The house-tree-person test (HTP) is a projective personality test, a type of exam in which the test taker responds to or provides ambiguous, abstract, or unstructured stimuli (often in the form of pictures or drawings).
The house-tree-person test (HTP) is a projective personality test, a type of exam in which the test taker responds to or provides ambiguous, abstract, or unstructured stimuli (often in the form of pictures or drawings).
Stanford binet-5
April 1905: Development of Binet-Simon Test announced at a conference in Rome
June 1905: Binet-Simon Intelligence Test introduced
1908 and 1911: New Versions of Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
1916: Stanford-Binet First Edition by Terman
1937: Second Edition by Terman and Merrill
1973: Third Edition by Merrill
1986: Fourth Edition by Thorndike, Hagen, and Sattler
2003: Fifth Edition by Roid
Ravens progressive matrices
Non verbal group tests.
The test is used to judge a person’s capacity to apprehend meaningless figures
presented for his observations, to see the relation between them and to conceal the
nature of figure completing each system of relations presented and by doing so he
develop a systematic method of reasoning.
As the test progresses the level of difficulty also increases. Hence it is called
progressive matrices.
It is a culture
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
CHAPTER 1 - PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND MEASUREMENT.pptkriti137049
Test - a measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior.
Test – a standardized procedure for sampling behavior and describing it with categories or scores.
The Stroop EffectEffect18TitleStudent’s NamePro.docxsarah98765
The Stroop Effect Effect 18
Title
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
Abstract
The Stroop effect is a phenomenon in cognitive psychology with numerous applications. This phenomenon occurs when an individual is given a task of identifying the color of a word rather the word itself. The concept behind this experiment is simplified although the reaction time when there is a mismatch in the color and word represents an integral study in cognitive psychology. The basic operation of the Stroop effect is to relatively measure the concentration and power of the mind. It would be easier for an individual to name the color of a word in a similar color. This means that a normal mind finds it simpler to name a color with matching sematic meaning in wording. Generally, Stroop effect measures the correlation between interference and reaction time. The first development of the Stroop effect was demonstrated in 1935 by an American psychologist named John Ridley Stroop. From his original experiment, different psychological hypothesis have been drawn. Topping to this is the development of numerous articles explaining, experimenting or expounding on this effect. The articles have been strongly based on Stroop’s original effect although different researchers have replicated his effect.
The initial experiment has been discussed in many psychological classes. Researchers in the field of experimental psychology have cited the original paper in their various studies. The application of Stroop effect in clinical practice has aided in finding treatment for patients with psychological disorders. The Stroop effect is also imperative in investigations since it acts as a feasible psychological test. Experimental findings from different tests reveal stimuli reaction due to sematic interference and sematic facilitation. Stroop conceptual framework secludes three stimuli groups (incongruent, neutral and congruent).The stimuli are used during all experiments to draw conclusions. The Stroop effect is processes within two parts of the brain; the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. Results from reaction to stimuli in the two brain parts are explained using a number of theories namely; selective attention, processing speed, parallel distributed processing and automacity. The Stroop effect has been a milestone in collating cognitive development with other variables viz. working memory and processing speed. Researchers have published modified Stroop tests in bilingualism. In this field, wrapped words, reverse tests and spatial tests have all been applied.
Introduction
Macleod empties Stroop effect as one of the most popular study in cognitive science and psychology. In its basic application, the test entails ignoring a printed word then naming the color of the word. Basically naming the color printed in a word such as BLUE is surrounded by many cognitive properties. Automacity was introduced in 1886 since it is easier to read word as c.
Stanford binet-5
April 1905: Development of Binet-Simon Test announced at a conference in Rome
June 1905: Binet-Simon Intelligence Test introduced
1908 and 1911: New Versions of Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
1916: Stanford-Binet First Edition by Terman
1937: Second Edition by Terman and Merrill
1973: Third Edition by Merrill
1986: Fourth Edition by Thorndike, Hagen, and Sattler
2003: Fifth Edition by Roid
Ravens progressive matrices
Non verbal group tests.
The test is used to judge a person’s capacity to apprehend meaningless figures
presented for his observations, to see the relation between them and to conceal the
nature of figure completing each system of relations presented and by doing so he
develop a systematic method of reasoning.
As the test progresses the level of difficulty also increases. Hence it is called
progressive matrices.
It is a culture
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
CHAPTER 1 - PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND MEASUREMENT.pptkriti137049
Test - a measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior.
Test – a standardized procedure for sampling behavior and describing it with categories or scores.
