The document discusses various theories and evidence related to human attractions and mind force (MF). It proposes that MF can be understood as a hyperstructure formed by networks of synchronized oscillators coupled across biological, psychological, and social domains. Evidence from fields like biology, linguistics, and psychotherapy is presented to support how synchronization and coupling underlie attractions at various levels, from molecules to social groups. The dynamics of MF are proposed to span multiple domains and "pack" dynamics vertically across domains in a post-Cartesian view that integrates ideas from complexity theory, nonlinear dynamics, and other approaches.
This document discusses theories of human evolution and the emergence of human neurology and reasoning abilities. It explores monist and dualist perspectives on explaining consciousness and behavior. Quantum effects on microtubules and the evolution of sensation in organisms are considered. The development of neuronal patterns, neural systems, and the human brain are examined as factors in the rise of human phenomenology, including rational and emotional behavior. The origins of language, tool use, and reason are debated from different theoretical standpoints.
This document discusses an evolutionary approach to the origins of consciousness. It proposes that consciousness, or the ability to experience, emerged from associative learning in early animals. Limited forms of experiencing may have originated with persistent sensory stimulation signaling non-homeostatic internal states. The evolution of associative learning allowed animals to form memory traces and recall associations even without stimuli present, leading to the transition from limited to unlimited experiencing in the form of full-fledged feelings that motivate behavior.
This document provides an overview of the philosophical theory of Reflexive Monism. Some key points:
1. Reflexive Monism is a type of dual-aspect monism that argues the universe is composed of a single fundamental substance that has the potential to manifest physically and as conscious experience.
2. It differs from dualism which sees the universe as composed of physical and non-physical substances, and from reductionist physicalism which sees mind as a product of physical matter.
3. According to Reflexive Monism, as the universe evolved it differentiated into physical entities, some of which developed consciousness. While embedded within the physical universe, conscious beings have individual perspectives on themselves and the world
Marxist philosophy is based on the principles of dialectical materialism. It asserts that matter is the only reality and that everything, including thought and consciousness, emerges from and can be explained by matter and its evolution over time. According to Marxist philosophy, matter has always existed and life spontaneously emerged from non-living matter. Knowledge is obtained through empirical investigation of objective material reality, so anything supernatural cannot be known. Marxist philosophy thus denies the existence of God or anything beyond the natural material world. It provides Marxists with a worldview and method for analyzing all aspects of society, ethics, history and human evolution as processes governed by dialectical materialism.
This document summarizes Spinoza's mind-body monism and its advantages over Cartesian dualism. It discusses how Descartes proposed a dualist view of the mind and body as distinct substances that interact in some unclear way. Later philosophers like Leibniz and Malebranche tried to explain this interaction but did not fully resolve the issue. Spinoza alone proposed monism, where the mind and body are two attributes of a single substance and are not distinct. This avoids the problem of how two distinct things could interact. The document argues that Spinoza's view aligns better with empiricism and growing scientific evidence that mental states arise from physical processes in the brain.
The document discusses Montague Ullman's research on the relationship between dreaming consciousness and quantum phenomena. It summarizes some of Ullman's key ideas, including that dreaming and waking consciousness are complementary states that represent a hidden unity. Quantum features like non-locality and the contextual relationship between observer and observed provide analogies for understanding dreaming. The author then discusses their own experiential dream research study over two decades, which led them to a theory that dreams seek wholeness from the collective unconscious and reveal insights into interconnectedness through symbolic dream language.
This document discusses cognition and how it relates to notions of objectivity and subjectivity. It makes three key points:
1. Cognition is a subject-dependent phenomenon that is bound to the structure and organization of the knower. As living systems, humans are autopoietic and closed, so all cognitive states are determined by how their autopoiesis is realized internally rather than by external circumstances.
2. Notions of objectively accessing an independent reality through senses mapping the world are flawed, as senses can only reveal mappings based on their own organization, not objective features. Successful predictions also don't prove access to objective reality.
3. If cognition is subject-dependent, then cultural and individual
The Brain does not reveal what the Mind is, and the Mind does not explain the Brain. We are looking in a mirror.
The Evolution is not only an event from the past; Evolution runs the past process entirely at any moment now.
Time is the mechanism which prevents that everything happens now.
The Fourier Transformation is probably the most remarkable bridge between Science and Philosophy.
Everything vibrates rhythmically.
This document discusses theories of human evolution and the emergence of human neurology and reasoning abilities. It explores monist and dualist perspectives on explaining consciousness and behavior. Quantum effects on microtubules and the evolution of sensation in organisms are considered. The development of neuronal patterns, neural systems, and the human brain are examined as factors in the rise of human phenomenology, including rational and emotional behavior. The origins of language, tool use, and reason are debated from different theoretical standpoints.
This document discusses an evolutionary approach to the origins of consciousness. It proposes that consciousness, or the ability to experience, emerged from associative learning in early animals. Limited forms of experiencing may have originated with persistent sensory stimulation signaling non-homeostatic internal states. The evolution of associative learning allowed animals to form memory traces and recall associations even without stimuli present, leading to the transition from limited to unlimited experiencing in the form of full-fledged feelings that motivate behavior.
This document provides an overview of the philosophical theory of Reflexive Monism. Some key points:
1. Reflexive Monism is a type of dual-aspect monism that argues the universe is composed of a single fundamental substance that has the potential to manifest physically and as conscious experience.
2. It differs from dualism which sees the universe as composed of physical and non-physical substances, and from reductionist physicalism which sees mind as a product of physical matter.
3. According to Reflexive Monism, as the universe evolved it differentiated into physical entities, some of which developed consciousness. While embedded within the physical universe, conscious beings have individual perspectives on themselves and the world
Marxist philosophy is based on the principles of dialectical materialism. It asserts that matter is the only reality and that everything, including thought and consciousness, emerges from and can be explained by matter and its evolution over time. According to Marxist philosophy, matter has always existed and life spontaneously emerged from non-living matter. Knowledge is obtained through empirical investigation of objective material reality, so anything supernatural cannot be known. Marxist philosophy thus denies the existence of God or anything beyond the natural material world. It provides Marxists with a worldview and method for analyzing all aspects of society, ethics, history and human evolution as processes governed by dialectical materialism.
This document summarizes Spinoza's mind-body monism and its advantages over Cartesian dualism. It discusses how Descartes proposed a dualist view of the mind and body as distinct substances that interact in some unclear way. Later philosophers like Leibniz and Malebranche tried to explain this interaction but did not fully resolve the issue. Spinoza alone proposed monism, where the mind and body are two attributes of a single substance and are not distinct. This avoids the problem of how two distinct things could interact. The document argues that Spinoza's view aligns better with empiricism and growing scientific evidence that mental states arise from physical processes in the brain.
The document discusses Montague Ullman's research on the relationship between dreaming consciousness and quantum phenomena. It summarizes some of Ullman's key ideas, including that dreaming and waking consciousness are complementary states that represent a hidden unity. Quantum features like non-locality and the contextual relationship between observer and observed provide analogies for understanding dreaming. The author then discusses their own experiential dream research study over two decades, which led them to a theory that dreams seek wholeness from the collective unconscious and reveal insights into interconnectedness through symbolic dream language.
This document discusses cognition and how it relates to notions of objectivity and subjectivity. It makes three key points:
1. Cognition is a subject-dependent phenomenon that is bound to the structure and organization of the knower. As living systems, humans are autopoietic and closed, so all cognitive states are determined by how their autopoiesis is realized internally rather than by external circumstances.
2. Notions of objectively accessing an independent reality through senses mapping the world are flawed, as senses can only reveal mappings based on their own organization, not objective features. Successful predictions also don't prove access to objective reality.
3. If cognition is subject-dependent, then cultural and individual
The Brain does not reveal what the Mind is, and the Mind does not explain the Brain. We are looking in a mirror.
The Evolution is not only an event from the past; Evolution runs the past process entirely at any moment now.
Time is the mechanism which prevents that everything happens now.
The Fourier Transformation is probably the most remarkable bridge between Science and Philosophy.
Everything vibrates rhythmically.
Matter, mind and higher dimensions – Bernard CarrLex Pit
Prof Bernard Carr
Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy
School of Physics and Astronomy
Queen Mary, University of London
Astronomer and mathematician Bernard Carr theorizes that many of the phenomena we experience but cannot explain within the physical laws of this dimension actually occur in other dimensions.
Albert Einstein stated that there are at least four dimensions. The fourth dimension is time, or spacetime, since Einstein said space and time cannot be separated. In modern physics, theories about the existence of up to 11 dimensions and the possibility of more have gained traction.
Carr, a professor of mathematics and astronomy at Queen Mary University of London, says our consciousness interacts with another dimension. Furthermore, the multi-dimensional universe he envisions has a hierarchical structure. We are at the lowest-level dimension.
“The model resolves well-known philosophical problems concerning the relationship between matter and mind, elucidates the nature of time, and provides an ontological framework for the interpretation of phenomena such as apparitions, OBEs [out-of-body experiences], NDEs [near-death-experiences], and dreams,” he wrote in a conference abstract.
Carr reasons that our physical sensors only show us a 3-dimensional universe, though there are actually at least four dimensions. What exists in the higher dimensions are entities we cannot touch with our physical sensors. He said that such entities must still have a type of space to exist in.
“The only non-physical entities in the universe of which we have any experience are mental ones, and … the existence of paranormal phenomena suggests that mental entities have to exist in some sort of space,” Carr wrote.
The other-dimensional space we enter in dreams overlaps with the space where memory exists. Carr says telepathy signals a communal mental space and clairvoyance also contains a physical space. “Non-physical percepts have attributes of externality,” he wrote in his book “Matter, Mind, and Higher Dimensions.”
He builds on previous theories, including the Kaluza–Klein theory, which unifies the fundamental forces of gravitation and electromagnetism. The Kaluza–Klein theory also envisions a 5-dimensional space.
In “M-theory,” there are 11 dimensions. In superstring theory, there are 10. Carr understands this as a 4-dimensional “external” space—meaning these are the four dimensions in Einstein’s relativity theory—and a 6- or 7-dimensional “internal” space—meaning these dimensions relate to psychic and other “intangible” phenomena.
Quantum computing is a new technology using which it may be possible to discover new knowledge that are too difficult for even super computers. This research proposal involves understanding thought processes, consciousness, individual perception and societal development.
Consciousness in the universe a review of the ‘orch or’ theory by hameroff an...Julio Banks
Here we review Orch OR in light of criticisms and develop-
ments in quantum biology, neuroscience, physics and cos-
mology. We also introduce a novel suggestion of ‘beat
frequencies of faster microtubule vibrations as a poss-
ible source of the observed electroencephalographic
(‘EEG’) correlates of consciousness. We conclude that
consciousness plays an intrinsic role in the universe.
Alfred Webre - Discoveries from the Dimensional Ecology of the OmniverseExopolitics Hungary
The document discusses discoveries that can be drawn from research into the dimensional ecology of the omniverse. Some key points:
1) The omniverse hypothesis proposes that the multiverse (parallel universes) and spiritual dimensions together form a dimensional ecology that encompasses intelligent civilizations.
2) Estimates suggest there are over 100 billion communicating civilizations in our universe, and vastly more in the entire multiverse and omniverse based on calculations of parallel universes.
3) Research provides evidence for intelligent civilizations of souls and spiritual beings that reside in spiritual dimensions outside the multiverse.
4) Taken together, the data supports that we live in a populated omniverse that includes physical and spiritual dimensions
This document discusses the nature of time from a perspective that language and cognition arise through recursive coordinations of behaviors in living systems. It argues that time is not an independent entity but rather an abstraction we use to explain sequences and simultaneity of processes as experienced. We connote the word "time" to distinguish sequences and co-occurrences of processes, which living systems can do based on configurations of neural activities. Therefore, time does not refer to something outside of our experiences and language, but is instead an explanatory notion we use to describe features of our experiential coherences.
