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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
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Practical notebook botany paper A
Botany students taking Paper A will need to be prepared to demonstrate their knowledge of botany earned through either a Bachelor of Science (BS) or Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree program. The paper examines core topics in the field of botany and botanical sciences. Students should review their textbooks, class notes, and materials from relevant botany courses to prepare for Paper A.
Mitosis & Meioses
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Leaf, stomata & stem anatomy
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Bryophyte presentation
Bryophyte refers to non-vascular land plants that reproduce via spores and include about 25,000 species worldwide. They are found in many habitats and surfaces around the world. Bryophytes do not have true roots but have root-like rhizoids, and they are gametophyte dominant with the sporophyte remaining attached to and dependent on the gametophyte.
PCR
PCR is a method for amplifying DNA that allows one molecule to be increased to thousands within hours using DNA polymerase and building blocks. It has many roles including forensic applications, infectious disease diagnosis, medical applications, and research. PCR can fail due to contamination, so techniques have been developed for optimization including dedicating lab areas, adding DMSO to minimize DNA folding, determining the optimal magnesium concentration as a cofactor for polymerase, and using disposable equipment and thorough cleaning to prevent contamination between reactions.
Stem
Monocot stems have vascular bundles near the outer edge surrounded by large parenchyma cells, with no pith region. Dicot stems have vascular bundles in a ring around a central pith region made of parenchyma cells. Secondary growth occurs via cell division in cambium layers, thickening stems and roots, while primary growth happens at tips through cell division, elongating stems and roots with primary tissue.
Roots
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Angiosperm
All living things go through similar stages of growth and development. They are born, mature into adults, reproduce, and eventually die. The series of changes that an organism goes through from its beginning as an offspring to its mature form is known as its life cycle.
Recommended
Practical notebook botany paper A
Botany students taking Paper A will need to be prepared to demonstrate their knowledge of botany earned through either a Bachelor of Science (BS) or Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree program. The paper examines core topics in the field of botany and botanical sciences. Students should review their textbooks, class notes, and materials from relevant botany courses to prepare for Paper A.
Mitosis & Meioses
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Leaf, stomata & stem anatomy
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Bryophyte presentation
Bryophyte refers to non-vascular land plants that reproduce via spores and include about 25,000 species worldwide. They are found in many habitats and surfaces around the world. Bryophytes do not have true roots but have root-like rhizoids, and they are gametophyte dominant with the sporophyte remaining attached to and dependent on the gametophyte.
PCR
PCR is a method for amplifying DNA that allows one molecule to be increased to thousands within hours using DNA polymerase and building blocks. It has many roles including forensic applications, infectious disease diagnosis, medical applications, and research. PCR can fail due to contamination, so techniques have been developed for optimization including dedicating lab areas, adding DMSO to minimize DNA folding, determining the optimal magnesium concentration as a cofactor for polymerase, and using disposable equipment and thorough cleaning to prevent contamination between reactions.
Stem
Monocot stems have vascular bundles near the outer edge surrounded by large parenchyma cells, with no pith region. Dicot stems have vascular bundles in a ring around a central pith region made of parenchyma cells. Secondary growth occurs via cell division in cambium layers, thickening stems and roots, while primary growth happens at tips through cell division, elongating stems and roots with primary tissue.
Roots
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Angiosperm
All living things go through similar stages of growth and development. They are born, mature into adults, reproduce, and eventually die. The series of changes that an organism goes through from its beginning as an offspring to its mature form is known as its life cycle.
Pteropsida
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Algae
Algae are classified into taxonomic groups using the same rules as land plants, but the organization of algal groups above the order level has changed significantly since 1960.
Fungus
Fungi were once classified as plants but are actually very different, belonging to their own kingdom. Unlike plants, fungi do not have chlorophyll or photosynthesize. They obtain nutrients by decomposing and breaking down organic material like dead plants and animals through long branching tubes called hyphae that can cover large areas.