The Stroop EffectEffect18TitleStudent’s NamePro.docxsarah98765
The Stroop Effect Effect 18
Title
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
Abstract
The Stroop effect is a phenomenon in cognitive psychology with numerous applications. This phenomenon occurs when an individual is given a task of identifying the color of a word rather the word itself. The concept behind this experiment is simplified although the reaction time when there is a mismatch in the color and word represents an integral study in cognitive psychology. The basic operation of the Stroop effect is to relatively measure the concentration and power of the mind. It would be easier for an individual to name the color of a word in a similar color. This means that a normal mind finds it simpler to name a color with matching sematic meaning in wording. Generally, Stroop effect measures the correlation between interference and reaction time. The first development of the Stroop effect was demonstrated in 1935 by an American psychologist named John Ridley Stroop. From his original experiment, different psychological hypothesis have been drawn. Topping to this is the development of numerous articles explaining, experimenting or expounding on this effect. The articles have been strongly based on Stroop’s original effect although different researchers have replicated his effect.
The initial experiment has been discussed in many psychological classes. Researchers in the field of experimental psychology have cited the original paper in their various studies. The application of Stroop effect in clinical practice has aided in finding treatment for patients with psychological disorders. The Stroop effect is also imperative in investigations since it acts as a feasible psychological test. Experimental findings from different tests reveal stimuli reaction due to sematic interference and sematic facilitation. Stroop conceptual framework secludes three stimuli groups (incongruent, neutral and congruent).The stimuli are used during all experiments to draw conclusions. The Stroop effect is processes within two parts of the brain; the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. Results from reaction to stimuli in the two brain parts are explained using a number of theories namely; selective attention, processing speed, parallel distributed processing and automacity. The Stroop effect has been a milestone in collating cognitive development with other variables viz. working memory and processing speed. Researchers have published modified Stroop tests in bilingualism. In this field, wrapped words, reverse tests and spatial tests have all been applied.
Introduction
Macleod empties Stroop effect as one of the most popular study in cognitive science and psychology. In its basic application, the test entails ignoring a printed word then naming the color of the word. Basically naming the color printed in a word such as BLUE is surrounded by many cognitive properties. Automacity was introduced in 1886 since it is easier to read word as c.
Running head COLOR PRIMING AND FOREWARNING 1 .docxtodd271
Running head: COLOR PRIMING AND FOREWARNING 1
The Influence of Color Priming and Forewarning on Anagram Performance
A. Student
Florida International University
COLOR PRIMING AND FOREWARNING 2
Abstract
Methods One Students: Typically, authors add their abstract for the paper here on the second
page. As you can see, the abstract for this paper is missing. Your job is to supply that abstract!
Read over the following paper, which is an actual paper turned in by a former student taking
Research Methods and Design II at FIU. This is similar to a paper you will write next semester.
Review the studies in this paper, and spot the hypotheses, independent and dependent variables,
participants, results, and implications, and write it up in one paragraph (no more than 200 words
maximum). Make sure to include keywords as well (keywords are words or short phrases that
researchers use when searching through online databases like PsycInfo – they need to be
descriptive of the paper, so come up with three or four that seem to suit this paper). Good luck!
Keywords: Methods II Paper, Abstract Assignment, Methods II Preview
COLOR PRIMING AND FOREWARNING 3
The Influence of Color Priming and Forewarning on Anagram Performance
Colors are an essential part of life, from warning us of poisonous creatures to describing
our emotions, they have proven their worth. Certain colors can be perceived in specific situations
or attributed to a particular emotion. For instance, priming of sadness can lead to perception of
the color blue, whereas priming of anger can lead to perception of the color red (Fetterman,
Robinson, Gordon, & Elliot, 2011). The central aim of our study is to explore the effect priming
with a specific color has on anagram performance.
Priming is defined as the unconscious influence that a stimulus has on the agility or
accuracy in performing a task (Schacter & Rajendra, 2001). According to Jefferis and Fazio
(2008), priming impacts behaviors by informing the person if they have met the demands of the
situation. The influence priming has on behavior is shaped by what one perceives in a particular
situation. For example, priming the color red in the context of romantic attraction would have a
different response than priming the color red in an achievement situation, situations in which
there is a possibility for success or failure and competence is measured (Elliot, Maier, Binser,
Friedman, & Pekrun, 2009). In the context of romantic attraction, the color red unconsciously
increases perceived attractiveness of another person (Elliot & Niesta, 2008). With regards to
achievement, the color red elicits avoidance behavior due to its association with factors such as
the red in alarms that suggest danger (Elliot, Maier, Moller, Friedman, & Meinhardt, 2007; Elliot
et al., 2009).
To study the influence that red has on achievement, Elliot et al. (2007) .
