Stress ppt
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The document discusses how plants respond to heavy metal toxicity in the environment. It explains that plants use mechanisms like phytochelatins and metallothioneins to chelate and remove heavy metals from sensitive plant tissues. The document outlines different heavy metals like chromium, aluminum, manganese, copper, and nickel, describing their toxic effects on plants and how plants defend against them. It also mentions the role of proline and mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metal stress.
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Molecular basis of plant resistance to abiotic stresses like high temperature...
By:
Nazish Nehal,
M. Tech (Biotechnology),
University School of Biotechnology (USBT),
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University,
New Delhi (INDIA)
Plant responses to oxidative stress
Plant responses to oxidative stress can cause physiological damage at the lipid, protein, and DNA levels. Physiologically, lipid peroxidation disrupts cell membranes, protein oxidation alters structure and function, and DNA oxidation causes mutations. Biochemically, plants have developed defense mechanisms including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Glutathione functions in redox reactions and membrane stabilization. Plants also produce antioxidants like carotenoids to counteract oxidative stress and protect cellular components from free radical damage.
Heavy metal in the environment and effect on plant physiology
This document summarizes the effects of heavy metals in the environment on plant physiology. It discusses how industrialization and mining have increased heavy metal levels and how plants uptake metals through their roots and foliage. It then examines the physiological effects on plants, including cellular interactions where metals are stored, transport mechanisms using proteins, impacts on metabolism like oxidative stress, and effects on photosynthesis, reproduction, and hyperaccumulation. The document concludes that understanding plant uptake and resistance strategies could help with phytoremediation and addressing metal deficiencies in foods.
ubaid afzal
Heavy metals occur naturally but human activities concentrate them and introduce them into the environment. Plants uptake heavy metals through their roots from soil and water and act as conduits for metals to enter the food chain as animals consume plants and humans consume plants and animals. Common heavy metal contaminants taken up by plants include cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, lead, and zinc. Some metals are necessary micronutrients for plants, but others like cadmium, lead, and mercury have unknown biological functions. Hyperaccumulator plants are able to grow in high metal concentrations by absorbing and storing extremely high levels of metals in their tissues through specialized root and transport systems.
Molecular Mechanisms and Genetic Basis
Abstract Heavy metal pollutants are mainly derived from growing number of
anthropogenic sources. As the environmental pollution with heavy metals increases,
some new technologies are being developed, one of these being phytoremediation.
Hyperaccumulator plant varieties can be achieved by using methods of genetic
engineering. An uptake of excessive amounts of heavy metals by plants from soil
solution leads to range of interactions at cellular level which produce toxic effects
on cell metabolism in terms of enzyme activity, protein structure, mineral nutrition,
water balance, respiration and ATP content, photosynthesis, growth and morphogenesis
and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).On the basis of accumulation
of heavy metals plants are divided into three main types; (i) the accumulator plants,
(ii) the indicator plants, and (iii) the excluder plants. Generally, the accumulation
of heavy metals in plant organ is in series root > leaves > stem > inflorescenc >
seed. Most of plants belong to excluder group and accumulate heavy metals in
their underground parts. When roots absorb heavy metals, they accumulate primarily
in rhizodermis and cortex. In intracellular parts, highest concentration of
heavy metals is found in cell wall. Tolerance of plants against heavy metals is due
to reduced uptake of heavy metals and increased plant internal sequestration. In the
increased plant internal sequestration mechanism, plant is manifested by interaction
between a genotype and its environment. There are biochemical machineries in
plants that work for tolerance and accumulation of heavy metals. Metal transporters
are involved in metal ion homeostasis and transportation. Some amino acids and
organic acids are ligands for heavy metals and these amino acids and organic acids
play an important role in tolerance and detoxification Phytochelatins (PCs) are produced
in plants under stress of heavy metals and play role in binding heavy metals
to complexes and salts and sequestering the compounds inside the cell so that heavy
metals can not disturb the cell metabolism. The genes for phytochelatin synthesis
have been isolated and characterized. Another low molecular weight (6–7 KDa)
cysteine-rich compounds known as metallothioneins (MTs) also play an important proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, often leading to alterations in cell structure and
mutagenesis. There are many potential sources of ROS in plants, in addition to those
that come from reactions involved in normal metabolism, such as photosynthesis
and respiration. The balance between the steady-state levels of different ROS are
determined by the interplay between different ROS-producing and ROS-scavenging
mechanisms. A variety of proteins function as scavengers of superoxide and hydrogen
peroxide. These include, among others, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase
(CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), glutathione reductase (GR), thioredoxin, and
the peroxiredoxin family of protein. These protein antioxidants are supplemented
with a host of non-protein scavengers, including, but not limited to, intracellular
ascorbate and glutathione. The intoxication with some heavy metals induces oxidative
stress because they are involved in several different types of ROS-generating
mechanisms.
