also discuss some perspective and problem on psychological research on time estimation.
In questa presentazione illustriamo āDrawing Togetherā, un'applicazione di disegno collaborativo che permette allāinsegnante e tutti i bambini connessi di disegnare assieme su una lavagna condivisa.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
Ā
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnāt one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
Ā
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using āinvisibleā attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Ā
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
Ā
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Ā
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
4. POPPER - THE LOGIC OF SCIENTIFIC
DISCOVERY.
ā¶ āA principle of induction is superfluous, and it must lead to logical
inconsistenciesā
5. POPPER - THE LOGIC OF SCIENTIFIC
DISCOVERY.
ā¶ āA principle of induction is superfluous, and it must lead to logical
inconsistenciesā
ā¶ āTheories areā¦never empirically verifiable.ā
6. POPPER - THE LOGIC OF SCIENTIFIC
DISCOVERY.
ā¶ āA principle of induction is superfluous, and it must lead to logical
inconsistenciesā
ā¶ āTheories areā¦never empirically verifiable.ā
ā¶ āI shall, therefore, neither adopt nor reject the āprinciple of
causalityā; I shall be content simply to exclude it as āmetaphysicalā,
from the sphere of science.ā
7. POPPER - THE LOGIC OF SCIENTIFIC
DISCOVERY.
ā¶ āA principle of induction is superfluous, and it must lead to logical
inconsistenciesā
ā¶ āTheories areā¦never empirically verifiable.ā
ā¶ āI shall, therefore, neither adopt nor reject the āprinciple of
causalityā; I shall be content simply to exclude it as āmetaphysicalā,
from the sphere of science.ā
ā¶ āit is widely believed that it is possible to rise by a process called
āabstractionā from individual concepts. This view is a near relation
to inductive logicā¦.Logically these procedures are equally
impracticableā
9. WHERE DO THEORIES COME
FROM?
ACCORDING TO POPPER:
ā¶ āThere is no such thing as a logical method of having
new ideas, or a logical reconstruction of this process.ā
10. WHERE DO THEORIES COME
FROM?
ACCORDING TO POPPER:
ā¶ āThere is no such thing as a logical method of having
new ideas, or a logical reconstruction of this process.ā
ā¶ āEvery discovery contains āan irrational elementā, or āa
creative intuition.ā
11. WHERE DO THEORIES COME
FROM?
ACCORDING TO POPPER:
ā¶ āThere is no such thing as a logical method of having
new ideas, or a logical reconstruction of this process.ā
ā¶ āEvery discovery contains āan irrational elementā, or āa
creative intuition.ā
ā¶ Start from anywhere, deduce a theory,
and then try to falsify it.
13. FALSIFICATION APPROACH
ā¶ āThere is no such thing as proof in scienceā
because some later alternative explanation
may be as good or betterāso science
advances only by disproofs.ā
14. FALSIFICATION APPROACH
ā¶ āThere is no such thing as proof in scienceā
because some later alternative explanation
may be as good or betterāso science
advances only by disproofs.ā
ā¶ Your falsification might be false.
15. FALSIFICATION APPROACH
How do you know evidence is valid?
ā¶ Need to see if you can falsify your falsification
and ...
ā¶ Falsification approach MUST lead to an infinite
regressāthe very problem that Popper
claimed was the fatal weakness of induction.
16. FALSIFICATION APPROACH
How do you know evidence is valid?
ā¶ Need to see if you can falsify your falsification
and ...
17. FALSIFICATION APPROACH
How do you know evidence is valid?
ā¶ Need to see if you can falsify your falsification
and ...
ā¶ Falsification approach MUST lead to an infinite
regressāthe very problem that Popper
claimed was the fatal weakness of induction.
19. POSITIVE DISCOVERY APPROACH
ā¶ How could science ever advance by showing
that something is not true?
ā¶ Genes not controlled by leprechauns???
20. POSITIVE DISCOVERY APPROACH
ā¶ How could science ever advance by showing
that something is not true?
ā¶ Genes not controlled by leprechauns???
ā¶ Planets not kept in orbit by tiny gold strings???
22. POSITIVE DISCOVERY APPROACH
ā¶ Advances occur by discovering things
that are true.
ā¶ If not true, would be living in the Dark Ages.
23. POSITIVE DISCOVERY APPROACH
ā¶ Advances occur by discovering things
that are true.
ā¶ If not true, would be living in the Dark Ages.
ā¶ Science has not, and could not progress
by falsification
24. POSITIVE DISCOVERY APPROACH
ā¶ Advances occur by discovering things
that are true.
ā¶ If not true, would be living in the Dark Ages.
ā¶ Science has not, and could not progress
by falsification
ā¶ Science progresses only by the process of
making positive discoveries.
27. WELL-VALIDATED THEORIES
ā¶ Aaron Beckās cognitive theory of depression
ā¶ Albert Banduraās social-cognitive theory
ā¶ Edwin Locke & Gary Lathamās goal setting
theory
30. BECKāS COGNITIVE THEORY
ā¶ 1956 reveal his first discovery regarding the
importance of cognition.
