IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Physical and Magnetic Properties of Manganese Ferrite NanoparticlesIJERA Editor
In this paper, manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method and characterized by XRD and TEM to determine different properties of nanoparticles. The results obtained showed the formation of manganese ferrite nanoparticles with an average particle size are in good agreement with previous reported experimental results and displayed good magnetic properties. Magnetic properties was determined using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM). Due to simplicity and low cost of this process, it could be used for synthesis of ferrites nanoparticles. These materials may be used in drug delivery systems, electronic devices and water remediation.
- Nanoparticles NiFe2-xTbxO4 (x=0.00, 0.04, 0.08,
0.12) ferrite was prepared by solgel combution method. The
samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction and TEM
measurements. The effect of Tb3+ cations substitution on
structure of prepared nanoparticles was investigated. From the
analysis, the system was found to be inverse spinel cubic
structure. The lattice parameter (a) changes increases with Tb
doping content. Room temperature DC electrical resistivity
decreases. Dielectric properties have been studied in the
frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent
loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Tb3+ in parent
crystal structure.
Nanomodeling of Nonlinear Thermoelastic Behavior of AA5454/ Silicon Nitride N...IJERA Editor
The aim of the present work was to estimate non-linear thermoelastic behavior of three-phase AA5454/silicon nitride nanoparticle metal matrix composites. The thermal loading was varied from subzero temperature to under recrystallization temperature. The RVE models were used to analyze thermo-elastic behavior. The AA5454/silicon nitride nanoparticle metal matrix composites have gained the elastic modulus below 0oC and lost at high temperatures.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Physical and Magnetic Properties of Manganese Ferrite NanoparticlesIJERA Editor
In this paper, manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method and characterized by XRD and TEM to determine different properties of nanoparticles. The results obtained showed the formation of manganese ferrite nanoparticles with an average particle size are in good agreement with previous reported experimental results and displayed good magnetic properties. Magnetic properties was determined using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM). Due to simplicity and low cost of this process, it could be used for synthesis of ferrites nanoparticles. These materials may be used in drug delivery systems, electronic devices and water remediation.
- Nanoparticles NiFe2-xTbxO4 (x=0.00, 0.04, 0.08,
0.12) ferrite was prepared by solgel combution method. The
samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction and TEM
measurements. The effect of Tb3+ cations substitution on
structure of prepared nanoparticles was investigated. From the
analysis, the system was found to be inverse spinel cubic
structure. The lattice parameter (a) changes increases with Tb
doping content. Room temperature DC electrical resistivity
decreases. Dielectric properties have been studied in the
frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent
loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Tb3+ in parent
crystal structure.
Nanomodeling of Nonlinear Thermoelastic Behavior of AA5454/ Silicon Nitride N...IJERA Editor
The aim of the present work was to estimate non-linear thermoelastic behavior of three-phase AA5454/silicon nitride nanoparticle metal matrix composites. The thermal loading was varied from subzero temperature to under recrystallization temperature. The RVE models were used to analyze thermo-elastic behavior. The AA5454/silicon nitride nanoparticle metal matrix composites have gained the elastic modulus below 0oC and lost at high temperatures.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of Ytterbium Substitution on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of...ijtsrd
A series of ytterbium substituted Zinc ferrites Zn YbxFe1 x 2O4 with x=0.0000, 0.0125, 0.0250, 0.0375, 0.0500 was synthesized by the solid state method. The structural characterizations of all the prepared samples were done by using X ray diffraction XRD . These studies confirmed the formation of single phase structure in all compositions. The increase in the value of lattice parameter with increase in ytterbium concentration suggests the expansion of unit cell. Crystallinity and the crystallite size are observed to increase with the concentration of Ytterbium. The substitution of ytterbium strongly influences the magnetic characteristics and this is confirmed from the magnetization measurements at room temperature. Zar Zar Myint Aung "Effect of Ytterbium Substitution on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Zinc Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27826.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/27826/effect-of-ytterbium-substitution-on-the-structural-and-magnetic-properties-of-nanocrystalline-zinc-ferrite/zar-zar-myint-aung
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Vapor Deposition of Semiconducting Phosphorus Allotropes into TiO2 Nanotube A...Pawan Kumar
Recent evidence of exponential environmental degradation will demand a drastic shift in research and development toward exploiting alternative energy resources such as solar energy. Here, we report the successful low-cost and easily accessible synthesis of hybrid semiconductor@TiO2 nanotube photocatalysts. In order to realize its maximum potential in harvesting photons in the visible-light range, TiO2 nanotubes have been loaded with earth-abundant, low-band-gap fibrous red and black phosphorus (P). Scanning electron microscopy– and scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, and UV–vis measurements have been performed, substantiating the deposition of fibrous red and black P on top and inside the cavities of 100-μm-long electrochemically fabricated nanotubes. The nanotubular morphology of titania and a vapor-transport technique are utilized to form heterojunctions of P and TiO2. Compared to pristine anatase 3.2 eV TiO2 nanotubes, the creation of heterojunctions in the hybrid material resulted in 1.5–2.1 eV photoelectrocatalysts. An enhanced photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance under visible light compared with the individual components resulted for the P@TiO2 hybrids. This feature is due to synergistically improved charge separation in the heterojunction and more effective visible-light absorption. The electronic band structure and charge-carrier dynamics are investigated in detail using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy to elucidate the charge-separation mechanism. A Fermi-level alignment in P@TiO2 heterojunctions leads to a more reductive flat-band potential and a deeper valence band compared to pristine P and thus facilitates a better water-splitting performance. Our results demonstrate effective conversion efficiencies for the nanostructured hybrids, which may enable future applications in optoelectronic applications such as photodetectors, photovoltaics, photoelectrochemical catalysts, and sensors.
