Stress causes
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Stress can be caused by threats, frustrations, pressures, or conflicts from environmental, organizational, or personal factors. It affects people physically through headaches, heart disease, and high blood pressure, and psychologically through anxiety, depression, and decreased job satisfaction. Stress can be positive and motivate improvement or negative and feel overwhelming. Managing stress in healthy ways helps people adapt to life's challenges.
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External, middle and inner ear traumas
The document discusses different types of ear trauma, including external, middle, and inner ear injuries. External ear trauma commonly involves blunt trauma to the auricle, which can lead to auricular hematoma or deformity. Middle ear trauma often involves traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane from injuries like compression or welding burns. Inner ear trauma includes blunt trauma, penetrating injuries, and barotrauma, which can cause temporal bone fractures, hearing loss, dizziness, and CSF leaks. Imaging like CT and MRI is used to evaluate the injuries, while treatment depends on the specific type and severity of trauma.
Deformities of ear
Abnormal development or deformities of the ear anatomy can cause a range of complications, from cosmetic issues to hearing and development problems.
An estimated 6 to 45 percent of children are born with some sort of congenital ear deformity.
Congenital ear deformities
Congenital ear abnormalities can result from errors in embryonic development or intrauterine events affecting growth. They cause a variety of deformities like anotia (absence of the outer ear), microtia (underdeveloped outer ear), and macrotia (excessively large outer ear). Treatments include prosthetics, reconstructive surgery, and reducing the size of overgrown ears. Common birth defects of the ear include preauricular sinuses (nodules by the ear), Darwin's tubercles (thickened ear tissue), and ear canal stenosis (narrowed ear canal).
Ear trauma
Ear trauma can occur from a variety of causes including loud noises, explosions, burns, and physical impacts. External ear trauma commonly results in bruising or lacerations to the auricle or pinna. Impacts can deform the ear over time into a "cauliflower" shape if not treated. Foreign objects in the ear should be removed carefully to avoid further injury. Thermal burns produce swelling and pain. Changes in pressure like from diving can rupture blood vessels in the middle ear. Head injuries sometimes fracture the skull and temporal bone, risking damage to the middle ear structures, hearing loss, and facial nerve involvement.
Tympanic membrane
The document discusses the tympanic membrane (eardrum), including its:
1. Embryology, anatomy, parts (pars tensa and pars flaccida), layers, and effective vibratory area of 45-55mm2.
2. Pars tensa forms the lower 2/3 and is mobile at its periphery. Pars flaccida is the triangular area above the malleus.
3. Differences in the cone of light location can help differentiate the right vs left eardrum.
Deafness
This document discusses deafness and hearing loss. It defines different types and degrees of hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not conducted properly through the outer or middle ear. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. Mixed hearing loss has both conductive and sensorineural components. Rehabilitation methods are described including hearing aids, bone anchored hearing aids, cochlear implants, and auditory brainstem implants. Types of hearing aids and how they work are explained. Speech reading, auditory training, and education of the deaf are important rehabilitation strategies. The overall message is that untreated hearing loss is more noticeable than using hearing aids or other assistive devices.
Ear assessment
This document discusses assessing the ears. It outlines the structures and functions of the auditory system, including the external, middle, and inner ear. It describes performing a physical exam of the ears, including inspection of the auricles and outer canals, palpation for tenderness, and otoscopic examination of the tympanic membranes. It also explains how to perform the Weber test to assess bone conduction and the Rinne test to differentiate conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Finally, it lists various diagnostic tests for evaluating aural structures, auditory function, and laboratory tests that can be used in assessing ear issues.
Injury of the ear
Blast injury to the ear can damage several structures. The tympanic membrane is frequently ruptured by the primary blast wave due to its low rupture pressure. TM ruptures may heal spontaneously but persist in larger perforations, increasing risk of infection and cholesteatoma formation. Ossicular disruption is also common, absorbing some blast energy but potentially causing conductive hearing loss. Inner ear damage from basilar membrane tearing can lead to sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. Proper management of blast ear injuries includes screening for TM rupture, conservative treatment, audiometry assessment and follow-up to monitor for complications.