Running head COLOR PRIMING AND FOREWARNING 1 .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: COLOR PRIMING AND FOREWARNING 1
The Influence of Color Priming and Forewarning on Anagram Performance
A. Student
Florida International University
COLOR PRIMING AND FOREWARNING 2
Abstract
Methods One Students: Typically, authors add their abstract for the paper here on the second
page. As you can see, the abstract for this paper is missing. Your job is to supply that abstract!
Read over the following paper, which is an actual paper turned in by a former student taking
Research Methods and Design II at FIU. This is similar to a paper you will write next semester.
Review the studies in this paper, and spot the hypotheses, independent and dependent variables,
participants, results, and implications, and write it up in one paragraph (no more than 200 words
maximum). Make sure to include keywords as well (keywords are words or short phrases that
researchers use when searching through online databases like PsycInfo – they need to be
descriptive of the paper, so come up with three or four that seem to suit this paper). Good luck!
Keywords: Methods II Paper, Abstract Assignment, Methods II Preview
COLOR PRIMING AND FOREWARNING 3
The Influence of Color Priming and Forewarning on Anagram Performance
Colors are an essential part of life, from warning us of poisonous creatures to describing
our emotions, they have proven their worth. Certain colors can be perceived in specific situations
or attributed to a particular emotion. For instance, priming of sadness can lead to perception of
the color blue, whereas priming of anger can lead to perception of the color red (Fetterman,
Robinson, Gordon, & Elliot, 2011). The central aim of our study is to explore the effect priming
with a specific color has on anagram performance.
Priming is defined as the unconscious influence that a stimulus has on the agility or
accuracy in performing a task (Schacter & Rajendra, 2001). According to Jefferis and Fazio
(2008), priming impacts behaviors by informing the person if they have met the demands of the
situation. The influence priming has on behavior is shaped by what one perceives in a particular
situation. For example, priming the color red in the context of romantic attraction would have a
different response than priming the color red in an achievement situation, situations in which
there is a possibility for success or failure and competence is measured (Elliot, Maier, Binser,
Friedman, & Pekrun, 2009). In the context of romantic attraction, the color red unconsciously
increases perceived attractiveness of another person (Elliot & Niesta, 2008). With regards to
achievement, the color red elicits avoidance behavior due to its association with factors such as
the red in alarms that suggest danger (Elliot, Maier, Moller, Friedman, & Meinhardt, 2007; Elliot
et al., 2009).
To study the influence that red has on achievement, Elliot et al. (2007) ...
The Stroop Effect And Visual Perception Overview Write a 2-part .docxsuzannewarch
The Stroop Effect And Visual Perception
Overview
Write a 2-part assessment that discusses your experience with the Stroop Effect and concepts related to visual perception. This assessment should be a minimum of 4 pages long.
One of the central hypotheses in psychology is the relationship between stimulus and response. Sight and language are two human abilities relevant to the hypothesis of stimulus and response. Your understanding of these two abilities will help you build up a concept of the neural basis of human behaviors interacting with the world.
Show More
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
•
Competency 2: Employ critical and creative thinking to evaluate problems, conflicts, and unresolved issues in the study of biological psychology.
▪
Discuss whether a person with dyslexia or a brain injury would have more or less trouble with completing the Stroop test.
▪
Discuss the results of the Stroop test.
•
Competency 3: Examine the research methodology and tools typically associated with the study of biological psychology.
▪
Explain the role of the anterior cingulate in audiovisual processing, and the symptoms of brain injury to this area.
•
Competency 4: Assess the important theories, paradigms, research findings, and conclusions in biological psychology.
▪
Define the problem of final integration of visual information.
▪
Discuss whether there is a problem with final integration of visual information.
•
Competency 6: Communicate effectively in a variety of formats.
▪
Write coherently to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a
psychology professional.
▪
Use APA style and format.
Context
Recent technologies employed in the study of the brain regions regulating speech are helping scientists better understand the neural basis of human behaviors interacting with the world. For example, MRI imaging studies are revealing other areas within the brain that may also play a role in language and reading. Another example is that both Broca's and Wernicke's areas are fundamental to speech ability, but the specific mechanism of how each plays into oral language is still unclear. This is still a new area that challenges psychologists, neurologists, and speech therapists.
Humans use different parts of their brain to discriminate objects from people. In fact, we may have specialized neurons for recognizing faces. This relates to the main theme of this assessment: vision and visual perception. Many questions about human vision are unanswered. For example, different areas of the brain respond differently to visual recognition tasks, but how and why these areas cooperate to process visual information remains unclear. Another example: The visual cortex contains several layers, the functional roles of which are the subject of intense investigation. Questions include, .