Vapor growth of binary and ternary phosphorus-based semiconductors into TiO2 ...Pawan Kumar
We report successful synthesis of low band gap inorganic polyphosphide and TiO2 heterostructures with the aid of short-way transport reactions. Binary and ternary polyphosphides (NaP7, SnIP, and (CuI)3P12) were successfully reacted and deposited into electrochemically fabricated TiO2 nanotubes. Employing vapor phase reaction deposition, the cavities of 100 μm long TiO2 nanotubes were infiltrated; approximately 50% of the nanotube arrays were estimated to be infiltrated in the case of NaP7. Intensive characterization of the hybrid materials with techniques including SEM, FIB, HR-TEM, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, and XPS proved the successful vapor phase deposition and synthesis of the substances on and inside the nanotubes. The polyphosphide@TiO2 hybrids exhibited superior water splitting performance compared to pristine materials and were found to be more active at higher wavelengths. SnIP@TiO2 emerged to be the most active among the polyphosphide@TiO2 materials. The improved photocatalytic performance might be due to Fermi level re-alignment and a lower charge transfer resistance which facilitated better charge separation from inorganic phosphides to TiO2.
Growth, structural, mechanical and dielectric studies of undoped and urea dop...Editor IJCATR
Undoped and urea doped L-alaninium maleate crystals were grown by solution method with slow evaporation technique.
Solubility studies were carried out for the grown crystals and it is found that solubility increases with temperature for both the samples.
XRD studies were performed to find the crystal structure of the samples. NLO activity of the grown crystals was studied using a
Nd:YAG laser and SHG efficiency was found for both the samples. Microhardness studies were performed to understand the
mechanical strength of the samples. Measurements of values of dielectric constant and dielectric loss were carried out and the
electrical processes that are taking place in the samples are discussed
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
Mixed-Valence Single-Atom Catalyst Derived from Functionalized GraphenePawan Kumar
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) aim at bridging the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The challenge is the development of materials with ligands enabling coordination of metal atoms in different valence states, and preventing leaching or nanoparticle formation. Graphene functionalized with nitrile groups (cyanographene) is herein employed for the robust coordination of Cu(II) ions, which are partially reduced to Cu(I) due to graphene-induced charge transfer. Inspired by nature's selection of Cu(I) in enzymes for oxygen activation, this 2D mixed-valence SAC performs flawlessly in two O2-mediated reactions: the oxidative coupling of amines and the oxidation of benzylic CH bonds toward high-value pharmaceutical synthons. High conversions (up to 98%), selectivities (up to 99%), and recyclability are attained with very low metal loadings in the reaction. The synergistic effect of Cu(II) and Cu(I) is the essential part in the reaction mechanism. The developed strategy opens the door to a broad portfolio of other SACs via their coordination to various functional groups of graphene, as demonstrated by successful entrapment of FeIII/FeII single atoms to carboxy-graphene.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SODIUM ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHATE AS A H...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP) is a potential material for immobilization of nuclear effluents. The Structure of polycrystalline
phase of barium containing NZP was determined on the basis of crystal data of solid state simulated waste forms. The crystal
structure of Na1-xBax/2Zr2P3O12 (x=0.1-1.0) has been investigated using General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) programming.
The BaNZP phase crystallizes in the space group R-3c and Z=6. Powder diffraction data have been subjected to Rietveld
refinement to arrive at a satisfactory structural convergence of R-factors. The unit cell volume and polyhedral (ZrO6 and PO4)
distortion increases with rise in the mole % of Ba2+ in the NZP matrix. SEM, TEM and EDX analysis provide analytical evidence of
barium in the matrix.
Keywords: Ceramic; powder XRD; Rietveld refinement; SEM; nuclear waste immobilization.
Synthesis and Study on Structural, Morphological and Magnetic properties of n...Editor IJCATR
Mn3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method followed by annealing of samples at 300 °C for 2 hours. The
samples were characterized to find the structural, functional, optical, morphological, compositional and magnetic properties by PXRD,
FTIR, Micro-Raman, HRSEM, TEM, XPS, EDX and VSM respectively. Structural studies by PXRD indicate that the annealing has
strongly influenced the phase transition showing two coexisting phases of Mn2O3 and Mn3O4. Micro-Raman spectra showed the
presence of A1g mode of vibration corresponding to Mn3O4 phase. Magnetic studies of the as synthesized Mn3O4 nanoparticles depict
paramagnetic behavior at room temperature.