The effectiveness of mathematical formalisms, Humberto Maturana, 2000David Alcántara
1) Mathematical formalisms are effective because they specify geometric spaces or matrices of relations that are isomorphic to the relations between phenomena as distinguished by observers in their domain of structural coupling.
2) As structure-determined systems, observers can only operate based on the coherences that arise from their history of structural coupling and living. They do not have access to any independent reality.
3) Natural phenomena are abstractions that observers generate through their linguistic operations in realizing their living, not characterizations of independent features of reality. Mathematical formalisms apply to these observer-generated coherences, not an external reality.
Dialectic Approach in the Psychology by Jose RP in Psychology and Psychothera...CrimsonpublishersPPrs
Dialectic Approach in the Psychology by Jose RP in Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study: Crimson Publishers_Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy
1. The document discusses the need for a biophotonic route to better understand the relationship between mind, brain, and the world. Current models make assumptions about their separate identities and roles that have not been established.
2. It proposes examining experiences related to measurable aspects of the world using biophoton signals spontaneously emitted by humans. Analysis of these signals reveals quantum signatures and holistic properties that contain biological information about the emitter.
3. Biophoton signals have been measured from 33 sites on the human body. Analysis of signal time series shows fluctuations containing finer details that establish the quantum nature of the signals and specify the quantum state of the dominant component.
This document discusses the latest findings in theoretical physics and consciousness research that could provide a foundation for a unified theory or "super-metatheory". It suggests that new understandings in physics point to reality being a field of consciousness, and that string theory uses higher mathematical concepts that reflect the multidimensional nature of consciousness. The author proposes that the logical structure of human consciousness may be the basis for a unified theory integrating all sciences, religions and philosophies.
Sequel to "Transcending Death during COVID-19" Are scientific world-views con...Paul H. Carr
1. The document discusses the convergence of scientific and religious worldviews, with mathematics playing a key role.
2. It explores ideas like consciousness being both mathematical and emergent, and energy and spirit being similar concepts.
3. Religious perspectives see the cosmos emerging from divine consciousness, while science sees human consciousness emerging from the physical cosmos over billions of years since the Big Bang.
The document summarizes and evaluates the type-identity thesis, which claims that mental states are identical to physical brain states. It discusses the motivations for the type-identity thesis in response to behaviorism. It examines the arguments of philosophers J.J.C. Smart and D. Lewis in support of the type-identity thesis, including Smart's analogy to lightning and Lewis' argument based on causal roles and transitivity of identity. It also considers criticisms of the type-identity thesis, such as the "dual property" objection and the argument from multiple realizability, and how defenders of the thesis have responded to these criticisms. Overall, the document argues that the type-identity thesis as formulated by D. Lewis withstands
Footprints in the world of cybernetics and social constructionRachelle Heath
This document discusses the history and development of cybernetics and social construction theories in psychology and family therapy. It traces cybernetics back to its Greek origins and discusses how early theorists like Gregory Bateson established concepts of feedback loops and paradoxical patterns of communication. Groups like the Palo Alto Group and the Mental Health Institute applied these cybernetics concepts to develop strategic and systemic family therapy models. Over time, the field shifted from a first-order cybernetics view that observed families externally to a second-order cybernetics and social constructionist perspective that saw realities as socially and mentally constructed. Major figures like Ernst Von Glasersfeld and Heinz Von Foerster contributed to this postmodern shift focusing on language, culture
Slide for the IoE Critical Realism Reading Group - Critical Realism and Drama...Gary Hawke
Gary’s work as a dramatherapist is an attempt to establish the connection between Integral Theories Integral Life Practice and the Work-ins of metaReality as a practice application for personal and cultural emancipation, with the aim of proposing a possible version of Volume Four of The Philosophy of metaReality: Work In: The Manual.
1) Quantum physics has revealed that conscious observation influences reality and matter exists as a wave of potentialities prior to being observed.
2) String theory aims to unify all forces of nature by proposing that the smallest constituents of particles are tiny vibrating strings, and the vibration frequencies determine particle properties like mass.
3) This "music of strings" is referred to as cosmic consciousness, which our individual consciousness is part of, suggesting everything emerges from and is sustained by consciousness rather than existing independently.
Biology of Cognition, Humberto Maturana, 1970David Alcántara
This document discusses biology and cognition from an observer perspective. It argues that:
1) Living systems are defined by their circular organization that maintains their identity through interactions. Their domain of interactions constitutes their cognitive reality.
2) As living systems make predictions about classes of interactions in their niche to maintain their circular organization, they are inferential systems.
3) Evolution changes the way living systems maintain their circular organization, evolving their cognitive domains over generations. The document aims to provide a biological understanding of cognition.
The Magic Eight Model - The Enactive Approach of Francisco Varela and the Gen...Marinella De Simone
Through the theory of complexity, we place at the center of our investigation the person as the source of her knowledge. Knowledge is our embodied know-how that we learn to recognize and observe through the help of others. We consider learning as a process of cooperation and mutual coordination in which the relational aspect becomes the foundation of all knowledge, rather than an adaptive ability to a given context. Through the personal perception of the world in which we take part by acting in it, we enter the context that changes while we transform ourselves.
The document discusses the mind-body problem from philosophical and cognitive science perspectives. It first summarizes René Descartes' dualist view which proposes a distinction between mind and body and poses the mind-body problem. It then outlines Gilbert Ryle's criticism of Cartesian dualism. Next, it proposes a scientific solution to the mind-body problem based on the principle of embodiment of mind from cognitive science. This principle states that mental states emerge from the self-organization of brain neurons. Finally, it analyzes some philosophical difficulties with fully embracing this principle from a reductionist perspective.
1. The document provides an overview and definitions of key terms from the WingMakers philosophy, including Entity, Sovereign Integral, Genetic Mind, and OLIN Technology.
2. It describes two models of existence - the Evolution/Saviorship model and the Transformation/Mastership model - and notes humans are evolving toward a synthesis of the two.
3. The Genetic Mind is defined as the accumulated beliefs of a species imprinted by the Hierarchy to limit what is acceptable to believe, but the WingMakers aim to expand its boundaries through concepts like OLIN Technology.
1) The author argues that Wilber's integral approach could be improved by making it more fully integral at all times of human value realization, not just at certain moments.
2) An example is given of how the descriptive, evaluative, normative, and interpretive methods are all necessary to fully understand and realize a value.
3) The author emphasizes distinguishing between epistemology and ontology when considering nondual experiences from Eastern traditions, noting that such experiences speak more to phenomenology than metaphysics.
Radial categories are conceptual categories organized around a central or prototypical concept. Words represent radial categories with a core meaning and related, more peripheral meanings. Radial categories help explain phenomena like polysemy, where a word takes on multiple related meanings. Adjectives, verbs, and nouns can all demonstrate radiality, with meanings extending from a central concept based on perceived similarities. This document discusses examples of radial categories like the word "over" and suffix "-able" to illustrate how meanings radiate from a core.
Mind: Meet Metaphor - Polish Scientific Networks 2016Jelec Anna
The document discusses the use of metaphors in different fields including science, humanities, and how they can improve understanding between disciplines. It provides examples of conceptual metaphors used in different contexts like "life is not a bed of roses" and how metaphors are used in scientific papers on topics like vaccines and autism. The document argues that the deliberate use of metaphor can help improve understanding between business, science, and the humanities for the general public.
Matter, mind and higher dimensions – Bernard CarrLex Pit
Prof Bernard Carr
Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy
School of Physics and Astronomy
Queen Mary, University of London
Astronomer and mathematician Bernard Carr theorizes that many of the phenomena we experience but cannot explain within the physical laws of this dimension actually occur in other dimensions.
Albert Einstein stated that there are at least four dimensions. The fourth dimension is time, or spacetime, since Einstein said space and time cannot be separated. In modern physics, theories about the existence of up to 11 dimensions and the possibility of more have gained traction.
Carr, a professor of mathematics and astronomy at Queen Mary University of London, says our consciousness interacts with another dimension. Furthermore, the multi-dimensional universe he envisions has a hierarchical structure. We are at the lowest-level dimension.
“The model resolves well-known philosophical problems concerning the relationship between matter and mind, elucidates the nature of time, and provides an ontological framework for the interpretation of phenomena such as apparitions, OBEs [out-of-body experiences], NDEs [near-death-experiences], and dreams,” he wrote in a conference abstract.
Carr reasons that our physical sensors only show us a 3-dimensional universe, though there are actually at least four dimensions. What exists in the higher dimensions are entities we cannot touch with our physical sensors. He said that such entities must still have a type of space to exist in.
“The only non-physical entities in the universe of which we have any experience are mental ones, and … the existence of paranormal phenomena suggests that mental entities have to exist in some sort of space,” Carr wrote.
The other-dimensional space we enter in dreams overlaps with the space where memory exists. Carr says telepathy signals a communal mental space and clairvoyance also contains a physical space. “Non-physical percepts have attributes of externality,” he wrote in his book “Matter, Mind, and Higher Dimensions.”
He builds on previous theories, including the Kaluza–Klein theory, which unifies the fundamental forces of gravitation and electromagnetism. The Kaluza–Klein theory also envisions a 5-dimensional space.
In “M-theory,” there are 11 dimensions. In superstring theory, there are 10. Carr understands this as a 4-dimensional “external” space—meaning these are the four dimensions in Einstein’s relativity theory—and a 6- or 7-dimensional “internal” space—meaning these dimensions relate to psychic and other “intangible” phenomena.
Quantum computing is a new technology using which it may be possible to discover new knowledge that are too difficult for even super computers. This research proposal involves understanding thought processes, consciousness, individual perception and societal development.
Consciousness in the universe a review of the ‘orch or’ theory by hameroff an...Julio Banks
Here we review Orch OR in light of criticisms and develop-
ments in quantum biology, neuroscience, physics and cos-
mology. We also introduce a novel suggestion of ‘beat
frequencies of faster microtubule vibrations as a poss-
ible source of the observed electroencephalographic
(‘EEG’) correlates of consciousness. We conclude that
consciousness plays an intrinsic role in the universe.
Alfred Webre - Discoveries from the Dimensional Ecology of the OmniverseExopolitics Hungary
The document discusses discoveries that can be drawn from research into the dimensional ecology of the omniverse. Some key points:
1) The omniverse hypothesis proposes that the multiverse (parallel universes) and spiritual dimensions together form a dimensional ecology that encompasses intelligent civilizations.
2) Estimates suggest there are over 100 billion communicating civilizations in our universe, and vastly more in the entire multiverse and omniverse based on calculations of parallel universes.
3) Research provides evidence for intelligent civilizations of souls and spiritual beings that reside in spiritual dimensions outside the multiverse.
4) Taken together, the data supports that we live in a populated omniverse that includes physical and spiritual dimensions
This document discusses the nature of time from a perspective that language and cognition arise through recursive coordinations of behaviors in living systems. It argues that time is not an independent entity but rather an abstraction we use to explain sequences and simultaneity of processes as experienced. We connote the word "time" to distinguish sequences and co-occurrences of processes, which living systems can do based on configurations of neural activities. Therefore, time does not refer to something outside of our experiences and language, but is instead an explanatory notion we use to describe features of our experiential coherences.
The effectiveness of mathematical formalisms, Humberto Maturana, 2000David Alcántara
1) Mathematical formalisms are effective because they specify geometric spaces or matrices of relations that are isomorphic to the relations between phenomena as distinguished by observers in their domain of structural coupling.
2) As structure-determined systems, observers can only operate based on the coherences that arise from their history of structural coupling and living. They do not have access to any independent reality.
3) Natural phenomena are abstractions that observers generate through their linguistic operations in realizing their living, not characterizations of independent features of reality. Mathematical formalisms apply to these observer-generated coherences, not an external reality.
