Biology: Definition of Co-transport
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Some of you might having trouble on understanding the concept of the protein carrier in Co-Transport, well same goes to me. And i do hope this will help you in understanding it better. Good luck
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2.5 Co-Transport (1).pptx
This document contains notes from a lecture on transport mechanisms across cell membranes, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport mechanisms like cotransport (symport and antiport). It defines symport as the transport of two substances in the same direction using the energy from a concentration gradient established by primary active transport. Antiport is defined as the transport of two substances in opposite directions. The mechanisms of uniport, symport, and antiport are described involving carrier proteins that bind ions or molecules and change configuration to move them across the membrane. Specific examples of each type of transport are also provided.
Sorting and sorting and regulation of intracellular transport
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The document summarizes key theories and mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation:
1) Chemiosmotic theory proposed by Peter Mitchell describes how ATP synthesis is coupled to respiration via an electrochemical proton gradient generated by electron transport complexes pumping protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
2) Boyer's binding change mechanism describes how ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to drive the sequential binding and conformational changes of its beta subunits to synthesize ATP.
3) Factors that regulate oxidative phosphorylation include inhibitors that block electron transport complexes or uncouple the proton gradient from ATP synthesis.
Protein sorting and targeting
The delivery of newly synthesized protein to their proper cellular destination, usually referred to as protein targeting or sorting.
The mode of protein transport depends chiefly on the location in the cell cytoplasm of the polysomes involved in protein synthesis.
There are two modes of protein sorting:-
1) Co - translational Transportation.
2) Post - translational Transportation.
Calcium atpase pumps
The document summarizes different calcium and proton pumps in the cell. It describes the calcium ATPase pump that actively transports calcium out of cells using ATP. Calcium is an important secondary messenger but must be tightly regulated as too much can cause apoptosis. It also discusses the sodium calcium exchanger that removes calcium from cells using the sodium gradient, and proton pumps like the lysosomal ATPase and vacuolar ATPase that acidify organelles by transporting protons across membranes using ATP. All of these pumps help maintain calcium and pH gradients crucial for cellular signaling and function.
Secretory Pathway.ppt (T.Y. Bsc).pptx
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Electron transport system in chloroplast
The document discusses the electron transport system in chloroplasts. It describes how light is absorbed by photosystems which excites electrons that are passed through an electron transport chain across the thylakoid membrane. This powers the active transport of hydrogen ions, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through photophosphorylation. Two pathways are discussed: non-cyclic electron flow which produces both ATP and NADPH, and cyclic electron flow which only produces ATP without reducing NADP+.
Vesicular transport
This document discusses cellular vesicles and membrane trafficking. It defines vesicles as membranous sacs that store and transport cellular products or waste. There are three main types of vesicles: secretory vesicles, transport vesicles, and storage vesicles. The document then discusses the mechanisms and proteins involved in vesicle formation, transport, and fusion, including endocytosis, exocytosis, clathrin, adaptor proteins, dynamin, Rab GTPases, and SNARE proteins. It also mentions some diseases related to problems in vesicle trafficking like botulism, tetanus, and familial hypercholesterolemia.
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2.5 Co-Transport (1).pptx
This document contains notes from a lecture on transport mechanisms across cell membranes, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport mechanisms like cotransport (symport and antiport). It defines symport as the transport of two substances in the same direction using the energy from a concentration gradient established by primary active transport. Antiport is defined as the transport of two substances in opposite directions. The mechanisms of uniport, symport, and antiport are described involving carrier proteins that bind ions or molecules and change configuration to move them across the membrane. Specific examples of each type of transport are also provided.
Sorting and sorting and regulation of intracellular transport
in this slide share file u can find protein sorting , translocation in different organelles, endocytosis, clathrin independent pathway and disease
Chemiosmotic theory
The document summarizes key theories and mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation:
1) Chemiosmotic theory proposed by Peter Mitchell describes how ATP synthesis is coupled to respiration via an electrochemical proton gradient generated by electron transport complexes pumping protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
2) Boyer's binding change mechanism describes how ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to drive the sequential binding and conformational changes of its beta subunits to synthesize ATP.
3) Factors that regulate oxidative phosphorylation include inhibitors that block electron transport complexes or uncouple the proton gradient from ATP synthesis.
Protein sorting and targeting
The delivery of newly synthesized protein to their proper cellular destination, usually referred to as protein targeting or sorting.