Mengxue HuReflection Paper #210202015Topic explain.docxandreecapon
Mengxue Hu
Reflection Paper #2
10/20/2015
Topic: “explain how your race and class has influenced your life experiences.”
I was born and raised in China which makes Race and ethnicity has not influenced me that much. I have not considered any of these problems before I came to the states. From what I heard, racial discrimination is common especially in the United States. People make their decisions not on one’s achievement but on their racial group. For our Asian especially Chinese, the situation of model minority is around us in many ways.
After I finished my freshman year, I was looking for a job on campus, I wasn’t sure what I wanted to do until my math professor found me. When I took her class, I basically knew all the stuff because those were what I have learned when I was in grade 9 in China. When I took a nap on her class, she ignored me because she knew I knew all of those without learning. I became the math tutor without a doubt. When I was trying to help students out, a lot of student were asking me some questions like “how did you know that without using the calculator?” or “I heard all Chinese are good at math, is that true?”. After I learned the lecture from class, I realized that belongs to model minority.
Roadmap: Stroop
Overview:
Lab 2 introduces you to the nuts and bolts of another classic experimental psychology paradigm, the Stroop effect. Data collection will occur on the computers. Each student will complete a 20-30 minute Stroop experiment. The data will be analyzed and reported in a full APA style research report.
The main goal of this experiment is provide a concrete example of a 2x2 Factorial Design. As well, we will learn to relate theory and data.You will be taught about the horse-race model of Stroop, and you will use this model to predict the data from the class experiment.
The class experiment has two goals. First, to replicate the Stroop effect. Second, to test a manipulation that will reduce the size of the Stroop effect. In this case, the manipulation will be task. For half of the trials, you will identify the color, and for the other half of the trials you will identify the word.
In your research paper you will be required to introduce the Stroop effect, and explain the horse race model. You will explain how the horse race model can be used to predict which task will lead to the largest Stroop effect. You will describe the methods and results. The results will be reported in a figure or table (your choice).
NOTE: when you report the results you MUST report all main effects, the interaction, and any necessary post-hoc tests.
Things you will learn:
Using reaction time as a dependent measure 2x2 Factorial designs
Reading and citing primary source material Predicting data based on a theory
Control in experimental design Background on the Stroop paradigm:
The Stroop paradigm involves the identification of a bi-valent stimulus. For example, you could be presented with a word, that is written i ...
Vlastos, D., Kyritsis, M., Papaioannou-Spiroulia, A., & Varela V.-A. (2017). ...Dimitris Vlastos
Oral Presentation, 22nd International Conference of the Association of Psychology & Psychiatry for Adults & Children (A.P.P.A.C.): Recent Advances in Neuropsychiatric, Psychological and Social Sciences in Psychological Research, 16th – 19th May 2017, Athens, Greece.
Projective Tests
Rorschach Inkblot Test
3
4
6
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Look at the picture. Your task is to write a complete story about the picture you see above. This should be an imaginative story with a beginning, middle, and an end. Try to portray who the people might be, what they are feeling, thinking, and wishing. Try to tell what led to the situation depicted in the picture and how everything will turn out in the end.
18
image6.jpeg
image7.jpeg
image8.jpeg
image9.jpeg
image10.jpeg
image11.jpeg
image12.jpeg
image13.jpeg
image14.jpeg
image15.jpeg
image16.png
image17.png
image18.png
image19.png
image20.png
image21.png
image22.png
image23.png
image2.png
image3.png
image4.png
image5.png
Objectives Unacceptable Below Average Acceptable Above Average Exemplary Score
0 Points 20 Points
Student did not make any
post in the discussion board
Student posts were on time
0 Points 5 Points 10 Points 15 Points 20 Points
No reference to any course
reading
Makes reference to
assigned readings; attempts
to cite the source
Makes references to course
and/or outside reading
material but citations do not
conform to an acceptable
citation format
Refers to and properly cites
in APA format course and/or
outside reading in initial
posting only
Refers to and properly cites
in APA format either course
materials or external
readings in initial posts and
responses
0 Points 5 Points 10 Points 15 Points 20 Points
No postings for which to
evaluate language and
grammar
Poorly written initial posting
and responses including
frequent spelling, structure,
and/or grammar errors
Communicates in friendly,
courteous, and helpful
manner with some spelling,
grammatical, and/or
structural errors
Contributes valuable
information with minor
grammatical or structural
errors
No spelling, structure, or
grammar errors in any
posting; Contributes to
discussion with clear,
concise comments
0 Points 5 Points 10 Points 15 Points 20 Points
No initial posting
Response was not on topic,
the message was unrelated
to assignment, and post was
less than 150 words
The initial posting did not
adequately address the
question posed in the forum;
superficial thought and
preparation
Initial posting demonstrates
sincere reflection and
answers most aspects of the
forum; full development
Initial posting reveals a solid
understanding of all aspects
of the task; uses factually
and relevand information;
and the length of the posting
is at least 150 words
0 Points 5 Points 10 Points 15 Points 20 Points
Student did not participate in
this forum
Student participated on but
did not respond to other
student posts
Student participated but only
responded to one
Student participated and
commented on two other
student's posts
Student actively
participated, responded to at
least two other students'
posts, and replied to other
st.
