The document discusses revising psychoanalytic theory from a metaphoric perspective. It suggests recasting key concepts like transference, defense, and interpretation as temporal metaphors relating the present and past. This reframing could make psychoanalysis more applicable to general psychology by presenting these concepts as normal aspects of intrapsychic functioning rather than just phenomena in treatment. It aims to integrate the central role of time in a way that preserves psychoanalysis' essential insights.
Manipulation and cognitive pragmatics. Preliminary hypothesesLouis de Saussure
de Saussure Louis (2005). Manipulation and Cognitive Pragmatics: Preliminary
Hypotheses. In de Saussure Louis & Peter Schulz (Eds), Manipulation and Ideologies
in the Twentieth Century: Discourse, Language, Mind, Amsterdam-Philadelphia, John Benjamins, 113-146.
Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 17
Uncorrected first proofs. Please refer to original text.
This document discusses different perspectives on analyzing discourse. It argues that discourse is best analyzed as a process rather than a structured entity. It proposes that procedural pragmatics, which aims to operationalize cognitive pragmatics, can provide a model for tracking the step-by-step processes of contextualization that underlie discourse interpretation. Discourse can be viewed as the dynamic modification of representations through successive utterances, rather than as a singular object with its own structural properties.
The document provides information about allusions, including the definition and examples. It then analyzes the song "We Didn't Start the Fire" by Billy Joel, which contains many historical allusions from the post-World War 2 era. Students are assigned to write new verses of the song that contain allusions from more recent history in a similar format. Sample student responses are included that allude to people and events from the 1990s-2000s.
This document defines and provides examples of alliteration, consonance, and assonance. It explains that alliteration involves repeating initial consonant sounds in words, consonance involves repeating internal consonant sounds, and assonance involves repeating vowel sounds. Examples are given of how these literary devices are used in company names, characters, songs, and poems. The document cautions against overusing these devices in writing.
The document defines allusions as references within a work to something famous outside of it like people, places, events, stories, or works of art. Allusions help readers understand new information by connecting it to something familiar. However, allusions can be difficult for some to grasp as they require knowledge of well-known works. Examples provided show how allusions in movies, TV shows, songs, and books reference famous works like Shakespeare plays, poems, myths, and other cultural touchstones to convey meaning or foreshadow events in a new work.
Allusions are indirect references within a work to people, places, events, or other works of art, literature, or pop culture. The purpose of allusions is to help the reader understand new elements in a story by connecting them to something already familiar. However, allusions only work if the reader is already familiar with the outside work being referenced. Some common works that are frequently alluded to include the Bible, Shakespeare, and Greek/Roman mythology. Examples of allusions provided in the document include references from The Shining, Karate Kid, Of Mice and Men, and mythology.
For more info go to http://phenomenologyblog.com/
My presentation at this year's International Human Science Research Conference in Montreal. My aim was to support discussion among hermeneutic and descriptive researchers and clinicians, and also to convey a sense of the descriptive phenomenological method, developed by Giorgi, which I teach at Saybrook Graduate School.
Manipulation and cognitive pragmatics. Preliminary hypothesesLouis de Saussure
de Saussure Louis (2005). Manipulation and Cognitive Pragmatics: Preliminary
Hypotheses. In de Saussure Louis & Peter Schulz (Eds), Manipulation and Ideologies
in the Twentieth Century: Discourse, Language, Mind, Amsterdam-Philadelphia, John Benjamins, 113-146.
Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 17
Uncorrected first proofs. Please refer to original text.
This document discusses different perspectives on analyzing discourse. It argues that discourse is best analyzed as a process rather than a structured entity. It proposes that procedural pragmatics, which aims to operationalize cognitive pragmatics, can provide a model for tracking the step-by-step processes of contextualization that underlie discourse interpretation. Discourse can be viewed as the dynamic modification of representations through successive utterances, rather than as a singular object with its own structural properties.
The document provides information about allusions, including the definition and examples. It then analyzes the song "We Didn't Start the Fire" by Billy Joel, which contains many historical allusions from the post-World War 2 era. Students are assigned to write new verses of the song that contain allusions from more recent history in a similar format. Sample student responses are included that allude to people and events from the 1990s-2000s.
This document defines and provides examples of alliteration, consonance, and assonance. It explains that alliteration involves repeating initial consonant sounds in words, consonance involves repeating internal consonant sounds, and assonance involves repeating vowel sounds. Examples are given of how these literary devices are used in company names, characters, songs, and poems. The document cautions against overusing these devices in writing.
The document defines allusions as references within a work to something famous outside of it like people, places, events, stories, or works of art. Allusions help readers understand new information by connecting it to something familiar. However, allusions can be difficult for some to grasp as they require knowledge of well-known works. Examples provided show how allusions in movies, TV shows, songs, and books reference famous works like Shakespeare plays, poems, myths, and other cultural touchstones to convey meaning or foreshadow events in a new work.