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External, middle and inner ear traumas
The document discusses different types of ear trauma, including external, middle, and inner ear injuries. External ear trauma commonly involves blunt trauma to the auricle, which can lead to auricular hematoma or deformity. Middle ear trauma often involves traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane from injuries like compression or welding burns. Inner ear trauma includes blunt trauma, penetrating injuries, and barotrauma, which can cause temporal bone fractures, hearing loss, dizziness, and CSF leaks. Imaging like CT and MRI is used to evaluate the injuries, while treatment depends on the specific type and severity of trauma.
Deformities of ear
Abnormal development or deformities of the ear anatomy can cause a range of complications, from cosmetic issues to hearing and development problems.
An estimated 6 to 45 percent of children are born with some sort of congenital ear deformity.
Congenital ear deformities
Congenital ear abnormalities can result from errors in embryonic development or intrauterine events affecting growth. They cause a variety of deformities like anotia (absence of the outer ear), microtia (underdeveloped outer ear), and macrotia (excessively large outer ear). Treatments include prosthetics, reconstructive surgery, and reducing the size of overgrown ears. Common birth defects of the ear include preauricular sinuses (nodules by the ear), Darwin's tubercles (thickened ear tissue), and ear canal stenosis (narrowed ear canal).
Ear trauma
Ear trauma can occur from a variety of causes including loud noises, explosions, burns, and physical impacts. External ear trauma commonly results in bruising or lacerations to the auricle or pinna. Impacts can deform the ear over time into a "cauliflower" shape if not treated. Foreign objects in the ear should be removed carefully to avoid further injury. Thermal burns produce swelling and pain. Changes in pressure like from diving can rupture blood vessels in the middle ear. Head injuries sometimes fracture the skull and temporal bone, risking damage to the middle ear structures, hearing loss, and facial nerve involvement.
Tympanic membrane
The document discusses the tympanic membrane (eardrum), including its:
1. Embryology, anatomy, parts (pars tensa and pars flaccida), layers, and effective vibratory area of 45-55mm2.
2. Pars tensa forms the lower 2/3 and is mobile at its periphery. Pars flaccida is the triangular area above the malleus.
3. Differences in the cone of light location can help differentiate the right vs left eardrum.
Deafness
This document discusses deafness and hearing loss. It defines different types and degrees of hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not conducted properly through the outer or middle ear. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. Mixed hearing loss has both conductive and sensorineural components. Rehabilitation methods are described including hearing aids, bone anchored hearing aids, cochlear implants, and auditory brainstem implants. Types of hearing aids and how they work are explained. Speech reading, auditory training, and education of the deaf are important rehabilitation strategies. The overall message is that untreated hearing loss is more noticeable than using hearing aids or other assistive devices.
Ear assessment
This document discusses assessing the ears. It outlines the structures and functions of the auditory system, including the external, middle, and inner ear. It describes performing a physical exam of the ears, including inspection of the auricles and outer canals, palpation for tenderness, and otoscopic examination of the tympanic membranes. It also explains how to perform the Weber test to assess bone conduction and the Rinne test to differentiate conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Finally, it lists various diagnostic tests for evaluating aural structures, auditory function, and laboratory tests that can be used in assessing ear issues.
Injury of the ear
Blast injury to the ear can damage several structures. The tympanic membrane is frequently ruptured by the primary blast wave due to its low rupture pressure. TM ruptures may heal spontaneously but persist in larger perforations, increasing risk of infection and cholesteatoma formation. Ossicular disruption is also common, absorbing some blast energy but potentially causing conductive hearing loss. Inner ear damage from basilar membrane tearing can lead to sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. Proper management of blast ear injuries includes screening for TM rupture, conservative treatment, audiometry assessment and follow-up to monitor for complications.
Tinnitus
Tinnitus is the perception of noise or ringing in the ears. It can result from various underlying causes like ear problems, neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, and metabolic disorders. Tinnitus is evaluated based on diagnosis, severity, and auditory evoked responses. Management includes psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, sound therapy devices, pharmacotherapy like antidepressants, and other modalities. Recent advances include acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation and magnetic/electrical brain stimulation.
Ear trauma
This document summarizes different types of ear trauma, including auricular hematoma, external ear canal trauma, traumatic tympanic membrane perforations, ossicular trauma, temporal bone trauma, whiplash injury, and otic barotrauma. It describes the clinical features, investigations, and management for each type. The types of ear trauma are classified and potential complications are discussed, along with facial nerve injury and cerebrospinal fluid leaks, which can occur with temporal bone fractures. Evaluation involves imaging like CT and treatment depends on the severity but may include conservative management, surgery, or steroids.