Defense strategies of plant against plant pathogens
Plant defense strategies which act against the plant pathogen attack are explained in short. The major plant defense strategies are 1) Oxidative burst 2) Phenolics 3) Hypersensitive response (HR) 4) Phytoalexins.
Heavy metal stress
Heavy metals like cadmium, chromium, copper, and aluminum can contaminate soil through industrial and urban pollution. When present in excess, these metals can be toxic to plants, inhibiting root growth and photosynthesis. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms like secreting organic acids to chelate metals in the soil or accumulating metals intracellularly bound to organic acids. The root is the primary entry point for metals into plants, and their translocation to shoots depends on factors like bioavailability, competing nutrients, and complexation within roots. [/SUMMARY]
Role of ascorbate peroxidase in the antioxidant protection
When plants are exposed to stressful environmental conditions, the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) increases and can cause significant damage to the cells. Antioxidant defenses, which can detoxify ROS, are present in plants. A major hydrogen peroxide detoxifying system in plant cells is the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, in which, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes play a key role catalyzing the conversion of H2O2 into H2O, using ascorbate as a specific electron donor.
The expression of APX genes is regulated in response to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as during plant development. The APX responses are directly involved in the protection of plant cells against adverse environmental conditions.
Furthermore, mutant plants APX genes showed alterations in growth, physiology and antioxidant metabolism revealing those enzymes involvement in the normal plant development.
Recommended
Molecular basis of plant resistance to abiotic stresses like high temperature...
By:
Nazish Nehal,
M. Tech (Biotechnology),
University School of Biotechnology (USBT),
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University,
New Delhi (INDIA)
Plant responses to oxidative stress
Plant responses to oxidative stress can cause physiological damage at the lipid, protein, and DNA levels. Physiologically, lipid peroxidation disrupts cell membranes, protein oxidation alters structure and function, and DNA oxidation causes mutations. Biochemically, plants have developed defense mechanisms including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Glutathione functions in redox reactions and membrane stabilization. Plants also produce antioxidants like carotenoids to counteract oxidative stress and protect cellular components from free radical damage.
Heavy metal in the environment and effect on plant physiology
This document summarizes the effects of heavy metals in the environment on plant physiology. It discusses how industrialization and mining have increased heavy metal levels and how plants uptake metals through their roots and foliage. It then examines the physiological effects on plants, including cellular interactions where metals are stored, transport mechanisms using proteins, impacts on metabolism like oxidative stress, and effects on photosynthesis, reproduction, and hyperaccumulation. The document concludes that understanding plant uptake and resistance strategies could help with phytoremediation and addressing metal deficiencies in foods.
ubaid afzal
Heavy metals occur naturally but human activities concentrate them and introduce them into the environment. Plants uptake heavy metals through their roots from soil and water and act as conduits for metals to enter the food chain as animals consume plants and humans consume plants and animals. Common heavy metal contaminants taken up by plants include cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, lead, and zinc. Some metals are necessary micronutrients for plants, but others like cadmium, lead, and mercury have unknown biological functions. Hyperaccumulator plants are able to grow in high metal concentrations by absorbing and storing extremely high levels of metals in their tissues through specialized root and transport systems.
Molecular Mechanisms and Genetic Basis
Abstract Heavy metal pollutants are mainly derived from growing number of
anthropogenic sources. As the environmental pollution with heavy metals increases,
some new technologies are being developed, one of these being phytoremediation.
Hyperaccumulator plant varieties can be achieved by using methods of genetic
engineering. An uptake of excessive amounts of heavy metals by plants from soil
solution leads to range of interactions at cellular level which produce toxic effects
on cell metabolism in terms of enzyme activity, protein structure, mineral nutrition,
water balance, respiration and ATP content, photosynthesis, growth and morphogenesis
and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).On the basis of accumulation
of heavy metals plants are divided into three main types; (i) the accumulator plants,
(ii) the indicator plants, and (iii) the excluder plants. Generally, the accumulation
of heavy metals in plant organ is in series root > leaves > stem > inflorescenc >
seed. Most of plants belong to excluder group and accumulate heavy metals in
their underground parts. When roots absorb heavy metals, they accumulate primarily
in rhizodermis and cortex. In intracellular parts, highest concentration of
heavy metals is found in cell wall. Tolerance of plants against heavy metals is due
to reduced uptake of heavy metals and increased plant internal sequestration. In the
increased plant internal sequestration mechanism, plant is manifested by interaction
between a genotype and its environment. There are biochemical machineries in
plants that work for tolerance and accumulation of heavy metals. Metal transporters
are involved in metal ion homeostasis and transportation. Some amino acids and
organic acids are ligands for heavy metals and these amino acids and organic acids
play an important role in tolerance and detoxification Phytochelatins (PCs) are produced
in plants under stress of heavy metals and play role in binding heavy metals
to complexes and salts and sequestering the compounds inside the cell so that heavy
metals can not disturb the cell metabolism. The genes for phytochelatin synthesis
have been isolated and characterized. Another low molecular weight (6–7 KDa)
cysteine-rich compounds known as metallothioneins (MTs) also play an important proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, often leading to alterations in cell structure and
mutagenesis. There are many potential sources of ROS in plants, in addition to those
that come from reactions involved in normal metabolism, such as photosynthesis
and respiration. The balance between the steady-state levels of different ROS are
determined by the interplay between different ROS-producing and ROS-scavenging
mechanisms. A variety of proteins function as scavengers of superoxide and hydrogen
peroxide. These include, among others, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase
(CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), glutathione reductase (GR), thioredoxin, and
the peroxiredoxin family of protein. These protein antioxidants are supplemented
with a host of non-protein scavengers, including, but not limited to, intracellular
ascorbate and glutathione. The intoxication with some heavy metals induces oxidative
stress because they are involved in several different types of ROS-generating
mechanisms.