Allusions are indirect references within a work to people, places, events, or other works of art, literature, or pop culture. The purpose of allusions is to help the reader understand new elements in a story by connecting them to something already familiar. However, allusions only work if the reader is already familiar with the outside work being referenced. Some common works that are frequently alluded to include the Bible, Shakespeare, and Greek/Roman mythology. Examples of allusions provided in the document include references from The Shining, Karate Kid, Of Mice and Men, and mythology.
For more info go to http://phenomenologyblog.com/
My presentation at this year's International Human Science Research Conference in Montreal. My aim was to support discussion among hermeneutic and descriptive researchers and clinicians, and also to convey a sense of the descriptive phenomenological method, developed by Giorgi, which I teach at Saybrook Graduate School.
Theoretical Issues In Pragmatics And Discourse AnalysisLouis de Saussure
The document discusses theoretical issues in pragmatics and discourse analysis from both cognitive and social perspectives. It notes key differences in how each views the nature and study of discourse - as static wholes shaped by social forces versus dynamic processes of information exchange. While acknowledging valid insights from both, it argues for a mechanistic "discourse as process" approach that models understanding as an incremental, parallel adjustment of representations over time. Coherence is seen as an emergent property of thought rather than an inherent feature of language.
The document discusses various theories and evidence related to human attractions and mind force (MF). It proposes that MF can be understood as a hyperstructure formed by networks of synchronized oscillators coupled across biological, psychological, and social domains. Evidence from fields like biology, linguistics, and psychotherapy is presented to support how synchronization and coupling underlie attractions at various levels, from molecules to social groups. The dynamics of MF are proposed to span multiple domains and "pack" dynamics vertically across domains in a post-Cartesian view that integrates ideas from complexity theory, nonlinear dynamics, and other approaches.
1) The study examined the cognitive processes involved in metaphor interpretation, specifically looking at the roles of short-term memory, working memory, and divided attention.
2) 40 university students were given a metaphor interpretation test consisting of 20 metaphors and were assessed on short-term memory span, working memory, and divided attention tasks.
3) The results showed that short-term memory span, as measured by a sentence repetition test, was most closely associated with providing fully abstract interpretations of metaphors. Lower short-term memory was linked to more concrete or incomplete responses. Performance on working memory and divided attention tasks did not correlate as strongly with metaphor interpretation abilities.
The document discusses the role of time in psychoanalysis and the case method, arguing that it is important to differentiate between "chronological" and "logical" time. It explains that in psychoanalysis, anticipation, retroaction, and inter-subjective time are important concepts, and the case method aims to traverse three logical moments - the moment of seeing, the period of understanding, and the instant of concluding. Properly understanding these temporal concepts is important for strategic decision making and case analysis.
4df93b3773827 @!@ optimal_conversation_short_version_finalDr. Allen Siegel
This document discusses the concept of frustration in Self Psychology. It reviews Kohut's idea of "optimal frustration" which altered Freud's view of frustration from a clinical technique to induce symptoms, to a developmental concept focused on the effects of unavoidable frustrations in childhood development. The document also discusses debates around Kohut's view of "transmuting internalization" as the process through which psychological structures develop following optimal frustrations.
This is a revision of my presentation from the August 2013 International Human Science Research Conference in Aalborg, Denmark. My objective was to convey the interrelationship of description and interpretation within phenomenological philosophy and upon Giorgi's descriptive research approach drawing upon Ricoeur's hermeneutic philosophy.
Differences Between Informal Logic, And Theoretical...Claudia Brown
- Theoretical philosophy categorizes philosophical questions into metaphysics, ontology, philosophy of language, epistemology, philosophy of mind, and logic. It provides an introduction to human reasoning and knowledge.
- Informal logic focuses on reasoning found in everyday exchanges like debates and media, rather than formal logic. Symbolic logic uses mathematical concepts to address problems not solvable through traditional logic.
- Jack Whitehead developed the "living educational theory" approach where practitioners improve their work by communicating the educational values they embody in practice and creating their own educational theories.
This chapter discusses semantic discourse analysis, which involves assigning meanings and references to sequences of sentences in a discourse. Semantically, discourses are linked to sequences of underlying propositions derived from the individual sentences. Pragmatically, these propositions are in turn linked to configurations of facts in possible worlds. A full semantic analysis of discourse requires considering both intensional meanings and extensional references, and relating these to people's real-world knowledge and interpretations.
This document provides an overview of different approaches to phenomenology in qualitative data analysis. It describes classical phenomenology associated with Edmund Husserl which seeks to understand the structures of consciousness and essences through phenomenological reduction and bracketing. Existential phenomenology associated with Sartre, Heidegger and Merleau Ponty focuses more on immersion in life worlds rather than bracketing. Hermeneutic phenomenology investigates interpretive structures through perspectives of both the researcher and participants. Heuristic phenomenology involves the researcher becoming one with the research question through self-awareness and understanding to illuminate core themes.