Thermal, microstructure and dielectric behavior of la modified bismuth titana...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study of lattice parameters and dielectric properties against temperature a...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Structural and Dielectric Studies of Cerium Substituted Nickel Ferrite Nano P...theijes
Cerium substituted Nickel ferrite nanoparticles with general formula NiCeXFe2-XO4 (x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) have been synthesized by using sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and grain size of these particles were analyzed by using XRD; the particle size ranged from 12.22nm to 17.60nm.The decrease in value of the lattice parameter with doping suggests that there is shrinkage in unit cell. The single-phase cubic spinal structure was clearly indicated by the XRD patterns of pure NiFe2O4.The XRD pattern also show that all the samples had formed the cubic single phase spinal structure. Dielectric properties have been studied in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Ce3+ in parent crystal structure.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of Ytterbium Substitution on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of...ijtsrd
A series of ytterbium substituted Zinc ferrites Zn YbxFe1 x 2O4 with x=0.0000, 0.0125, 0.0250, 0.0375, 0.0500 was synthesized by the solid state method. The structural characterizations of all the prepared samples were done by using X ray diffraction XRD . These studies confirmed the formation of single phase structure in all compositions. The increase in the value of lattice parameter with increase in ytterbium concentration suggests the expansion of unit cell. Crystallinity and the crystallite size are observed to increase with the concentration of Ytterbium. The substitution of ytterbium strongly influences the magnetic characteristics and this is confirmed from the magnetization measurements at room temperature. Zar Zar Myint Aung "Effect of Ytterbium Substitution on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Zinc Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27826.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/27826/effect-of-ytterbium-substitution-on-the-structural-and-magnetic-properties-of-nanocrystalline-zinc-ferrite/zar-zar-myint-aung
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Vapor Deposition of Semiconducting Phosphorus Allotropes into TiO2 Nanotube A...Pawan Kumar
Recent evidence of exponential environmental degradation will demand a drastic shift in research and development toward exploiting alternative energy resources such as solar energy. Here, we report the successful low-cost and easily accessible synthesis of hybrid semiconductor@TiO2 nanotube photocatalysts. In order to realize its maximum potential in harvesting photons in the visible-light range, TiO2 nanotubes have been loaded with earth-abundant, low-band-gap fibrous red and black phosphorus (P). Scanning electron microscopy– and scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, and UV–vis measurements have been performed, substantiating the deposition of fibrous red and black P on top and inside the cavities of 100-μm-long electrochemically fabricated nanotubes. The nanotubular morphology of titania and a vapor-transport technique are utilized to form heterojunctions of P and TiO2. Compared to pristine anatase 3.2 eV TiO2 nanotubes, the creation of heterojunctions in the hybrid material resulted in 1.5–2.1 eV photoelectrocatalysts. An enhanced photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance under visible light compared with the individual components resulted for the P@TiO2 hybrids. This feature is due to synergistically improved charge separation in the heterojunction and more effective visible-light absorption. The electronic band structure and charge-carrier dynamics are investigated in detail using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy to elucidate the charge-separation mechanism. A Fermi-level alignment in P@TiO2 heterojunctions leads to a more reductive flat-band potential and a deeper valence band compared to pristine P and thus facilitates a better water-splitting performance. Our results demonstrate effective conversion efficiencies for the nanostructured hybrids, which may enable future applications in optoelectronic applications such as photodetectors, photovoltaics, photoelectrochemical catalysts, and sensors.
Vapor growth of binary and ternary phosphorus-based semiconductors into TiO2 ...Pawan Kumar
We report successful synthesis of low band gap inorganic polyphosphide and TiO2 heterostructures with the aid of short-way transport reactions. Binary and ternary polyphosphides (NaP7, SnIP, and (CuI)3P12) were successfully reacted and deposited into electrochemically fabricated TiO2 nanotubes. Employing vapor phase reaction deposition, the cavities of 100 μm long TiO2 nanotubes were infiltrated; approximately 50% of the nanotube arrays were estimated to be infiltrated in the case of NaP7. Intensive characterization of the hybrid materials with techniques including SEM, FIB, HR-TEM, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, and XPS proved the successful vapor phase deposition and synthesis of the substances on and inside the nanotubes. The polyphosphide@TiO2 hybrids exhibited superior water splitting performance compared to pristine materials and were found to be more active at higher wavelengths. SnIP@TiO2 emerged to be the most active among the polyphosphide@TiO2 materials. The improved photocatalytic performance might be due to Fermi level re-alignment and a lower charge transfer resistance which facilitated better charge separation from inorganic phosphides to TiO2.
Growth, structural, mechanical and dielectric studies of undoped and urea dop...Editor IJCATR
Undoped and urea doped L-alaninium maleate crystals were grown by solution method with slow evaporation technique.
Solubility studies were carried out for the grown crystals and it is found that solubility increases with temperature for both the samples.