Coma Bp
1. The document provides guidelines for evaluating and managing unconscious patients, outlining stages of consciousness from conscious to death and diagnostic tests and treatments.
2. Key factors include assessing airway, breathing, circulation, disability level using the Glasgow Coma Scale, and identifying potential causes such as trauma, stroke, infection, toxins or metabolic disturbances.
3. Structured neurological examination including vital signs, pupil response, motor response and diagnostic tests can help identify structural or toxic/metabolic causes and guide emergency treatment and management.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to brain damage caused by an external force such as an impact or blast. It is a major public health problem, with road accidents being the most common cause. The mechanisms of TBI include direct impact, rapid acceleration/deceleration, penetrating injuries, and blast injuries. In the acute phase, patients are often comatose and later develop delirium. Treatment focuses on stabilizing the patient in the ICU, reducing intracranial pressure, and treating delirium and its underlying medical causes. Outcomes range from full recovery to long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits.
Meniere disease
This document discusses the history, presentation, diagnosis and management of Meniere's disease. Some key points:
- Meniere's disease was first described in 1861 and is characterized by hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo due to endolymphatic hydrops (fluid buildup) in the inner ear.
- Diagnosis is based on recurrent vertigo spells lasting 20 minutes to 24 hours, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus and aural fullness. Tests like electrocochleography and VEMPs can provide supportive evidence.
- Treatment includes dietary sodium restriction, diuretics, medications and surgical options like intratympanic injections if conservative measures fail. The
Diseases of external ear and its management
This document discusses diseases of the external ear and their management. It covers topics such as:
1. Congenital anomalies of the pinna including microtia and anotia.
2. Inflammatory conditions of the external ear canal including diffuse otitis externa, malignant otitis externa, and otomycosis.
3. Tumors of the external ear including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Miscellaneous conditions like wax impaction, foreign bodies, and keratosis obturans are also covered.
Treatment options discussed include antibiotics, antifungals, surgical excision and debridement depending on the specific condition
EPISTAXIS
This document discusses epistaxis (nosebleeds), including its causes, sites of bleeding, classification, and management approaches. The main points covered are:
- Epistaxis is caused by bleeding from inside the nose, with common causes being local trauma, infections, or general medical conditions like hypertension.
- The most common site of bleeding is an area of the nasal septum called Little's area, where several arteries converge.
- Epistaxis can be anterior (from the nasal cavity) or posterior (from the nasopharynx). Anterior bleeding is more common and usually mild.
- First approaches to manage epistaxis include applying pressure, cauterization of bleeding vessels, or anterior nasal packing
Audiometry
- Audiology evolved after WWII due to many soldiers suffering hearing loss from weapons. This led to the formation of aural rehabilitation centers.
- Early hearing tests were crude, using sounds like clapping. Modern clinical tests include finger friction, watch, speech recognition, and tuning fork tests.
- Tuning fork tests like Rinne and Weber are still commonly used due to their ease and ability to provide a rough estimate of hearing loss. Rinne compares air vs. bone conduction while Weber compares bone conduction between ears.
Neurologic Trauma ( Injuries )
The document discusses neurologic trauma, specifically head injuries and traumatic brain injuries. It covers the primary types of head injuries like skull fractures and scalp injuries. It then discusses the pathophysiology and assessment of traumatic brain injuries, including the primary and secondary damage caused by the initial injury and subsequent swelling. Medical management focuses on monitoring, scans like CT and MRI to diagnose injuries, and surgery if needed to repair fractures or control bleeding.
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This document provides an overview of head injury management in the emergency department. It begins with an introduction on the importance of not neglecting or giving up on head injuries. It then describes a case of a 25-year-old man brought to the ED unconscious after a bike accident while intoxicated. The document reviews head injury classification, mechanisms of injury, diagnostic imaging, medical and surgical management strategies, and goals of preventing secondary brain injury. Key points covered include initial resuscitation, indications for observation versus admission, guidelines for mild, moderate and severe injuries, and timing of surgical interventions.
Laryngeal trauma
This document discusses laryngeal trauma. The larynx functions to protect the airway and enable phonation. Laryngeal trauma is rare, usually resulting from motor vehicle accidents, strangulation, or penetrating injuries. Injuries can range from minor bruising to fractures or separation of the laryngeal framework. Treatment involves securing the airway, usually through intubation or tracheostomy. Minor injuries are managed conservatively while more severe injuries involving exposed cartilage or vocal fold immobility require surgical exploration and repair. Endolaryngeal stents may be used in very severe cases to support the laryngeal structure during healing.