Subculturing
Subculture involves transferring cells from an existing culture to fresh growth medium in order to prolong the life and expand the number of cells. This is necessary because over time toxic metabolites build up and nutrients are depleted in the original culture. Subculture produces a new culture with lower cell density, fresh nutrients and no toxins. It allows for both the long-term maintenance of cell lines and increasing cell numbers for industrial or research purposes. Different techniques are used depending on whether the cells are adherent or non-adherent.
Virus
Viruses are small infectious agents that can only replicate inside living cells. They infect all forms of life from animals and plants to bacteria. Louis Pasteur first speculated about pathogens too small to be seen under microscopes to cause diseases like rabies. The first images of viruses were obtained after the invention of electron microscopes in 1931. Viruses come in different shapes and sizes and infect cells by hijacking their replication machinery to produce more viruses.
Basics of molecular biology tools and techniques
The key players in molecular biology are DNA, RNA, and proteins. DNA is the blueprint stored in the genome that contains the genetic instructions. It is replicated for cell division. During transcription, a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence is generated. There are several types of RNA including mRNA and rRNA. mRNA is translated by ribosomes into proteins, the functional molecules that carry out most tasks in cells. Various techniques are used in molecular biology like PCR, gel electrophoresis, and blotting to study these biomolecules.
Ppt
Water logging occurs when excess rainfall or high water tables prevent soils from adequately draining water, reducing oxygen levels in the soil. In Pakistan, 38% of irrigated land is damaged by water logging, with 14% also affected by salinity. Water logging primarily impacts agriculture, with an estimated 50% of land in Pakistan affected and 30 million acres rendered uncultivated. It can prevent plant germination and growth, cause nutrient deficiencies, and even kill plants. Solutions include planting trees and bushes to control water tables, installing drainage systems, and choosing appropriate crops, seedlings, fertilization, and weed control.
Study of Transcriptome
Transcriptomics is the study of the transcriptome, which is the complete set of RNA transcripts produced by the genome under certain conditions, using high-throughput methods like microarray analysis. The transcriptome includes mRNA, rRNA, tRNA and other non-coding RNA transcribed in a cell or population of cells. Oncogenomics applies transcriptomics to characterize genes associated with cancer. Gene expression analysis focuses on relevant target genes and their location and distances on chromosomes can be determined through sequence mapping. Non-coding RNAs regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
Success stories.
This document discusses success stories of developing disease-resistant plant varieties through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. It provides examples of transgenic crops with enhanced traits like increased yield, nutritional quality, stress tolerance and pest resistance. Specifically, it mentions golden rice which was engineered to produce beta-carotene, and virus-resistant plants containing viral coat proteins. The document also discusses delayed fruit ripening tomatoes and insect-resistant Bt crops. Overall the document outlines major advances in developing stress-tolerant and nutritionally-enhanced transgenic crops.
Use of legumes
This document discusses using legume-microbe symbioses for phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils. Legumes form symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and endophytic microorganisms which help the plants grow in contaminated soils. Mono-inoculation or combined inoculation with different microorganisms can increase legume growth and uptake of heavy metals. However, accelerated heavy metal uptake may cause toxic effects or inhibit plant growth. The interactions between heavy metal tolerance of symbiotic plant and microbe partners needs to be better understood.
Ppt
Vacuoles play several important roles in plant cells. They can contain multiple compartments to carry out different functions. Transporters in the vacuolar membrane, including proton pumps, aquaporins, and various channels, regulate the transport of substances like sugars, acids, and secondary metabolites into and out of the vacuole. This transport affects processes like fruit growth, taste, and quality. Proton pumps generate a proton gradient across the membrane that drives secondary active transport. Aquaporins transport water, while channels transport sugars, organic acids, and other compounds to store or sequester them in the vacuole.
Bryophyte
PCR is a method for amplifying DNA that allows one molecule to be increased to thousands within hours using DNA polymerase and building blocks. It has many roles including forensic applications, infectious disease diagnosis, medical applications, and research. PCR can fail due to contamination, so techniques have been developed for optimization including dedicating lab areas to pre- and post-PCR handling, adding reagents to minimize DNA folding, determining the optimal magnesium concentration as a polymerase co-factor, and using measures like disposable equipment and thorough cleaning to prevent contamination.