XRD studies were performed to find the crystal structure of the samples. NLO activity of the grown crystals was studied using a
Nd:YAG laser and SHG efficiency was found for both the samples. Microhardness studies were performed to understand the
mechanical strength of the samples. Measurements of values of dielectric constant and dielectric loss were carried out and the
electrical processes that are taking place in the samples are discussed
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
Mixed-Valence Single-Atom Catalyst Derived from Functionalized GraphenePawan Kumar
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) aim at bridging the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The challenge is the development of materials with ligands enabling coordination of metal atoms in different valence states, and preventing leaching or nanoparticle formation. Graphene functionalized with nitrile groups (cyanographene) is herein employed for the robust coordination of Cu(II) ions, which are partially reduced to Cu(I) due to graphene-induced charge transfer. Inspired by nature's selection of Cu(I) in enzymes for oxygen activation, this 2D mixed-valence SAC performs flawlessly in two O2-mediated reactions: the oxidative coupling of amines and the oxidation of benzylic CH bonds toward high-value pharmaceutical synthons. High conversions (up to 98%), selectivities (up to 99%), and recyclability are attained with very low metal loadings in the reaction. The synergistic effect of Cu(II) and Cu(I) is the essential part in the reaction mechanism. The developed strategy opens the door to a broad portfolio of other SACs via their coordination to various functional groups of graphene, as demonstrated by successful entrapment of FeIII/FeII single atoms to carboxy-graphene.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SODIUM ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHATE AS A H...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP) is a potential material for immobilization of nuclear effluents. The Structure of polycrystalline
phase of barium containing NZP was determined on the basis of crystal data of solid state simulated waste forms. The crystal
structure of Na1-xBax/2Zr2P3O12 (x=0.1-1.0) has been investigated using General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) programming.
The BaNZP phase crystallizes in the space group R-3c and Z=6. Powder diffraction data have been subjected to Rietveld
refinement to arrive at a satisfactory structural convergence of R-factors. The unit cell volume and polyhedral (ZrO6 and PO4)
distortion increases with rise in the mole % of Ba2+ in the NZP matrix. SEM, TEM and EDX analysis provide analytical evidence of
barium in the matrix.
Keywords: Ceramic; powder XRD; Rietveld refinement; SEM; nuclear waste immobilization.
Synthesis and Study on Structural, Morphological and Magnetic properties of n...Editor IJCATR
Mn3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method followed by annealing of samples at 300 °C for 2 hours. The
samples were characterized to find the structural, functional, optical, morphological, compositional and magnetic properties by PXRD,
FTIR, Micro-Raman, HRSEM, TEM, XPS, EDX and VSM respectively. Structural studies by PXRD indicate that the annealing has
strongly influenced the phase transition showing two coexisting phases of Mn2O3 and Mn3O4. Micro-Raman spectra showed the
presence of A1g mode of vibration corresponding to Mn3O4 phase. Magnetic studies of the as synthesized Mn3O4 nanoparticles depict
paramagnetic behavior at room temperature.
Thermal, microstructure and dielectric behavior of la modified bismuth titana...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study of lattice parameters and dielectric properties against temperature a...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Structural and Dielectric Studies of Cerium Substituted Nickel Ferrite Nano P...theijes
Cerium substituted Nickel ferrite nanoparticles with general formula NiCeXFe2-XO4 (x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) have been synthesized by using sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and grain size of these particles were analyzed by using XRD; the particle size ranged from 12.22nm to 17.60nm.The decrease in value of the lattice parameter with doping suggests that there is shrinkage in unit cell. The single-phase cubic spinal structure was clearly indicated by the XRD patterns of pure NiFe2O4.The XRD pattern also show that all the samples had formed the cubic single phase spinal structure. Dielectric properties have been studied in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Ce3+ in parent crystal structure.
Study of Microstructural, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of La0.9Pb0.1M...Scientific Review SR
The present work studies the microstructural and electrical properties of La0.9Pb0.1MnO3 and La0.8Y0.1Pb0.1MnO3 ceramics synthesized by solid-state route method. Microstructure and elemental analysis of both samples were carried out by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) method, respectively. Phase analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated formation of single phase distorted structure. The XRD data were further analyzed by Rietveld refinement technique. Raman analysis reveals that Y atom substitutes La site into the LPMO with shifting of phonon modes. The temperature variation of resistivity of undoped and Y-doped La0.9Pb0.1MnO3 samples have been investigated. The electrical resistivity as a function of temperature showed that all samples undergo an metal-insulator (M-I) transition having a peak at transition temperature TMI. Y-doping increases the resistivity and the metal-insulator transition temperature (TMI) shifts to lower temperature. The temperature-dependent resistivity for temperatures less than metal-insulator transition is explained in terms the quadratic temperature dependence and for T > TMI, thermally activated conduction (TAC) is appropriate. Variation of frequency dispersion in permittivity and loss pattern due to La-site substitution in LPMO was observed in the dielectric response curve.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Studies of the Atomic and Crystalline Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano P...albertdivis
In the present study, some transition metal oxides (Zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide) which are widely used in the fabrication of electronic devices were selected and subjected to biofield treatment.
Studies of the Atomic and Crystalline Characteristics of Ceramic Oxide Nano P...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
In the present study, some transition metal oxides (Zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide) which are widely used in the fabrication of electronic devices were selected and subjected to biofield treatment.