Pluritis
Pleurisy and pleural effusion are inflammatory conditions of the pleura that cause chest pain and breathing difficulties. Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, often due to infections like pneumonia. A pleural effusion occurs when fluid builds up in the pleural space, usually as a complication of heart failure, cancer, or infections. Symptoms include chest pain that worsens with breathing and coughing. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays and thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause through antibiotics or drainage of fluid. Nursing care aims to ease painful breathing and maintain normal respiration.
Anatomy and physiology of the ear
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human ear. It is divided into four main parts: the outer, middle and inner ear, and the central auditory nervous system. Sound waves enter the outer ear and cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate, transmitting this motion through the ossicles to the cochlea. This fluid motion stimulates hair cells in the cochlea, generating nerve impulses that travel to the brain via the auditory nerve. The brain then interprets these signals as sound.
Nose Anatomy & Physiology
The nose has several important functions including smelling, breathing, filtering air, and draining secretions. It is composed of an external nose made of cartilage and bone, and two internal nasal cavities separated by a nasal septum. The nasal cavities contain conchae which increase their surface area. They are lined with mucosa and well-vascularized. Common issues involving the nose include nosebleeds, nasal fractures, deviated septums, infections, and rhinitis.
Physiology of nose
The nose has several important physiological functions:
1) It conditions inspired air by warming, humidifying, and filtering it before it reaches the lungs.
2) It protects the lower airways by removing particles and pathogens through mucus and cilia.
3) It aids in speech production and vocal resonance by allowing sound to pass through the nasal cavities.
4) It contains olfactory receptors that allow for the sense of smell.
Anatomy of nose and para nasal sinuses . by DR. MD. KHURSHID PERVEJ. GMC PATIALA
ANATOMY OF NOSE AND PARA NASAL SINUSES
BY DR. MD. KHURSHID PERVEJ
GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, PATIALA. PUNJAB
Chronic suppurative otitis media
This document summarizes chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), a long-standing middle ear infection characterized by ear discharge and perforation. It describes two main types - tubotympanic (safe) and atticoantral (unsafe). Tubotympanic CSOM has a central perforation and mild deafness, while atticoantral has a foul discharge, cholesteatoma, and more complications. Treatment involves cleaning, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery to reconstruct damaged areas or remove cholesteatoma. Surgical options are canal wall up or down procedures.
TINNITUS AND VERTIGO
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Classification
Causes of tinnitus
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Causes of tinnitus
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Specific Question for History
Differential diagnosis
Investigation
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This document discusses acoustic immittance testing, specifically tympanometry. It begins by defining key terms like acoustic immittance, impedance, and admittance. It then describes the process of tympanometry testing including instrumentation, measurement of static compliance, and interpretation of results. Common tympanogram shapes are classified according to systems like Jerger-Liden and Feldman. The document also notes factors that can affect tympanometry and limitations of the test. In summary, tympanometry is a quick, non-invasive test that assesses middle ear function by measuring acoustic immittance at varying ear canal pressures.
Physiology of nose
The document discusses the physiology of the nose. It describes the linings of the internal nose, including the respiratory mucosa and olfactory epithelium. It explains the muco-ciliary mechanism whereby cilia beat to move mucus and trapped particles out of the nose. It details several functions of the nose, including air conditioning inspired air by warming, humidifying, and filtering it, and protecting the lower airways. It also describes the olfactory pathway and sense of smell. In summary, the document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the nose, with a focus on respiration, air conditioning, filtration, and olfaction.