Religion is an amalgamation of different world views, cultural beliefs, morals, revelations, and prophesies that often have spiritual backgrounds and meanings to members who subscribe to a given faith.
Due to several causes like religious intolerance, economic contempt, and political scapegoating, Jews in Christian Europe struggled for more than a millennium to uphold their faith and lives.
The news article by CBS News titled "Religious leaders speak out after shooting at Sikh temple leaves 2 hospitalized" was authored by Brady Halbleib. It is about a shooting at a Sikh temple in Sacramento that left two people hospitalized. The news article was written on March 27, 2023.
A government's or other institution's public policy on climate change refers to the measures and rules created to diminish the impacts of climate change. The phrase "climate change" denotes to the overall process by which human actions like burning fossil fuels and deforestation affect the Earth's climatic system over the long term.
The way the Christian Jesus is portrayed in Scientology, from the simple basics to the complex OT VIII portrayal, is very different from how Christians view Jesus.
In this course, you will develop an original curriculum design. This curriculum will be a minimum of the equivalent of a single unit of instruction, or one week's worth of work in a typical public school. This would encompass, at a minimum, five one-hour sessions of instruction. Your curriculum design may be longer, if you choose. You may select any topic you wish. Students have created a wide variety of projects in the past, including a course on "How to Use a Telescope to Read the Night Sky" to "Introduction to Dental Hygiene." It is entirely up to you! Three samples are available in Start Here for your review. Your professor will also discuss the variety of potential projects in a Collaborate Session, Course Announcements and Discussion.
This project will take place in two parts. Part One offers an overview of the curriculum itself. In Part Two you will design specific instruction including detailed lesson plans and instructional materials. Each part (one and two) should be formatted as a formal paper, be no more than 10-12 pages in length (not including title and reference pages) and is worth 15% of your grade.
Part One of the Curriculum Design Project includes: The curriculum map, developing an outline of the curriculum, including needs assessment, goals, objectives, scope and sequence, and a plan for evaluation. Additional information about this assignment can be found in Resource areas of your online course including the weekly assignment instructions, announcements, and/or discussion posts by your professor.
PLEASE use the outlined copy of the final project for Part 1 only. Also, please use my other TWO files EUD741 & EDU742 to construct the paper!
Topic Legacy of the Progressive Era
Academic level Undergrad. (yrs 3-4)
Discipline History
Document type PowerPoint Presentation
Spacing
DOUBLE
Citation style APA 7
In order to give us background on the influence of psychoanalysis not just within psychology but within culture generally (including the fascination with dreams and symbolism that we see in much of mid-20th century Western art and film) I’ve uploaded an article on the two warring giants, Freud and Jung. Note three new pieces of information you learned. Why do you think there was, and still is, so much fascination with the unconscious and so much disagreement about how its functions are described
2. The attack on psychoanalysis in the Third Reich led to the flight, exile, or imprisonment and sometimes death of influential researchers and theorists, particularly Jewish ones. In an earlier board you considered the role of government in psychology, but we have seldom seen such sweeping and violent intervention into science from governmental authority. Note any three aspects of the political standing of psychology and psychiatry that struck you in your reading of the uploaded article. What do you think are contexts or characteristics that led some non-Jewish figures to protest and some to acquiesce in the suppression and condemnation of the work of their Jewish colleagues
Please answer both questions and all parts of the question.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. STROOP EFFECT 2
Abstract
The psychological phenomenon of colour and text processing in human brain
originates from Stroop effect. There is tendency of people to process colour faster than text
depending on the extend of changing the stimuli. However, based on parallel processing
theory, the pathway determines the rate of processing between colour and text. Through
experimental simulation of word color tests and Stroop game, the results support the
theoretical facts regarding interference in Stroop effect. Through analysis of variations in
time depending on the changes in the order and colour, it was possible to generate statistically
significant results that were important for the conclusion of the research. The main idea was
to investigate the changes in the arrangement of objects with respect to colour and words in
order to determine the causes of Stroop interference effect and how this happens.