Defense strategies of plant against plant pathogens
Plant defense strategies which act against the plant pathogen attack are explained in short. The major plant defense strategies are 1) Oxidative burst 2) Phenolics 3) Hypersensitive response (HR) 4) Phytoalexins.
Heavy metal stress
Heavy metals like cadmium, chromium, copper, and aluminum can contaminate soil through industrial and urban pollution. When present in excess, these metals can be toxic to plants, inhibiting root growth and photosynthesis. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms like secreting organic acids to chelate metals in the soil or accumulating metals intracellularly bound to organic acids. The root is the primary entry point for metals into plants, and their translocation to shoots depends on factors like bioavailability, competing nutrients, and complexation within roots. [/SUMMARY]
Role of ascorbate peroxidase in the antioxidant protection
When plants are exposed to stressful environmental conditions, the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) increases and can cause significant damage to the cells. Antioxidant defenses, which can detoxify ROS, are present in plants. A major hydrogen peroxide detoxifying system in plant cells is the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, in which, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes play a key role catalyzing the conversion of H2O2 into H2O, using ascorbate as a specific electron donor.
The expression of APX genes is regulated in response to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as during plant development. The APX responses are directly involved in the protection of plant cells against adverse environmental conditions.
Furthermore, mutant plants APX genes showed alterations in growth, physiology and antioxidant metabolism revealing those enzymes involvement in the normal plant development.
Heavy metal resistant bacteria
Heavy metals, particularly silver and mercury, have a variety of applications in controlling microbial population. Ps. aeruginosa is a high intrinsic resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals including Copper Sulfate, Silver Sulfate, Mercury chloride, Lead nitrate, Zinc sulfate, Cadmium sulfate, and Nickel sulfate.
Antioxidant enzymes
Enzymatic antioxidants play an important protective role in seeds. They work to break down reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative damage. The main enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. These antioxidants are involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle which helps detoxify hydrogen peroxide in plant cells. Studies show changes in the activity levels of enzymatic antioxidants during seed maturation, aging, storage, and germination as seeds encounter oxidative stress. Maintaining optimal antioxidant enzyme activity helps improve seed quality and longevity.
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damage caused by reactive oxygen species
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2. SOD plays important roles in reducing oxidative stress and regulating signaling pathways involved in processes like apoptosis, aging, and disease. The expression and functions of SODs have been studied in plants for improving stress tolerance and crop yields.
3. The document outlines methods for extracting and analyzing SOD from the plant Arabidopsis and the fungus Chaetomium thermophilum using gel electrophoresis and activity staining to
Microbial life in heavy metal environment
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Cadmium and aluminium toxicity
This document summarizes the toxicity of aluminum and cadmium in acid soils. It discusses how aluminum becomes soluble in acid soils below pH 5 and inhibits root growth. Aluminum binds to cell walls and membranes, disrupting nutrient transport. Plants have developed mechanisms to exclude or tolerate aluminum, such as releasing organic acids. Cadmium also inhibits plant growth and is mobile in soils. It accumulates more in roots than shoots and can cause oxidative stress. Plants detoxify cadmium by producing phytochelatins that bind it and transport it to vacuoles.
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Hydrogen per oxide signaling in plants
Hydrogen peroxide acts as a signaling molecule in plants. It is produced in chloroplasts, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and other cellular locations in response to stresses. At low concentrations, H2O2 regulates processes like growth, development, and environmental responses, while higher amounts cause oxidative damage. It mediates responses to abiotic and biotic stresses by modulating calcium mobilization, protein phosphorylation, and gene expression. Plants have developed antioxidant defense systems involving enzymes like SOD, CAT, POD and APX to scavenge H2O2.