The document discusses theories and the components that make up a theory. It explains that a theory is comprised of concepts, thinking construction, connections/associations, and hypotheses. It then goes on to define each of these components in more detail. Specifically, it defines concepts as the building blocks of theories and examples. Thinking construction represents relationships between concepts. Hypotheses are testable statements about relationships between concepts. Finally, a theory is defined as a system that uses these components to explain phenomena.
What Are Metaphors?
Metaphors As A Metaphor
Metaphor In Talk Essay
Metaphors And Figurative Language
Life Metaphors And Similes Essay
Metaphor Essay Metaphor
What Does Metaphor Mean
Example Of A Metaphor
Metaphor In The Metaphor
Conceptual Metaphors Essay
Experience With Metaphors
Metaphors We Live By Essay examples
Summary Of Metaphors We Live By
Metaphors We Live By Summary
Life with Metaphors Essay
Main Concepts Of Metaphors
Life goes on (Metaphor essay )
My Metaphor Essay
How To Write A Metaphor
Metaphor: A Short Story
1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of inference and anticipation in simultaneous interpreting. It examines how interpreters use inference based on context clues and prior knowledge to anticipate the development of a message in real-time interpretation. The book presents a model of probability anticipation, where interpreters generate hypotheses about upcoming words and meanings. It also explores how semantic redundancy, compression techniques, and understanding syntax can help interpreters infer implicit meanings and keep pace. Through analyzing interpreting at the psychological level, the book aims to help interpreters and their trainers improve performance by learning how to better utilize inference and anticipation.
Davidson argues that thought depends on language based on two key points. First, without language like speech behaviors to interpret, it is difficult to make the fine distinctions between thoughts needed for teleological explanations of behavior. Second, the concept of belief that is essential to thought can only arise through interpretation, so only interpreters of language can have beliefs and thoughts. The document discusses Davidson's views in more detail and considers some objections and responses.
The document discusses learning and using new words. It explains that learning new vocabulary increases ability to understand and communicate ideas in academic settings, everyday life such as purchases, and work. Learning new words helps with reading comprehension and writing in school. Understanding legal terms is important for personal transactions like buying a car. Using words effectively also helps career success and advancement. The document encourages predicting how vocabulary relates to different life contexts and provides examples.
Coherence in writing refers to arranging ideas in a clear, logical way so that readers can easily understand the main points. When writing, authors should consider using different types of organization depending on their topic, such as chronological order for historical events or classification for grouping ideas. Cohesive devices like transitions, pronoun references, and repetition of key ideas help connect sentences and paragraphs to create a smooth flow of ideas. Examples of transitions include words like "before" and "after" for chronology or "similarly" and "however" for comparisons. Pronouns can refer back to nouns to link sentences, and repeating important words and phrases helps readers remember main ideas.
This document is a thesis submitted by Timo Pieters to the Vrije Universiteit in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Arts degree. The thesis explores the arguments of the 7th century Buddhist philosopher Dharmakirti and 20th century philosopher Thomas Nagel regarding the origin of mental activity. It aims to understand the implications of Dharmakirti's arguments against physicalist theories of mind for Nagel's contemporary discussion critiquing reductionism. The thesis is structured around examining the philosophical premises and arguments of both thinkers, as well as the cosmological implications of their anti-reductionist philosophies of mind.
2.Explanations of Word Meaning, Semantic Theory Ruth M. Kempson 1977Amer Al Amery
UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION FOR HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
Semantic Theory Ruth M. Kempson 1977
2.Explanations of Word Meaning,
By
A'MER SAGHEER ALLWAN AL-A'MERY
amer.amery@Yahoo.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100004785700427
SUPERVISED BY
Asst. Prof. Dr. QASSIM ABBAS AlTufaili, Ph.D.
qassimdhayf@Gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001523273930&ref=br_rs
AD 2016 AH 1437
The document discusses the steps of theory analysis, which includes examining the origins, meaning, logical adequacy, usefulness, generalizability, parsimony, and testability of a theory. Theory analysis involves breaking a theory down into its components and examining each part individually and in relation to the whole. It is a systematic way to determine both the strengths and limitations of a theory in order to evaluate whether additional development or testing is needed.
Theoretical Issues In Pragmatics And Discourse AnalysisLouis de Saussure
The document discusses theoretical issues in pragmatics and discourse analysis from both cognitive and social perspectives. It notes key differences in how each views the nature and study of discourse - as static wholes shaped by social forces versus dynamic processes of information exchange. While acknowledging valid insights from both, it argues for a mechanistic "discourse as process" approach that models understanding as an incremental, parallel adjustment of representations over time. Coherence is seen as an emergent property of thought rather than an inherent feature of language.