3. STROOP EFFECT 3
Introduction
In conducting various tests on the rate of color recognition against words and vice
versa, it is found that there is a variation on how one could identify the color of a word that
doesn’t match the name of the color(Fisk &Haase, 2019). Findings suggest that saying the
color of a word when it matches the semantic meaning of the text is simple that saying the
color of the text when it doesn’t match the semantic meaning of the word. Imagine saying
color of the text “blue” printed in blue ink and text “blue” when printed in red ink. It is easier
to speak out the color of the word than when printed in a different color. This concept
introduces the Stroop effect in psychology, which describes the cognitive interference that
occurs due to delay in the reaction resulting from a mismatch in stimuli.
Following a basic test to demonstrate the effect, presenting a mismatch between the
color name like blue, green, red and so on and the print color, it is possible to note the effect
by finding it challenging naming the color rather than reading out thecolor when printed in
the same color as the word color. This effect was named after the first publisher of the effect,
John Ridley Stroop. Stroop investigated the effect through various forms of the same test by
creating three different stimuli(Lutfi-Proctor et al., 2014). Different theories exist that try to
explain the effect which forms the race models. The theories are based on the assumption that
relevant and irrelevant information under processing in parallel but these sets of information
race to obtain processing at the time of response selection.
The first theory of the race model is Processing speed,which suggests that the brain
experiences laxity in its ability to make recognition of the color of words as it reads words
faster compared to the recognition of colors. The theory, therefore, believes that the human
4. STROOP EFFECT 4
brain tends to process words faster than it processes color (Lutfi-Proctor et al., 2014). Any
chances of conflict in color and text arrangement and one presented with a challenge of
recognizing color, then text information will reach the decision-making stage of the brain
faster than the color information presenting confusion (Zolliecoffer et al., 2018). It is also
certain that an attempt to report the word information will result incolor information lagging
after the text information and thus a decision made before the conflicting information.
Selection attention theory is the second theory amongst these theories and stands on
the ground that recognition of color requires more attention than reading out the respective
word. Humans will require more attention in recognizing a word than encoding a word,
which takes much more time. This theory lies in the findings in Stroop tasks regarding
interference. Interference is the result of allocating responses, some attention, or inhibiting
distractors that are not of concern to the response.
Another theory of the Stroop effect is automaticity. This theory suggests that based on
the fact that color recognition is not an automated process as the brain hesitates to respond
while due to habitual reading, the human brain understands the word meanings(Graham
&Winskel, 2018). The idea in this theory stages from the reasoning that there is no need for
controlled attention but utilizes sufficient resources of the attention to inhibit the access of the
attention by the color processing.
Lastly, the Parallel distributed processing theory is another theory that suggests at the
time when the brain does information analysis; there is the development of different and
specific pathways for various tasks. These pathways differ in strength for various tasks, and
therefore, the speed of the pathway and its strength is significant on the processing speed.
The theory further explains that activating two pathways simultaneously for the troop effect;
5. STROOP EFFECT 5
there is interference between the stronger path and the weaker path if the pathway leading to
the response is weaker. Assuming that word reading is the stronger pathway and color
recognition is the weaker path, then occurs, which might manifest as confusion. According to
Lesley University, psychologists are into many types of research trying to find the causes that
result inStroop effect (Lutfi-Proctor et al., 2014). Among the suggested outcomes reveal that
some factors are associated with Stroop effect and cause variations in the extent of the effect.
Among these factors include the gender and age of the individuals.
A question could arise on what is the impact of Stroop effect that attracts all the
attention of researchers. Stroop effect has no effect on the psychological being of people.
However, it touches so much on the way the mind processes information and also in the
assessment of how able the mind is in overriding the thinking arising from our instincts(Song
&Hakoda, 2011). The effect finds application in the field of medicine and psychology.
Therefore this research aims to respond to the question, “What does the differential
ability of task arrangements to attenuate Stroop interference tell us about what produces the
Stroop effect in the first place?”.The theories stated suggest that changes in the ability of task
arrangement change the Stroop effect interference. It is also important to understand how the
changes can describe the truth in the theories regarding the way Stroop effect is through to
exist("Stroop Effect," 2020). This research aims at finding out the differential ability of task
arrangements to attenuate Stroop interference on the suggested theories regarding the cause
of Stroop effect. The research involves four experiments thatattempt to manipulate practice
arrangements to determine the changes in the performance of the colorStroop test.
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis N0:
6. STROOP EFFECT 6
Deferential ability of task arrangement to attenuate Stroop interference suggests that change
in the pattern of arrangement does not result in the occurrence of stroop effect.
