Direct methods of measurement of microbial growth includes various methods of enumeration of both viable and non viable cell also includes growth curve. Helpful for UG and PG programs of microbiology
Detailed description about bacteria cell structure and various cell organelles present in the bacterial cell has been presented in well described manner
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion.
cell wall means rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants it consists mainly of cellulose.
This power point presentation consists of 64 slides including information about plant and other type of cell wall. Chemical composition, structure, function and properties of cell wall have been explained. Ultra structure of plant cell wall has also been high lighted. Algal,Fungal,Bacterial and Archaeal cell walls have also been explained.
GROWTH OF BACTERIA CANNOT BE MEASURED DIRECTLY BY SEEING THEM AS THEY ARE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES THEREFORE WE HAVE TO USE SEVERAL METHODS WHICH ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS PRESENTATION
Direct methods of measurement of microbial growth includes various methods of enumeration of both viable and non viable cell also includes growth curve. Helpful for UG and PG programs of microbiology
Detailed description about bacteria cell structure and various cell organelles present in the bacterial cell has been presented in well described manner
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion.
cell wall means rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants it consists mainly of cellulose.
This power point presentation consists of 64 slides including information about plant and other type of cell wall. Chemical composition, structure, function and properties of cell wall have been explained. Ultra structure of plant cell wall has also been high lighted. Algal,Fungal,Bacterial and Archaeal cell walls have also been explained.
GROWTH OF BACTERIA CANNOT BE MEASURED DIRECTLY BY SEEING THEM AS THEY ARE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES THEREFORE WE HAVE TO USE SEVERAL METHODS WHICH ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS PRESENTATION
Bacteria are unicellular, procaryotic microorganisms which have diverse shape size and structures. Bacteria are found almost everywhere on Earth. Even the human body is full of bacteria, and in fact is estimated to contain more bacterial cells than human cells. Most bacteria in the body are harmless, and some are even helpful. A relatively small number of species cause disease.
What is bacteria?(Structures Present in Bacteria And their Functions | Prokar...sehriqayyum
Explains what bacteria is and where it exists.
A key feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells is the cell wall, which maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment.
The cell walls of prokaryotes differ in structure from those of eukaryotes. In eukaryotes that have cell walls, such as plants and fungi, the walls are usually made of cellulose or chitin. In contrast, most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides.
Using a technique called the Gram stain, developed by the 19th-century Danish physician Hans Christian Gram, scientists can categorize many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition.
Gram-positive bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan. Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan
and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane
that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded
to lipids).
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
The bacterial flagellum has three main parts (the motor, hook, and filament) that are themselves composed of 42 different kinds of proteins.The cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes
in both their internal structure and the physical arrangement
of their DNA. The genome of a prokaryote is structurally different from
a eukaryotic genome and in most cases has considerably less DNA. Prokaryotes generally have circular chromosomes, whereas eukaryotes have linear chromosomes.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
6. CELL BARRIERS
• Cell barriers include cell membrane and
peptidoglycan cell wall.
• The structure, chemical composition and
thickness is different in both gram
negative and gram positive bacteria.
10. CELL WALL
• Outer most layer
• Mostly, Comes in direct contact with
environment
• It maintain the shape of bacteria
• Protect the cell
• Maintain osmotic regularity
11. FUNCTIONS
• Assist attachment to the other cells
• Attachment to antimicrobial drugs
• Attachment to bacteriophage
• Assist in cell division
12. PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• Also known as Murein
• Polymer of sugar
• Forms mesh like layer outside cell
membrane
• Thicker in gram positive bacteria
• Thinner in gram negative bacteria
18. • Lying between outer membrane and
cytoplasmic membrane called periplasmic
space
• It is the site in which beta lactamases
degrade penicillin and other drugs
19. IMPORTANT
POINTS
• Gram negative bacteria, contain
endotoxin
• Polysaccharide and protein used for lab
identification
• Porin helps in passage of hydrophilic
molecule into the cell like sugar, vitamin,
metals and antimicrobial drugs
20. CELL WALL IN
ACID FAST
BACTERIA
• Unusual cell wall
• Inability to gram stain
• They resist decolorization with acid
alcohol
• It is due high concentration of lipids
• Mycolic acid (cell wall of Mycobacterium)
