Elephants are among the flagship species of conservation. They live in a variety of habitats and landscapes. Apart from that, elephants were also kept in captivity. Only about 20 per cent of the elephant’s range lies in national parks and sanctuaries. With forests thinning out, the rest 80 per cent of the elephants in most parts of the country have dispersed into areas with high density of human population. HEC forms a grave threat for both sides i.e. animals as well as humans. Reports pointed out that around 300 people were killed annually in India due to human elephant conflicts. The common causes for this includes crop raiding which was the result of habitat loss and forest fragmentation due to human intrusion. It was reported that around 40-50 elephants were killed during crop raiding in India. Another contributor to it is lethal retaliation against elephants. It was reported that more than 60 elephants were found dead in retaliation incidents in North East India and Sumatra in 2001, which was poisoned by the plantation workers. The conflict intensifies when people try to chase away the animals with searchlights, crackers or guns, making the pachyderms even more aggressive.
A reading material
Includes wildlife biology, Policy and legislation, Habitat Management, Protected area management, and Planning of Wildlife and PAs.
Students of Masters in Science In Forestry at Tribhuvan University, Institute of Forestry Pokhara
Approaches and Techniques for Managing Human-Elephant Conflicts in Western Se...Isaac Yohana Chamba
A research proposal for a Research project for completion of Master degree of Science in Ecosystems science and Management of Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) for academic years 2016-2018. The research tries to find and come up with a new thinking in the management of Human-elephant conflicts for better and sustainable management of socio-ecological systems in Ikorongo-Grumeti Game Reserves, other protected areas within Tanzania and outside the country having similar problems. The project is funded by Singita Grumeti Fund (SGF) - 2017.
Conservation projects of the Asiatic Elephants, Gir lions and Indian one horned rhino in India. It includes threats to them and their conservation projects with all the current data taken from IUCN, WWF and WWI
Wildlife management can be defined as the “Manipulation of wildlife populations and habitat to achieve goals such as sustainability, population increase.”
A reading material
Includes wildlife biology, Policy and legislation, Habitat Management, Protected area management, and Planning of Wildlife and PAs.
Students of Masters in Science In Forestry at Tribhuvan University, Institute of Forestry Pokhara
Approaches and Techniques for Managing Human-Elephant Conflicts in Western Se...Isaac Yohana Chamba
A research proposal for a Research project for completion of Master degree of Science in Ecosystems science and Management of Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) for academic years 2016-2018. The research tries to find and come up with a new thinking in the management of Human-elephant conflicts for better and sustainable management of socio-ecological systems in Ikorongo-Grumeti Game Reserves, other protected areas within Tanzania and outside the country having similar problems. The project is funded by Singita Grumeti Fund (SGF) - 2017.
Conservation projects of the Asiatic Elephants, Gir lions and Indian one horned rhino in India. It includes threats to them and their conservation projects with all the current data taken from IUCN, WWF and WWI
Wildlife management can be defined as the “Manipulation of wildlife populations and habitat to achieve goals such as sustainability, population increase.”
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
Wildlife management - threats to wildlifeAnish Gawande
There are few places left on the planet where the impact of people has not been felt. We have explored and left our footprint on nearly every corner of the globe. As our population and needs grow, we are leaving less and less room for wildlife.
Wildlife are under threat from many different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to spreading invasive species and disease. Most ecosystems are facing multiple threats. Each new threat puts additional stress on already weakened ecosystems and their wildlife.
A project Presented before PCCF, Social forestry department, Kerala forest Department on 29 July 2014 - Global Tiger Day by The Department of Zoology, Government College, Chittur, Kerala.
RISK AND BENEFITS OF WILDLIFE TRANSLOCATIONnikeshkathayat
Wildlife translocations have historically assisted in establishing or re-establishing species in areas of extinction and while at the same time may also poses risks to the existing population at the recipient site.
Surveillance and tracking of elephants using vocal spectral informationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
Wildlife management - threats to wildlifeAnish Gawande
There are few places left on the planet where the impact of people has not been felt. We have explored and left our footprint on nearly every corner of the globe. As our population and needs grow, we are leaving less and less room for wildlife.
Wildlife are under threat from many different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to spreading invasive species and disease. Most ecosystems are facing multiple threats. Each new threat puts additional stress on already weakened ecosystems and their wildlife.
A project Presented before PCCF, Social forestry department, Kerala forest Department on 29 July 2014 - Global Tiger Day by The Department of Zoology, Government College, Chittur, Kerala.