The mode of protein transport depends chiefly on the location in the cell cytoplasm of the polysomes involved in protein synthesis.
There are two modes of protein sorting:-
1) Co - translational Transportation.
2) Post - translational Transportation.
Calcium atpase pumps
The document summarizes different calcium and proton pumps in the cell. It describes the calcium ATPase pump that actively transports calcium out of cells using ATP. Calcium is an important secondary messenger but must be tightly regulated as too much can cause apoptosis. It also discusses the sodium calcium exchanger that removes calcium from cells using the sodium gradient, and proton pumps like the lysosomal ATPase and vacuolar ATPase that acidify organelles by transporting protons across membranes using ATP. All of these pumps help maintain calcium and pH gradients crucial for cellular signaling and function.
Secretory Pathway.ppt (T.Y. Bsc).pptx
The secretory pathway is the series of steps a cell uses to move proteins from where they are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum out of the cell. There are four main steps: 1) proteins are synthesized and modified in the ER, 2) vesicles bud off from the ER and deliver proteins to the Golgi apparatus, 3) proteins undergo further modification as they are transported between cisternae within the Golgi apparatus, and 4) proteins are packaged into vesicles for transport to their final destination, either to lysosomes for degradation or to the cell surface for secretion or insertion into the plasma membrane. The secretory pathway also has quality control mechanisms to retain and degrade any misfolded proteins.
Electron transport system in chloroplast
The document discusses the electron transport system in chloroplasts. It describes how light is absorbed by photosystems which excites electrons that are passed through an electron transport chain across the thylakoid membrane. This powers the active transport of hydrogen ions, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through photophosphorylation. Two pathways are discussed: non-cyclic electron flow which produces both ATP and NADPH, and cyclic electron flow which only produces ATP without reducing NADP+.
Vesicular transport
This document discusses cellular vesicles and membrane trafficking. It defines vesicles as membranous sacs that store and transport cellular products or waste. There are three main types of vesicles: secretory vesicles, transport vesicles, and storage vesicles. The document then discusses the mechanisms and proteins involved in vesicle formation, transport, and fusion, including endocytosis, exocytosis, clathrin, adaptor proteins, dynamin, Rab GTPases, and SNARE proteins. It also mentions some diseases related to problems in vesicle trafficking like botulism, tetanus, and familial hypercholesterolemia.
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membrane transport.pptx
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Signal transduction
GENERAL IDEA OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
DEFINATION
WHAT DOES THE TERM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEANS
HISTORY
BASIC ELEMENTS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
SIGNALLING MOLECULE
RECEPTOR MOLECULE
MODES OF CELL CELL SIGNALING
SECOND MESSENGER
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
SOME SIGNALING PATHWAYS
SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
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1. Proteins in eukaryotic cells are synthesized in the cytosol but must be targeted to various intracellular destinations like organelles. They use signal sequences and membrane receptors to direct their transport.
2. In the ER, proteins are modified through glycosylation and folding before being sent to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and sorting to their final locations like the plasma membrane or lysosomes.
3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts import proteins using signal sequences after full synthesis, while nuclear transport relies on non-cleaved NLS sequences and importin proteins.
4. Bacteria also use cleaved signal sequences and chaperones to transport proteins through membrane complexes. Cells import proteins through receptor-mediated
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Biological membranes
Biological membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. They define the boundaries of cells and organelles, and are selectively permeable, allowing passage of some molecules but not others. This selective permeability is important for maintaining concentration gradients between intracellular and extracellular fluid. Membranes contain proteins that function as pumps, channels, and receptors, and are involved in processes like active transport and endocytosis. Membranes are fluid and allow lateral movement of proteins and lipids, but retain an asymmetric composition between inner and outer surfaces.
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active transport.ppt
Active transport moves molecules or ions against their concentration gradient using energy. There are two types: primary active transport which directly uses ATP as an energy source, and secondary active transport which uses the concentration gradient of another substance like sodium. Primary active transport examples include the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pumps. Secondary active transport occurs by co-transport or counter-transport using the sodium gradient. Passive diffusion requires no energy and occurs down a gradient, while active transport is an uphill process requiring a carrier protein and energy. Vesicular transport involves endocytosis which brings substances into cells through pinocytosis or phagocytosis, and exocytosis which releases substances from cells.