Stress management
This document discusses stress, including its definition, signs, causes, advantages, disadvantages, and ways to manage it. Stress is defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional, or psychological strain and is the body's response to demands placed on it. The document outlines common signs of stress like behavioral, physical, and mental signs. Causes of stress mentioned include work, personal life, technology, and job security. Both advantages like motivation and disadvantages like loss of concentration are discussed. The document provides steps to manage stress such as identifying stressors, deep breathing, muscle relaxation, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
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This document discusses stress, including its causes, types, and effects. It defines stress as the body's response to perceived threats or challenges, and notes it can result from both good and bad experiences. Stressors are described as internal or external agents or events that cause stress. Common internal stressors include changes in one's mind and body over time, while external stressors are situational threats we encounter. Physical symptoms like headaches, as well as mental, emotional and behavioral changes, can serve as warning signs of stress. Workplace stress is also addressed, with job design, management, relationships, roles and conditions cited as potential work stressors. Finally, the document outlines a process for coping with stress involving assessment, goal-setting
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Tinnitus
Tinnitus is the perception of noise or ringing in the ears. It can result from various underlying causes like ear problems, neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, and metabolic disorders. Tinnitus is evaluated based on diagnosis, severity, and auditory evoked responses. Management includes psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, sound therapy devices, pharmacotherapy like antidepressants, and other modalities. Recent advances include acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation and magnetic/electrical brain stimulation.
Ear trauma
This document summarizes different types of ear trauma, including auricular hematoma, external ear canal trauma, traumatic tympanic membrane perforations, ossicular trauma, temporal bone trauma, whiplash injury, and otic barotrauma. It describes the clinical features, investigations, and management for each type. The types of ear trauma are classified and potential complications are discussed, along with facial nerve injury and cerebrospinal fluid leaks, which can occur with temporal bone fractures. Evaluation involves imaging like CT and treatment depends on the severity but may include conservative management, surgery, or steroids.
Coma Bp
1. The document provides guidelines for evaluating and managing unconscious patients, outlining stages of consciousness from conscious to death and diagnostic tests and treatments.
2. Key factors include assessing airway, breathing, circulation, disability level using the Glasgow Coma Scale, and identifying potential causes such as trauma, stroke, infection, toxins or metabolic disturbances.
3. Structured neurological examination including vital signs, pupil response, motor response and diagnostic tests can help identify structural or toxic/metabolic causes and guide emergency treatment and management.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to brain damage caused by an external force such as an impact or blast. It is a major public health problem, with road accidents being the most common cause. The mechanisms of TBI include direct impact, rapid acceleration/deceleration, penetrating injuries, and blast injuries. In the acute phase, patients are often comatose and later develop delirium. Treatment focuses on stabilizing the patient in the ICU, reducing intracranial pressure, and treating delirium and its underlying medical causes. Outcomes range from full recovery to long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits.
Meniere disease
This document discusses the history, presentation, diagnosis and management of Meniere's disease. Some key points:
- Meniere's disease was first described in 1861 and is characterized by hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo due to endolymphatic hydrops (fluid buildup) in the inner ear.
- Diagnosis is based on recurrent vertigo spells lasting 20 minutes to 24 hours, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus and aural fullness. Tests like electrocochleography and VEMPs can provide supportive evidence.
- Treatment includes dietary sodium restriction, diuretics, medications and surgical options like intratympanic injections if conservative measures fail. The
Diseases of external ear and its management
This document discusses diseases of the external ear and their management. It covers topics such as:
1. Congenital anomalies of the pinna including microtia and anotia.
2. Inflammatory conditions of the external ear canal including diffuse otitis externa, malignant otitis externa, and otomycosis.
3. Tumors of the external ear including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Miscellaneous conditions like wax impaction, foreign bodies, and keratosis obturans are also covered.
Treatment options discussed include antibiotics, antifungals, surgical excision and debridement depending on the specific condition
EPISTAXIS
This document discusses epistaxis (nosebleeds), including its causes, sites of bleeding, classification, and management approaches. The main points covered are:
- Epistaxis is caused by bleeding from inside the nose, with common causes being local trauma, infections, or general medical conditions like hypertension.
- The most common site of bleeding is an area of the nasal septum called Little's area, where several arteries converge.
- Epistaxis can be anterior (from the nasal cavity) or posterior (from the nasopharynx). Anterior bleeding is more common and usually mild.
- First approaches to manage epistaxis include applying pressure, cauterization of bleeding vessels, or anterior nasal packing
Audiometry
- Audiology evolved after WWII due to many soldiers suffering hearing loss from weapons. This led to the formation of aural rehabilitation centers.
- Early hearing tests were crude, using sounds like clapping. Modern clinical tests include finger friction, watch, speech recognition, and tuning fork tests.
- Tuning fork tests like Rinne and Weber are still commonly used due to their ease and ability to provide a rough estimate of hearing loss. Rinne compares air vs. bone conduction while Weber compares bone conduction between ears.