RISK AND BENEFITS OF WILDLIFE TRANSLOCATIONnikeshkathayat
Wildlife translocations have historically assisted in establishing or re-establishing species in areas of extinction and while at the same time may also poses risks to the existing population at the recipient site.
Surveillance and tracking of elephants using vocal spectral informationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This ppt has been made by our intern Nidhi Goyal. Feel free to share and download the Green Yatra ppt. Our main objective has always been to leave the world better than we found it. You can also help us in our FREE services such as Go GREEN Kids, Plant a Tree- Plant a new life, Rehabilitation center, Medical camps, Zaroorat - A Need, Go GREEN Ganesha presentations, workshops, events in schools, colleges and residential societies, Medical camps, collecting daily usable things under the project Zaroorat – A Need.
This presentation contain the information regarding Project Tiger , its launch ,Tiger reserve in India and contain Census data 2006, 2010 & 2014. also census method is described. it also contain the various reason of decline in tiger population in india i.e habitat loss, Poaching etc. and also given subspecies of tiger and the role of tiger in the Ecosystem etc.
Nature, Equity, Communities: Towards Effective & Democratic Conservation in I...Ashish Kothari
Conservation of biodiversity and wildlife in India has gone through historical changes from community-based, to state-dominated and exclusionary; recent paradigm shifts are again recognising that communities living amidst nature need to be at the centre of decision-making, and their knowledge to be treated at par with modern knowledge, for enhanced and just conservation effectivity. Presentation is from 2013, slightly dated.
Experiences and Success of Conserving the last one thousand Jakar sheep in Bh...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/genetics/natcord.html
This presentation by Jigme Dorji was held at a side event during the 9th Session of the Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, from 6-8 July 2016 in Rome, Italy.
Radical Ecological Democracy: Lessons from India for Sustainability, Equity, ...chikikothari
Economic globalisation is unsustainable and inequitable; it needs to be challenged and replaced with alternative framework of Radical Ecological Democracy. Such a framework emerges from thousands of onground and policy initiatives already being practiced. These point to the need for localisation of economies and governance (direct democracy), embedded landscape level governance and planning, internalisation of ecological limits and resilience into all decision-making, promotion of dignified livelihoods and human rights, meaningful rights and access to basic needs, learning and health opportunities, and the qualitative pursuit of well-being.
assessment of the effectiveness of chilling method in mitigatingIJEAB
An experiment was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among 9 drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera) accessions in the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were recorded on growth and yield characteristics before and after pruning. The result obtained showed that at 18 weeks after transplanting, accession UAM-NI had the tallest plants (3.63m) while UAM-BE had the shortest mean plant height (2.84m) under no pruning. Other parameters that showed significant differences were number of leaves per tree and stem diameter. Although accession UAM-OY recorded highest fresh (220.22g), dry (113.42g) and leaf powder (82.60g) weights, it was not significantly different from other accessions. However, at 18 weeks after pruning, there was a significant difference among the accessions with regard to leaf length. Although accession UAM-NA recorded highest fresh leaf weight (286.60g), dry leaf weight (90.67g) and leaf powder weight (85.60g), it was not statistically different from other accessions. For the pruned accessions, significant differences were recorded in leaf length, number of flowers/tree, days to podding and fifty percent podding, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/tree and 100seed weight. The result also indicated that the pruned accessions recorded higher leaf yield than the unpruned. The result of the cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters and an outlier both for the pruned and unpruned accessions irrespective of area of collection.
NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
To maintain ecological balance of nature and maintain food chain and nature cycles.
It has economic value. Many wild plants provide useful substances like timber, paper , gums etc. And they also have wide applications in Ayurveda and other branches of medicine Wild animals products are tusk, ivory ,leather, honey etc
Most important contribution of wild life for human progress is availability of
Large gene pool for the scientists to carry breeding programmes in agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery
Wild life provides a esthetic value to man.
Wildlife of a country is its cultural asset
Similar to Strategies adopted to mitigate Human–Elephant Conflict (HEC) in and around Kerala Forests (20)
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Strategies adopted to mitigate Human–Elephant Conflict (HEC) in and around Kerala Forests
1. STRATEGIES ADOPTED TO
MITIGATE HUMAN–ELEPHANT
CONFLICT (HEC) IN AND
AROUND KERALA FORESTS
Subin K.Mohan, Assistant
Professor, Department of
Veterinary & AH Extension,
CVAS, Pookode.
subinkmohan@gmail.com,
9895900936
2. Introduction
• Elephants are
among the flagship
species of
conservation.