Alternative Hypothesis N1:
Deferential ability of task arrangement to attenuate Stroop interference suggests that change
in the pattern of arrangement result in the occurrence of stroop effect.
Method
This research was based on the analysis of experimental data to gather findings. The
research used four experiments to generate data that was used in the analysis. The experiment
wasconducted on the virtual web resource that involved the Stroop test, Pickup Sticks,pickup
Sticks 2, and Stroop Game. There was a random reversing of the arrangement of objects and
time of response recorded in every instance to gather sufficient data for analysis. Analyzing
the data gave the answers to the research question and validation of the hypotheses. The
following section gives the activities involved in conducting the experiment step by step.
Procedure
The first step it to locate the URL of the ColorStroop Test and open in browser.
Locate the URL for and open Pick UP Sticks, Pick UP sticks 2, and the Stroop Game in the
same browser from in different tabs. Make sure that every experimental game is able to load
well in the browser. If there are some errors of failures, then check and make sure to install
Adobe Flash Player and integrate with the browser. When every environmental requirement
is set, adjust all the preferences like sound and levels if so needed.
Start playing the Pick Up Sticks game on an average level of 30 minutes. Ignore the
worry about the scores or stopping before it ends when the 30 minutes elapses. Go to the
browser with interactive ColorStroop Test. Follow the instructions from the interface and
7. STROOP EFFECT 7
then attempt the first test without recording the time. Click Continue Experiment. Speak out
the color names as first as possible and click Finish when done. Record the time. Open Pick
Up Sticks 2 game and give it a time out of 30 minutes without playing. Repeat
theColorStroop Test while ignoring the parts where the colors are congruent.
Take the second part of the test by speaking out the color of the text and not the word.
Click Finish when done and record the time. Load the Stroop Game and give it 30 minutes
time out without playing. Ignore the first part and take the second part saying the font color
and not the word. Click Finish when done and record the time as the third set of results.
Repeat the procedures until sufficient data is collected for analysis. Record your results and
conduct the analysis.
Results and Analysis
The results collected from the experiment wereanalyzedusing SPSS to conduct a test
on the assumption of Sphericity with the use of Repeated Measures ANOVA. The following
were the results of this test.
Descriptive Statistics
Mauchly's Test of Sphericity
Mean Std. Deviation N
Neutral 25.13368 6.163581 96
Reverse 22.58967 4.858652 96
Standard 19.56366 3.753433 96
Epsilonb
8. STROOP EFFECT 8
Test within Subjects-Effects
Within
Subjects
Effect
Mauchl’
s W
Approx.
Chi-
Square
Df Sig. Greenhouse
Geisser
Huynh-
Feldt
Lower-bound
Factor1 .917 8.117 2 .017 .924 .941 .500
Source Type II
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square
F Sig.
Factor1 Sphericity
Assumed
1492.924 2 746.462 115.442 .000
Greenhouse-
Geisser
1492.924 1.847 808.212 115.442 .000
Huynh-Feldt 1492.924 1.882 793.187 115.442 .000
Lower-bound 1492.924 1.000 1492.924 115.442 .000
Error(factor
1)
Sphericity
Assumed
1228.562 190 6.466
Greenhouse-
Geisser
1228.562 175.483 7.001
Huynh-Feldt 1228.562 178.807 6.871
Lower-bound 1228.562 95.000 12.932
(I)factor
1
(J)factor
1
Mean
Differenc
e (I-J)
Std.
Error
Sig.b 95%
Confidence
Interval for
Differenceb
Lower Bound Upper
Bound
1 2 2.544* .391 .000 1.591 3.497
3 3.570* .394 .000 4.610 6.530
9. STROOP EFFECT 9
Based on estimated marginal means
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
b. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni.
Discussion
From the results of the Sphericity test, the p-value for the Mauchly's Test of
Sphericity was .017, which was way below .05. This value implied that we violate the
assumption of Sphericity and move further to analyze the Greenhouse-Geisser value. The
value of the Greenhouse-Geisser was .924. inanalyzing the assumption of Sphericity using
this value, the measure is compared to the .75 value. Any value below this value means the
violation of the assumption and therefore needs to do further analysis. Therefore, since the
Epsilon value is >.75, the value was not used. Using Huynh-Feldt value, there was statistical
significance and therefore based on the interpretation of the results on this value. This result
implies that the effect that results inStroop effect is based on the differential ability of task
arrangements to attenuate Stroop interference changes.