The document discusses various theories and evidence related to human attractions and mind force (MF). It proposes that MF can be understood as a hyperstructure formed by networks of synchronized oscillators coupled across biological, psychological, and social domains. Evidence from fields like biology, linguistics, and psychotherapy is presented to support how synchronization and coupling underlie attractions at various levels, from molecules to social groups. The dynamics of MF are proposed to span multiple domains and "pack" dynamics vertically across domains in a post-Cartesian view that integrates ideas from complexity theory, nonlinear dynamics, and other approaches.
1) The study examined the cognitive processes involved in metaphor interpretation, specifically looking at the roles of short-term memory, working memory, and divided attention.
2) 40 university students were given a metaphor interpretation test consisting of 20 metaphors and were assessed on short-term memory span, working memory, and divided attention tasks.
3) The results showed that short-term memory span, as measured by a sentence repetition test, was most closely associated with providing fully abstract interpretations of metaphors. Lower short-term memory was linked to more concrete or incomplete responses. Performance on working memory and divided attention tasks did not correlate as strongly with metaphor interpretation abilities.
The document discusses the role of time in psychoanalysis and the case method, arguing that it is important to differentiate between "chronological" and "logical" time. It explains that in psychoanalysis, anticipation, retroaction, and inter-subjective time are important concepts, and the case method aims to traverse three logical moments - the moment of seeing, the period of understanding, and the instant of concluding. Properly understanding these temporal concepts is important for strategic decision making and case analysis.
4df93b3773827 @!@ optimal_conversation_short_version_finalDr. Allen Siegel
This document discusses the concept of frustration in Self Psychology. It reviews Kohut's idea of "optimal frustration" which altered Freud's view of frustration from a clinical technique to induce symptoms, to a developmental concept focused on the effects of unavoidable frustrations in childhood development. The document also discusses debates around Kohut's view of "transmuting internalization" as the process through which psychological structures develop following optimal frustrations.
This is a revision of my presentation from the August 2013 International Human Science Research Conference in Aalborg, Denmark. My objective was to convey the interrelationship of description and interpretation within phenomenological philosophy and upon Giorgi's descriptive research approach drawing upon Ricoeur's hermeneutic philosophy.
Differences Between Informal Logic, And Theoretical...Claudia Brown
- Theoretical philosophy categorizes philosophical questions into metaphysics, ontology, philosophy of language, epistemology, philosophy of mind, and logic. It provides an introduction to human reasoning and knowledge.
- Informal logic focuses on reasoning found in everyday exchanges like debates and media, rather than formal logic. Symbolic logic uses mathematical concepts to address problems not solvable through traditional logic.
- Jack Whitehead developed the "living educational theory" approach where practitioners improve their work by communicating the educational values they embody in practice and creating their own educational theories.
This chapter discusses semantic discourse analysis, which involves assigning meanings and references to sequences of sentences in a discourse. Semantically, discourses are linked to sequences of underlying propositions derived from the individual sentences. Pragmatically, these propositions are in turn linked to configurations of facts in possible worlds. A full semantic analysis of discourse requires considering both intensional meanings and extensional references, and relating these to people's real-world knowledge and interpretations.
This document provides an overview of different approaches to phenomenology in qualitative data analysis. It describes classical phenomenology associated with Edmund Husserl which seeks to understand the structures of consciousness and essences through phenomenological reduction and bracketing. Existential phenomenology associated with Sartre, Heidegger and Merleau Ponty focuses more on immersion in life worlds rather than bracketing. Hermeneutic phenomenology investigates interpretive structures through perspectives of both the researcher and participants. Heuristic phenomenology involves the researcher becoming one with the research question through self-awareness and understanding to illuminate core themes.
The document discusses theories and the components that make up a theory. It explains that a theory is comprised of concepts, thinking construction, connections/associations, and hypotheses. It then goes on to define each of these components in more detail. Specifically, it defines concepts as the building blocks of theories and examples. Thinking construction represents relationships between concepts. Hypotheses are testable statements about relationships between concepts. Finally, a theory is defined as a system that uses these components to explain phenomena.
What Are Metaphors?
Metaphors As A Metaphor
Metaphor In Talk Essay
Metaphors And Figurative Language
Life Metaphors And Similes Essay
Metaphor Essay Metaphor
What Does Metaphor Mean
Example Of A Metaphor
Metaphor In The Metaphor
Conceptual Metaphors Essay
Experience With Metaphors
Metaphors We Live By Essay examples
Summary Of Metaphors We Live By
Metaphors We Live By Summary
Life with Metaphors Essay
Main Concepts Of Metaphors
Life goes on (Metaphor essay )
My Metaphor Essay
How To Write A Metaphor
Metaphor: A Short Story
1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of inference and anticipation in simultaneous interpreting. It examines how interpreters use inference based on context clues and prior knowledge to anticipate the development of a message in real-time interpretation. The book presents a model of probability anticipation, where interpreters generate hypotheses about upcoming words and meanings. It also explores how semantic redundancy, compression techniques, and understanding syntax can help interpreters infer implicit meanings and keep pace. Through analyzing interpreting at the psychological level, the book aims to help interpreters and their trainers improve performance by learning how to better utilize inference and anticipation.