HEAVY METALS, PESTICIDE AND ITS EFFECT
This document discusses the sources, effects, and case studies of heavy metal and pesticide contamination. It notes that heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, and lead are released through industrial and agricultural activities and accumulate up the food chain, causing neurological, kidney, and developmental toxicity. Specific examples of mercury poisoning in Japan and the Faroe Islands are described. The document also outlines the various types of pesticides used, their environmental persistence, and how they can disrupt immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems in fish and other aquatic organisms.
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DIETARY ANTI-OXIDANTS IN CHEMOPREVENTION
External agents like carcinogens, pollutants, ionizing radiations produce oxidative stress in living cells generating reactive oxygen
species [ROS]. Cells have built in defense against these reactive species and keep a balance between generated ROS and their
neutralization by endogenous antioxidants [AO]. In addition, many antioxidants present in our diets react with the ROS and make
them inactive. The maintenance of balance is a continuous process inside cells to keep them functioning normally. When
generation of ROS exceeds the level of endogenous and externally added AOs , cells are driven to pathogenic state leading to
diseases. A variety of dietary AOs are available from various sources of fruits and vegetables. This paper aims to review the
molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, generation and reactions of ROS with vital molecules such as DNA, Protein and
membrane and involvement of ROS in the induction of cancer and other diseases. An attempt is made to suggest ways to reduce
cancer incidence risks , need to modify dietary foods by consuming vegetables, fruits for chemo prevention. An example has been
given to emphasize the role of curcumin as an antioxidant in the mechanism of chemoprevention.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, Carcinogens, ROS, Antioxidants, Chemoprevention.
Heavy metals and its effects on plants and environment
Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earth’s crust , but indiscriminate human activities have drastically altered their geochemical cycles and biochemicals balance.
Any toxic metals may be called heavy metals.
Since heavy metals have a propensity to accumulate in selective body organs.
The average safety levels in food or water are often misleading high.
Heavy is any metal or metalloid of environmental concern.
Heavy metals are metallic element that have relatively high density usually greater than 5 g/cm3, or their density is greater than the density of water.
Heavy Metals
Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead were discussed in the document. These metals can enter the environment from natural and human sources and persist indefinitely. While some heavy metals are essential in small amounts, higher concentrations can be toxic. Exposure to heavy metals can occur through food, water, air and cause health effects like organ damage and cancer. Current research studies analyzed heavy metal levels in foods, soils and plants in the Philippines and found levels exceeding safety limits.
Free radicals 2018
This document provides an overview of free radicals and oxidative stress. It discusses how free radicals are generated endogenously through normal cellular processes and exogenously through environmental exposures. Free radicals can be both beneficial at low levels through cell signaling, but harmful at high levels by damaging cellular components like DNA, lipids, and proteins. This oxidative damage is implicated in many chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and arthritis. The body produces antioxidant enzymes and obtains antioxidants from food sources to counteract oxidative stress. Common dietary antioxidants discussed include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and others.
reactive oxygen species in periodontal disease
This document summarizes the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in periodontal tissue destruction. It defines key terms like free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants. It describes the major ROS molecules like superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. These molecules are produced endogenously through metabolic pathways and phagocytosis, and can cause tissue damage by oxidizing lipids, proteins, and DNA. This oxidative damage disrupts cellular functions and structures. The document also discusses how ROS induce transcription factors and cytokine release to promote inflammation. Maintaining the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance is important for periodontal health.
Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants
A heavy metal is toxic when relatively it is dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.
Heavy metal toxicity means excess of required concentration or it is unwanted which were found naturally on the earth, and become concentrated as a result of human caused activities.
Then enter in plant, animal and human tissues via inhalation, diet and manual handling, and can bind to, and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components.
BIOSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
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Heavy metals, particularly silver and mercury, have a variety of applications in controlling microbial population. Ps. aeruginosa is a high intrinsic resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals including Copper Sulfate, Silver Sulfate, Mercury chloride, Lead nitrate, Zinc sulfate, Cadmium sulfate, and Nickel sulfate.
Antioxidant enzymes
Enzymatic antioxidants play an important protective role in seeds. They work to break down reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative damage. The main enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. These antioxidants are involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle which helps detoxify hydrogen peroxide in plant cells. Studies show changes in the activity levels of enzymatic antioxidants during seed maturation, aging, storage, and germination as seeds encounter oxidative stress. Maintaining optimal antioxidant enzyme activity helps improve seed quality and longevity.
reactive oxygen species
damage caused by reactive oxygen species
formation of ros
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1. The document discusses superoxide dismutase (SOD), an antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of superoxide radicals. It describes the three main types of SOD found in humans, plants, and fungi based on their metal cofactors, as well as their cellular locations and structures.
2. SOD plays important roles in reducing oxidative stress and regulating signaling pathways involved in processes like apoptosis, aging, and disease. The expression and functions of SODs have been studied in plants for improving stress tolerance and crop yields.