• They live in a variety
of habitats and
landscapes.
• Elephants were also
kept in captivity.
3. Contd..
• Only about 20
per cent of the
elephant’s range
lies in national
parks and
sanctuaries.
• With forests
thinning out, the
rest 80 per cent
of the elephants
in most parts of
the country have
dispersed into
areas with high
density of human
population.
4. Contd..
• HEC forms a grave threat for both sides i.e.
animals as well as humans.
• Reports pointed out that around 300 people
were killed annually in India due to human
elephant conflicts.
5. Contd..
• The common causes:
• A) crop raiding (around 40-50 elephants were
killed during crop raiding in India).
• B) lethal retaliation (more than 60 elephants
were found dead in retaliation incidents in
North East India and Sumatra in 2001).
• The conflict intensifies when people chase the
animals with searchlights, crackers or guns.
6. Factors that contributes to HECs
Social & Habitat factors
• Elephants live in matriarchal societies.
• A population or sub-population could be composed of several clans
and independent males.
• Clans have well defined home ranges and show strong fidelity to these
ranges.
• Clans are likely to leave their home ranges only when exposed to
severe stress such as extreme droughts, severe poaching,
overpopulation, severe human disturbance, or when the habitat within
a home range is lost or highly degraded.
• While bulls appear to raid crops solely and more frequently than herds,
the damage caused by female herds is greater than that caused by
bulls.
• But recent reports says that a behavioural change had been noticed in
bulls which form groups while crop raiding and other activities and this
results in more lethality and financial loss.
7. Human factors
• Includes legal issues, changing perceptions,
intolerance, poor crop protection measures and
lack of awareness.
• The responsibility of managing HEC falls on
various stakeholders (i.e. government, farmers,
communities, companies, NGOs, etc.) to
cooperatively work to address HEC.
8. Strategies adopted to mitigate HEC in
and around Kerala forests
• Traditional methods:
• Habitat fragmentation:
• Protection of Elephant corridors:
• Afforestation and alternate cropping:
• Kumki elephant squads:
• Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs):
A) Electical Geofensing:
B) Elephant image detection system (EIDS)
C) Automatic Repelling System
D) Seismic sensors:
E) Intrusion detection system using geophones
• Developing Infrastructural facilities
• Compensation:
• Using alternate methods like pheromones
9. Traditional methods
• Fencing
• Noise-making
• Drum beating
• Use of fire crackers, light
smoke
• Buzzing of the bees.
• Red hot chilly powders.
• Construction of ditches, moats, walls, barricades
and other elephant barriers.
10. Habitat fragmentation
This plan divides elephant habitats into three zones
1) areas with forest cover sufficient enough to
conserve elephants
2) habitats where humans and animals will co-exist
3)“elephant removal zones” in agricultural areas.
In the agricultural areas, the plan envisages
capturing the animals and removing them to
other forest areas, and if that fails, keeping some
of the animals in captivity.
11. Protection of Elephant corridors
• All-important elephant corridors in the entire
Western Ghats have been broken and disfigured
over the years by human settlements and
rampant encroachment leading to mindless
construction.
• Due to this the elephants unable to move around
from one habitat to another.
• Appropriate measures have been taken by the
Forest department to evacuate these
encroachments.
12. Afforestation and alternate cropping
• Climatic variation resulted in depletion of ground water as well
as raiding by wild animals in human settlements in search of
water and food, contributed the major share of human animal
conflicts.
• Unscientific plantation of eucalyptus trees in the forest fringes in
the last two decades has also contributed in depletion of the
ground water.
• Forest department, Government of Kerala (GOK), took efforts to
plant fruit bearing trees and dig water holes in core areas of the
forest. Walayar forest range had already raised 5000 saplings of
jackfruit, mango, papaya and Njaval in two nurseries.
• Alternate cropping could be adopted like flower cultivation in
Moolihole forest buffer zone near Gundalpett or bamboo grass
to preserve that border horticultural and agricultural fields of
Tamil Nadu
13. Kumki elephant squads
• Domesticated and trained ‘Kumki’ elephants
and their mahouts had been employed to
drive away the wild elephants
14. Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs)
Nature Conservation Foundation Model at Sultan
Bathery.
• A 24-hour SMS alert centre.
• Apart from texts, the team is communicating
through LED boards installed in various villages.
• Mobile-operated ‘red alert’ indicators to guide
those without phones, such as schoolchildren, and
they have been fully operational since 2013.