Preparation characterization and conductivity studies of Nasicon systems Ag3-...iosrjce
Materials belonging to NASICON family of compositions Ag3-2xTaxIn2-x(PO4)3 ( x = 0.6,0.8 and 1.1)
are prepared by sol-gel method. Ethylene glycol is used as a gelating agent. All the compositions are
characterizedby powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy All these
phosphates are crystallized in rhombohedral lattice with space group R3c
. These compounds exhibit
characteristic PO4 vibrational modes in their FT-IR spectra. The dc conductivity of Ag3-2xTaxIn2-x(PO4)3 ( x =
0.6,0.8 and 1.1) was also investigated.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NI0.4MG0.6FE2O4 SYNTHESIZED BY CONVENTIONAL SOLID-ST...IAEME Publication
Ni0.4Mg0.6Fe2O4 samples are prepared by conventional double sintering approach and sintered at 1300oC/ 2 h. These ferrites are characterized using X-ray diffractometer. The diffraction study reveals that the present compound shows perfect single phase cubic spinel structure. In addition, the behavior of distinct electrical properties such as dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss (ε") and ac-conductivity (σac) as a function frequency as well as temperature is analyzed using the LCR controller
Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper Oxide nanoparticlesIOSR Journals
Cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical route by calcinations at a higher temperature from 300oC to 400 oC. For the comparison transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were made through JCPDS. There is good agreement between data produced by spectroscopy and the microscopic measurements.
Effect of sintering time on the particle size and dielectric properties of La...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Electrical properties of Ni0.4Mg0.6Fe2O4 ferritesIJERA Editor
Ni0.4Mg0.6Fe2O4 Ceramic samples were prepared by conventional double sintering approach and sintered at 1300oC/4 h. These ferrites are further characterized using X-ray diffractometer. The diffraction study reveals that the present compound shows perfect single phase cubic spinel structure. In addition, the behavior of distinct electrical properties such as dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss (ε") and ac-conductivity (ζac) as a function frequency as well as temperature is analyzed using the LCR controller.
Effect of annealing temperature on dc electrical conductivity properties of S...Premier Publishers
Thermal and DC electrical properties investigations of xSnO2 (50-x) PbO: 50V2O5(X=5, 10, 15 in molar ratio) glasses were carried out using X-ray diffractrometer (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and two probe techniques. XRD results shown that the Perfect vitrification has been achieved and DSC results have indicated that the substituent SnO2 is replacing PbO in the glass network in such a way that the eutectic composition is maintained. The DC electrical conductivity studies on SnO2 substituted glass systems annealed at 1500C as well as 2250C and 3800C indicated that the conductivities increased as the annealing temperature is increased. activation energies also changed as the annealing temperature is changed.
Influence of obtaining conditions on sintering kinetics tetragonal zirconia n...Marharyta Lakusta
The present paper is devoted to the problem of sintering ceramics based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP). In
this paper, we studied the effect of two obtaining methods (co-precipitation and technical hydrolysis) on sintering
kinetics of Y-TZP nanopowders. We used the constant rate of heating (CRH) method at different heating rates for
determining the sintering mechanisms. The basic mechanism and activation energy (Q) of diffusion at the initial
sintering stage were estimated using the sintering rate equations that are applicable to the CRH data. We found
that nanopowder 3Y-TZP produced by the co-precipitation method (DIPE) was sintered according to the volume
diffusion mechanism (n = 1/2) and nanopowder TZ-3Y (TOSOH) produced by the technical hydrolysis was sintered
according to the grain boundary diffusion mechanism (n = 1/3).
Dielectric Behaviour of Pzt Ceramics at Microwave Frequenciestheijes
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Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
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Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
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Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
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Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
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Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
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Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
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Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Structural and Dielectric Properties of Lanthanum Substituted Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelctrics
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 7, Issue 2 Ver. I (Mar. - Apr. 2015), PP 153-161
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0721153161 www.iosrjournals.org 153 | Page
Structural and Dielectric Properties of Lanthanum Substituted
Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelctrics
P. Geetha1
, P. Easwaraji2
, M. Srikanth3
(Physics Department, G.M.R.I.T, India)
Abstract:Lanthanum substituted Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelectric materials were prepared using solid
state reaction method.The basic composition chosen for the present study is PbZr0.65Ti0.35O3. The constituent raw
materials (mostly oxides and carbonate) were weighed in proportions required to give the following selected
compositions. (a) PbZr0.65Ti0.35O3 (b) Pb1-xLax (Zr0.65Ti0.35)1-x/4O3, where x varies from 0.06 to 0.08 insteps of
0.01.The values of experimental density (measured by Archimedes Principle), theoretical (XRD) density and
relative density of isostatically sintered pellets are measured with respect to La as substituent.As La substitution
increases the experimental density with the large continuous reduction in the theoretical density. Structural
information of the samples was investigated using X-ray diffractometer. Microstructural information of the
samples wereinvestigated usingScanning Electron Microscopy (Philips XL 30 ESEM). Temperature variation of
dielectric constant (ε) and loss tangent (tanδ) was studied for all the samples at different frequencies.It is clear
that, the increase in the dielectric constant with temperature reaching maximum, and then a decrease with
further increase in the temperature for the Lanthanum substituted materials. The value of dielectric constant
decreases with higher lanthanum content which can be attributed to the minimization of number of polar
directions as the structure traverse from coexistence of mixed phases to a single phase.
Keywords:Ferroelectrics, microstructure, PZT Ceramics, XRD, dielectric constant, grain size,
I. Introduction
The importance of ferroelectrics in electric, electronic devices and in various other fields is influenced
by its physical and chemical properties of ferroelectrics, which in turn are dependent on the mode of
preparation. The desired properties can be obtained only by virtue of the presence of certain combinations of the
chemical constituents, firing schedule that influences not only the chemical composition such as valence state of
the constituent cations and the oxygen content but also controls the microstructures.The ceramic process of
synthesizing materials depends to a great extent on the particle size, shape and particle size distribution of the
starting materials. Impurities either inherent or as additives and /or dopants in the starting materials also play an
important role in modifying the properties of synthesized ceramic materials. Thus, the characterization of the
processed materials becomes all the more necessary when one has to study the effect of additives and or dopants
on various properties of host material. Therefore, the material preparation and characterization are important
aspects of a study concerned with the development of any ceramic material [1].In this connection, the technique
& process of material preparation various experimental techniques that are adopted to characterize and study the
electrical properties of the present materials for investigations are described.From the examinations of XRD
patterns which revealed that the crystal structures of all the samples with various compositions were composed
of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases.