Davidson argues that thought depends on language based on two key points. First, without language like speech behaviors to interpret, it is difficult to make the fine distinctions between thoughts needed for teleological explanations of behavior. Second, the concept of belief that is essential to thought can only arise through interpretation, so only interpreters of language can have beliefs and thoughts. The document discusses Davidson's views in more detail and considers some objections and responses.
The document discusses learning and using new words. It explains that learning new vocabulary increases ability to understand and communicate ideas in academic settings, everyday life such as purchases, and work. Learning new words helps with reading comprehension and writing in school. Understanding legal terms is important for personal transactions like buying a car. Using words effectively also helps career success and advancement. The document encourages predicting how vocabulary relates to different life contexts and provides examples.
Coherence in writing refers to arranging ideas in a clear, logical way so that readers can easily understand the main points. When writing, authors should consider using different types of organization depending on their topic, such as chronological order for historical events or classification for grouping ideas. Cohesive devices like transitions, pronoun references, and repetition of key ideas help connect sentences and paragraphs to create a smooth flow of ideas. Examples of transitions include words like "before" and "after" for chronology or "similarly" and "however" for comparisons. Pronouns can refer back to nouns to link sentences, and repeating important words and phrases helps readers remember main ideas.
This document is a thesis submitted by Timo Pieters to the Vrije Universiteit in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Arts degree. The thesis explores the arguments of the 7th century Buddhist philosopher Dharmakirti and 20th century philosopher Thomas Nagel regarding the origin of mental activity. It aims to understand the implications of Dharmakirti's arguments against physicalist theories of mind for Nagel's contemporary discussion critiquing reductionism. The thesis is structured around examining the philosophical premises and arguments of both thinkers, as well as the cosmological implications of their anti-reductionist philosophies of mind.
2.Explanations of Word Meaning, Semantic Theory Ruth M. Kempson 1977Amer Al Amery
UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION FOR HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
Semantic Theory Ruth M. Kempson 1977
2.Explanations of Word Meaning,
By
A'MER SAGHEER ALLWAN AL-A'MERY
amer.amery@Yahoo.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100004785700427
SUPERVISED BY
Asst. Prof. Dr. QASSIM ABBAS AlTufaili, Ph.D.
qassimdhayf@Gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001523273930&ref=br_rs
AD 2016 AH 1437
The document discusses the steps of theory analysis, which includes examining the origins, meaning, logical adequacy, usefulness, generalizability, parsimony, and testability of a theory. Theory analysis involves breaking a theory down into its components and examining each part individually and in relation to the whole. It is a systematic way to determine both the strengths and limitations of a theory in order to evaluate whether additional development or testing is needed.
1. The increasing importance of metaphor within the cognitive sciences Estimated number of publications in the last three decades 40’000
2. The increasing importance of metaphor within the cognitive sciences Estimated number of publications in the last three decades 40’000 Cognitive science fields involved in research, publications, and conferences Linguistics Philosophy Computer sciences Psychology Psychoanalysis
3. The increasing importance of metaphor within the cognitive sciences Number of publications Cognitive science fields involved in metaphor research, publications, and conferences Linguistics Philosophy increasingly Computer sciences conclude Psychology Psychoanalysis The Brain functions metaphorically
4. The increasing importance of metaphor within the cognitive sciences Number of publications Cognitive science fields involved in metaphor research, publications, and conferences Linguistics Philosophy increasingly Computer sciences conclude Psychology Psychoanalysis Reasons for increasing importance: The Brain functions metaphorically
5. The increasing importance of metaphor within the cognitive sciences Number of publications Cognitive science fields involved in metaphor research, publications, and conferences Linguistics Philosophy increasingly Computer sciences conclude Psychology Psychoanalysis Reasons for increasing importance: Increasing interdisciplinary work regarding the understanding of the mind Driven by computer sciences’ attempts to emulate the functioning of the mind : knowledge harvesting rather than data collecting The Brain functions metaphorically
6. Main task addressed in this presentation Assuming that Psychoanalysis is central to understanding the mind’s functioning The mind works metaphorically
7. TASK How do we revise psychoanalytic theory from a metaphoric point of view without sacrificing its essential achievements ?