3. The document outlines methods for extracting and analyzing SOD from the plant Arabidopsis and the fungus Chaetomium thermophilum using gel electrophoresis and activity staining to
Microbial life in heavy metal environment
This document discusses microbial remediation of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. It provides an overview of factors affecting heavy metal toxicity to microorganisms, such as pH, temperature, and stability. It also describes various mechanisms microbes use to detoxify heavy metals, including biosorption, intracellular and extracellular sequestration, extracellular barriers, methylation, and reduction of metal ions. Overall, the document reviews how microbes can transform toxic heavy metals into less harmful states through metabolic and non-metabolic processes to help clean up polluted environments.
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It is all about how to plant tolerate in drought area, what are the chemical properties and gene signaling are there to adapt system properties.
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Cadmium and aluminium toxicity
This document summarizes the toxicity of aluminum and cadmium in acid soils. It discusses how aluminum becomes soluble in acid soils below pH 5 and inhibits root growth. Aluminum binds to cell walls and membranes, disrupting nutrient transport. Plants have developed mechanisms to exclude or tolerate aluminum, such as releasing organic acids. Cadmium also inhibits plant growth and is mobile in soils. It accumulates more in roots than shoots and can cause oxidative stress. Plants detoxify cadmium by producing phytochelatins that bind it and transport it to vacuoles.
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Chemical requirement for Fungal Growth
Fungi have nutritional requirements for carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, vitamins, and minerals in order to grow. Carbon sources can include sugars, starch, cellulose, and other carbohydrates. Nitrogen sources commonly used include ammonium and amino acids. Fungi also require water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and an appropriate pH level. Understanding the chemical requirements of fungi is essential for cultivating them successfully in the laboratory.
Hydrogen per oxide signaling in plants
Hydrogen peroxide acts as a signaling molecule in plants. It is produced in chloroplasts, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and other cellular locations in response to stresses. At low concentrations, H2O2 regulates processes like growth, development, and environmental responses, while higher amounts cause oxidative damage. It mediates responses to abiotic and biotic stresses by modulating calcium mobilization, protein phosphorylation, and gene expression. Plants have developed antioxidant defense systems involving enzymes like SOD, CAT, POD and APX to scavenge H2O2.
HEAVY METALS, PESTICIDE AND ITS EFFECT
This document discusses the sources, effects, and case studies of heavy metal and pesticide contamination. It notes that heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, and lead are released through industrial and agricultural activities and accumulate up the food chain, causing neurological, kidney, and developmental toxicity. Specific examples of mercury poisoning in Japan and the Faroe Islands are described. The document also outlines the various types of pesticides used, their environmental persistence, and how they can disrupt immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems in fish and other aquatic organisms.
Free Radicals
This document discusses free radicals and their role in various diseases and conditions. It covers how free radicals are involved in cancer development, aging, and other diseases like diabetes, hypertension, neurological disorders, and cataracts. It also discusses how antioxidants from foods and supplements can help reduce free radical damage and risk or progression of these conditions. The document provides details on specific antioxidants like vitamins C and E and their effects. It also summarizes recent research on uses of antioxidants in treatments.
DIETARY ANTI-OXIDANTS IN CHEMOPREVENTION
External agents like carcinogens, pollutants, ionizing radiations produce oxidative stress in living cells generating reactive oxygen
species [ROS]. Cells have built in defense against these reactive species and keep a balance between generated ROS and their
neutralization by endogenous antioxidants [AO]. In addition, many antioxidants present in our diets react with the ROS and make
them inactive. The maintenance of balance is a continuous process inside cells to keep them functioning normally. When
generation of ROS exceeds the level of endogenous and externally added AOs , cells are driven to pathogenic state leading to
diseases. A variety of dietary AOs are available from various sources of fruits and vegetables. This paper aims to review the
molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, generation and reactions of ROS with vital molecules such as DNA, Protein and
membrane and involvement of ROS in the induction of cancer and other diseases. An attempt is made to suggest ways to reduce
cancer incidence risks , need to modify dietary foods by consuming vegetables, fruits for chemo prevention. An example has been
given to emphasize the role of curcumin as an antioxidant in the mechanism of chemoprevention.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, Carcinogens, ROS, Antioxidants, Chemoprevention.
Heavy metals and its effects on plants and environment
Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earth’s crust , but indiscriminate human activities have drastically altered their geochemical cycles and biochemicals balance.
Any toxic metals may be called heavy metals.
Since heavy metals have a propensity to accumulate in selective body organs.
The average safety levels in food or water are often misleading high.
Heavy is any metal or metalloid of environmental concern.
Heavy metals are metallic element that have relatively high density usually greater than 5 g/cm3, or their density is greater than the density of water.