II. Materials Preparation
The starting materials are highly pure analytical reagent grade (99.9% Pure) chemicals are used. The
required quantities of the reagents for each composition are calculated. Using these chemicals the samples of
ferroelectrics to be formed are prepared by following the procedure discussed below. The basic composition
chosen for the present study is PbZr0.65Ti0.35O3. The constituent raw materials (mostly oxides and carbonate)
were weighed in proportions required to give the following selected compositions.(a) PbZr0.65Ti0.35O3 (b) Pb1-
xLax (Zr0.65Ti0.35)1-x/4O3, where x varies from 0.06 to 0.08 insteps of 0.01. The raw materials are taken in correct
proportions of the oxides of rare earth lanthanum and titanium ions along with lead zirconium according to the
solid state reaction were mixed by grinding into fine powder in an agate mortar with pestle for 6 hours and thus
mixed thoroughly in the presence of ethyl alcohol. The Powder ferroelectric samples are calcinated in alumina
crucibles for 4 hours at 800 C in the air and then it is allowed to cool in the muffle furnace. The pre-sintered
samples were again grinded for 6 hours followed by drying and re-calcined at 850 C for 4 hours. The pre-
sintered powders were again grinded and 10% of polyvinyl alcohol is added as a binder. The granulated powder
is pressed in to pellets of 10mm diameter at a pressure of 4 tons per square inch using hydraulic press, which
were placed in aluminum crucibles and sintered in air for 4 hours at 1250 o
C and later the furnace is switched off
and allowed to cool naturally in air atmosphere.
2. Structural and dilelectric properties of Lanthanum substituted Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelctrics
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0721153161 www.iosrjournals.org 154 | Page
III. Experimental Setup
X-ray diffraction technique is used for the structural/phase analysis of the material. The structural
information of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffractometer (INEL, Co Kα radiation. λ = 1.788A0
).
Maximum voltage and current used in this characterization is 30KV and 15mA. The basic principle is that for a
fixed wavelength (λ), the constructive interference occurs for a fixed set of an interplanar spacing (d) and
incidence angle (θ). According to Bragg’s condition of diffraction λ = 2d sinθ.
The scanning electron microscope was used to determine the average crystallite size and the surface
morphology. It gives information about the grain evolution and grain size. It also gives the information about the
inter-granular and the intra-granular pores and the distribution of grains in the bulk samples. Microstructural
information of the samples were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (Philips XL 30 ESEM),
voltage applied to the electron gun is 20KV.
For the dielectric measurement silver paint was applied on both sides of the pressed pellets and the
samples were fixed in the spring loaded sample holder attached to a heating and cooling chamber. The parallel
capacitance(C) and the dissipation factor (D) for all the samples were measured using an Agilent 429A
impedance analyzer in the frequency range 100Hz-1MHz in a temperature range of 300 to 600K with a Lab-
Equip temperature control unit. The temperature and measurement process were controlled electronically by a
homemade program using lab view software.
IV. Results And Discussions
The values of experimental density (measured by Archimedes Principle), theoretical (XRD) density
and relative density of isostatically sintered pellets are measured with respect to La as substituent. All the
samples exhibited densification better than 95 per cent of the theoretical density. The experimental density
increased with the lanthanum concentration in the present system. As La substitution increases the experimental
density with the large continuous reduction in the theoretical density. The computed values of the density are
presented in the table I with the error ± 0.05.
Table I : Variation of experimental density (dex, g/cc) and theoretical density (dth, g/cc)
procedures as a function of substitution
x dex dth
0.00 6.24 6.33
0.06 6.39 6.53
0.07 6.52 6.65
0.08 6.54 6.65
0.10 6.56 6.65
The obtained theoretical density is decreasing with concentration 0.08 to 0.10 is due to the replacement
of Pb with La (A-site substitution) because the atomic weight of lead is more than that of lanthanum so the
molecular weight decreases as La is added. La doping reduced tetragonality of the PLZT crystal lattice, which
leads to a reduction in internal stresses, thus allowing crystallites in grains to accommodate more closely to form
a denser micro-structure. Thus it can be concluded that the La doping increase densification of PLZT ceramics.
The relative density drel, x=0 = 98.57% also computed from equation (3.3) and we noted that drel La = 98.06 %.
Structural information of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffractometer (INEL Co Kα
radiation, λ=1.788A○
), Maximum voltage and current used in this characterization is 30 KV and 15 mA. The
XRD patterns of the samples with various compositions are as shown in the figures. The XRD peaks are found
to be sharp, which indicates good homogeneity and crystallization of the ceramic samples. There is no unwanted
secondary peak in XRD pattern. From the examinations of XRD patterns which revealed that the crystal
structures of all the samples with various compositions were composed of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases.