Neurologic Trauma ( Injuries )
The document discusses neurologic trauma, specifically head injuries and traumatic brain injuries. It covers the primary types of head injuries like skull fractures and scalp injuries. It then discusses the pathophysiology and assessment of traumatic brain injuries, including the primary and secondary damage caused by the initial injury and subsequent swelling. Medical management focuses on monitoring, scans like CT and MRI to diagnose injuries, and surgery if needed to repair fractures or control bleeding.
HEAD INJURY IN THE ED.pptx
This document provides an overview of head injury management in the emergency department. It begins with an introduction on the importance of not neglecting or giving up on head injuries. It then describes a case of a 25-year-old man brought to the ED unconscious after a bike accident while intoxicated. The document reviews head injury classification, mechanisms of injury, diagnostic imaging, medical and surgical management strategies, and goals of preventing secondary brain injury. Key points covered include initial resuscitation, indications for observation versus admission, guidelines for mild, moderate and severe injuries, and timing of surgical interventions.
Laryngeal trauma
This document discusses laryngeal trauma. The larynx functions to protect the airway and enable phonation. Laryngeal trauma is rare, usually resulting from motor vehicle accidents, strangulation, or penetrating injuries. Injuries can range from minor bruising to fractures or separation of the laryngeal framework. Treatment involves securing the airway, usually through intubation or tracheostomy. Minor injuries are managed conservatively while more severe injuries involving exposed cartilage or vocal fold immobility require surgical exploration and repair. Endolaryngeal stents may be used in very severe cases to support the laryngeal structure during healing.
Pluritis
Pleurisy and pleural effusion are inflammatory conditions of the pleura that cause chest pain and breathing difficulties. Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, often due to infections like pneumonia. A pleural effusion occurs when fluid builds up in the pleural space, usually as a complication of heart failure, cancer, or infections. Symptoms include chest pain that worsens with breathing and coughing. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays and thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause through antibiotics or drainage of fluid. Nursing care aims to ease painful breathing and maintain normal respiration.
Anatomy and physiology of the ear
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human ear. It is divided into four main parts: the outer, middle and inner ear, and the central auditory nervous system. Sound waves enter the outer ear and cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate, transmitting this motion through the ossicles to the cochlea. This fluid motion stimulates hair cells in the cochlea, generating nerve impulses that travel to the brain via the auditory nerve. The brain then interprets these signals as sound.
Nose Anatomy & Physiology
The nose has several important functions including smelling, breathing, filtering air, and draining secretions. It is composed of an external nose made of cartilage and bone, and two internal nasal cavities separated by a nasal septum. The nasal cavities contain conchae which increase their surface area. They are lined with mucosa and well-vascularized. Common issues involving the nose include nosebleeds, nasal fractures, deviated septums, infections, and rhinitis.
Physiology of nose
The nose has several important physiological functions:
1) It conditions inspired air by warming, humidifying, and filtering it before it reaches the lungs.
2) It protects the lower airways by removing particles and pathogens through mucus and cilia.
3) It aids in speech production and vocal resonance by allowing sound to pass through the nasal cavities.
4) It contains olfactory receptors that allow for the sense of smell.
Anatomy of nose and para nasal sinuses . by DR. MD. KHURSHID PERVEJ. GMC PATIALA
ANATOMY OF NOSE AND PARA NASAL SINUSES
BY DR. MD. KHURSHID PERVEJ
GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, PATIALA. PUNJAB
Chronic suppurative otitis media
This document summarizes chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), a long-standing middle ear infection characterized by ear discharge and perforation. It describes two main types - tubotympanic (safe) and atticoantral (unsafe). Tubotympanic CSOM has a central perforation and mild deafness, while atticoantral has a foul discharge, cholesteatoma, and more complications. Treatment involves cleaning, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery to reconstruct damaged areas or remove cholesteatoma. Surgical options are canal wall up or down procedures.
TINNITUS AND VERTIGO
Definition
Classification
Causes of tinnitus
Treatment of tinnitus
Definition
Classification
Causes of tinnitus
Treatment of tinnitus
Definition of vertigo
It’s Causes
Specific Question for History
Differential diagnosis
Investigation
Management Plan
Tympanometry & Clinical Applications
This document discusses acoustic immittance testing, specifically tympanometry. It begins by defining key terms like acoustic immittance, impedance, and admittance. It then describes the process of tympanometry testing including instrumentation, measurement of static compliance, and interpretation of results. Common tympanogram shapes are classified according to systems like Jerger-Liden and Feldman. The document also notes factors that can affect tympanometry and limitations of the test. In summary, tympanometry is a quick, non-invasive test that assesses middle ear function by measuring acoustic immittance at varying ear canal pressures.