Dialectic Approach in the Psychology by Jose RP in Psychology and Psychothera...CrimsonpublishersPPrs
Dialectic Approach in the Psychology by Jose RP in Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study: Crimson Publishers_Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy
1. The document discusses the need for a biophotonic route to better understand the relationship between mind, brain, and the world. Current models make assumptions about their separate identities and roles that have not been established.
2. It proposes examining experiences related to measurable aspects of the world using biophoton signals spontaneously emitted by humans. Analysis of these signals reveals quantum signatures and holistic properties that contain biological information about the emitter.
3. Biophoton signals have been measured from 33 sites on the human body. Analysis of signal time series shows fluctuations containing finer details that establish the quantum nature of the signals and specify the quantum state of the dominant component.
This document discusses the latest findings in theoretical physics and consciousness research that could provide a foundation for a unified theory or "super-metatheory". It suggests that new understandings in physics point to reality being a field of consciousness, and that string theory uses higher mathematical concepts that reflect the multidimensional nature of consciousness. The author proposes that the logical structure of human consciousness may be the basis for a unified theory integrating all sciences, religions and philosophies.
Sequel to "Transcending Death during COVID-19" Are scientific world-views con...Paul H. Carr
1. The document discusses the convergence of scientific and religious worldviews, with mathematics playing a key role.
2. It explores ideas like consciousness being both mathematical and emergent, and energy and spirit being similar concepts.
3. Religious perspectives see the cosmos emerging from divine consciousness, while science sees human consciousness emerging from the physical cosmos over billions of years since the Big Bang.
The document summarizes and evaluates the type-identity thesis, which claims that mental states are identical to physical brain states. It discusses the motivations for the type-identity thesis in response to behaviorism. It examines the arguments of philosophers J.J.C. Smart and D. Lewis in support of the type-identity thesis, including Smart's analogy to lightning and Lewis' argument based on causal roles and transitivity of identity. It also considers criticisms of the type-identity thesis, such as the "dual property" objection and the argument from multiple realizability, and how defenders of the thesis have responded to these criticisms. Overall, the document argues that the type-identity thesis as formulated by D. Lewis withstands
Footprints in the world of cybernetics and social constructionRachelle Heath
This document discusses the history and development of cybernetics and social construction theories in psychology and family therapy. It traces cybernetics back to its Greek origins and discusses how early theorists like Gregory Bateson established concepts of feedback loops and paradoxical patterns of communication. Groups like the Palo Alto Group and the Mental Health Institute applied these cybernetics concepts to develop strategic and systemic family therapy models. Over time, the field shifted from a first-order cybernetics view that observed families externally to a second-order cybernetics and social constructionist perspective that saw realities as socially and mentally constructed. Major figures like Ernst Von Glasersfeld and Heinz Von Foerster contributed to this postmodern shift focusing on language, culture
Slide for the IoE Critical Realism Reading Group - Critical Realism and Drama...Gary Hawke
Gary’s work as a dramatherapist is an attempt to establish the connection between Integral Theories Integral Life Practice and the Work-ins of metaReality as a practice application for personal and cultural emancipation, with the aim of proposing a possible version of Volume Four of The Philosophy of metaReality: Work In: The Manual.
1) Quantum physics has revealed that conscious observation influences reality and matter exists as a wave of potentialities prior to being observed.
2) String theory aims to unify all forces of nature by proposing that the smallest constituents of particles are tiny vibrating strings, and the vibration frequencies determine particle properties like mass.
3) This "music of strings" is referred to as cosmic consciousness, which our individual consciousness is part of, suggesting everything emerges from and is sustained by consciousness rather than existing independently.
Biology of Cognition, Humberto Maturana, 1970David Alcántara
This document discusses biology and cognition from an observer perspective. It argues that:
1) Living systems are defined by their circular organization that maintains their identity through interactions. Their domain of interactions constitutes their cognitive reality.
2) As living systems make predictions about classes of interactions in their niche to maintain their circular organization, they are inferential systems.
3) Evolution changes the way living systems maintain their circular organization, evolving their cognitive domains over generations. The document aims to provide a biological understanding of cognition.
The Magic Eight Model - The Enactive Approach of Francisco Varela and the Gen...Marinella De Simone
Through the theory of complexity, we place at the center of our investigation the person as the source of her knowledge. Knowledge is our embodied know-how that we learn to recognize and observe through the help of others. We consider learning as a process of cooperation and mutual coordination in which the relational aspect becomes the foundation of all knowledge, rather than an adaptive ability to a given context. Through the personal perception of the world in which we take part by acting in it, we enter the context that changes while we transform ourselves.
The document discusses the mind-body problem from philosophical and cognitive science perspectives. It first summarizes René Descartes' dualist view which proposes a distinction between mind and body and poses the mind-body problem. It then outlines Gilbert Ryle's criticism of Cartesian dualism. Next, it proposes a scientific solution to the mind-body problem based on the principle of embodiment of mind from cognitive science. This principle states that mental states emerge from the self-organization of brain neurons. Finally, it analyzes some philosophical difficulties with fully embracing this principle from a reductionist perspective.
1. The document provides an overview and definitions of key terms from the WingMakers philosophy, including Entity, Sovereign Integral, Genetic Mind, and OLIN Technology.
2. It describes two models of existence - the Evolution/Saviorship model and the Transformation/Mastership model - and notes humans are evolving toward a synthesis of the two.
3. The Genetic Mind is defined as the accumulated beliefs of a species imprinted by the Hierarchy to limit what is acceptable to believe, but the WingMakers aim to expand its boundaries through concepts like OLIN Technology.
1) The author argues that Wilber's integral approach could be improved by making it more fully integral at all times of human value realization, not just at certain moments.
2) An example is given of how the descriptive, evaluative, normative, and interpretive methods are all necessary to fully understand and realize a value.
3) The author emphasizes distinguishing between epistemology and ontology when considering nondual experiences from Eastern traditions, noting that such experiences speak more to phenomenology than metaphysics.
Radial categories are conceptual categories organized around a central or prototypical concept. Words represent radial categories with a core meaning and related, more peripheral meanings. Radial categories help explain phenomena like polysemy, where a word takes on multiple related meanings. Adjectives, verbs, and nouns can all demonstrate radiality, with meanings extending from a central concept based on perceived similarities. This document discusses examples of radial categories like the word "over" and suffix "-able" to illustrate how meanings radiate from a core.
Mind: Meet Metaphor - Polish Scientific Networks 2016Jelec Anna
The document discusses the use of metaphors in different fields including science, humanities, and how they can improve understanding between disciplines. It provides examples of conceptual metaphors used in different contexts like "life is not a bed of roses" and how metaphors are used in scientific papers on topics like vaccines and autism. The document argues that the deliberate use of metaphor can help improve understanding between business, science, and the humanities for the general public.
Bartłomiej rostek & przemysław pszczoliński metaphors we live by no moreBart Rosto
This document summarizes inconsistencies in Conceptual Metaphor Theory as proposed by researchers like Kövecses. It notes that structural metaphors do not properly delineate concepts like love and life, but make them seem synonymous. It also argues that mappings are limited and do not apply universally. Alternative theories of emotion proposed by Wierzbicka are discussed. The document concludes that CMT reflects the conceptualization of experts rather than actual language usage, making it an isolating rather than empirically-based model. Examples of misclassified metaphors and inconsistent source domains are provided to support this.
The Discourse Dynamics Model: Developing a complexity metaphor for ELT. Paper presented by Lynne Cameron at the Manchester Roundtable on Complexity and ELT. The University of Manchester, 15 April 2015
The document discusses image schemas, which are simple embodied concepts we develop from sensory experiences with objects in the world. Image schemas help us understand abstract concepts by mapping bodily experiences onto more complex domains. Some key examples of image schemas discussed are containment, in-out, and source-path-goal. The document argues that image schemas are developed early in life and provide a foundation for logical reasoning and language comprehension by linking our physical interactions with conceptual understanding.
This document discusses conceptual metaphors in music through the lens of the Study and Research Group on Musical Metaphors (GERMM). It provides examples of conceptual metaphors that understand musical ideas in terms of other domains, such as architecture, language, and the body. The group aims to study the links between metaphorical language, conceptual metaphors, and our physical and sensory experiences of music through techniques like questionnaires, interviews, motion capture, and neuroimaging. Their research could provide insights into how metaphor, expectation, and embodiment relate to musical meaning and response.
Cognitive Discourse Analysis: Frame analysis (LANCOM 3) Jelec Anna
Would you like to learn how to find and recognise frames? This week we are going to apply the knowledge about frames to analysing text. We are going to go through the basics of frame analysis and watch a video to find out the frames.
Can you identify why the term "greenhouse effect" did not prove effective in convincing Americans to act against global warming? I
Cognitive Discourse Analysis: Introduction (LANCOM 1) Jelec Anna
Discourse analysis is based on the assumption that context is fundamental for our understanding of text. The social context (such as education or politics), the thing accomplished by the text (e.g., legislation, teaching), the participants and their various communicative, social and professional roles, the relations between them, the setting (time, location) and other social or interactional properties of the communicative event are all relevant to understanding the discourse behind it (van Dijk 2000). Cognitive discourse analysis uses what we know about cognitive processing to understand and create discourse.
Images of Complexity in the Practice of Language Teaching and Learning. Paper presented by Juup Stelma at the Manchester Roundtable on Complexity and ELT. The University of Manchester, 15 April 2015
This document provides an overview of Leonard Talmy's work in cognitive linguistics. It summarizes some of his major publications and theories. Specifically, it discusses how Talmy viewed language as a cognitive system that shares features with other cognitive systems like perception and attention, but also has unique properties. It outlines Talmy's theories on topics like the grammatical and lexical subsystems of language; how language structures space and time, including his theory of "fictive motion"; the role of attention and "figure-ground" relations; and his theory of "Force Dynamics" in language.
This document provides an overview of cognitive grammar, which views grammar as fully reducible to assemblies of symbolic structures linking semantic and phonological representations. It claims that grammar forms a continuum with the lexicon and is meaningful. Grammatical units pair semantic and phonological structures, just as lexical items do. Grammar is shaped by semantic and pragmatic factors. Cognitive grammar analyzes linguistic units in terms of conceptualization, construal, and symbolic linking between semantic and phonological structures. It views grammar as a means of symbolizing conceptual content through imagic construals.
[1] The document discusses conceptual metaphor theory, including image schemas, source and target domains, and primary metaphors. It provides examples of common source domains like the body, plants, and machines, as well as common target domains like emotion, thought, and relationships.
[2] Mappings between domains are not definitive or complete, as metaphors only highlight certain aspects of the target domain. Multiple metaphors can describe the same concept. Primary metaphors are based on basic human experiences and sensations.
[3] Tasks in the document ask the reader to identify source and target domains in examples, and determine what aspects of the domains are highlighted versus hidden by different metaphors for concepts like arguments and emotions.
1. The document discusses how human thought processes are largely metaphorical and our concepts structure how we perceive the world and relate to others.
2. It provides examples of common metaphors like "arguments are war" and suggests alternative metaphors can have different implications for culture, relationships, and schools.
3. The key point is that we are often unaware of the metaphors that structure our thinking and these metaphors are partially preserved in cultural rituals. Paying attention to our conceptual metaphors is important for leadership.
This document discusses metaphor and metonymy. [1] Metaphor involves understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another domain through similarity or analogy. Metonymy involves understanding one domain in terms of another associated domain through physical or causal proximity. [2] Examples of common metaphors include ARGUMENT IS WAR and TIME IS MONEY. Examples of common metonymies include PART FOR WHOLE and PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT. [3] Metaphor and metonymy are pervasive in both everyday language and abstract thought, and involve complex cognitive mappings between conceptual domains.