Active transport
Active transport uses energy to move molecules across membranes against their concentration gradients. There are two types: primary active transport directly uses ATP, while secondary active transport relies on gradients set up by primary transport. Examples of primary transport include sodium-potassium and calcium pumps, which directly hydrolyze ATP to pump ions against their gradients. Secondary transport couples this gradient to co-transport other molecules, like sodium-glucose transporters importing glucose along with sodium ions. Membrane proteins mediate transport through symport, antiport or uniport of single molecules.
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Günter Blobel and Bernhard Dobberstein provided experimental evidence supporting the signal hypothesis proposed earlier by Blobel and Sabatini. Through in vitro translation experiments using membrane-bound ribosomes from murine myeloma cells, they showed that immunoglobulin light chains containing an amino-terminal signal sequence were incorporated into the microsomal membranes and had the signal cleaved, while light chains lacking a signal sequence were not incorporated. This provided strong evidence that a signal sequence on the nascent polypeptide targets it for attachment to the membrane during translation.
Protein targeting or translocation of proteins
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it. Both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, newly synthesized proteins must be delivered to a specific sub-cellular location or exported from the cell for correct activity. This phenomenon is called protein targeting. Protein targeting is necessary for proteins that are destined to work outside the cytoplasm.This delivery process is carried out based on information contained in the protein itself. Correct sorting is crucial for the cell; errors can lead to diseases. In 1970, Günter Blobel conducted experiments on the translocation of proteins across membranes. He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize for his findings. He discovered that many proteins have a signal sequence, that is, a short amino acid sequence at one end that functions like a postal code for the target organelle.
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In some plant species, alternate modes of carbon fixation have evolved that minimize photorespiration and optimize the calvin cycle.
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I have tried to make a precise presentation on protein transport, targeting and sorting into organelle's other than nucleus. Hope this might help you. Comments are welcome.
Atp synthesis
This document summarizes ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. It describes how electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts establish proton gradients across membranes, which are then used by ATP synthase complexes to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP. Specifically, it outlines how electrons from NADH/FADH2 or water power proton pumping via complex I-IV in mitochondria or photosystems I and II in chloroplasts. The resulting proton gradient drives ATP synthesis when protons flow back through the ATP synthase.
membrane transport.pptx
In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.
Signal transduction
GENERAL IDEA OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
DEFINATION
WHAT DOES THE TERM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEANS
HISTORY
BASIC ELEMENTS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
SIGNALLING MOLECULE
RECEPTOR MOLECULE
MODES OF CELL CELL SIGNALING
SECOND MESSENGER
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SOME SIGNALING PATHWAYS
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PROTEIN TARGETING
1. Proteins in eukaryotic cells are synthesized in the cytosol but must be targeted to various intracellular destinations like organelles. They use signal sequences and membrane receptors to direct their transport.
2. In the ER, proteins are modified through glycosylation and folding before being sent to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and sorting to their final locations like the plasma membrane or lysosomes.
3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts import proteins using signal sequences after full synthesis, while nuclear transport relies on non-cleaved NLS sequences and importin proteins.
4. Bacteria also use cleaved signal sequences and chaperones to transport proteins through membrane complexes. Cells import proteins through receptor-mediated
Biology : Transportation & Structure of Plants
The pressure-flow hypothesis explains translocation in phloem plants. It states that solutes like sucrose move through phloem via a pressure gradient between source and sink regions. At sources like leaves, photosynthesis produces sucrose which is actively loaded into sieve tubes. This increases pressure, pushing sap toward sinks like roots. At sinks, sucrose is unloaded, decreasing pressure and drawing more sap. The pressure difference drives mass flow through phloem from high to low pressure. Various experiments support this hypothesis, though some questions remain.
Biological membranes
Biological membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. They define the boundaries of cells and organelles, and are selectively permeable, allowing passage of some molecules but not others. This selective permeability is important for maintaining concentration gradients between intracellular and extracellular fluid. Membranes contain proteins that function as pumps, channels, and receptors, and are involved in processes like active transport and endocytosis. Membranes are fluid and allow lateral movement of proteins and lipids, but retain an asymmetric composition between inner and outer surfaces.