Heavy Metals
Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead were discussed in the document. These metals can enter the environment from natural and human sources and persist indefinitely. While some heavy metals are essential in small amounts, higher concentrations can be toxic. Exposure to heavy metals can occur through food, water, air and cause health effects like organ damage and cancer. Current research studies analyzed heavy metal levels in foods, soils and plants in the Philippines and found levels exceeding safety limits.
Free radicals 2018
This document provides an overview of free radicals and oxidative stress. It discusses how free radicals are generated endogenously through normal cellular processes and exogenously through environmental exposures. Free radicals can be both beneficial at low levels through cell signaling, but harmful at high levels by damaging cellular components like DNA, lipids, and proteins. This oxidative damage is implicated in many chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and arthritis. The body produces antioxidant enzymes and obtains antioxidants from food sources to counteract oxidative stress. Common dietary antioxidants discussed include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and others.
reactive oxygen species in periodontal disease
This document summarizes the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in periodontal tissue destruction. It defines key terms like free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants. It describes the major ROS molecules like superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. These molecules are produced endogenously through metabolic pathways and phagocytosis, and can cause tissue damage by oxidizing lipids, proteins, and DNA. This oxidative damage disrupts cellular functions and structures. The document also discusses how ROS induce transcription factors and cytokine release to promote inflammation. Maintaining the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance is important for periodontal health.
Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants
A heavy metal is toxic when relatively it is dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.
Heavy metal toxicity means excess of required concentration or it is unwanted which were found naturally on the earth, and become concentrated as a result of human caused activities.
Then enter in plant, animal and human tissues via inhalation, diet and manual handling, and can bind to, and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components.
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Effects of heavy metals' toxicity on plants and enhancement of plant defense ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Today’s [e.g., “heavy metals (HMs)”] caused by anthropogenic activities have negative impacts on our environment and food productions. HMs can be classified as either essential or nonessential. A trace of essential HMs, such as Cu, Mo, and Zn, can be necessary for plant metabolism, but excess of them can harm the plant growth and development. Nonessential HMs, however, are toxic for plant metabolism and have damaging effects on enzyme activity, photosynthetic properties, cell membrane, permeability and eventually plant growth. Plants with avoidance and tolerance against stress could manage extreme HM stress in soils so that with special mechanisms, such as specific translation and metal accumulation, can elevate abiotic and biotic stress in plants. Moreover, in cells with mechanisms such as [e.g., “Metallothionein (MTs)”] (metal binding proteins) or [e.g., “Phytochelatin (PCs)”] storage and crystallization could reduce the HM stress in the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytosol, tonoplast and vacuoles. Meanwhile, the role of Si-mediation in detoxification of HMs is so bold. Si-mediation with increasing antioxidant, reducing lipid peroxidation, and increasing efficiency of photosynthetic properties elevates the HMs and other biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.tchounwou2012.pdf
This document discusses heavy metal toxicity and the environment. It provides details on arsenic, including its environmental occurrence, industrial production and uses, potential for human exposure, and molecular mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity. Arsenic is found naturally in the environment and is also released through industrial and agricultural activities. It can cause a number of health effects in humans depending on dosage, chemical form, and other factors. One of the key mechanisms of arsenic toxicity is through generation of reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA and proteins.
Biofilm Formation asignment
1. Four bacterial strains were isolated from wastewater and tested for their ability to form biofilms under metal stress conditions using microtiter plate and metal reduction assays.
2. All strains showed increased biofilm formation under metal stress compared to no metal stress, demonstrating their ability to resist metal toxicity through biofilm production.
3. The microtiter plate assay found that biofilm formation increased over 3, 5, and 7 days of growth and was highest under metal stressed conditions for all strains.
BIOTRANSFORMATION OF HEAVY METALS metal impact of heavy metals
It's a basic knowledge about Biotransformation of heavy metal impact of heavy metals
Type of impact of heavy metals
Metal Pollution (1).pdf haha haha ahhahah
Heavy metal pollution is a global environmental issue. The document discusses heavy metal pollution, including its sources from industrial and agricultural activities, effects on human health, and transport within ecosystems. Heavy metals are toxic and non-biodegradable, posing long-term risks by accumulating in environments and organisms over time. The lecture aims to educate students about heavy metal pollution sources and their toxic impacts on human health.
Biosorption
Biosorption uses inactive microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, even very dilute ones. It is a promising alternative to traditional chemical precipitation for treating industrial effluents due to its low cost and high metal binding capacity. Biosorption is a metabolically passive process where heavy metals bind to functional groups on the cell surface through mechanisms like ion exchange, complexation, and chelation. Algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants have all been studied for their ability to biosorb and bioremediate heavy metals through various metabolic and non-metabolic pathways.