This document discusses schema theory and image schemas. It defines schemas as underlying mental structures that organize text and concepts based on experiences. Image schemas specifically are abstract representations derived from everyday interactions that structure embodied experiences. The document outlines several types of image schemas including links, parts-wholes, and centers-peripheries. It also discusses how image schemas provide conceptual building blocks and can structure more complex abstract concepts.
This document outlines concepts related to consciousness, capacities, and communication. It discusses how these elements may provide evidence for post-mortem survival. Consciousness is described as fundamental yet its nature and relationship to matter is debated. Capacities like psi phenomena are examined as possible means of transcommunication. Communication is defined and models of information transfer are considered for their relevance to instrumental transcommunication research.
Philosophy has a version for all scholarly disciplines like the philosophy of language, the philosophy of music, and also the philosophy of SCIENCE. The discoveries in NEUROSCIENCE and CONSCIOUSNESS shift the focus from Philosophy to Science. Now we need a Science of Philosophy.
Embodied arts therapies provide a new perspective that integrates findings from phenomenology, neuroscience, and cognitive psychology on the relationship between the body and mind. The document discusses four main principles of embodiment: 1) the bidirectionality between cognitive/affective systems and motor systems, 2) three levels of embodiment - individual, interpersonal, and environmental, 3) different types of embodiment effects, and 4) how movement qualities and shaping can influence cognition, emotion, and perception. The embodied approach has promising opportunities for developing empirical research and elaborating fields in art therapy.
The Brain's Mind. The Mind's Brain.Brain mindex-Philips
The document discusses the relationship between the brain and mind from both a neuroscience and philosophical perspective. It proposes that the biological brain creates the mental mind through complex neural networks and wave interference patterns in the brain. Consciousness and thoughts arise when the brain performs comparisons of sensory information and past experiences through recurrent neural processes. The mind emerges from the chaotic yet patterned interactions of brain waves across different regions of the connected brain.
This document discusses how homeopathy works according to the Law of Similars. It presents several hypotheses: 1) The remedy acts as a counterfeit disease that replaces the real disease in the vital force. 2) Homeopathy may be working at quantum levels where similarity in vibration is important, and non-local effects are possible. 3) The remedy echoes the disease state back in a way that increases the chance of moving away from the disease state towards health.
This document discusses language as an embryonic morphogenetic field, similar to how cells in a biological field respond to signals to develop structures. It proposes language develops through stages in a flexible field of possibilities constrained by rules. A table is presented modeling the English language field with the alphabet distributed in cells representing ratios that encode differences, like the differences between phonemes that get incorporated into words. The document argues current models of language are limited and reductionist, and a new model is needed to better understand language and improve mutual understanding between people.
Associationism is a theory that connects learning to thought based on principles of the organism’s causal history.
It claims that pairs of thoughts become associated based on the organism’s past experience.
The frequency with which an organism has come into contact with Xs and Ys in one’s environment determines the frequency with which thoughts about Xs and thoughts about Ys will arise together in the organism’s (Hume et al).
In particular, associationism can be used as
A theory of learning (e.g., as in behaviorist theorizing),
A theory of thinking (as in Jamesian “streams of thought”),
A theory of mental structures (e.g., as concept pairs), and
A theory of the implementation of thought (e.g., connectionism).
All these theories are separable, but share a related, empiricist-friendly core.
A “pure associationist” will refer to one who holds associationist theories of learning, thinking, mental structure, and implementation.
The document discusses theories about the origin and evolution of the human mind and brain. It describes how the brain evolved in three stages: the reptile brain for basic functions, the limbic system for emotions and memory, and the cerebral cortex for higher thinking. Modern neuroscience studies the limitations and complexity of the brain. The brain's structure allows for self-awareness through memory, learning, and associating experiences over millions of years of evolution.
1) The document discusses various theories about the physical source of consciousness, including the idea that consciousness is a field effect associated with the electric and magnetic fields of living organisms, rather than solely a product of biochemical brain processes.
2) It reviews models proposing that consciousness arises from quantum processes in microtubules in brain cells or from neural synchrony across synapses. However, it notes these models do not fully explain the complexity of consciousness.
3) The document argues that consciousness should be viewed as a holographic phenomenon dispersed throughout the brain and body, rather than located solely in the brain, and is closely tied to memory storage and retrieval processes.
The document discusses theories about the origin and evolution of the human mind and brain. It describes how the brain evolved in three stages: the reptile brain for basic instincts, the limbic system for emotions and memory, and the cerebral cortex for higher thinking. Modern neuroscience studies how the brain's complexity allows for self-consciousness to emerge through Darwinian evolution of neural cell groups interacting with genetics, morphology, and experience over millions of years.
Approaching Worldviews In Multicultural Counselling The Possible Worldview O...Becky Gilbert
The document discusses approaches to multicultural counseling and worldviews. It explores the worldviews of Charles Sanders Peirce and Gregory Bateson, focusing on Peirce's concept of infinite semiosis and Bateson's ecology of mind. It argues that their theories can strengthen the conceptual model of approaching client worldviews in counseling proposed by Parkkinen and Puukari. Specifically, it notes that client worldviews are dynamically constructed through counselor-client interactions and influenced by social and technological changes.
The document summarizes Gregory Bateson's ideas about ecology from his book Mind and Nature. It lists 16 of Bateson's "elementary propositions" about the natural world, such as that science can disprove but not prove ideas, experience is always subjective, and patterns cannot be explained by single factors. It also summarizes Jesper Hoffmeyer's idea of a global "semiosphere" of communication through signs that organisms depend on for survival, more so than the biosphere of energy and matter.
The study tested whether disrupting memory reconsolidation could lower fear in individuals with spider phobias in daily life. Participants who scored highly on a spider phobia questionnaire were given either propranolol or a placebo before viewing spiders. Those given propranolol, which is thought to disrupt reconsolidation, reported less fear and avoidance of spiders after exposure compared to the placebo group. The findings suggest disrupting reconsolidation through propranolol may help reduce phobias experienced outside of lab settings.
Equation of everything i.e. Quantum Fields: the Real Building Blocks of the U...inventionjournals
Mind, the inner most box of nature has not been investigated by modern physicists .Mind has not been incorporated in Standard model. Mind can only be studied by participatory science. Having searched Basic building blocks of the universe i.e. mass part of reality, we have also investigated mind part of reality and finally two fundamental particles with mind and mass realities are hypothesized . Now we discuss how to further investigate mind so as to know their structures and functions. Atomic genetics is the branch of science where we investigate about fundamental interactions of the universe i.e. atomic transcription and translations. New words have been coined to understand hidden science of mind part of reality. Mind reality have been recognized as different faces by “I” about 5000 years back to Arjuna in Mahabharata. It is just like to understand any language through Alphabets. These are (different faces) Alphabets of mind reality. One Mind reality has one face identity and the second mind reality has second face identity and so on. The facial expression represents phenomenon of intelligence and different face represents different types of properties carrying property. The open eyes means property is activated while close eye means property is inactivated. In spite of carrying properties conscious ness they also know how to conduct not only origin of universe but also how to create two different universe i.e. next creation could be different from this creation. In all, It is automatic system of the universe. The mind realities which are of good properties have devtas face identity (first five faces on both side and those mind realities which are of bad properties have demons face identity ( last four faces on both side) . These are named as code PCPs or messenger atomic genes. The central face is CCP or Thought script where all thoughts of the universe are banked. It is bank of data of all information s of the universe It is face identity of Anti mind particles as data of all information’s of the universe are stored as anti mind particles . It is the Time mind ness (biological clock) that keeps on expressing different thoughts from this thought script (CCP). There are four more faces (black bodies) shown on extreme left and right floating in fire are CPs (translating Atomic genes). That translates the messages and realizes it and reacts accordingly. Rest pictures are creation of different individuals and nature (sun, moon and snake and other pictures made on hands and body) by different thoughts of Almighty B.B.B. The entire picture has been explained in Geeta in 11/ 10 and 11.Whatever is being created in this universe is basically not by our thoughts rather it is the thought of Almighty B.B.B (Yang B.B.B or matter B.B.B. or Male B.B.B working as Highest center of the universe. ) that is dominated over creation and destruction of this cycle of the universe. Hence the World of Everyday Experience, in One Equation is Myth.
This document discusses the relationship between spirituality and physical health. It examines the views of philosophers like Plato who saw links between the human soul and the world soul. The work of physicist David Bohm is also discussed, who discovered that subatomic particles like electrons behave in a unified, coherent way and can be guided by an invisible "quantum potential" force. Bohm and others believe this links everything in the universe in an entangled web. The document explores how quantum effects may occur within brain microtubules, linking human consciousness to this greater unified field and providing a basis for phenomena like psychic connections and near-death experiences. Spiritual health is described as understanding our connection to the natural world through this unified field.
This document provides a summary of David Bohm's work on quantum physics and its implications for spirituality and healing. It discusses how Bohm discovered that subatomic particles behave in a unified, interconnected fashion rather than as independent entities. This challenges traditional notions of separateness and suggests all things in the universe are linked. The document explores how this relates to ideas of spirituality, health, and the healing process by discussing microtubules in the brain and their role in consciousness, psychic phenomena, and near death experiences. It argues spiritual health involves an awareness of our interconnectedness with all life and the planet.
This document discusses the relationship between spirituality and physical health. It examines the views of philosophers like Plato who saw links between the human soul and the world soul. The work of physicist David Bohm is also discussed, who discovered that subatomic particles like electrons behave in a unified, coherent way and can be guided by an invisible "quantum potential" force. Bohm and others believe this links everything in the universe in an entangled web. The document explores how quantum effects may occur within brain microtubules, linking human consciousness to this greater unified field and providing a basis for phenomena like psychic connections and near-death experiences. Spiritual health is described as understanding our connection to nature at a fundamental quantum level.
This document discusses the relationship between spirituality and physical health. It examines the views of philosophers like Plato who saw links between the human soul and the world soul. The work of physicist David Bohm is also discussed, who discovered that subatomic particles like electrons behave in a unified, coherent way and can be guided by an invisible "quantum potential". Bohm and others believe this links everything in the universe in an entangled web. The document explores how quantum effects may occur in the brain through microtubules, linking individual minds to this greater unified field and allowing phenomena like psychic connections and near-death experiences. It suggests spiritual health involves understanding our connection to larger natural systems through this unified field.
This document discusses the relationship between spirituality and physical health. It examines the views of philosophers like Plato who saw links between the human soul and the world soul. The work of physicist David Bohm is also discussed, who discovered that subatomic particles like electrons behave in a unified, coherent way and can be guided by an invisible "quantum potential". Bohm and others believe this links everything in the universe in an entangled web. The document explores how quantum effects may occur in the brain through microtubules, linking individual minds to this greater unified field and allowing phenomena like psychic connections and near-death experiences. It suggests spiritual health involves understanding our connection to larger natural systems through this unified field.