Physiology of nose
The document discusses the physiology of the nose. It describes the linings of the internal nose, including the respiratory mucosa and olfactory epithelium. It explains the muco-ciliary mechanism whereby cilia beat to move mucus and trapped particles out of the nose. It details several functions of the nose, including air conditioning inspired air by warming, humidifying, and filtering it, and protecting the lower airways. It also describes the olfactory pathway and sense of smell. In summary, the document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the nose, with a focus on respiration, air conditioning, filtration, and olfaction.
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These slides contain detail about stress.The main topics in this are sources,causes and symptoms of stress.At the end also some method of coping with stress are given.
Stress Management
Stress can be caused by many factors like work, family, health, and finances. It presents physically as headaches, stomach issues, rapid heartbeat and mentally as depression, anger, and concentration loss. There are different types like acute stress from short term pressures and chronic stress from long term difficulties. While some stress can increase performance, too much has negative impacts. Managing stress through awareness, balance, and control can benefit both individuals and businesses by improving health, attitudes, and productivity.
Stress management
Stress is the body's response to demands placed on it and can come from any frustrating, angry, or anxious situation. Stress management involves learning how the body reacts to pressures and developing coping skills. Moderate stress can improve performance, while too little or too much stress has negative effects. Sources of stress include environment, social interactions, physiology, and thoughts. Managing stress through relaxation, exercise, meditation, counseling, and other strategies can improve physical, emotional, and mental well-being.
Stress
Stress is the human response to excessive demands (Stressor) which disturb physiological, social and psychological systems.
119. stress intro
This document discusses stress, including its definition, causes, symptoms, and effects. It defines stress as the body's non-specific response to demands placed on it, and distinguishes between eustress (positive stress) and distress (negative stress). Stress can be caused by catastrophes, major life changes, and daily hassles. Symptoms of stress include feelings of anxiety, irritability, and sadness, as well as physiological changes like increased heart rate and headaches. Long-term stress can lead to burnout, characterized by feelings of exhaustion and reduced efficacy. The document provides information on stressors, signs of stress, and strategies for managing stress.
Stress and health
The document discusses stress, its causes, effects on health, and management. It defines stress and outlines the body's response mechanisms. It describes acute and chronic stress and their health impacts like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, headaches and asthma. Occupational stress and post-traumatic stress disorder are also examined. Scales for measuring stress levels and life events are provided. The summary emphasizes managing stress at the individual, family, and community levels through various coping techniques.
Stress and it's effects ppt final
This document defines stress and its causes. It notes that stress is a normal part of life and can be positive or negative. The main types of stress are threat, frustration, pressure, and conflict. Physical effects include stomach aches, sweating, and headaches, while emotional effects are moodiness, worry, and feeling overwhelmed. The document also discusses factors that influence the impact of stress and behavioral responses to stress such as coping mechanisms.
Understanding stress (2003)
The document discusses stress and its effects on the body and mind. It describes the "fight or flight" response to stressors and divides stress into "eustress" or good stress that enhances performance, and "distress" which is associated with anxiety and lack of concentration. It discusses factors like daily hassles, major life changes, and catastrophes that act as stressors. It also covers physiological responses to stress like increased heart rate and blood pressure, and psychological factors like explanatory styles, locus of control, and type A personalities that influence the stress response.
Stress
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to a specific demand made of us or to an event in our life. In some cases it motivates and encourages us to complete a task we find difficult so that we can take pride in ourselves and what we achieve.
Stress
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to a specific demand made of us or to an event in our life. In some cases it motivates and encourages us to complete a task we find difficult so that we can take pride in ourselves and what we achieve.
Stress
Work stress can be caused by internal or external stressors. Eustress is positive stress that motivates action, while distress is negative stress at too high or low levels. Sources of work stress include environmental, organizational, and individual factors like demands, constraints, role expectations, and relationships. High stress levels can lead to physiological symptoms like increased heart rate, psychological feelings like anxiety and depression, and behavioral issues like accidents, smoking, and low productivity. The relationship between stress and job performance follows an inverted-U shape, where moderate stress improves performance but high stress harms it.
