The document explains prepositional phrases, which consist of a preposition followed by a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, along with any modifiers. It also covers subordinate conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs that can connect clauses, providing examples for each. Additionally, it describes punctuation rules for using these conjunctions effectively.

1. A prepositional
phrase is a group of
words containing a
preposition, a noun
or pronoun object of
the preposition, and
any modifiers of the
object.

2. about below excepting off toward
above beneath for on under
across beside(s) from onto underneath
after between in out until
against beyond in front of outside up
along but inside over upon
among by in spite of past up to
around concerning instead of regarding with
at despite into since within
because of down like through without
before during near throughout with regard to
behind except of to with respect
to
The following words are the most
commonly used prepositions:

3. HOW DO YOU RECOGNIZED THE
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE?
At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with
a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund,
or clause, the "object" of the preposition.
The object of the preposition will often have one or
more modifiersto describe it. These are the patterns for a
prepositional phrase:
PREPOSITION + NOUN, PRONOUN, GERUND, OR CLAUSE
PREPOSITION + MODIFIER(S) + NOUN, PRONOUN,
GERUND, OR CLAUSE

4. SOME EXAMPLES OF THE MOST BASIC
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
At home
At = preposition; home = noun.
In time
 In = preposition; time = noun.
From Richie
From = preposition; Richie = noun.
With me
With = preposition; me = pronoun.

6. HERE SOME EXAMPLE OF SUBORDINATE
CONJUCTION
after
although
as
because
before
even if
even though
if
in order that
once
provided that
rather than
since
so that
than
that
though
unless
until
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
whether
while
why

7. NOW TAKE A LOOK THESE EXAMPLES
After Amy sneezed all over the tuna salad
After = subordinate conjunction; Amy = subject; sneezed = verb.
Once Adam smashed the spider
Once = subordinate conjunction; Adam = subject; smashed = verb.
Until Mr. Sanchez has his first cup of coffee
Until = subordinate conjunction; Mr. Sanchez = subject; has = verb.

8. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Subordinating conjunctions can have several types of
meanings:
TIME CAUSE
After As
As because
as long as not what
as soon as in as much as
Before since

9. • A few conjunctions can be used with more than
one meaning:
Since I’m here, I might as well help you.
(Cause)
Since I was ten years old, I’ve enjoyed soccer.
(Time)
As I told you before, soccer is fun. (Manner)
As I was going home, I saw my friend. (Time)

10. CONJUNTIVE ADVERBS
• We can also join two clauses with a conjunctive adverb.
These are words like however, therefore, or consequently.
These words are sometimes called transitions. For example:
Bob says he speaks ten languages; however, I
don’t believe him.
Bob says he speaks ten languages. However, I
don’t believe him.
Homework is important; therefore, I’ll do it
carefully.
Homework is important. Therefore, I’ll do it
carefully.
The bus was late; consequently, I was late for
class.

11. • Punctuation: There are three possibilities:
• Put a semicolon after the first clause and a comma after
the conjunctive adverb:
Bob says he’s a millionaire; however, I don’t
believe him.
 Or you can put a period after the first clause and a
comma after the conjunctive adverb:
Bob says he’s a millionaire. However, I don’t
believe him.
• Sometimes a conjunctive adverb comes in the middle of
a clause. Then it has commas before and after it.
Bob says he’s a millionaire. I, however, don’t
believe him.
The cost of gas has increased. Many drivers,