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC). It discusses how studying changes in consciousness during sleep, anesthesia, and seizures has provided insights. It also examines paradigms used to study the NCC for specific percepts and the role of different brain regions. Finally, it discusses dynamic neural activity patterns like sustained vs phasic activity and their relation to the NCC.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
49. Ultradian rhythms Rhythm Period, Frequency, Amplitude Coupling Comments heart rate 3 hour [FO1] newborn sleep cycle during development human heart rate 3 hour newborn circadian 15-30 days of age human sleep architecture newborn old age REM 80% REM 20% human luteinizing hormone puberty sleep + GNRH/LH burst human: lh increases 39 fold “ nasal cycle” 1-5 hours autonomic tone and (right or left) cerebral dominance decreases with age blood glucose insulin 6 hour blood glucose 24 hour circadian mealtime dependent endogenous healthy adults insulin in elderly irregular release pulsatile release lost pulsatile release is lost in elderly
[Primeval man] could walk upright as men now do, backwards or forwards as he pleased, and he could also roll over and over at a great pace, turning on his four hands and four feet, eight in all, like tumblers going over and over with their legs in the air; this was when he wanted to run fast…Terrible was their might and strength, and the thoughts of their hearts were great, and they made an attack upon the gods... Doubt reigned in the celestial councils. Should they kill them and annihilate the race with thunderbolts, as they had done the giants, then there would be an end of the sacrifices and worship which men offered to them; but, on the other hand, the gods could not suffer their insolence to be unrestrained. At last, after a good deal of reflection, Zeus discovered a way. He said: 'Methinks I have a plan which will humble their pride and improve their manners; men shall continue to exist, but I will cut them in two and then they will be diminished in strength and increased in numbers; this will have the advantage of making them more profitable to us. They shall walk upright on two legs, and if they continue insolent and will not be quiet, I will split them again and they shall hop about on a single leg.' — Aristophanes, Plato’s Symposium In his Elective Affinities, Goethe posed this problem in a new perspective: the dialectics between elective choice in human relations and the scientific and emotional constraint of affinities . Attractions, in his vantage point, act just as chemical-physical laws, bounding our freedom in the mesh of social and emotional relationships. One of the main characters in his novella , ( Die Wahlverwandtschaften , 1809:35) the Captain, summarizes in quasi mathematical terms this perspective: “Imagine an A closely bound to a B and by a variety of means and even by force not able to be separated from it; imagine a C in a similar relationship with a D; now bring the two pairs into contact…” and imagine a reaction. Goethe was also considering examining whether or not the science and laws of chemistry undermine or uphold the institute of marriage, as well as other established human relations: “None are more hopelessly enslaved than those who falsely believe they are free.” Goethe, as in his works on color theory, was very interested in a scientific approach to complex qualitative problems which would become scientifically treatable just recently. The atmosphere of the scientific and economical revolution was pushing forward and redressing in scientific language the problem of human attractions [F1] , though the term itself was based on the older notion of alchemical affinities as was used by those as Albertus Magnus (1250), Francis Bacon (1620), Robert Boyle (1661), Isaac Newton (1704) and Étienne François de Geoffroy (1718) and later expanded by Carl Gustav Jung and his school. In[F2] the late 19th century, the German sociologist Max Weber (who, incidentally, had read the works of Goethe at the age of 14) used Goethe's conception of human elective affinities to formulate a large part of his sociology within this framework. In his metaphorical perspective bounds based on affinity became an “iron cage” in the misleading English translation by Talcott Parsons of the original Weber’s Stahlhartes Gehäuse metaphor in The Protestant Ethic And The Spirit Of Capitalism (). A more straightforward translation would have instead been just “shell as hard as steel”, in this way conveying the meaning of a protective niche, hard and flexible, modern and cool (Baher, 2001). [F1]Underline: strong and weak definitions…links to Weber
CH 4 MIND FORCE [FO1] Remarkably little has been written about consciousness in the theory of biological evolution. Richards (1987) captures the core of the problem in his summing up of an argument originally formulated by James (1879, 1890 [FO2] ): “ Consciousness is a manifest trait of higher organisms, most perspicuously of man; like all such traits it must have evolved; yet it could have evolved only if it were naturally selected; but if naturally selected it must have a use; and if it have a use, then it cannot be causally inert. Mind, therefore must be more than an excretion of brain; it must be, at least in some respect an independently effective process that is able to control some central nervous activity” (Richards, 1987: 431). We might add that mind must have a power control over the effectiveness of man on reality. The idea that an immaterial entity can influence a material entity (reality and the body) is not compatible with an old notion of causality according toclaiming thatwhich every change in the natural world which is produced by contact of spatially extended bodies. This argument was raised by many of Descartes contemporaries. Their primitive antiquated conception of matter as something spatially extended and the relatedconnected notion of causality (as restricted to action by contact) was outpaced by subsequent developments in physics. It has however not however, entirely lost entirely its influence in scientific debate and common views. For example P. S. Churchland argues against the existence of “soul stuff” that is not “spatially extended” (1986: 318). Dennett discusses what he calls the standard objection which was all to familiar to Descartes (Dennett 1991: 33) reformulating it in modern terms. In his illustration of this modern criticism, the incoherent “Casper the Friendly Ghost” is both gliding through walls and grabbing falling towels. These contradictory events seem more of a problem for the adherents of mechanistic notions than to those who are familiar with modern physics. The analogy between mind and forces is not an entirely new concept. Previously,Already Gilbert (1544-1603) in De Magnete (1600) “had compared the interaction between magnetic force and a loadstone to that between soul and body” (Watkins, 1974: 410 [FO3] ). Afterwards, Hobbes and Leibniz identified a component of mind which they called conatus, will or endeavor, with a physical force. We might also recall also the case of the so -called Aanimal Mmagnetism. The term's most common usage today, refers to a person's sexual attractiveness or raw charisma. YetBut Animal Magnetism [fen4] (French: magnétisme animal ) originally signified a magnetic fluid or ethereal medium residing in the bodies of animate beings, as postulated by Franz Mesmer. The term translates Mesmer's magnétisme animal . Mesmer chose the word "animal" to distinguish his supposed vital magnetic force from those referred to at that time as mineral magnetism, cosmic magnetism and planetary magnetism [fen5] . The existence of Mesmer's magnetic fluid was scientifically examined by a French Royal Commission set up by Louis XVI in 1784. Whilst the cCommission agreed that the cures claimed by Mesmer were indeed cures [fen6] , the commission also concluded there was no evidence of the existence of his magnetic fluid, and that its effects derived from either the imaginations of its subjects or through charlatanry. In those same years, Abbé Faria introduced oriental hypnosis to Paris [fen7] . He was the first to affect cause a breach in the theory of the "magnetic fluid," to place in by placing relief in the importance of suggestion, and to demonstrating the existence of "autosuggestion." The term Mesmerism , named after Mesmer himself and hypnosis (as the term is now understood) have nothing in common except their shared historical roots. , and furthermore, the experience of the mesmerized subject is significantly different from that of the hypnotized subject.
We have seen that in different ways some of the founders of modern psychology, such alike Sigmund Freud, William James and Carl Jung, were presenting issues in favour of Mind Force (MF). The history of this construct was progressing during the following years. During the late 40s, a social psychologist, Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) born in Germany, immigrated to the USA because of World War II. He established also the Research Center for Group Dynamics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology [fen8] . Lewin stated that: ‘One should view the present situation—the status quo —as being maintained by certain conditions or forces’ (Lewin, 1943a: 172). Lewin, who was well known for his terms "life space" and "field theory”, proposed to view the social environment as a dynamic field that affected human consciousness. In turn, the person's psychological state influences the social field or milieu. Lewin was well known for his terms "life space" and "field theory". He wasIn addition to his expertise on theories, he was perhaps, even better known for the practical use of his theories in examiningstudying group dynamics, solving social problems related to prejudice, and group therapy (t-groups). Lewin aimedsought to describe group life, and to investigate the conditions and forces, which bring about change or resist change in groups. In his field theory, a ‘field’ is defined as ‘the totality of coexisting facts which are conceived of as mutually interdependent’ (Lewin 1951: 240). In the field or (or 'matrix' ) approach, Lewin believed that in order forfor change to take place, the total situation musthas to be taken into account. If only part of the situation is considered, a misrepresentation of theed picture is likely to develop. The whole psychological field, or ‘lifespace’, within which people acted had to be viewed, in order to understand human behaviourbehavior. Within this, individuals and groups could be seen in topological terms (by utilizingusing map-like representations). Individuals participate in a series of life spaces, (such as the family, work, school and church),. and t These spaces were constructed under the influence of various force vectors (Lewin 1952). We might recall his approach as summarisesummarized in a motto: "Learning is more effective when it is an active rather than a passive process: if you want to truly understand something, try to change it." (Lewin, 1952). In a a paper revisiting Lewin’s approach in the light of recent advancements in complexity theory and self-organisation, Bernard Burnes (2004: 309-325) concludes that “if the complexity approach is the way forward future for organizations, then they may have to return toneed to revisit Lewin’s work in order to implement it: [fen9] very much a case of ‘back to the future’. Harry S. Sullivan ( [fen10] ), like Lewin, was concerned to use about using theoretical constructs that had falsifiable reference in interpersonal behavior. While Sullivan may not have read Lewin, Wertheimer, Kohler, or Koffka, he almost certainly would have had welcomed their general approach, since he was proposing a psychological field theory similar to their physical field theory. He may have seriously intended only a loose heuristic function in casting interpersonal relations as occurring in a “field.” Nevertheless, he was intrigued by this notion. It seemed to him that the field provided an accurate and useful description of effects. Though he didin’t write much about fields and mind forceMind Force [fen11] during his brief lifespan, he left a wonderful sketch presented during one of his last lectures [fen12] (INSERT SKETCH about here from LaForge [FO13] ). More recently, the philosopher Karl Popper has emphasiseemphasized in a more direct way, the similarities between mind and forces: “Minds are located, unextended, incorporeal, capable of acting on bodies, dependent on body and capable of being influenced by bodies. (…) Now, I say, things of this kind do exist, and we all know it. So, what are these things? These things are forces.” (Popper, 1993: 168). Popper seems to go further than a mere analogy, and he proposes, as a hypothesis “that the complicated electro-magnetic wave fields which, as we know, are part of the physiology of our brains, represent the unconscious part of our minds, and that the conscious mind – our conscious mental intensities, our conscious experiences – are capable of interacting with this unconscious physical force fields, especially when problems need to be solved. tThat need is what we call “attention” (Popper, 1993: 179). Here Popper sees to view views the unconscious as synonymous with the physical force fields. In the figure [FO14] (:::::::::: ) there is an area of mind/brain overlap. Popper points out that conscious mind may “sink into physiology” and become unconscious: “a mergent process, a process where (unconscious) mind and brain are no longer distinguishable” (Popper 1993: 171). He recallsminds the example of learning a complex psychomotor skill (playing the pianowe have already seen the example of grasping a mug, but we might mention a lot of other similar activities like driving a car or playing golf [FO15] a multitude of others: sport practice, computer usage, playing a musical instrument etc.). In the first stages of the learning process learning stages, we are very conscious and our attention is focused on each single step in the new skills to learn. This stage, sooner or later, disappears and we no longer think about each single step in playing or driving. The skills are now embodied, merged in our being. For exampleYet, iIf we play music, we are thinking to piece we are presenting, not to each single finger movement. [fen16] In the same way Similarly, when we drive we react and adapt to traffic events without thinking aboutto everyach single movement we do. This process is part of the constitution of the procedural memory ion which a good part of modern neuroscience has shed light on. There is no need to postulate a mind forceMind Force to explain procedural memory. Also the proposal of founding mind forceMind Force on electromagnetic interactions is unlikely for [FO17] for physical reasons. But some of Popper remarks and his endorsement of the MF theory are certainly important. PLACE FIGURE HERE Benjamin Libet had also proposed the hypothetical existence of a “Cconscious Mmental Ffield” ( CMF; Libet 1993b, 1994). The CMF [fen18] would emerge as a function of neural activities in the brain and it would have the attribute of a conscious subjective experience. Libet also proposed suggested that it could act back on certain neural activities and would therefore affect the behavioral outcome, as in a willed action. It would account for the unity of a subjective experience, even though the latter emerges from the myriad of activities of billions of nerve cells and their synaptic and non-synaptic interplays. In Libet’s opinion “The CMF, like the subjective experiences constituted in it, would be accessible only to the individual having the experiences it could not be directly observed by any external physical device except indirectly, by any effects it introduces on behavioral outcomes (just as conscious will is evidenced).” (Libet 1996: 223). Now Libet 123… Libet added in ahis response to Lindahl & Arhem (1996) Lindahl [fen19] that he liked “Popper’s idea of viewing the mind as a kind of force field”. Such a CMF force would have been different from all known physical forces, though Popper’s hypothesis does not appear to spell out any attributes of that conscious physical force field except in its ability to interact with another entity. The electromagnetic field representing the unconscious mental functions is “doubtful based on evidence available.”