Lattice planes belong to rhombohedral (▲) and tetragonal (▼) phases are indexed using JCPDS file numbers
52-1411 and 46-0504 respectively. For the composition x = 0.06, the lattice planes belongs to both
rhombohedral and tetragonal crystal structure. The intensity of the lattice planes (101), (012), (003), (202),
(113), (104) and (024) belongs to rhombohedral phase is retains the same as increase the La(x) content in the
samples. Incorporation of lanthanum ions thermodynamically into the lattice of perovskite structure stabilizes
the rhombohedral phase against the tetragonal phase[2].But the lattice plane (113) belongs to rhombohedral
phase is disappeared at the composition x=0.10. From the structural analysis, it is observed that the decrease in
intensity of lattice planes belongs to tetragonal and retains the same for the planes belongs to rhombohedral[3].
Therefore, the crystal structure of the samples transform from multi phaserhombohedral and tetragonal phase to
single phase rhombohedral phase as the composition changed from x = 0.06 to x = 0.10. The lattice parameters
(a,c) for tetragonal crystal structure are 3.98 A○
, 4.052 A○
and for rhombohedral phase are 5.74 A○
, 7.14 A○
.
3. Structural and dilelectric properties of Lanthanum substituted Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelctrics
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0721153161 www.iosrjournals.org 155 | Page
Fig.1(a): XRD pattern of Pb1-x Lax (Zr0.65Ti0.35 ) 1-x/4 O3at Composition X = 0.06
Fig.1(b): XRD pattern of Pb1-x Lax (Zr0.65Ti0.35 ) 1-x/4 O3at Composition X = 0.07
Fig.1(c): XRD pattern of Pb1-x Lax (Zr0.65Ti0.35 )1-x/4 O3at Composition X = 0.08
Fig.1(d): XRD pattern of Pb1-x Lax (Zr0.65Ti0.35 ) 1-x/4 O3at Composition X = 0.10
4. Structural and dilelectric properties of Lanthanum substituted Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelctrics
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0721153161 www.iosrjournals.org 156 | Page
Fig.1(e): XRD pattern of Pb1-x Lax (Zr0.65Ti0.35 ) 1-x/4 O3at Composition x = 0.06., 0.07., 0.08. & 0.10
Fig.1(f) Variation of Crystallite size with composition of Pb1-x Lax (Zr0.65Ti0.35 ) 1-x/4 O3.
The syntheses of the samples are involved, in which the powder is grinded several times as a result the
grain size of all the samples comes down. The crystallite sizes of all the samples are estimated from XRD line
broadening analysis using Scherer formula. Fig.1(f) shows the variation of crystallite size with composition(x)
of the samples. The crystallite size is increased from 68nm to 83nm as increase the lanthanum concentration
from x=0.06 to 0.07, thereafter a slow increment of crystalline size is observed. This results revealed that at
lower concentration of La(x=0.06 to 0.07), the crystal structure of the samples is combination of tetragonal and
rhombohedralphase. As increase the La content (x=0.08 to 0.10), the tetragonal phase is disappeared and single
phase rhombohedral crystal structure is likely to form.
Microstructural information of the samples were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy
(Philips XL 30 ESEM), voltage applied to the electron gun is 20KV.The SEM microstructure of all samples is
given in figure below:
Fig.2(a): SEM micrograph of PZT Fig.2(b): SEM micrograph of PLZT at x=0.06
5. Structural and dilelectric properties of Lanthanum substituted Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelctrics
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0721153161 www.iosrjournals.org 157 | Page
Fig.2(c): SEM micrograph of PLZT at x=0.07 Fig.2(d): SEM micrograph of PLZT at x=0.08
Fig.2(e): SEM micrograph of PLZT at x=0. 10
Fig.2(a), (b), (c), (d) & (e) illustrate the SEM micrographs of PZT and PLZT ceramic samples
respectively. Fig.2(a) shows the microstructure of the pure PZT sintered at 1250 0
C for 4 hours. From the
microstructure it can be inferred that the grains of PZT are square in shape with an average grain size ranging
from 4-7 μm. From fig.2(b), (c), (d), the average grain size is increasing as it is shown in the fig.2 (f). A general
trend can be observed that with increasing amount of B-site substitution the grain growth increases.
Fig.2(f): Variation of average grain size with composition of
Pb1-x Lax (Zr0.65Ti0.35 )1-x/4O3
Temperature variation of dielectric constant (ε) and loss tangent (tanδ) was studied for all the samples
at different frequencies.Fig.3 (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) shows the variation of dielectric constant against temperature
at different frequencies for the prepared samples. It is clear that, the increase in the dielectric constant with
temperature reaching maximum, and then a decrease with further increase in the temperature. Fig.4(a,b,c,d)
shows the temperature dependence of dielectric constant (ε) and loss tangent (tanδ) for various frequencies for
all the compositions. Evidently, addition of lanthanum moves the diffused – phase transition [4] region towards
a lower temperature as well as significantly decreases the value of dielectric constant at maxima.