8. PSYCHODYNAMICS current central concepts Transference Defense Interpretation Suggested central concepts Time Metaphor Transference Defense Interpretation organizing
9. In view of the importance of TIME 1) Recast from a temporal point of view Metaphor toa present/past past/present
10. In view of the importance of TIME 1) Recast from a temporal point of view Metaphor toTemporal Metaphor Interpretation Transference
11. In view of the importance of TIME 1) Recast from a temporal point of view Metaphor toTemporal Metaphor 2) Recast from a Temporal Metaphor point of view Interpretation Transference
12. In view of the importance of TIME 1) Recast from a temporal point of view Metaphor toTemporal Metaphor 2) Recast from a Temporal Metaphor point of view Interpretationinto Transference into Defenseinto Interpretation Transference
13. In view of the importance of TIME 1) Recast from a temporal point of view Metaphor toTemporal Metaphor 2) Recast from a Temporal Metaphor point of view Interpretation into Temporal Metaphor = present/past Transference intoTemporal Metaphor =past/present Defense into Temporal Metaphor = Interpretation Transference
14. In view of the importance of TIME 1) Recast from a temporal point of view Metaphor toTemporal Metaphor 2) Recast from a Temporal Metaphor point of view Interpretation into Temporal Metaphor = present/past Transference intoTemporal Metaphor =past/present Defense into Temporal Metaphor = Interpretation Transference
15. Explanation of terms used in this presentation Terms Used ‘The present’ ‘The past’ to express Present mentation or experience Past mentationorexperience
16. Explanation of terms used in this presentation Terms Referring to = “Defense Complex” Defending partof defense Defended against part of defense
17. Explanation of terms used in this presentation Terms Referring to = “Defense Complex” Or shortened: Defending part of defense Defended against part of defense
18. Explanation of terms used in this presentation Terms Referring to = “Defense” Defending part of defense Defended against part of defense
19. How the terms are used in this presentation term ‘Transference’ ‘Interpretation’ Temporal Sense given here Interpretation of the present by the past Interpretation of the past by the present
20. The definition of metaphor Metaphor is an equation of two ordinarily not equatable entities (source and target) located in different domains
21. The definition of metonymy Metaphor is an equation of two ordinarily not equated entities (source and target) located in the samedomains
22. The definition of metaphor Metaphor is an equation of two ordinarily not equatable entities (source and target) located in different domains “Juliet is the sun” (domains: humans+ celestial bodies)
23. Metaphor = “ in terms of ” Phrase indicating a metaphor : “ in terms of ” “Juliet is seen in terms of the sun” “Life is seen in terms of a journey”
24. The definition and examples of metonymy Metonymy is an equation of two entities located in the same domain “The liver goes to operating room 3” “All hands on board” “He drank the bottle” Phrases indicating a metonymy: “stands for”, “belongs to”, “is part of”
25. Phrases connecting source and target indicating metaphor or metonymy METAPHOR “in terms of” “Juliet seen in terms of the sun” “Life understood in terms of a journey” Metonymy “stands for”, “belongs to”, “is part of” The liver belongs to patient going to operating room 3 All hands stands for sailors to go on board He drank the bottle = wine as part of the bottle
27. Linguistic, conceptual, and temporal concepts of metaphor Linguistics: Linguistic metaphor, BASED ON LANGUAGE Cognitive sciences: Conceptual metaphor, BASED ON THOUGHT Psychoanalysis: Temporal metaphor, BASED ON TIME
28. Linguistic, conceptual, and temporal concepts of metaphor Conceptual: Metaphor is an equation of thought entities rather than language entities. THOUGHT NOT LANGUAGE Example: “The New Testament relates metaphorically to the Old Testament: Christ’s death and resurrection relates metaphorically to the original sin and its forgiveness”
29. Linguistic, conceptual, and temporal concepts of metaphor Temporal: Regardless of content and use the quality of the temporal relationship isintrinsicallymetaphorical in the optimal functioning Mind: The present is the same and not the same as the past. We understand them in terms of each othe TIMENOTTHOUGHT NOR LANGUAGE Example: Today is informed by yesterday: it is the same and not the same; one can be understood (in an underdetermined way) in terms of the other.
30. Examples of linguistic, conceptual, and temporal concepts of metaphor Linguistic: LANGUAGE Conceptual: USE OF THOUGHT NOT LANGUAGE Temporal: TIME NOT LANGUAGE OR THOUGHT Life is a journey Christ’s death is metaphorically related to the original sin Adulthood understood in terms of childhood
31. Neurosis Trauma leads to a loss of metaphoricity. As a consequence past and present relaterigidly (metonymically) to each other rather than informing each other. Neurotic defense (the present) comes metonymically to stand for the defended against (the past). The past evokes a rigid defense, thus over-determining the present rather than just informing it
32. Phrases connecting source and target indicating metaphor or metonymy Metaphor = source/target interacting Metonymy= source/target not interacting Healthy Defense Neurotic Defense “stands for” past and present rigidly standing for each other “in terms of” past and present interact in terms of each other
33. Are psychodynamic concepts relevant forthe treatment setting? general psychology? treatment setting Transference Interpretation Defense general psychology Could these psychodynamic phenomena belong to the mind’s normal functioning ?