• Special vehicles equipped with gadgets to warn,
intervene or provide prompt help ahead of an
impending encounter have also been
deployed. (Athul Gupta, 2017)
15. Electical Geofensing
• When an elephant with a collar passes
through the virtual barrier, an SMS message is
sent to the wildlife management center, along
with GPS coordinates of the elephant.
• Rangers in a vehicle can then intercept the
elephant and chase it off of the property.
16. Elephant image detection system
(EIDS)
• Developed by S. J. Sugumar and R.
Jayaparvathy:
• The elephant’s image captured in
the forest border areas and would
be sent to a base station using an RF
network.
• The received image is decomposed
using Haar wavelet to obtain
multilevel wavelet coefficients, with
which image feature extraction and
similarity match between the
elephant query image and the
database image using image vision
algorithms could be performed.
A GSM message is sent
to the forest officials
about that elephant.
17. Automatic Repelling System
• Developed by Gayathri et al.
• An automated system for identification of elephant
using piezoelectric vibrating sensor which were
deployed in three layers to identify the presence of
elephants.
• The first outer layer gives the warning signal to alert
the people around that area, middle layer activates the
first repelling system to make the elephants run back
to the forest and if the elephant is still moving forward
towards the conserved area, the third layer activates
the second repelling system.
• As the sensors are deployed in a cyclic manner, it can
easily divert the elephant’s attention and thereby the
HEC can be avoided.
18. Seismic sensors
• The seismic signals generated by the movement
and other sounds made by the elephants are
received by a system and is transmitted to the
central processor along with the GPS position of
the receiver node.
• This would be matched with the database
patterns.
• On match of a stored pattern, the system
generates a SMS to forest authorities.
• This system was developed by Prabhu, M.
19. Intrusion detection system using
geophones
• Developed by Hemalatha et al.
• Geophones were used to converts motion of
elephants into electrical signals when
elephants enter into the forest border areas
and an early warning through SMS is sent to
the nearby forest officials and also to owner of
the crop field.
20. Developing Infrastructural facilities
• Constructing toilets in the region so that
villagers don’t have to defecate in the open
and accidentally bump into an elephant.
21. Compensation
• Since 2013, the numbers of deaths due to elephant
attacks in the state have been close to 20 every year.
• Twenty two deaths have occurred in 2016-17 with
the forest department giving away 9.63 crores as
compensation, the highest in almost a decade.
• Compensation acts as a support for the affected.
22. Pheromones
• Since bulls are drawn to females in heat, the
pheromone could possibly be used to steer
rogue elephants away from crops and villages
and destruction.
23. Conclusion
• Human-animal conflict cannot be fought with
hard and fast rules.
• Try to understand the loss of the stakeholder.
• Evolve better ways to understand the needs of
the animals with the participation of the
stakeholders.
• More researches should be focussed in this
arena.
24. Bibliography
• Athul Gupta, 2017. Giving Elephants the Space They Need, One SMS at a
Time. https://thewire.in/129142/elephants-bengal-deaths-kerala-drought
• Balasubramanian, M., Baskaran, N., Swaminathan S., and Desai, A.A.
(1995). Crop raiding by Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in the Nilgiri
Biosphere Reserve, South India. In: A Week with Elephants (J.C. Daniel and
H.S. Datye, eds.), pp. 350-367. Bombay Natural History Society, India:
Oxford University Press.
• Forest Survey of India. (1999). The State of Forest Report, Ministry of
Environment and Forests, India.
• Gayathri. R., Sheela Sobana Rani ,R. Lavanya.2017. An Automatic Repelling
System to Reduce Human Elephants Conflicts Using Sensors. Int. J.
Research in Applied Scin. Eng. Tech. Vol 5 Issue V. pp 528-532
• Hemalatha, R. Kanmani, T. , Keerthana, C. , Ponlatha, S. and Selvamani, I.
2016. Detection And Prevention Of Elephants Intrusion Into Crop Fields
Near Forest Areas. Int.J. Inno.Res. Tech., Sci. & Eng. Volume – 2, Issue –
6.pp 115-120
• Prabhu, M. 2016. An Efficient Surveillance System To Detect Elephant
Intrusion Into Forest Borders Using Seismic Sensors. Int. J. .Adv. Eng. Tech.
Vol. 7. Issue I. pp 166-171
• S. J. Sugumar and R. Jayaparvathy.2014. An Improved Real Time Image
Detection System for Elephant Intrusion along the Forest Border Areas.
The Scientific World J. Volume 2014 (2014), 10 pages