Study of Environment
Pakistan has a total area of 796,096 square kilometers located in South Asia. The climate varies by region, with cool, dry winters and hot, dry springs. Summer is the rainy season from June to September due to the southwest monsoon. Autumn is from October to November as the monsoon retreats. Soils in Pakistan are derived from alluvium, loess, and sand and are rich in basic elements but poor in nitrogen. Soil types include alluvial flood plains, bar uplands, piedmont plains, desert soils, and soils of the Potwar Plateau and western hills. Common soil compositions are clay, silt, loam, and organic soils.
Geography
Pakistan has a total area of 796,096 square kilometers located in South Asia. The climate varies by region, with cool, dry winters and hot, dry springs. Summer is the rainy season from June to September due to the southwest monsoon. Autumn is from October to November as the monsoon retreats. Soils in Pakistan are derived from alluvium, loess, and sand and are rich in basic elements but poor in nitrogen. Soil types include alluvial flood plains, bar uplands, piedmont plains, desert soils, and soils of the Potwar Plateau and western hills. Common soil compositions are clay, silt, loam, and organic soils.
Stress ppt
The document discusses how plants respond to heavy metal toxicity in the environment. It explains that plants use mechanisms like phytochelatins and metallothioneins to chelate and remove heavy metals from sensitive plant tissues. The document outlines different heavy metals like chromium, aluminum, manganese, copper, and nickel, describing their toxic effects on plants and how plants defend against them. It also mentions the role of proline and mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metal stress.
Vacuolar
Vacuoles play several important roles in plant cells. They can contain multiple compartments to carry out different functions. Transporters in the vacuolar membrane, including proton pumps, aquaporins, and various channels, regulate the transport of substances like sugars, acids, and secondary metabolites into and out of the vacuole. This transport affects processes like fruit growth, taste, and quality. Proton pumps generate a proton gradient across the tonoplast that is used to transport solutes. Aquaporins transport water, and channels transport sugars, acids, and other compounds to store or sequester them in the vacuole.
Abiotic stress side effect of stress
Jacob Levitt proposed in 1972 that biological stress is any environmental condition that reduces or negatively impacts a plant's growth or development, similar to how physical stress applies force to objects. There are two main types of stress: abiotic stress from non-living factors like drought, heat, cold, salt, flooding; and biotic stress from living things like fungi or insects. Abiotic stress is defined as negative environmental factors beyond a population's normal range that significantly impact physiology or performance. Drought is a major threat as a catalyst for famine due to limited water supply. Temperature stresses like frost and heat can also damage plants. Flood stress causes injury through lack of oxygen. Plants have developed resistance mechanisms like aerenchyma tissues and
Subculturing
Subculture involves transferring cells from an existing culture to fresh growth medium in order to prolong the life and expand the number of cells. This is necessary because over time toxic metabolites build up and nutrients are depleted in the original culture. Subculture produces a new culture with lower cell density and fresh nutrients. It allows for long-term maintenance of cell lines and increasing cell numbers for industrial or research purposes. Different techniques are used to subculture adherent versus non-adherent cells.
Botany with slideshare
This document discusses phytoremediation, which is the use of plants and their microorganisms to reduce environmental pollution without excavating contaminated materials. It defines phytoremediation as a natural process that can effectively remediate a variety of contaminated sites. The document outlines the advantages and mechanisms of phytoremediation, provides examples of its use, and lists types of plants suitable for phytoremediation projects.
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Pteropsida
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Algae
Algae are classified into taxonomic groups using the same rules as land plants, but the organization of algal groups above the order level has changed significantly since 1960.
Fungus
Fungi were once classified as plants but are actually very different, belonging to their own kingdom. Unlike plants, fungi do not have chlorophyll or photosynthesize. They obtain nutrients by decomposing and breaking down organic material like dead plants and animals through long branching tubes called hyphae that can cover large areas.