34. Are psychodynamic concepts relevant forthe treatment setting? general psychology? Treatment setting Transference from analysand to analyst as ongoing interpretation of the present by the past general psychology Transference intrapsychic as ongoing interpretation of the present by the past
35. Are psychodynamic concepts relevant forthe treatment setting? general psychology? treatment setting Interpretation by the analyst interpreting the past from and by the present general psychology Interpretation intrapsychic interpreting the past from and by the present
36. Psychodynamic concepts relevant inthe treatment setting in general psychology Treatment setting Defense: interpretation of intrapsychictransference Defense (as defending and defended against) Interpretation of transference general psychology
37. Psychodynamic concepts relevant forthe treatment setting ? general psychology ? treatment Transference Interpretation Defense general psychology Intrapsychic Transference Intrapsychic Interpretation Intrapsychic Defense O n g o i n g d y n a m i c s
38. Psychoanalytic Practice versus Theory Practice We understand the present transference in terms of the past we understand the pastin terms of the present transference Theory This central part of psychoanalytic practice Is not sufficiently integrated by its theory
39. Moving from content to time Language and Thought Content –centered domains Metaphor is a an equation of two conventionally not equatable entities (source and target) located in different domains Time-centered domains In psychoanalysis the intrinsically different domains of metaphor are temporal ones: e.g., past and present
40. Functions of linguistic and temporal metaphors Influencing Informing Modeling and Searching Interpreting Actualizing Changing Familiarizing Forming new category Keeping at bay (new category organization from old category organization)
41. Psychoanalytic concepts viewed from a temporal point of view Present to past Defending part of defense Interpreting Insight (updating) Curing Repression Remembering Regressing Past to present Defended part of defense Transference Insight (actualizing) Childhood neurosis Return of the repressed Memories Fixation
42. Aspects of all temporal metaphors suggesting their synonymity Influencing Informing Modeling and Searching Interpreting Actualizing Changing Familiarizing Forming new category Keeping at bay (new category organization from old category organization)
43. Psychoanalytic terms viewed as potential synonyms regarding their temporal function Potential synonyms (Present to past) Defending part of defense Interpreting Insight (updating) Curing Repression Remembering Regressing Potential synonyms (past to present) Defended part of defense Transference Insight (actualizing) Childhood neurosis Return of the repressed Memories Fixation
44. Corresponding aspects between linguistic and temporal metaphors Linguistic Interpretingof one domain by another domain.( Life is a journey) Transferringaspects of the source to the target Maintaining tension, holding source at bay from the target while still relating to it Temporal Interpretingof one temporal domain by another temporal domain. Transferring: aspects of the past (source) transferred to the present (target) Maintaining tension, holding past as source at bay from the present as target while remembering the former
45. Aspects of temporal metaphors as used by psychoanalytic terms Temporal Metaphors Psychoanalytic TERM Interpretingof one temporal domain by another temporal domain. Transferring: aspects of the past (source) transferred to the present (target) Maintaining tension, holding past at bay from the present while remembering it ‘INTERPRETATION’. Interpretationof past by present. ‘TRANSFERENCE’ Interpretation of present by past . ‘DEFENSE’ (as the defending part of defense) The holding at bay of previous organizations of issues while remembering them.