Stress and behaviour
The document discusses stress, its causes and effects on the body and behavior. It describes stress as a normal physical response triggered by threatening or unsettling events. Prolonged or frequent stress can be harmful and cause issues like headaches, ulcers and high blood pressure. The document outlines the body's stress response and provides tips for managing stress such as focusing on one task at a time, simplifying schedules, and developing healthy habits.
Stress Management
Everybody all over the world experiences stress. The things you enjoy from living your life are drowned by the strain, tension, long sleepless nights and stringent demands which your job makes as you climb the ladder of success.
The weight of the responsibilities on your shoulders (or wherever they are) and the fear of failure as you climb higher; battered ego, shame and loss of status as you fall as well.
At every stage, you are saddled with stress inducing factors. Hence the need for appropriate management therapy.
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Stress causes
- 3. STRESS IS A PERSON’S PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PRESSURES What is stress?????? STRESS Anything that poses a challenge or a threat to our well-being is a stress. “fight-or-flight”
- 4. Severity Of STRESS GENERAL STRESS - Everyone has this stress - Resolve in a day or two - No intervention required CUMULATIVE STRESS - Builds up in your body - Become more difficult to alleviate your symptoms - More serious psychological problems
- 5. ACUTE TRAUMATIC STRESS - Critical Incident stress. - Produce Psychological Distress - Abnormal reaction to normal situation POST STRESS TRAUMATIC STRESS - Severe stress produces severe psychological trauma - Produces lasting change Contd…..
- 6. SOURCE OF STRESS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS - Economic Uncertainty - Political Uncertainty - Technological Change ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS - Task Demands - Roll Demands - Interpersonal Demands PERSONAL FACTORS - Family Problems - Economic Problems - Personality
- 7. WHAT CAUSES STRESS ? PHYSICAL INJURY WORKING OVERTIME PERSONAL CONFLICTS JOB STRESS LACK OF SLEEP DIVORCE OR SEPARATION DEATH OF A LOVED ONE THE BIRTH OF A CHILD MAJOR FINANCIAL SETBACK EMPLOYMENT CHANGES BECOMING THE VICTIM OF A CRIME OR NATURAL DISASTER TRAFFIC CONGESTION
- 8. CLASSIFICATION OF STRESS POSITIVE STRESS - Mental Alertness - Motivation - High Efficiency NEGATIVE STRESS - ACUTE STRESS - CHRONIC STRESS
- 9. SYMPTOMS OF STRESS Behavioral symptoms Sleeping difficulties Lack of punctuality. ... Absenteeism. ... Withdrawal. ... Exhaustion. ... Addictive/excessive behaviour. ... Unhealthy eating habits. ... Risk-taking behaviour. Physiological symptoms - Headache - Heart disease - High BP Psychological symptoms - Anxiety - Depression - Decrease in job satisfaction
- 10. FEW COMMON REACTIONS IN STRESS
- 11. Basic Concepts about Stress Stress is defined as how the body reacts to demands. Stressors are causes of stress. Stress is part of our lives. It is not possible to live stress-free. Managing stress in positive ways prepares us for increasing life challenges.
- 12. Overview of the Stress Process
- 13. Stress can be positive or negative: An example of eustress is getting nervous in anticipation of an important contest which motivates you to practice more. An example of distress is forgetting an assignment because of feeling overwhelmed.
- 14. Component of Stress o Threat o Frustration o Pressure o Conflict
- 15. Threat Definition: the fear of being harmed (physically or emotionally) Examples: Being afraid to walk home after dark Worry a friend will not invite you to an event
- 16. Frustration Definition: inability to get needs met Example: not able to complete an assignment because sister is using the computer
- 17. Pressure Definition: having to measure up to an expectation or standard Example: being expected to make the honor roll
- 18. Conflict Definition: when two or more needs oppose each other Example: a friend wanting you to go to the mall the same night as your gymnastics class
- 19. What are physical effects of stress? Stomach ache Sweating Pale complexion Headache Sleepiness Tight or sore muscles Rapid breathing Shaky hands
- 20. What are emotional effects of stress? Moodiness Loss of enthusiasm Forgetfulness Excessive worry Apathy Feeling overwhelmed Feeling short-tempered
- 21. Factors Moderating the Impact of Stress Social support Increased immune functioning Optimism More adaptive coping Pessimistic explanatory style Conscientiousness Fostering better health habits Autonomic reactivity Cardiovascular reactivity to stress