. Consciousness, following Libet’s experiments, can simply be a function of the duration of cerebral activations to achieve awareness. Libet is stressingstresses that, “Evidence suggests that conscious functions involve some special neural activities that are simply added to those involved in conscious functions” (1996: 224). Libet poses is proposing some important questions: first, how does the CMF arise out of mental activities; and second, exactly how does the CMF acts on the physical brain. NeverthelessAnyway, it seems that in bringing these issues to lightposing these questions, Libet is forgetting about the dynamical nature of the CMF and the self-organising nature of its power. He does revisit the issue ofis anyway, reminding, “wWhether electromagnetic fields are representative of unconscious mental functions could be tested in principle by experimentally distorting and/or disrupting or modifying such fields in the putative relation to unconscious functions”. Sperry ( [fen20] ) had already tried such experiment in quite a deterministic way by cutting the monkey cortex in slices. However, Sperry’s vertical cuts in the cortex may not have affected larger field currents as electrical pathways over and below the cuts were still present as a potential role for over-arching electric fields therefore remains possible. Lindahl & Arhem (1996) state that “In the mental force field hypothesis only the unconscious part of mind is explicitly interpreted in field terms”. They correctly point out that Libet (1996) mistakenly assumed that the Popper force field hypothesis applied to the conscious mind. Popper left open the question of thethe nature of the conscious mind open. However, he did except to say that the mind in its general form emerges from the body, somehow, but is not reducible to it. What Libet misunderstood and it might be not clear enough in Lindahl & Arhem response is that the unconscious in question should be properly named aconscious as it is referring not to something repressed and to be possibly recalled to consciousness, but something embedded in the psychomotor database via psycho-physiological storage. As a temporary conclusion, following Libet: “One should add that, if the Popper hypothesis for this kind of mediation by an electromagnetic field were to be found invalid, the possibility would still be open for a conscious mental force field to exert its influence directly on appropriate nerve cell functions.” Libet, more recently (2006), has summarisesummarized and defined his view on Mind ForceMind Force. He starts recognising that if there is a generally held assumption that mind and brain can interact this indicates, “Two phenomenological entities exist”. Unfortunately, he starts with the questionable assumption that mind, in his view, is just a subjective experience, accessible only by individual introspection. This point of view, on which Libet is still not alone, discards all the psychological and linguistic research studying psychomotor, perceptual and linguistic manifestations or derivatives of mind functioning. If there is a part of mind functioning which might be considered “private”, it is something which triggered the so - called “private language” paradox proposed by Ludwig Wittgenstein [FO21] just to conclude that every form of language and thinking (even the so -called inner dialogue) relies on our shared forms of communication. Language is pre-existing to any individual though its communicative or private usage for thinking can be much “personalised”. Libet recalls the interest that Sir John Eccles derived from Sherrington [FO22] for the interactions between brain and mind. When the physicist, Henry Margenau, provided a view of the mind as a field that could interact with the brain even with no energy expenditure (Margenau, 1984), this supported Eccles’ bias on the nature of mind–brain interaction. Libet notes, “It is especially noteworthy that Eccles’ models of mind–brain interaction were presented without any experimental evidence or experimental designs for testing. That was due at least partly to the untestability of the models. Curiously, an absence of experimental testability did not bother Eccles. When asked if his view that a field of ‘‘psychons’’ (his units of mental function; see Wiesendanger, 2006) could mediate the unity of subjective experience (Eccles, 1990) was untestable, Eccles replied that he knew of no way to test that hypothesis (personal communication). Nevertheless, he argued that the hypothesis had explanatory power, and, as such, he believed it had some usefulness and even validity. Eccles produced a stimulus further contribution to work in the direction of an MF definition [FO23] , but his models remained untested, and, apparently, he was not bothered about it. Libet raises the testability issue also about the approach proposed by Hiromi Umezawa and his followers: as theyhe proposed a mental field model, which they termed a ‘‘Quantum Field Theory.’’ It was claimed by this group ofe authors that this theory is distinguishable from ‘‘quantum mechanics’’ (Umezawa, 1993). In Libet’s opinion, “Their model is mostly mathematical, however, and it is not clear how it can be tested.” (Libet, 2006: 323). Libet is raising a [FO24] similar objection against the quantum mechanics approach as in the interpretation of quantum theory by Nils Bohr (1885–1962), mind and matter are two aspects of one undivided process. David Böhm (1917–1992) adopted this idea (see Böhm and Factor, 1985). However, this does not solve the problem of how the neuronal activity aspect relates to the subjective, non-physical aspect of mind. If subjective experience is a non-physical phenomenon, what is it? The merit of the Bohr-Böhm approach is recognising that there is a physical process behind and beyond mind and brain. Libet claims that his CMF theory is potentially testable as he described a design for conducting such tests. The proposed experimental test is simple in principle but difficult to carry out, a small slab of sensory cortex, which keeps the tiny cortex island alive by preserving the blood vessels providing blood flow from the arterial branches that dip vertically into the cortex. “The prediction is that electrical stimulation of the sensory slab will produce a subjective response reportable by the subject. That is, activity in the isolated slab can contribute by producing its own portion of the CMF.” (Libet, 2006: 324). He states, and we agree with him, that his CMF is an emergent and localizable system property. Libet is also referring to the functioning of the CMF as the delay in sensory awareness of 0.5 s [FO25] after the initial response of the cortex as well as the other very interesting phenomenon related to readiness for action, which is preceding actual actions by about 300 ms. [FO26] So, both perceptual and motor activities have significant delays with consciousness. This points to the autonomy of aconscious MF from consciousness processes. This landmark, (though still partially controversial ) findings by Libet, re-design entirely the role of conscious and unconscious processes. The term unconscious here can be mistakenly confused with the traditional (repressed) unconscious. In this case, we are dealing with events without any conscious representation. Indeed, most mental events are unconscious, or we might better say, aconscious (see Velmans, 1991). The chief difference between conscious, unconscious and aconscious events could be the duration of the processes giving rise to them. If the duration is too brief, the event remains aconscious; it only reaches the mere possibility to reach [FO27] awareness (possibly remaining in the unconscious) or it becomes part of our conscious processes (and ithe might be repressed or forgotten or not). Libet concludes his review mentioning in vivo and brain imaging research supporting his findings. Anyway, he states “If an experimental test of the CMF was to be carried out, like that described above, it might confirm or contradict the kind of alternatives possible for a mind–brain interaction” (Libet, 2006: 326). INSRT SCHEME ON CS UCS AND ACS Walter J Freeman, after his landmarks contributions on mass action in the nervous system, chaos dynamics in perception and even social dynamics, has more recently come to propose a Mind ForceMind Force approach (Freeman, 2007). He first defines the framework of this approach: “Consciousness fully supervenes when the 1.5 kgm [FO28] mass of protoplasm in the head directs the body into material and social environments and engages in reciprocity. While consciousness is not susceptible to direct measurement, a limited form exercised in animals and pre-lingual children can be measured indirectly with biological assays of arousal, intention and attention.” It is a remarkably non-deterministic and interactionistic approach [FO29] . After ae general description of the multiple levels of interactions involved, from the molecular to the social levels, including their intermingling, hHe states, “Every reflex and intentional act and thought is based on the exchanges of matter and energy through neural activity at every scale.” (Freeman, 2007: 1022). There is a need for a universal language to comprehend all the incredible mesh of interactions involved. We are not yet sure if these mathematical tools are already developed, but we are going towill discuss this matter further further on in thise book.ok [fen30] . Despite there beingThough there is no real universal definition of what consciousness is and, no physiological or cognitive index of consciousness, and many discussions on consciousness still tend to confuseound it with self-consciousness. In any case, Freeman states that he wants to consider the perceptual and behavioral derivates of consciousness that we might find even in infants and animals, “I leave the hard problem (Chalmers, 1996) to philosophers.” He wants to stress that the stream of consciousness is cinematographic, as we have seen in chapter (?) rather than continuous. Consciousness role in human behavior is judgmental rather than enactive, so that its prime role is not to make decisions but to delay and defer action and thereby minimize premature commitment of limited resources. Just as we use to say in the adage, “stop and think before acting”. Following this path, Freeman comes to a clear statement: “consciousness is not merely ‘like’ a force; it is a field of force that can be understood in the same ways that we understand all other fields of force (and energy) within which we, through our bodies, are immersed, and which we, through our bodies, comprehend in accordance with the known laws of physics.” (Freeman, 2007: 1022 [FO31] ). The models that Freeman has implemented are schematised in two ways: one is the so called Katchalsky model (or K-sets) (Freeman, 1975; Kozma et al., 2003); the other one is the quantum field model he more recently developed in a collaboration with Giuseppe Vitiello [FO32] (). We are going to will discuss both models in more technical terms, in the appendix atin the end of this book. What is important in the general framework of Freeman’s approach is its constant effort to avoid determinism, though . His description of the action perception cycle is acute and very original. The activity in the action–perception cycle of Piaget (1930) and Merleau-Ponty (1942) begins with a macroscopic state in the brain that embodies a goal. It emerges in the brain by extrapolation from recent and current input that isalready embedded in the context of athe knowledge base. This predictive state implicitly contains nested mesoscopic activity patterns, which are constructed in corticostriatal and corticocerebellar modules (Houk, 2005), and which mediate the control of the body movements. Going through different levels of complex patterns “the descending action patterns include controls of the postural, autonomic and neuroendocrine back-ups for the expected action (commonly identified with expressions of emotions).” (Freeman, 2007: 1025). The expectations in sensory cortices are described as landscapes of chaotric attractors in the brain state space. The dynamic memory embodied in nerve cell assemblies is manifested in spatial pattern of amplitude modulation, msostly in the gamma band range. An interesting property of the system is that these dynamical landscapes lack invariance, as they change wether the same stimulus is reinforced or not, or the context is different or the sequence of stumula is different. PLACE FG WITH BASIN HATS ABOUT HERE “ The attractor governs the neural interactions that generate an oscillatory field of neural activity called a wave packet” (Freeman, 1975). Fields are not fixed representations of the stimuli, and stimuli are not grounded in any fixed way. Each action-perception frame is separated from the others by phase transitions. Freeman cites Wolfgang Köhler who was (1940: 55) quite explicit about this: “Our present knowledge of human perception leaves no doubt as to the general form of any theory which is to do justice to such knowledge: a theory of perception must be a field theory. By this we mean that the neural functions and processes with which the perceptual facts are associated in each case are located in a continuous medium”. Regrettably, Köhler identified his perceptual field with the epiphenomenal electric field of the EEG, of which the Coulomb forces are much too weak to synchronize the observed oscillations in wave packets (Freeman & Baird, 1989). Sperry (1958) and Pribram (1971) easily disproved this subsidiary hypothesis, with the unfortunate outcome that mainstream neuroscientists largely abandoned field hypotheses. Complexity theory has provided the empirical and mathematical tools to prove that the brain patterns correlated to the cine-like frames in the action-perception cycle are like bubbles in a pan of boiling water at the critical temperature. They can be seen also as the avalanches ofn a sand pile, as in the model of self-organiseorganized criticality proposed by Per Bak (). From this neurodynamical point of view, the personal identity is “embodied in the entirety of the brain-body dynamics”, this is the reason why we have been speaking about a biophysical comprehensive identity. This kind of approach has been suggested also in the form of “embodiment [FO33] ” (Varela, ), proto-self (Damasio, 1999) or global workspace (Baars, 1999 [FO34] ). Following the history of the Mind Force construct we might see how it come comes gradually to take the shape of a new theory, a theory that is approaching a stage in which it could be formalised. We might summarise some of the necessary requisites of this theory. In order to recognise the existence and operability of MF and its related phenomena we need to accept and stabilise a definitive transcending of the notorious Cartesian dichotomy. The current discussion on Descartes’ error is often missing two important points: the heuristic value that his position has had for centuries in the advancement of science; and a full recognition of all the implications that discarding his approach will have on our new scientific approaches. Not to mention that many crypto and non crypto-Cartesians are still at work. [FO1] Freud Jung James [FO2]See Lewin [FO3]See Lindahl) [fen4]Explain Animal Magnetism please… [fen5]Maybe a short sentence or two to describe the differences between these tree terms just mentioned. [fen6]Let’s say remedies here or that they’re therapeutic for the sake of not sounding repetitive. [fen7]When did he introduce it? Is it significant for the reader to know? [fen8]When did he establish it? [fen9]Let’s talk about this phrase. [fen10]Don’t forget to cite [fen11]Are we capitalizing Mind Force throughout the text correct? I’ve gone ahead and made the changes throughout the text. [fen12]Maybe the year of the lecture? Or if it’s not relevant, let’s leave it out [FO13]INSERT FIELD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS (CFR NERI) [FO14]Don-t forget citation [FO15]You may plan to add an example here or change the sentence [fen16]Please rework these sentences [FO17]explain [fen18]why do you capitalize it here but not when you spell it out? [fen19]Have we made reference to this author before in the text? First reference needs his first name please [fen20]Don’t forget to cite [FO21]Please produce year if you [FO22]Please add first name for first reference [FO23]Remind readers with a short phrase what MF is. [FO24]see Freeman [FO25]this would read better if you please write it out [FO26]spell out [FO27]please find another word to say this for sake of not sounding repetitive. [FO28]Please spell out [FO29]here Freeman has good material for the introduction [fen30]later on in the book correct? [FO31]independently we arrived at the same conclusion, similarities and differences [FO32]cite here [FO33]see also synaptic self and biochemical self [FO34]my points…the story of my research…see if you want to include here the Zanette model or leave it for the appendix?