Subculturing
Subculture involves transferring cells from an existing culture to fresh growth medium in order to prolong the life and expand the number of cells. This is necessary because over time toxic metabolites build up and nutrients are depleted in the original culture. Subculture produces a new culture with lower cell density, fresh nutrients and no toxins. It allows for both the long-term maintenance of cell lines and increasing cell numbers for industrial or research purposes. Different techniques are used depending on whether the cells are adherent or non-adherent.
Virus
Viruses are small infectious agents that can only replicate inside living cells. They infect all forms of life from animals and plants to bacteria. Louis Pasteur first speculated about pathogens too small to be seen under microscopes to cause diseases like rabies. The first images of viruses were obtained after the invention of electron microscopes in 1931. Viruses come in different shapes and sizes and infect cells by hijacking their replication machinery to produce more viruses.
Basics of molecular biology tools and techniques
The key players in molecular biology are DNA, RNA, and proteins. DNA is the blueprint stored in the genome that contains the genetic instructions. It is replicated for cell division. During transcription, a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence is generated. There are several types of RNA including mRNA and rRNA. mRNA is translated by ribosomes into proteins, the functional molecules that carry out most tasks in cells. Various techniques are used in molecular biology like PCR, gel electrophoresis, and blotting to study these biomolecules.
Ppt
Water logging occurs when excess rainfall or high water tables prevent soils from adequately draining water, reducing oxygen levels in the soil. In Pakistan, 38% of irrigated land is damaged by water logging, with 14% also affected by salinity. Water logging primarily impacts agriculture, with an estimated 50% of land in Pakistan affected and 30 million acres rendered uncultivated. It can prevent plant germination and growth, cause nutrient deficiencies, and even kill plants. Solutions include planting trees and bushes to control water tables, installing drainage systems, and choosing appropriate crops, seedlings, fertilization, and weed control.
Study of Transcriptome
Transcriptomics is the study of the transcriptome, which is the complete set of RNA transcripts produced by the genome under certain conditions, using high-throughput methods like microarray analysis. The transcriptome includes mRNA, rRNA, tRNA and other non-coding RNA transcribed in a cell or population of cells. Oncogenomics applies transcriptomics to characterize genes associated with cancer. Gene expression analysis focuses on relevant target genes and their location and distances on chromosomes can be determined through sequence mapping. Non-coding RNAs regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
Success stories.
This document discusses success stories of developing disease-resistant plant varieties through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. It provides examples of transgenic crops with enhanced traits like increased yield, nutritional quality, stress tolerance and pest resistance. Specifically, it mentions golden rice which was engineered to produce beta-carotene, and virus-resistant plants containing viral coat proteins. The document also discusses delayed fruit ripening tomatoes and insect-resistant Bt crops. Overall the document outlines major advances in developing stress-tolerant and nutritionally-enhanced transgenic crops.
Use of legumes
This document discusses using legume-microbe symbioses for phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils. Legumes form symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and endophytic microorganisms which help the plants grow in contaminated soils. Mono-inoculation or combined inoculation with different microorganisms can increase legume growth and uptake of heavy metals. However, accelerated heavy metal uptake may cause toxic effects or inhibit plant growth. The interactions between heavy metal tolerance of symbiotic plant and microbe partners needs to be better understood.
Ppt
Vacuoles play several important roles in plant cells. They can contain multiple compartments to carry out different functions. Transporters in the vacuolar membrane, including proton pumps, aquaporins, and various channels, regulate the transport of substances like sugars, acids, and secondary metabolites into and out of the vacuole. This transport affects processes like fruit growth, taste, and quality. Proton pumps generate a proton gradient across the membrane that drives secondary active transport. Aquaporins transport water, while channels transport sugars, organic acids, and other compounds to store or sequester them in the vacuole.