46. Synonymous functions of psychodynamic concepts regarding their functioning in time Highlight synonymous functions of our psychodynamic concepts even though differing in temporal direction of influence InterpretationTemporal Metaphor =present/past Transference Temporal Metaphor = past/present DefenseTemporal Metaphor = present/past + past/present
47. Aspects of temporal metaphors Therefore Interpreting Transferring Defending Are all functions of all temporal metaphors. This establishes the basic synonymity between the psychodynamic concepts transference, interpretation, and defense
48. Healthy and neurotic forms of temporal metaphors HALTHY = METAPHOR Neurotic = metonymy Past and Present INFORM each other like source and target of a metaphor Past and present DETERMINE each other like source and target of a metonymy
49. Healthy and neurotic forms of temporal metaphors Metaphor informs Metonymy stands for = determines INTERPRETATION informs past TRANSFERENCE informs present DEFENSE Defending and defended against inform each other INTERPRETATION Does not inform past thus determines it as immutable TRANSFERENCE Does not inform but determines present as repetition DEFENSE Defending and defended against can not inform but determine each other by standing for each other
50. Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic psychology ? Symptom – centered view Transference Defense Interpretation No generalization to dynamic psychology of the mind outside treatment setting Psychoanalysis has little standing in academia Temporal Metaphor-centered view Transference Defense Interpretation Generalization from treatment to general psychology becomes possible Chance to improve academic standing
51. Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic psychology ? symptom - centered Psychodynamic terms centered on treatment setting Transference and interpretation are phenomena, in the main, reserved for the treatment setting Centered – on General psychological functioning Psychodynamic terms centered on general psychological functioning Transference and interpretation seen as part of general psychological functioning, including in the treatment setting
52. Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic psychology ? Conventional view Transference Defense Interpretation Time implicitly and not centrally integrated in theory Temporal Metaphor-centered view Transference Defense Interpretation Time explicitly and centrally integrated in theory
53. Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic psychology ? Conventional view Transference Defense Interpretation Not primarily defined in terms of relations between the present and the past Temporal Metaphor-centered view Transference Defense Interpretation Primarily defined in terms of relations between the present and the past
54. The three main psychodynamic concepts transference, defense, interpretation Conventional view Transference Interpretation Not extended beyond treatment setting Temporal Metaphor-centered view Transference Interpretation Extended beyond treatment setting as Intrapsychic transference Intrapsychic interpretation
55. The three main psychodynamic concepts transference, defense, interpretation Conventional view Transference Neurotic enactment of past unconscious conflicts transferred to the analyst and experienced in terms of a now relevant relationship Temporal Metaphor-centered view Intrapsychic transference Ongoing interpretation of the present by the past, in and outside the treatment setting – neurotic or healthy, conscious or unconscious
56. Psychodynamic concepts relevant for general psychology treatment setting Transference (from analysand to analyst) Intrapsychic - Transference as ongoing interpretation of present by the past
57. Summary Transference Observed in the treatment setting Interpretation Carried out by the analyst Defense Healthy: “Sublimation” Neurotic: Mentation used to bar unconscious conflicts from becoming conscious general psychology treatment setting Transference Ubiquitous phenomenon in and outside the treatment setting Interpretation Carried out by the mind in an ongoing way as a reinterpretation of the past Defense Healthy: Present and past interpret each other Neurotic: When the present can not interpret the past the analysts interpretation is needed
58. Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic psychology ? Conventional view Temporal Metaphor- centered view Transference Defense Interpretation These concepts are related not only functionally but more closely as aspects of each other Transference Defense Interpretation These concepts are only functionally related to each other
59. The quality of the temporal relationship Healthy past present relationships are of metaphorical quality Neurotic past present relationships are of metonymical quality Transference Determining present Defense The defending part stands for the defended-against part. No mutual informing possible. Interpretation intrapsychic interpretation can not reach the unknown (repressed) past. The analyst’s interpretation is needed Transference Informing present Defense The defending part and the defended against part inform each other in an ongoing way Interpretation The present updates and thus changes the narrative influence the past has on the present
60. Is psychoanalysis generalizable to become the basis for a psychodynamic psychology ? Temporal Metaphor-centered treatment Analyst’s interpretation Interpretation is metaphorizing lost metaphoricity Temporal Metaphor-centered general functioning Intrapsychic interpretation Interpretation is metaphorizing lost metaphoricity
61. Structure of healthy defense We are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in terms ofpast experience; the past is understood in terms of present transference experience. SUMMARY: Present interpretsmetaphorically the past = Interpretation The past interprets metaphorically the present =Transference
62. Structure of healthy defense We are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in terms ofpast experience; the past is understood in terms of present transference experience. SUMMARY: = Interpretation =Transference
63. Structure of healthy defense We are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in terms ofpast experience; the past is understood in terms of present transference experience. SUMMARY: = Interpretation of =Transference
65. Structure of healthy defense We are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in terms ofpast experience; the past is understood in terms of present transference experience. SUMMARY: Present interpretation of thepast The past interprets metaphorically the present
66. Structure of healthy defense We are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in terms ofpast experience; the past is understood in terms of present transference experience. SUMMARY: Present interpretation of thepast The past interprets metaphorically the present
67. Structure of healthy defense We are using the interpreting aspect of metaphor which is already used in psychoanalytic practice. The present transference is understood in terms ofpast experience; the past is understood in terms of present transference experience. SUMMARY: Present interpretsmetaphorically the past = Interpretation The past interprets metaphorically the present =Transference
68. Structure of healthy defense The past informs metaphorically the present The present interprets metaphorically the past
69. Defense is Interpretation of Transference Metaphor and Metonymy Defense, Interpretation, and Transference are all Temporal Metaphors (when functioning optimally) or Temporal Metonymies (when functioning sub-optimally) Suggested Theoretical Integration Summary and Outlook
70. First and second order temporal metaphors First order First order Second order
It is convenient to differentiate three approaches to metaphor. These are the linguists’ notion of linguistic metaphor, the cognitive scientists’ notion of conceptual metaphor, and the psychoanalytic notion of temporal metaphor.