CH 8 HUMAN ATTRACTIONS The presence of strange and specific patterns of human attractions which might be due to what we [FO1] came to call Mind Force came to our attention for empirical and theoretical reasons. From the empirical point of view there is a paper we published in 1996 (Orsucci 1996) where I reported clinical description of a healing process in a severe immunological disease which was apparently mediated a by a deep change in a marital relationship. The patient, during this process, changed his patterns on thinking (including sleep and dreaming) following his spouse deep psychological sharing of his physical suffering and cognitive disorder in what we might call a successful therapeutic symbiosis. There was a merger of minds and a following partial decoupling which left the patient with an almost complete healing of his life threatening disease and his wife with some minor ‘collateral damage’ (low back pain and a transient depression) from the shared process of change. A detailed account of this clinical case can be found in the original paper mentioned in bibliography. Almost in the same period I was treating in a psychoanalytical psychotherapy setting a psychotic male patient which was in serious phase of merger-and-change: a not so easy experience I had to metabolize. During a phase preliminary to a separation we had several synchronized experiences. For example, I dreamt of having a quite long beard (which I hadn’t) and on the same day the patient came to the psychotherapeutic session having shaven his long beard (something he hadn’t mentioned before). This was the most “ exotic” episode but there were many others like this which represented hints of something deep and strange happening in the therapeutic relationship. These experiences and others were directing my research to the dynamic role that might have in a standard relationship, and in psychotherapy, which is a specialized form of relationship, to the immense bulk of communication stream involved, most of it made of body information. A stream exceeding by far the explicit verbal content we are used to study in standard psychotherapeutic and psychiatric training. Sigmund Freud was acquainted with this problem when he used to stress that every verbal act has an over-determined meaning, made of intermingled layers of experience, thinking and culture; some private, some shared. Unfortunately he and many of his followers decided to simplify and give a deterministic version of his technical instructions. At the same time, as we will see, other psychoanalysts were trying to describe, in some sort of philosophical and conceptual terms the relational force fields and its evolutions. We might follow some embryonic thoughts on Mind Force present within the psychoanalytical movement. Freud has had a long correspondence with his friend, Wilhelm Fliess, which is considered to be an incubation of the construction of psychoanalysis and many works he published later (Freud 1896). Included in this correspondence there is a rather long manuscript now called “G Draft, Melancholy”. In the manuscript we can find a scheme which is strangely similar to a phase space, in physical terms, and it represents the trajectory of a vector describing and interpersonal, sexual, relation. The elements of the model are allocated in a space divided by the intersection of two boundaries (the Ego border, and the psychosomatic border): 1) an object, in the external world; 2) an object in a favorable position, outside the Ego, within the body; 3) an end-organ, a somatic source, and a spinal center, in the body-Ego; and 4) a psychic sexual group, in the psychic Ego. These elements are the main stations in a circuit performed by a vector: sexuality, with its drive, goal, source and eventual obstacle, or repression. It is amazing how this dynamical and complex model has been neglected in the history of psychoanalysis and psychosomatics. This model is clearly dynamic, while other famous Freudian models are more deterministic and static. It is probable that this model has influenced by the psychophysics school, as Freud had been trained in the school of Weber and Fechner (Orsucci 199). SEE FIGURE Melanie Klein, one of the main psychoanalysts of the 40s, had a strong intuition of the way MF might forge interpersonal dynamics. Her main contribution to the psychoanalytic theories should be considered the concept of projective identification , which she considered a psychological way a person might use to expel unpleasant fantasies and emotions and push them within a partner. This concept was also a mix of two classical Freudian concepts: 1) identification, a way to fin a similar trait in another and by this way to assimilate the reciprocal identities and 2) projection, a way to push in fantasy and language, parts of own identity to the outside reality and partners. She considered this way (which in modern terms we might consider as a distortion of the mirror function) as an aggressive way to express “an omnipotent fantasy to control the other from the inside” (Cit). Klein’s proposals never received a scientific testing though she was the leader of one of the key post-Freudian schools. She was also criticized because she reached the maybe paradoxical conclusion that the projective identification was just a pathological way to stay in a relationship and the correct clinical strategy was to “tame” and reduce it. INSERT KLEIN FIG HERE Wilfred Bion, one of her most important followers, reached a more balanced position by recognizing that the projective identification can be also realistic : a way to test emotional reactions in partners and a primitive form of empathy. He gave us inspiring clinical descriptions, introspections and speculations (cit) in which he presented his acute perception of the immense heterogeneity of components in mind/body processes. Donald W. Winnicott, another contemporary master in psychoanalysis, was the discoverer of transitional objects, later popularized in the “Linus blanket [FO2] ”. He recognized in transitional objects and phenomena the satellites of the main love relations and a way for a personal development from attachment to social involvement. INSERT WINNICOTT FIG HERE More recently the psychoanalytic context has provided a very interesting contribution proposed by Madeleine and Willy Baranger: the bi-personal field theory . They evolved the Kleinian construct including contributions from Gestalt psychology and Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1964) phenomenological psychology. They describe their approach stressing that the analyst and the patient share the same dynamical process; they are immersed in the same field which might be considered as a third element in the psychoanalytic process. They propose that within the field operates an unconscious bi-personal fantasy produced by the crossover of reciprocal projective identifications. The bi-personal fantasy, in their opinion, is the core of the psychoanalytical process which develops via the activation of the dynamical field which would mobilize blocked activities of projections and introjections, as a cause of mental suffering. This contribution has some pros and cons. It brings a remarkably non deterministic approach in considering subject and object as embedded in a dynamical field and producing a third element (though it is somewhat unclear if this third is the field itself and/or the bi-personal fantasy). The result, in any case, is an important step towards recognition of MF force lines whose derivatives might be very heterogeneous: non verbal, extra verbal, ultra verbal (Corrao; Neri). On this same line Thomas Ogden (1997, 1999) defines an intersubjective third as a third identity generated by a deep relationship between the members of the analytical partnership. A further crucial step along this line is proposed by Daniel Stern when he focuses on the present moment and its role for the subject and relationship: ‘the sharing creates a new intersubjective field between the participants that alters their relationship and permits them to take different directions together. The moment enters a special form of consciousness and is encoded in memory. And, importantly, it rewrites the past. Changes in psychotherapy (or any relationship) occur by way of these nonlinear leaps in the way-of-being-with-another.’ (Stern 2004: 22). It is evident in Stern’s contribution an interesting synthesis from recent advancements in neuroscience (procedural memory and mindfulness), and resonances from nonlinear dynamics and phenomenology. He explicitly cites Husserl, William James, Merleau-Ponty, Kandel and Varela. The result is what he calls intersubjective matrix , ‘a mutual interpenetration of minds that permits us to say, “I know that you know that I know”. It is a step from a one person psychology to a bi-personal or even a multi-personal psychology [FO3] . Stern stresses that intersubjectivity should be considered as a ‘basic, primary motivational system’ (2004: 97). He also adds that while attachment theory is based on two poles of motivation, security/proximity and distance/curiosity (physical closeness and group bonding for survival) intersubjectivity adds the dimension of intimacy and emotional sharing. Stern is finally stressing on the importance of implicit knowledge in intersubjective dynamics. ‘Implicit knowledge is non-symbolic, nonverbal, procedural, and unconscious in the sense of not being reflectively conscious. Explicit knowledge is symbolic, verbalizable, capable of being narrated, and reflectively conscious’ (2004: 113). The importance of implicit knowing poses a major challenge for traditional psychoanalysis and the whole area of psychotherapies mostly based on verbal language in its narrative dimension. Implicit knowledge is at most a-conscious, non verbalizable and embodied [FO4] . SEE Kandel fig Following Bowlby [FO5] ’s observations (Bowlby, 1978 & 1982) on attachment behavior , psychosomaticists mainly studied the mother-infant bond: a strong coupling organization regulated mainly by its “inner” emotional signals. The strength of this coupling make it so protected and differentiated from influences coming from the environment, to make it an ideal sample for the study of psychobiological couplings. In a series of studies on rodents and primates, Myron Hofer and other developmental biologists demonstrated many hidden regulatory mechanisms (Hofer, 1984; Hofer, 1994). These hidden multiple and pre- and intra-emotional factors act on different sensorial channels: nutritional, olfactory, tactile, thermal, visual and vestibular. For example, the importance of bodily contact and tactile stimulation was demonstrated by the finding that a decrease in the levels of growth hormone, GH, in separated rat pups can be prevented by stroking their skins with a brush. Also, a 30% reduction of heart rate following separation could be prevented by providing the pups with a feeding. Other, the body temperature of infant rats, which is determined largely by the body temperature of the mother, has been shown to regulate levels of brain peptides, nucleic acids and neuro-amines. All of them are reduced, if the young rats are prematurely separated from their mother. The olfactory stimuli are also involved in the regulation of crucial aspects: for example infant rats are unable to locate the nipple in absence of a pheromone secreted from the mother’s areolar glands, whose secretion is stimulated by the suckling (interesting learning recurrence). There is evidence of a multiplicity of regulatory mechanisms. Most of them remain hidden from a passive third observer, outside of the “nursing-couple”, and can only be discovered in experimental contexts. Also in humans these kinds of regulatory mechanisms are operated on different levels than overt emotional expression and language. They are supposed to continue in adult life, but their functioning becomes intermingled with other emotional, cognitive and social factors. They, anyway, play a basic role in growth and health. More recently, Jan Winberg (2005) reviewed 30 years of work demonstrating that interactions between mother and newborn infant in the period just after birth influence the physiology and behavior of both. Close body contact of the infant with his/her mother helps regulate the newborn’s temperature, energy conservation, acid–base balance, adjustment of respiration, crying, and nursing behaviors . Similarly, the baby may regulate—i.e., increase—the mother’s attention to his/her needs, the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding, and the efficiency of her energy economy through vagus activation and a surge of gastrointestinal tract hormone release resulting in better exploitation of ingested calories. The effects of some of these changes can be detected months later. Researchers from Emory University, Atlanta, with colleagues in Boston and Tallahassee, Fla., found that boosting the expression of one gene switched meadow voles, a type of rodent, from a promiscuous to a monogamous lifestyle.[1] "For a new behavior to evolve, you might think a lot of different genes would have to evolve in concert, but I don't think it works that way," says Larry J. Young, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Emory. He says it's possible that this gene, which encodes the vasopressin V1a receptor, lies in a pathway homologous to one underlying human love. Andreas Bartels, a research scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany, says he's nearly certain that Young's suggestion is correct, because his study "fits like a glove" with Bartels' neuroimaging findings with humans. Bartels and Semir Zeki of University College London ran functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans of couples who professed to be deeply in love, as they viewed photographs of their beloveds.