6. Structural and dilelectric properties of Lanthanum substituted Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelctrics
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0721153161 www.iosrjournals.org 158 | Page
Fig. 3(a): Temp Vs dielectricconstant (ε) for‘x’
measured at 10 KHz
Fig.3(b): Temp Vs dielectric constant (ε)for ‘x’
measured at 250 KHz
Fig.3(c): Temp Vs dielectric constant(ε) for ‘x’
measured at 750 KHz
Fig.3(d): Temp Vs of dielectric constant(ε) for ‘x’
measured at 500 KHz
Fig.3(e): Temp Vs dielectric constant (ε)for ‘x’ measured at 1 MHz
7. Structural and dilelectric properties of Lanthanum substituted Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelctrics
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0721153161 www.iosrjournals.org 159 | Page
Fig.4(a): Temperature Vs Tan (δ) for x = 0.06 Fig 4.(b): Temperature Vs Tan (δ) for x = 0.07
Fig.4(c): Temperature Vs Tan (δ) for x = 0.08 Fig.4(d): Temperature Vs Tan (δ) for x = 0.10
Fig.5(a): variation of dielectric constant with
Temperaturefor x = 0.06 composition at different
frequencies
Fig.5(b): variation of dielectric constant with
temperaturefor x = 0.07 composition at different
frequencies
8. Structural and dilelectric properties of Lanthanum substituted Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelctrics
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0721153161 www.iosrjournals.org 160 | Page
Fig.5(c): variation of dielectric constant
withtemperaturefor x = 0.08 composition at
differentfrequencies.
Fig.5(d): variation of dielectric constant with
temperature for x=0.10 composition at different
frequencies
For x = 0.06 and 0.07compositions, the difference in the peak value of dielectric constant at various
frequencies is modest, where the specimen contains both the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases. This can
obviously be attributed to the enhanced ability for the polar nano domains to follow the ac drive due to the
maximization of polarization directions inherent to two phases. On further increment of the lanthanum content
(x=0.08), the dielectric constant at maxima decreases significantly, which can be interpreted by the reduced
directions of domain reorientation due to the appearance of the single phase (rhombohedral). Additionally, the
poor polarisability of lanthanum ions compared with that of lead ions is also responsible for the low dielectric
maximum. Curie temperature decrease with the increase in the amount of lanthanum in the PZT system. The
peak in dielectric peak may be considered due to the disorder in the arrangement of rare earth and other atoms,
leading to a microscopic heterogeneity in the composition, and thus, a distribution of different local curie points
[5, 6].
Fig.5 (a, b, c, d) shows temperature variation of PZT & PLZT ceramics at various frequencies.
Dielectric constant (ε) of any material, in general, is influenced by bipolar, electronic, ionic and interfacial
polarizations .Interfacial polarization increases due to the creation of crystal defects and dipolar polarization
decreases due to the increase in randomness of the dipoles with temperature. However, the temperature effect on
ionic and electronic polarizations is very small. The increase in ‘ε’ with temperature suggests the increase in
interfacial polarization.
Initially, both ε and tanδ decreases with the increase in frequency. The fall in arises from the fact that
polarization does not occur instantaneously with the application of the electric field, which is further due to the
inertia of the dipoles and the delay in response towards the impressed alternating electric field leads to dielectric
loss and decline in ε. At low frequencies, all types of polarization contribute and as the frequency is increased,
polarizations with large relaxation times cease to respond and hence the decrease in ‘ε’.
At lower frequencies ‘ε’ is maximum because the contributions from the space charge polarization are
large. The space charge polarization arises by the accumulation of charges mainly due to vacancies of lead and
oxygen at the grain boundaries and at the electrode interface. At higher frequencies, contributions from the
polarizations having high relaxation time cease resulting in the decrease in ‘ε’. The same type of frequency-
dependent dielectric behavior is found in many other ferroelectric ceramic systems [4]. The value of dielectric
constant decreases with higher lanthanum content which can be attributed to the minimization of number of
polar directions as the structure traverse from coexistence of mixed phases to a single phase.
V. Conclusions
1. La substitution on PZT Ceramics was used to enhance and modify its properties. La substitution contribute to
increase in dielectric properties of PZT Ceramics
2. With the substitution of La on Lead Zirconium Titanate following structural and dielectric parameters
obtained that makes them ideal as futuristic materials.
3. La doping increases the experimental density with the reduction in tetragonality of the PZT crystal lattice,
which leads to the formation of denser micro-structure.
4. XRD studies showed the incorporation of lanthanum ions thermodynamically into the lattice of perovskite
structure stabilizes the rhombohedral phase against the tetragonal phase
9. Structural and dilelectric properties of Lanthanum substituted Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelctrics
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0721153161 www.iosrjournals.org 161 | Page
5. Microstructure study reveals that almost uniform grain growth and grain compaction with well-defined grain
boundaries is observed with the increase in substitution of La in PZT ceramics. Dielectric constant increases
gradually with increment in the temperature and passes through a maximum (Curie temperature, Tc ) and then
decreases due to the phase transition from ferroelectric to the paraelectric phase in La PZT ceramics. This work
also helps us to get familiarized with several instruments used in the present study.
References
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[3]. Prakash,C. & Thakur, 0.P.Effects of Samarium modification on the structural and dielectric properties of PLZT ceramics. Material
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[4]. Sarabjit Singh, O. P., Synthesis, Structural and Electrical Properties of Lanthanum-modified Lead-zirconate-titanate System. Def.
Sci. J, Vol. 55, No. 3, July 2005, pp. 349-356
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