ā¶ Practicing psychoanalysis and patient, M, was
free-associating in line with āgoodā practice
and was angrily criticizing Beck.
31. BECKāS COGNITIVE THEORY
ā¶ Beck asked him what he was feeling. Besides
anger, the patient was experiencing a stream
of thought:
32. BECKāS COGNITIVE THEORY
ā¶ Beck asked him what he was feeling. Besides
anger, the patient was experiencing a stream
of thought:
ā¶ āI said the wrong thingā¦I should not have
said thatā¦Iām wrong to criticize him. Iām
badā¦ā
33. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ āMy formulation of this observation was that
Mās critical thoughts were an intermediate
variable between his angry expressions and
his guilty feelings.ā
34. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ āMy formulation of this observation was that
Mās critical thoughts were an intermediate
variable between his angry expressions and
his guilty feelings.ā
ā¶ Beck verified conclusion with other patients.
ā¶ They too experienced double streams of
thinking.
36. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ Second stream he labeled āautomatic
thoughts.ā
ā¶ Here is how Beck described them:
ā¶ āFirst, they tended to be very fleeting.
37. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ Second stream he labeled āautomatic
thoughts.ā
ā¶ Here is how Beck described them:
ā¶ āFirst, they tended to be very fleeting.
ā¶ Second, they were just on the fringe of
consciousness.
38. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ Second stream he labeled āautomatic
thoughts.ā
ā¶ Here is how Beck described them:
ā¶ āFirst, they tended to be very fleeting.
ā¶ Second, they were just on the fringe of
consciousness.
ā¶ Third, they were not the kinds of thoughts that
individuals were accustomed to verbalize to other
people.
39. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ Beck asked patients to start noticing thoughts
that occurred just before they experienced a
particular feeling.
40. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ Beck asked patients to start noticing thoughts
that occurred just before they experienced a
particular feeling.
ā¶ He started this practice with the very next
patient after M.
41. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ He discovered that just prior to experiencing
anxiety regarding a sexual relationship, patient
Z reported thoughts such as:
42. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ He discovered that just prior to experiencing
anxiety regarding a sexual relationship, patient
Z reported thoughts such as:
ā¶ āHe is bored with meā¦.He will probably get
rid of me.ā
43. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ Beck made similar observations in other patients,
friends and relatives and added these to his own
introspective observations.
44. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ Beck made similar observations in other patients,
friends and relatives and added these to his own
introspective observations.
ā¶ He concluded that automatic thoughts involved:
ā¶ Rapid, automatic interpretations of events and
evaluations of the self. These subconscious
thoughts were widely generalized. Patient who
believed she was boring believed she was
boring in all social situations.
45. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ Beck then trained all his patients to report
subconscious thoughts. He observed that āin
ambiguous situations, the depressed patients
were particularly prone to make a negative
interpretation when a positive one would seem to
be more appropriate.ā
46. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED
INDUCTIVELY
ā¶ Beck then trained all his patients to report
subconscious thoughts. He observed that āin
ambiguous situations, the depressed patients
were particularly prone to make a negative
interpretation when a positive one would seem to
be more appropriate.ā
ā¶ Material from patientsā thoughts āprovided me with
the raw data for constructing a theory of
psychopathology as well as a therapy.ā
47. HOW CAN WE DO THIS?
ā¶ Start with a core idea.
48. HOW CAN WE DO THIS?
ā¶ Start with a core idea.
ā¶ Develop a substantial body of observations.
49. HOW CAN WE DO THIS?
ā¶ Start with a core idea.
ā¶ Develop a substantial body of observations.
ā¶ Rely on introspection.
50. HOW CAN WE DO THIS?
ā¶ Start with a core idea.
ā¶ Develop a substantial body of observations.
ā¶ Rely on introspection.
ā¶ Identify causal mechanisms.
51. HOW CAN WE DO THIS?
ā¶ Start with a core idea.
ā¶ Develop a substantial body of observations.
ā¶ Rely on introspection.
ā¶ Identify causal mechanisms.
ā¶ Experimentation.
52. HOW CAN WE DO THIS?
ā¶ Start with a core idea.
ā¶ Develop a substantial body of observations.
ā¶ Rely on introspection.
ā¶ Identify causal mechanisms.
ā¶ Experimentation.
ā¶ Link concepts/theories.
53. HOW CAN WE DO THIS?
ā¶ Start with a core idea.
ā¶ Develop a substantial body of observations.
ā¶ Rely on introspection.
ā¶ Identify causal mechanisms.
ā¶ Experimentation.
ā¶ Link concepts/theories.
ā¶ Integrate findings.
54. HOW CAN WE DO THIS?
ā¶ Start with a core idea.
ā¶ Develop a substantial body of observations.
ā¶ Rely on introspection.
ā¶ Identify causal mechanisms.
ā¶ Experimentation.
ā¶ Link concepts/theories.
ā¶ Integrate findings.
ā¶ Finding boundary conditions.