- Microorganisms such as Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces aureofaciens can be used to produce antibiotics like streptomycin and tetracycline through fermentation.
- The fermentation process involves growing the microorganism in a nutrient-rich medium and monitoring factors like pH, temperature, and oxygen levels.
- After fermentation, the antibiotics are recovered from the broth through filtration, adsorption, elution and further processing to obtain the final purified product.
streptomycin production, uses, disadvantages , medium, inoculum preparation, commercial production, harvest and recovery process, biosynthetic pathway from glucose to streptomycin, flow sheet of streptomycin production by submerged culture method, chemical structure of streptomycin,
which functional unit have antibiotic activity?
streptomycin production, uses, disadvantages , medium, inoculum preparation, commercial production, harvest and recovery process, biosynthetic pathway from glucose to streptomycin, flow sheet of streptomycin production by submerged culture method, chemical structure of streptomycin,
which functional unit have antibiotic activity?
Lag phase
Adaptation, preparation for division, increase in size and density.
Log phase (logarithmic or exponential).
Max. growth rate, increase linearly with time.
Growth yield and growth rate.
Stationary phase
Depletion of nutrient, accumulation of toxic. materials, cell crowding.
Decline phase
Penicillin is one of the most commonly used antibiotics globally, as it has a wide range of clinical indications. Penicillin is effective against many different types of infections involving gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods (e.g., Listeria), most anaerobes, and gram-negative cocci (e.g., Neisseria). Importantly, certain bacterial species have obtained penicillin resistance, including enterococci. Enterococci infections now receive treatment with a combination of penicillin and streptomycin or gentamicin. Certain gram-negative rods are also resistant to penicillin due to penicillin’s poor ability to penetrate the porin channel. However, later generations of broad-spectrum penicillins are effective against gram-negative rods. Second-generation penicillins (ampicillin and amoxicillin) can also penetrate the porin channel, making these drugs effective against Proteus mirabilis, Shigella, H. influenzae, Salmonella, and E. coli. Third-generation penicillins such as carbenicillin and ticarcillin are also able to penetrate gram-negative bacterial porin channels. Fourth-generation penicillins such as piperacillin are effective against the same bacterial strains as third-generation penicillins as well as Klebsiella, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacteroides fragilis.
This PPT will provide the basic idea of Fermentation technology and it's use. The reference book is 'Pharmaceutical Biotechnology' by Giriraj Kulkarni.
Production of tetracyclin and cephalosporinSamsuDeen12
Tetracyclin and cephalosporins are one of the major used antibiotics commonly all around the world. They are used to treat against microorganisms as a bactericidal, these eliminates those organisms in the host through various mechanism. These antibiotics are produced in a large scale using a bioreactors in many countries.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
It is an antibiotic that was the first drug to be successful against tuberculosis but now it is used with other drugs because of its toxic effects
othere uses
Anti TB drug
Plaque
Veterinary treatment against gram negative bacteria in horses , cattle , sheep
Fermentation is defined as chemical transformation of organic compound brought about through agency of microorganisms
Microorganisms useful in fementation can be either prokaryotes such as bacteria , virus or eukaryotes such as fungi; yeast
Test Organism-Streptomyces griseus
Lag phase
Adaptation, preparation for division, increase in size and density.
Log phase (logarithmic or exponential).
Max. growth rate, increase linearly with time.
Growth yield and growth rate.
Stationary phase
Depletion of nutrient, accumulation of toxic. materials, cell crowding.
Decline phase
Penicillin is one of the most commonly used antibiotics globally, as it has a wide range of clinical indications. Penicillin is effective against many different types of infections involving gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods (e.g., Listeria), most anaerobes, and gram-negative cocci (e.g., Neisseria). Importantly, certain bacterial species have obtained penicillin resistance, including enterococci. Enterococci infections now receive treatment with a combination of penicillin and streptomycin or gentamicin. Certain gram-negative rods are also resistant to penicillin due to penicillin’s poor ability to penetrate the porin channel. However, later generations of broad-spectrum penicillins are effective against gram-negative rods. Second-generation penicillins (ampicillin and amoxicillin) can also penetrate the porin channel, making these drugs effective against Proteus mirabilis, Shigella, H. influenzae, Salmonella, and E. coli. Third-generation penicillins such as carbenicillin and ticarcillin are also able to penetrate gram-negative bacterial porin channels. Fourth-generation penicillins such as piperacillin are effective against the same bacterial strains as third-generation penicillins as well as Klebsiella, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacteroides fragilis.
