Structural engineers design and analyze physical structures to withstand forces according to architectural plans and safety requirements. They create structural drawings that specify building materials and construction methods. Engineers monitor construction to ensure structures are built correctly and conduct tests to verify the strength and safety of materials. The building process involves structural planning and design during pre-construction, oversight of foundation and framing installation during construction, and final inspections and load testing after construction. Structural engineers collaborate with architects, contractors, and other specialists to plan, design, and construct secure and durable buildings and infrastructure.

1. Structure Engineering

2. Roles of Structural engineers
• They analyze, design, plan, and research structural
component and structural systems to achieve the design goals of physical
objects.
• Design or fit the structure to the architecture with the structural systems
with suitable materials to support the building according that nature
imposes on it .
• Working with geotechnical engineers to investigate ground conditions
and analyze results of soil sample and in situ tests.
• Develop structural solutions to resist loads and other forces.

3. Responsibility of structure engineering
• Structural engineers carry out strength calculations and prepare drawings of
structures to ensure they are strong enough to avoid collapse when loaded.
• Through research and the testing of both form and material, new solutions are
developed which promote safer, more environmentally friendly buildings and
structures.
• Analyzing configurations of the basic structural components of a building or
other structure.
• Manage on-site construction works, materials and equipment management.
• Ensure that on-site construction works are carried and in formed.
• Coordinate work with other disciplines such as architectural, mechanical and
electrical engineer.
• Inspects the foundation, infrastructure, curtain wall, insulation and building
envelope.

4. Phases of the building process
Pre-construction Phase
oOnce architect completed the building plan, engineers started to
analyze the drawing and come out with a structural drawing.
During Construction Phase
oEngineers need to ensure that all steel bar and others are well constructed and connected in
a proper way.
oBefore pouring concrete into form work they needed to run a concrete test.
oEnsure the quantity and quality material are used, to prevent collapsing structure due to
reduction of material.
Post Construction Phase
oFinal Load test required to ensure the building from collapsing or damage.
oFinal finishing touches, completion inspections and establish a move-in date

5. Pre-construction Phase
• Identify the type of soil with the Geotechnical engineering and decide
which foundation is more suitable to use.
• Structural Planning And Designing
• Develop specifications
• Develop tender drawing
• Submit the tender drawing to the architects
• Approval granted by the authorities, construction drawing to be presented.
Architect
building plan is
complete
Structure
Engineer
Drawing
(Tender
Drawing)
Submit back to
the Architect
Waiting For
Approval
Construction
Drawing

6. During Construction ( Foundation )
Pile Pile being hit into the ground Form work of Pile cap
Pile cap is form Pouring Concrete into the Form Work
Back filling

7. Structural Drawings
Structural drawings include.
o– Foundation plans
o– Wall sections and framing details
o– Structural steel framing and details
o– Beam and column drawings and details

8. Tender drawing
o It is necessary for an engineer to decide the extent of preliminary design to be carried out at the
briefing/report stage. Once formalities are over and the final selection has been cleared, an engineer must
prepare a set of engineering drawings called Tender Drawings.
o Tender drawings together with the other tender documents, bill of quantities, specification etc, describe the
project scheme to the contractor so that he can price the construction work accordingly. Tender drawing are
the first evidence of the project scheme regarding type and quality of the work involved and hence these are
prepared by engineers with clarity and understanding. Tender drawings are prepared to various scales using
convention and concepts of engineering drawing for production, manufacture and construction etc.

9. Example Architecture Drawing

10. Structural Drawing
• Foundation Plan
• Foundation Detail / Pile Cap detail

11. Structural Drawing (General Drawing of Beam and Roof)

12. Beam’s Details
This is how Beam Look like

13. Column Schedule And Typical R.C Staircase Detail
Example of concrete Staircase
This is how column is built