TOXINS
There are various classes of toxins that can cause harm to human health. Metals, agricultural chemicals, food additives, solvents, drugs, and combustion byproducts can all introduce toxins into the body and cause organ toxicity or damage the liver, kidneys, nervous system, reproductive system, respiratory system, or immune system. Toxins can also persist in the environment and accumulate over time. Both acute and chronic toxicity can result from exposure to environmental toxins. Efforts are made to limit toxin exposure and transport in the environment.
Phytoremediation..A cost effective and ecofriendly technique for removal of h...
Phytoremediation..A cost effective and ecofriendly technique for removal of h...Soumyashree Panigrahi
This reflects light on the effects of Heavy metals on the contaminated soil & how to over come the ill effects by phyto remediation..or use of plants in reclaiming the soil...Phytoextraction
Phytoextraction is a type of phytoremediation that uses hyperaccumulator plants to absorb and concentrate heavy metals from contaminated soil and store them in harvestable parts. There are two forms: natural hyperaccumulation which uses plants unassisted, and induced hyperaccumulation which adds chelators to soil to increase metal absorption. For phytoextraction to work effectively, plants must have strong roots, high growth rates, and the ability to absorb, transport, and store large amounts of metals without damage. The harvested plants are then properly disposed of to remove the metals from the soil.
Bryophytes as ecological indicators
Bryophytes are a diverse group of land plants.
Have large ecological impact.
23,000 described species world wide.
Largest group of land plants except for the flowering plants.
Integral part of natural environment of forest ecosystems.
Bryophytes are of small size.
Some of them attain a height up to half meter or a little more.
Store large amount of water, nutrients and carbon in their biomass.
In peatlands, bryophytes function as carbon sinks, which is a matter of great concern when considered with the rise of global carbon dioxide level.
Ability to remain alive for a long period without water even
under high temperature, and then resume photosynthesis within seconds after being moistened by rain or dew.
Most bryophytes are ectohydric, i.e., ability to absorb water, inorganic nutrients and mineral elements directly from the atmosphere rather than the soil and substratum.
Bryophytes possess short-lived sporophytic and dominant gametophytic phase.
PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ENVT. MANAGEMENT - BIOTECHNOLGY ROLE...
It deals with, the various technologies involved in phytoremediation, mechanism, factors and biotechnology interventions for the improvement of remediation process etc...
Phytoremediation of pollutants
Phytoremediation is the process of using plants to remove contamination from soil or water. Plants can extract, detoxify, and remove pollutants like heavy metals, pesticides, and organic chemicals from soil and water. This is done through the roots of plants and their associated microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Plants take up contaminants in their roots and translocate them within their tissues, concentrating the contaminants and removing them from the environment. Phytoremediation is an effective cleanup method for metal contaminated soils like lead and can help remediate pollution from cadmium, arsenic, mercury, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and formaldehyde. It is a sustainable approach to remediating
Phytoremediation strategies
This document discusses phytoremediation strategies for soils contaminated with heavy metals. It begins with an introduction to phytoremediation and sources of heavy metal pollution. It then discusses the harmful effects of heavy metals on plants and factors affecting metal bioavailability. The document outlines traditional and modern concepts of phytoremediation, mechanisms of heavy metal phytoremediation, and the economic evaluation and future perspectives of phytoremediation techniques. It concludes that traditional phytoremediation approaches are less economical for large-scale decontamination and that modern approaches like chemical-assisted or microbial-assisted phytoremediation show promise.
Z24172184
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Copper complexes as anti cancer agent ppt
This document provides an overview of copper complexes used as potential anti-cancer agents. It discusses the role of metal ions in biological systems and copper chemistry. It then describes various analytical techniques used to characterize copper complexes and ligands. Several types of copper complexes are mentioned, including copper(II) complexes of semicarbazones, macrocyclic ligands, and biomolecules. Issues related to toxicity in using metal complexes as drugs are also covered. The conclusion discusses the potential of copper complexes as anticancer drugs due to copper's role in cancer processes and its generally lower toxicity compared to non-essential metals.
Microbial nutrient requirements
Microbial nutrient requirements refers to the chemicals and elements utilized by bacteria for growth, called nutrients. Bacteria require macroelements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron which make up over 95% of bacterial cell dry weight. They also require micronutrients like manganese, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper in smaller amounts. A balanced mixture of all required nutrients is necessary for bacterial growth, as a shortage of any essential nutrient will limit growth.
4. Minerals ppt.pptx
Mineral nutrients play essential roles in plant growth and function. They can be classified as macronutrients, which are needed in large quantities, or micronutrients, which are needed in small amounts. Macronutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Micronutrients include iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine, and boron. Each mineral nutrient serves specific functions, such as components of proteins, chlorophyll, enzymes, cell walls, and in biochemical processes like photosynthesis and respiration. Deficiency of different minerals leads to distinct symptoms that vary depending on the mobility of the nutrient within the plant.