Bryophyte
PCR is a method for amplifying DNA that allows one molecule to be increased to thousands within hours using DNA polymerase and building blocks. It has many roles including forensic applications, infectious disease diagnosis, medical applications, and research. PCR can fail due to contamination, so techniques have been developed for optimization including dedicating lab areas to pre- and post-PCR handling, adding reagents to minimize DNA folding, determining the optimal magnesium concentration as a polymerase co-factor, and using measures like disposable equipment and thorough cleaning to prevent contamination.
Study of Environment
Pakistan has a total area of 796,096 square kilometers located in South Asia. The climate varies by region, with cool, dry winters and hot, dry springs. Summer is the rainy season from June to September due to the southwest monsoon. Autumn is from October to November as the monsoon retreats. Soils in Pakistan are derived from alluvium, loess, and sand and are rich in basic elements but poor in nitrogen. Soil types include alluvial flood plains, bar uplands, piedmont plains, desert soils, and soils of the Potwar Plateau and western hills. Common soil compositions are clay, silt, loam, and organic soils.
Geography
Pakistan has a total area of 796,096 square kilometers located in South Asia. The climate varies by region, with cool, dry winters and hot, dry springs. Summer is the rainy season from June to September due to the southwest monsoon. Autumn is from October to November as the monsoon retreats. Soils in Pakistan are derived from alluvium, loess, and sand and are rich in basic elements but poor in nitrogen. Soil types include alluvial flood plains, bar uplands, piedmont plains, desert soils, and soils of the Potwar Plateau and western hills. Common soil compositions are clay, silt, loam, and organic soils.
Stress ppt
The document discusses how plants respond to heavy metal toxicity in the environment. It explains that plants use mechanisms like phytochelatins and metallothioneins to chelate and remove heavy metals from sensitive plant tissues. The document outlines different heavy metals like chromium, aluminum, manganese, copper, and nickel, describing their toxic effects on plants and how plants defend against them. It also mentions the role of proline and mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metal stress.
Vacuolar
Vacuoles play several important roles in plant cells. They can contain multiple compartments to carry out different functions. Transporters in the vacuolar membrane, including proton pumps, aquaporins, and various channels, regulate the transport of substances like sugars, acids, and secondary metabolites into and out of the vacuole. This transport affects processes like fruit growth, taste, and quality. Proton pumps generate a proton gradient across the tonoplast that is used to transport solutes. Aquaporins transport water, and channels transport sugars, acids, and other compounds to store or sequester them in the vacuole.
Abiotic stress side effect of stress
Jacob Levitt proposed in 1972 that biological stress is any environmental condition that reduces or negatively impacts a plant's growth or development, similar to how physical stress applies force to objects. There are two main types of stress: abiotic stress from non-living factors like drought, heat, cold, salt, flooding; and biotic stress from living things like fungi or insects. Abiotic stress is defined as negative environmental factors beyond a population's normal range that significantly impact physiology or performance. Drought is a major threat as a catalyst for famine due to limited water supply. Temperature stresses like frost and heat can also damage plants. Flood stress causes injury through lack of oxygen. Plants have developed resistance mechanisms like aerenchyma tissues and
Subculturing
Subculture involves transferring cells from an existing culture to fresh growth medium in order to prolong the life and expand the number of cells. This is necessary because over time toxic metabolites build up and nutrients are depleted in the original culture. Subculture produces a new culture with lower cell density and fresh nutrients. It allows for long-term maintenance of cell lines and increasing cell numbers for industrial or research purposes. Different techniques are used to subculture adherent versus non-adherent cells.
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This document discusses phytoremediation, which is the use of plants and their microorganisms to reduce environmental pollution without excavating contaminated materials. It defines phytoremediation as a natural process that can effectively remediate a variety of contaminated sites. The document outlines the advantages and mechanisms of phytoremediation, provides examples of its use, and lists types of plants suitable for phytoremediation projects.
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Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
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These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
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2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION in community setting
“Environmental sanitation means the art and science of applying sanitary, biological and physical science principles and knowledge to improve and control the environment therein for the protection of the health and welfare of the public”.The overall importance of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil ), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate .Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment, etc. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean come under sanitation. Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean and promotes public health is the necessary in todays life.
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