The test on the hypothesis of this research suggested the need to reject the null
hypothesis and base the conclusion on the alternative hypothesis that Deferential ability of
task arrangement to attenuate Stroop interference suggests that change in the pattern of
arrangement result in the occurrence of Stroop effect. From the experiments, Stroop effect
was evaluated based on the amount of time it took for the completion of the tests. Using
2 1 -2.544* .391 .000 -3.497 -1.591
3 3.026* .310 .000 2.271 3.781
3 1 -5.570* .394 .000 -6.530 -4.610
2 -3.026* .310 .000 -3.781 -2.271
10. STROOP EFFECT 10
various disarrangements of words and color, it is found that the arrangements had an impact
on the level of Stroop interference. Therefore, the analysis validates the theoretical facts that
Stroop effect results from delayed response due to the changes in the mismatch of stimuli.
The analysis gave a uniform F value of 115.442. This uniformity suggests that the
changes in the effects had significant results on the delayed response factor that caused
Stroop effect. It is therefore clear that Stroop effect happens in all circumstances that tend to
mismatch the stimuli to measure response. It is right to report that any possible changes in the
arrangement of tasks to change Stroop effect suggest variations in the occurrence of Stroop
effect.
The results presented also suggest some comparative trends in the Stroop effect
resulting from three reverse color changes; neutral, reverse, and standard. The difference in
the average variations, N, was 96 in all the three cases. This value implies that Stroop effect
occurs in any form of mismatch of stimuli irrespective of the type of reverse of colors that
happens. Any change in the mismatch will have an effect on the extend of Stroop effect. The
significance in the values suggests the same variations in the changes in the arrangements.
Conclusion
The research suggested that people can sense color faster than text when the color
word is in the color background. Also, the research complements the parallel processing
theory by suggesting that color information pathways travel faster to the decision portion than
the text pathway. Stroop effect interference is, therefore, a psychological process resulting
from a mismatch in stimuli for tested mind. The brain is able to sense the variations at
different rates due to the mismatch in stimuli. The application of this effect is, therefore,
present in most disciplines due to the brain effect among human beings. It is right to validate
11. STROOP EFFECT 11
that Stroop Effect can result in sluggishness in response based on the variations in the
mismatch of stimuli.
The experiment was well set, and the validity of the results was confirmed from the
uniformity in the outputs during interpretation. The data collected bear high level of
statistically significant and therefore validates the application of these findings in any area
that needsStroop effect. The understanding of this topic is also an important factor in gaining
information regarding the use of imaging systems that interact with the brain. Human
psychological posture, therefore, requires consistency in daily interactions to control decision
making. It is also clear that decision-making is part of human action that highly depends on
the vision.
References
Eidels, A. (2012). Independent race of color and word can predict the Stroop
effect. Australian Journal Of Psychology, 64(4), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1742-9536.2012.00052.x
12. STROOP EFFECT 12
Fisk, G., &Haase, S. (2019). Classic StroopColor Words Produce No Stroop Effect When the
Display Characteristics Are Based Upon Emotional Stroop Studies With Subliminal
Presentations. Psychological Reports, 003329411984322. https://doi.org/
10.1177/0033294119843220
Graham, M., &Winskel, H. (2018). Stronger Stroop effect from fearful faces shows automatic
processing differences on a face-word task. Frontiers In Psychology, 9. https://
doi.org/10.3389/conf.fpsyg.2018.74.00008
Lutfi-Proctor, D., Elliott, E., & Cowan, N. (2014). The role of visual stimuli in cross-modal
Stroop interference. Psych Journal, 3(1), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.51
Lutfi-Proctor, D., Elliott, E., & Cowan, N. (2014). The role of visual stimuli in cross-modal
Stroop interference. Psych Journal, 3(1), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.51
Play Pick Up Sticks 2 For Free on FreeArcade.com. Ww5.freearcade.com. (2020). Retrieved
26 April 2020, from http://ww5.freearcade.com/PickUpSticks2.flash/
PickUpSticks2.html.
Play Pick Up Sticks For Free on FreeArcade.com. Freearcade.com. (2020). Retrieved 26
April 2020, from http://www.freearcade.com/PickUpSticks.flash/PickUpSticks.html.
SONG, Y., & HAKODA, Y. (2011). Development and practice effect of a new computer-
based Stroop/reverse-Stroop test. The Japanese Journal Of Cognitive
Psychology, 9(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.5265/jcogpsy.9.19
Stroop Effect. Faculty.washington.edu. (2020). Retrieved 26 April 2020, from http://
faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/ready.html.
13. STROOP EFFECT 13
Zolliecoffer, C., Kassel, M., Kazakov, D., &Osmon, D. (2018). B - 66Negative Priming
Stroop Effect: Executive Control Added to Stroop Interference Effect. Archives Of
Clinical Neuropsychology, 33(6), 703-794. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy061.142