4. Minerals ppt.pptx
- The document discusses mineral nutrition in plants, which is important for plant growth and productivity. It covers classification of minerals into macronutrients and micronutrients, roles and properties of various minerals, and deficiency symptoms.
- Minerals are classified based on quantity in plants into macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium which are required in large amounts, and micronutrients like iron, copper, zinc needed in small amounts.
- Each mineral plays important roles like being part of proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll or activating enzymes, and deficiencies result in symptoms like chlorosis, necrosis or stunted growth.
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Effects of heavy metals and radiation pollution on biological system.pptx
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Effects of heavy metals' toxicity on plants and enhancement of plant defense ...
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BIOTRANSFORMATION OF HEAVY METALS metal impact of heavy metals
BIOTRANSFORMATION OF HEAVY METALS metal impact of heavy metals
Phytoremediation..A cost effective and ecofriendly technique for removal of h...
Phytoremediation..A cost effective and ecofriendly technique for removal of h...
PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ENVT. MANAGEMENT - BIOTECHNOLGY ROLE...
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Basics of molecular biology tools and techniques
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Stress ppt
- 2. Unprecedented heavy metals (HMs) in the environment have become a dilemma for all living organisms including plants. key elements of these are chelating metals by forming phytochelatins (PCs) or metallothioneins (MTs) ,proline (Pro) metal complex at the intra- and intercellular level, which is followed by the removal of HM ions from sensitive sites or vacuolar sequestration of ligand-metal complex
- 3. Bioactive-metals, based on their physicochemical properties, are divided into two groups of redox-active metals such as Cr, Cu, Mn, and Fe and non-redox active metals such as Cd, Ni, Hg, Zn, and Al. The redox metals can directly generate oxidative injury . DNA strand breakage, defragmentation of proteins, or cell membrane and damage to photosynthetic pigments,
- 4.
- 5. It is well documented that Cr is a toxic agent for the growth and development of plants. Causes of environmental pollution Cr is found in the forms of trivalent Cr3+ and hexavalent Cr6+ species. The highest concentration of Cr occurs in the root rather than other parts of plants.
- 6. Al is known as an inhibitory element for the growth of plants, especially in acidic soils with pH values as low as 5 or 5.5 The primary target of Al toxicity is roots of plants the inhibition of root growth and change their color to brown .Reduction of root respiration . Al toxicity stress negatively affects aerial parts of plants, especially as a result of initial root damage Aluminum (Al)
- 7. Mn2+ is the most stable and soluble form of manganese in the soil environment However, lower soil pH, less soil organic matter, and decreased redox potential increase the availability or toxicity of Mn2+ to plants. Mn toxicity are first visible in aerial organs of plants. Manganese (Mn)
- 8. Cu is an essential micronutrient that participates in many vital physiological functions of plants including acting as a catalyzer of redox reaction in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytoplasm of cells or as an electron carrier during plant respiration However, Cu becomes toxic when its concentration in the tissue of plants rises above optimal levels Chlorosis, necrosis, and leaf discoloration . Copper (Cu)
- 9. Ni is a micronutrient that is required by both higher and lower plants in very small amounts. divalent state (Ni2+) is the most stable. The concentration level representing nickel toxicity in plants varies greatly from 25 to 246 μg·g−1 dry weight (DW) of plant tissue, depending on the plant species and cultivars Nickel (Ni)
- 10.
- 12. Plants possess a sophisticated and interrelated network of defense strategies to avoid or tolerate HM intoxication. Physical barriers are the first line of defense in plants against metals. Some morphological structures like thick cuticle, biologically active tissues like trichomes, and cell walls as well as mycorrhizal symbiosis can act as barriers . Some of the biological molecules involved in cellular metal detoxification can be multifunctional and have antiradical, chelating, or antioxidant activities.
- 13. Phytochelatin have a high affinity to bind to HMs when they are at toxic levels Phytochelatins, as a pathway for metal homeostasis and detoxification, have been identified in a wide range of living organisms from yeast and fungi to many different species of animals Cytosol is the place where PCs are manufactured and actively shipped from there in the form of metal-phytochelatin complexes of high molecular weight to vacuole as their final destination. PCs can be both produced and accumulated in roots and aerial organs. Phytochelatins (PCs)
- 14. MTs, found in a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms including fungi, invertebrates, mammals, and plants as well as some prokaryotes In addition to their role in HM detoxification
- 15. a constituent of cell wall, antioxidant, and macromolecules stabilizer . Response to tensions caused by a wide range of biotic and abiotic stressors such as excessive salinity, drought, increased solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A number of mechanisms by which Pro increases the resistance of plants to HM toxicity have been proposed
- 16. Symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi such as AM form a mutualistic symbiosis with roots of most vascular plant species . They improve the mineral nutrition status of plants and can also enhance their tolerance towards some stresses and pollutants .