This PPT will provide the basic idea of Fermentation technology and it's use. The reference book is 'Pharmaceutical Biotechnology' by Giriraj Kulkarni.
Production of tetracyclin and cephalosporinSamsuDeen12
Tetracyclin and cephalosporins are one of the major used antibiotics commonly all around the world. They are used to treat against microorganisms as a bactericidal, these eliminates those organisms in the host through various mechanism. These antibiotics are produced in a large scale using a bioreactors in many countries.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
It is an antibiotic that was the first drug to be successful against tuberculosis but now it is used with other drugs because of its toxic effects
othere uses
Anti TB drug
Plaque
Veterinary treatment against gram negative bacteria in horses , cattle , sheep
Fermentation is defined as chemical transformation of organic compound brought about through agency of microorganisms
Microorganisms useful in fementation can be either prokaryotes such as bacteria , virus or eukaryotes such as fungi; yeast
Test Organism-Streptomyces griseus
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
2. Antibiotic
Antibiotic as originally defined was a chemical
substance produced by various species of
microorganisms that was capable of inhibiting the
growth or kill the microorganism.
Antimicrobial Agents
Antimicrobial agents is a chemical substance which
inhibit or kill the microorganism.
3. Introduction
Antibiotics are a special category of chemotherapeutic
agents that are administered to fight infections, usually
microbial, of humans and animals.
the classical definition of antibiotics associates it with
secondary metabolite, the term antibiotic today
includes many similar but chemically synthesized
chemotherapeutic compounds also.
Over 8000 antibiotics are known and several hundreds
discovered yearly.
Nearly 3000 antibiotically active substances have been
detected in lichens, algae, higher animals and plants.
4. Each year about 300 new antibiotically active
substances are detected of which 30-35% are
secondary components from fermentation with
known antibiotics.
only 123 are currently being produced by
fermentation. In addition, some 50 antibiotics are
produced as semisynthetic antibiotics.
Three antibiotics, viz., phosphonomycin,
pyrrolnitrin and chloramphenicol are produced
completely synthetically.
6. Ideal Characteristics of
antibiotic
Wide spectrum: it must be active against a
wide range of pathogens
Prevent the development of resistant forms:
pathogens should not easily gain resistance
to the antibiotic in question
Selective nature: it must act only against the
target and not the host organism
Not disturb the normal gut flora when orally
administered
10. STREPTOMYCIN
Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic
produced by selected strains of Streptomyces
griseus.
The antibiotic works by inhibiting the
synthesis of DNA and proteins.
11. CHEMISTRY
It is basic in nature, with solubility in water at the rate
of 20 g/L.
It is stable to pH changes.
It can withstand boiling temperature.
Being a base, streptomycin is usually produced as
salt, normally of HCl and sulfate.
One unit of streptomycin is equal to 1 μg of free base.
Streptomycin is composed of 3 subunits: (i)
aminocyclitol (= streptidine), (ii) L-streptose, and (iii)
Nmethyl- L-glucosamine.
14. USES
In the treatment of tuberculosis, urinary tract
infection, systemic infection by Gram positive
bacteria
for bacteria that have gained resistance to
penicillin.
Non-medical uses include preparation of
selective media
in cloning experiments
as laboratory standard for quantitative
analysis of streptomycin.
15. LIMITATIONS
The antibiotic exerts a neurotoxic reaction upon
prolonged use.
It can lead to hearing loss and loss of balance (that
is, it is ototoxic).
Streptomycin may sometimes damage kidney also.
The drug may lead to development of
streptomycin-resistant forms. It is therefore
advisable to use the drug along with p-
aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid.
Dihydrostreptomycin has lesser side effects than
streptomycin.
16. MODE OF ACTION
It affect protein synthesis, the target of this
antibiotic is the 30S subunit of the 70S ribosome
of the prokaryotes.
It strongly inhibits initiation and elongation of
peptide chains.
It also causes misreading of mRNA thereby
leading to insertion of wrong amino acids
Finally, under the influence of streptomycin,
some molecules of nucleic acids (e.g., rRNA,
tRNA, and denatured DNA) also act as mRNA
although they ordinarily do not have this
property.
17.
18. BIOSYNTHESIS OF STREPTOMYCIN
It follows three pathway.
Glucose act as sole source of carbon.
It involves 28 enzymes.
The final intermediate of the pathway,
streptomycin phosphate, is biologically inactive but
becomes active following removal of the
phosphate group.
Many organisms synthesize
mannosidostreptomycin before the actual
formation of streptomycin.
19. mannosidostreptomycin is degraded by the
organism’
s own enzyme
mannosidostreptomycinase to yield streptomycin.