[2] The researchers found significant activations in brain networks rich in receptors for the hormones vasopressin and oxytocin. These are the hormones identified as crucial for pair bonding in a series of animal studies,[3] including Young's work with voles, Bartels adds, suggesting the pathways are homologous. "For me this is an absolutely clear-cut story." One part of the tale to be clarified, though, is the difference in roles between vasopressin and oxytocin. Researchers have found that the hormones have largely similar effects in facilitating pair bonding, although each has different additional functions. Some have suggested vasopressin is more important in male pair bonding, and oxytocin in female pair bonding, but this remains obscure, writes Zuoxin Wang of Florida State University.[4] An observation that may lead to greater clarity, says Bartels, is that brain regions rich in oxytocin and vasopressin receptors overlap strongly with those rich in dopamine, the The Scientist : Love is Like an Addiction http://www.the-scientist.com/2005/02/14/20/1/ 4 of 8 22/01/2006 16:11 neurotransmitter classically associated with the brain's reward system. Young and colleagues propose that long-term partner preference occurs when the vasopressin circuits, which are also known to mediate individual recognition, somehow connect with the dopamine pathway, causing an animal to associate a specific individual with a sense of reward. In key dopamine-rich brain regions, vasopressin V1a is expressed more highly in monogamous than in promiscuous mammals. Its upregulation might be the evolutionary event or events that caused the pathways to connect, they suggest.[1] Again, Bartels concurs: "I think it's emerging that the mechanism of attachment preference uses the dopamine pathway to make attachment a rewarding experience." FIGURE LOVE LOST IN THE BRAIN:The images show brain regions that are deactivated when subjects viewed pictures of their friends compared to when they viewed pictures of loved partners. Deactivations are right lateralized within the prefrontal cortex, the middle temporal gyrus and the parietal cortex as is apparent in (A), the projections onto cortical surfaces and in (B), the glassbrain projections. In (C), the sagittal section (X = 4 mm) shows deactivations in the posterior cingulate gyrus (pc) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mp). In (D), the coronal section (y = -8 mm) shows deactivation in the left amygdaloid region. (From A. Bartels, S. Zeki, Neuroreport , 11:3829–34, 2004.) Attachment is one of three neural systems Fisher distinguishes in connection with reproduction.[7] The other two are romantic love, characterized by increased energy and focused attention on a preferred partner, and lust. Each can operate independently, she says, and is associated with a different neurochemistry: attachment with vasopressin and oxytocin, love with dopamine and norepinephrine, and lust with testosterone. "In prairie voles they have been studying attachment," she says, because the research focused on the creatures' lifelong bonds. "We have been studying love." Like Bartels, Fisher has conducted neuroimaging studies of lovers as they view photographs of their beloveds.[7] Her results highlighted brain areas associated with dopamine and norepinephrine, in patterns similar, though not identical, to those Bartels found. Both say the differences might have arisen because Fisher's studies required that participants had just fallen in love, whereas Bartel's studies didn't impose this requirement. Thus Bartels could have picked up more signs of what Fisher calls attachment [FO6] . In a very interesting continuity Walter J Freeman (2001) focuses on the complex biological and cognitive techniques for inducing change in attachment patterns, a process which he calls as dissolution . Individuals separate themselves or are isolated from their normal social surroundings and support systems. They engage in or are subjected to severe physical exercise as in dancing, sports, and military drills, lack of sleep, chemical stresses of their brains through purgatives and fasting, and the induction of powerful emotional states of love, hate, fear or anger. At some threshold the customary structure of the individual begin to crumble, and a collapse may occur that was described by Ivan Pavlov as 'transmarginal inhibition', the stage of physiological arousal beyond which further excitation leads to paradoxical depression. The experience may range from ecstatic visions of angels and blinding illumination through degrees of elation or discomfort to the stark terror of psychic free fall (Sargant 1957). There is regression to successively earlier levels of assimilation as the structure of intentionality dissolves, particularly with resurfacing of old patterns of relations to parental care. There is a loss of normal constraints on behavior, and, in extreme instances, of language, locomotion, posture and even consciousness as the individual collapses. Recovery from collapse is followed by a state of extreme suggestibility, in which the skills of language and the competencies of daily living are regained, yet new values and habits can be established. This is done in a social setting of succor and loving care by attendants who induce by example and exhortation the cooperative behaviors that lead to shared beliefs and, above all, to blind trust in the new companions and the social organization they embody and provide. This is a two-way process, because the caregivers get strong feelings of satisfaction from their supportive actions, and the recipients have strong sensitivity to peer pressures experienced as feelings of need for approval. The process is frequently referred to as being reborn (Verger 1954). In the absence of support there is re-establishment of the status quo ante, meaning that the opportunity for change can be lost, attesting to the high degree of dynamic stability that characterizes intentional structures in normal circumstances. The most likely candidate for a leading role in dissolution is a chemical neuromodulator named oxytocin (Pedersen et al. 1992). This neuropeptide has been known for many years as the agent in the female body that induces labor in parturition and subsequently lactation in nourishment of the young. More recently oxytocin has been found to be released by the brain into itself during sexual intercourse, particularly during orgasm in both men and women, and to be implicated in pair bonding not only of the parents to the child but also of parents to each other. The neurochemical actions of oxytocin in the brain are widespread, extremely complex, and difficult to study, so that much remains to be explored, but present knowledge shows that this neuropeptide is capable of inducing the meltdown of past learning that enables new learning. A simple example is the release of oxytocin flooding the brain of the multiparous ewe during delivery of her second and later litters, following which the dam refuses to nurse her earlier litters, having expunged the olfactory imprint required for maternal recognition of them as her offspring (Kendrick et al. 1992). This primitive but well documented instance of dissolution serves also to explain its biological utility. Oxytocin is not likely to act alone, rather in concert with other neuropeptides, the neuroamines, and an array of amino acids from the brain stem nuclei and periaqueductal gray matter, all known to mediate states of emotion and levels of affect and disposition (Panksepp 1998; Pert 1997). However, existing data and theory are alike inadequate to the task of modeling neurochemical systems of this complexity. I postulate that affiliation (Carter et al. 1997) is realized through new learning by cooperative behaviors driven by brains that have been prepared by the neurochemical changes precipitating dissolution, a chaotic state transition that leads to regression and clears the way to formation of new brain circuits. Cooperative action is the bedrock of social bonding for the same reason that brains work by creating and testing hypotheses as their means for information processing. The reason is that each individual in a social group is infinitely complex and can never be known completely by any other individual. The limitation is ever more severe as the size of groups grows larger than the nuclear family. Inadequacy of knowledge is compensated by the development of blind trust, which transcends language and provides unquestioning life-long bonds and allegiances. The social technology of bonding is well known, having been explored by anthropologists in studies of tribal rites of passage, ordeals, and ceremonies (Verger 1954), invariably accompanied by use of music, drumming, dance, and other forms of predictable repetitive actions, and by symbols such as flags, icons, totems, and, in modern times, corporate logos, military insignias, and the colored armbands of teenage gangs. I suggest further that the examples from the conversions cited above may be extremes, and that dissolution may be occurring episodically throughout infancy and childhood, and perhaps in minimal degree every night during sleep and dreaming. In their recent review (2005) on a neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding, Richard Depue and Jeannine Morrone-Strupinsky, propose a differentiation of three different systems regulating affiliative behaviors , social bonding and romantic love. The first is a dopamine system, regulating appetitive processes and incentive rewards; the second is an opiate system, regulating consummatory processes and reward; and the third is a system involving gonadal steroids, oxitocin and vasopressin. [FO1] Use a more formal register [FO2] expand [FO3] Hofer ‘The work of Hofer provided a sort of neurobiological complimentary research on the intersubjective matrix. A two rat-biopsychology which seems strongly model similar deep relations in humans (infant-mother, lovers etc.). [FO4] Kandel scheme [FO5] You need to write about Bowlby [FO6] See also Insel 1996
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For example: the English word ‘disagreement’ can be decomposed into three morphemes, viz. the prefix ‘dis’, the base morpheme ‘agree’, and the suffix ‘ment’.
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In a letter from Christiaan Huygens to his father Constantyn, dating back to 1665, he wrote about his first discovery of synchronization: “ While I was forced to stay in bed for a few days and made observations on my two clocks of the new workshop, I noticed a wonderful effect that nobody could have thought before. The two clocks, while hanging [on the wall] side by side with a distance of one or two feet between kept in paces relative to each other with a precision so high that the two pendulums always swung together, and never varied. While I admired it for some time, I finally found that this happened due to a sort of sympathy : when I made the pendulums swing at different paces, I found that half an hour later they always returned to synchronism and kept it constantly afterwards, as long as I let them go. Then I put them further away from one another hanging one on one side of the room and the other one fifteen feet away. I saw that after one day, there was a difference of five seconds between them, and consequently their earlier agreement was only due to some sympathy that, in my opinion, cannot be caused by anything other than the imperceptible stirring of the air due to the motion of the pendulums. […] and the vibrations of the pendulums when they have reached synchronism are not such that one pendulum is parallel to the other, but on the contrary, they approach and recede by opposite motion.” Steve Strogatz, in his brilliant book on synchronization, noted: “At the heart of the universe is a steady, insistent beat: the sound of cycles in sync. It pervades nature at every scale, from the nucleus to the cosmos” (Strogatz, 2003 912 /id). Even our bodies are participating at every scale to these rhythmic symphonies. Oliver Sacks in his recent book on musicophilia reminded how our nervous system is exquisitely tuned for music. But how much of this is due to the intrinsic physical characteristics of music itself and its complex sonic patterns woven in time? Its logic, momentum, sequences, rhythms, repetitions and the mysterious way in which it embodies emotion, all play an important role. Just how much depends on special resonances, synchronizations, oscillations, mutual excitations, and/or feedback in the immensely complex, multi-level, neural circuitry that underlies musical perception and replay, it is an intriguing matter for research (Sacks, 2007 29 /id). E. T. Hall (1983) has been important in noticing that humans in all cultures are engaged in a rhythmic dance. He documented the variety of rhythms by studying films of people interacting in a wide range of different situations, from laboratory to everyday life (Hall, 1983 993 /id). The role of music in the social technology of bonding is well known, having been explored by anthropologists in studies of tribal rites of passage, ordeals, and ceremonies, invariably accompanied by use of music, drumming, dance, and other forms of predictable repetitive actions. Robert Jourdain (1997) explored the various possibilities in which music exploits our brain and body rhythms. He highlighted two different notions of rhythm: meter consists of a regular pattern of beats; while phrasing consists of organic and seemingly irregular, but structured organizations of musical shapes. These different kinds of rhythm are usually superimposed but there may be prevalence to it (Jourdain, 1997 992 /id).
For example: the English word ‘disagreement’ can be decomposed into three morphemes, viz. the prefix ‘dis’, the base morpheme ‘agree’, and the suffix ‘ment’.