In fermentation, the concentration of
mannosidostreptomycin can reach up to 40%.
Biosynthesis of streptomycin is regulated by an
inducer called FactorA.
The antibiotic is synthesized in the idiophase and
this occurs only after factorA has reached a critical
concentration.
20.
21. GENERAL PRODUCTION METHOD
a. MICROBIAL STRAIN
Streptomyces griseus is used for production of
streptomycin
Walksman’
s discovered the species and till now it
has been using
The productivity of Streptomyces griseus has
increased by over 100 fold.
Classical mutation programs are used for the
improvement of the strain
22. b. CULTURE MEDIUM
Glucose is the carbon source of choice, because it is precursor
for streptomycin.
The preferred nitrogen source is soybean flour meal.
Minerals are automatically inclusive because of the complex
nature of the medium.
23. PRODUCTION
The inoculum is built up in a stepwise manner at 27°C.
The process starts with the plate culturing of
lyophilized spore cultures in soy flour agar medium.
Incubation is done at 27°C for 2-3 weeks.
The spores are then transferred to shaker flask.
After growth for some time the whole is again
transferred to propagator for biomass build up.
The medium is sterilized as usual.
The fermenter is inoculated at the rate of 5-10%
vol/vol.The process is aerobic.
24. Inadequate supply of air (O2) leads to accumulation of
lactate and pyruvate, which is undesirable.
The pH is maintained at around 7 and fermentation carried
out at 27°C.
The fermentation is triphasic.Trophophase lasts for 24 hrs.
The pH increases preferential utilization of soybean meal.
Growth and concomitant accumulation of Factor A also
rapid.
Idiophase lasts for 2-7 days during which streptomycin is
rapidly synthesized.Glucose utilization is very rapid.
The third phase marks the cessation of antibiotic synthesis.
Cells begin to lyse, and pH rises due to NH3 liberation.
Harvesting is done before the third phase commences.
The yield is about 1200 μg/ml.
25. RECOVERY
The broth (beer) is filtered in rotary vacuum filter to
remove mycelia.
Water is added to the liquor in the ratio 1:1 and passed
through adsorption column.
Through the same column, EDTA solution is passed to
remove metal ions.
The adsorbed, pure streptomycin is eluted from the
column with 2.5 N H2SO4.
Further processing entails decolorizing with carbon,
antigen removal by filtration, concentration, and
drying.
The final product is either sulfate- or hydrochloride salt
of streptomycin.
The purity will be of the order of 98%.
28. Introduction
Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics
They can be prepared microbiologically as well as
chemically
Tetracycline has low toxicity and good oral absorption.
It is bacteriostatic and requires high dosage.
Examples ofTetracycline and organism
30. Uses
This antibiotic is used in the treatment of
shigellosis, salmonellosis, typhoid fever,
brucellosis, etc.
It is also used in feed to eliminate parasites (and
thus help weight gain in animals).
The antibiotic also finds use in the preservation of
fish (the ice in which the fish is kept is treated with
tetracycline).
31. PRODUCTION OF TETRACYCLINE
Tetracycline can be produced chemically as well as
microbiologically.
The microbial production of all tetracyclines is
similar.
Chlortetracycline production, however, is
comparatively simpler than the production of
other tetracyclines.
In particular, production of tetracycline is very
sensitive to chloride content in the medium: it
leads to the production of chlortetracycline rather
than the tetracycline
32. FERMENTATION
For trade fermentations, UV mutants of
Streptomyces aureofaciens are used.
The organism comes in the form of lyophilized
spores.
The inoculum preparation requires several stages.
Starting from the spores dried on sand or lyophil
vials, one or more shake flask stages may be used
and then one or two inoculum tank stages.
The sporulation medium, inoculum build-up
medium and the production medium have different
compositions
33.
34. During inoculum build-up, the organism remains in the
shake-flask for 24 hours at 28°C.
The final propagator uses medium of the same
composition.
About 5% inoculum is added and propagation carried
out for 19-24 hours at pH 5.2-6.2.
The main fermenter receives 2-10% of inoculum from
the final propagator.
The fermenter has a nominal capacity of 5000 to 15000
gallons.
Fermentation is carried out in sterilized medium (121°C
for 12 hour).
The main fermentation runs for 60-65 hours at 28°C.
35. The pH is around 5.8-6.
It is a submerged fermentation requiring 0.5-2
vol/vol/min of aeration.
Agitation is carried out with mechanical agitators.
Lard is used as antifoam.
Glucose is generally not used in the main
fermentation as this exerts catabolite repression.
The yield is around 15000 units per ml.