Species concept of prokaryotes
This document discusses species concepts in prokaryotes (bacteria). It outlines four main species concepts: biological, phylogenetic, ecological, and morphological. The biological species concept defines species based on ability to interbreed, but it does not apply to asexual organisms. Prokaryotes do not strictly satisfy species criteria due to high genetic flexibility and lack of true sexual reproduction. There is ongoing debate around how to classify bacteria into species or strains given their failure to meet traditional species definitions.
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C3,C4 & CAM pathway
This document summarizes three carbon fixation pathways: C3, C4, and CAM. The C3 pathway fixes carbon through the Calvin cycle in one chloroplast type. The C4 pathway fixes carbon through the Hatch and Slack cycle across two chloroplast types. The CAM pathway alternates between acidification at night and deacidification during the day. C4 pathways allow for higher photosynthesis rates compared to C3, while CAM pathways allow succulent plants to conserve water through nighttime stomatal closure.
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active transport.ppt
Active transport moves molecules or ions against their concentration gradient using energy. There are two types: primary active transport which directly uses ATP as an energy source, and secondary active transport which uses the concentration gradient of another substance like sodium. Primary active transport examples include the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pumps. Secondary active transport occurs by co-transport or counter-transport using the sodium gradient. Passive diffusion requires no energy and occurs down a gradient, while active transport is an uphill process requiring a carrier protein and energy. Vesicular transport involves endocytosis which brings substances into cells through pinocytosis or phagocytosis, and exocytosis which releases substances from cells.
Active transport
Active transport uses energy to move molecules across membranes against their concentration gradients. There are two types: primary active transport directly uses ATP, while secondary active transport relies on gradients set up by primary transport. Examples of primary transport include sodium-potassium and calcium pumps, which directly hydrolyze ATP to pump ions against their gradients. Secondary transport couples this gradient to co-transport other molecules, like sodium-glucose transporters importing glucose along with sodium ions. Membrane proteins mediate transport through symport, antiport or uniport of single molecules.
16).Active transport of molecules require energy. Active transport.pdf
16).
Active transport of molecules require energy. Active transport needs energy, and it help to move
ions against their concentration gradients. The two types active transport mechanisms are,
(i). Primary active transport
(ii). Secondary active transport
For example, the concentration of sodium ions is more outside the cell. Still, the sodium ions
move from the inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport.
Active transport needs energy, and it help to move ions against their concentration gradients.
Eg: Na+-K+ ATPase is an ATP (adenosine triphosphate) driven pump, which establishes the
sodium gradient (it pump sodium ions out of the cell against its concentration gradient and
allows the influx of potassium ions).
The theory of secondary active transport:
The secondary active transport is an active transport in which the downhill movement of an ion
(either sodium or hydrogen) is coupled with the uphill movement of another molecule (against its
concentration) by the transporter protein. Thus, the electrochemical gradient of an ion drives
uphill transport of another molecule.
Eg: Glucose absorption by cell is an example of secondary active transport.
The sodium-glucose linked transporter (SGLTs, a co-transporter) uses the energy generated by
the ATPase pump through the downhill sodium ion gradient for the glucose transportation across
the apical membrane (against the glucose gradient). SGLTs are an example of secondary active
transport. The glucose transporters (GLUT) present in the basolateral membrane now allow the
glucose transport into the peritubular capillaries. Inhibition of the Na+/K+/ATPase fails to
generate energy required for the SGLT secondary transporters, which inhibits glucose uptake.
Other examples include Na+/phosphate coransporter, Na+/Iodide symporter, Na+/Cl-
cotransporter, etc.
Solution
16).
Active transport of molecules require energy. Active transport needs energy, and it help to move
ions against their concentration gradients. The two types active transport mechanisms are,
(i). Primary active transport
(ii). Secondary active transport
For example, the concentration of sodium ions is more outside the cell. Still, the sodium ions
move from the inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport.
Active transport needs energy, and it help to move ions against their concentration gradients.
Eg: Na+-K+ ATPase is an ATP (adenosine triphosphate) driven pump, which establishes the
sodium gradient (it pump sodium ions out of the cell against its concentration gradient and
allows the influx of potassium ions).
The theory of secondary active transport:
The secondary active transport is an active transport in which the downhill movement of an ion
(either sodium or hydrogen) is coupled with the uphill movement of another molecule (against its
concentration) by the transporter protein. Thus, the electrochemical gradient of an ion drives
uphill transport of another molecule.
Eg: .
Membrane transport
Membrane transport systems move molecules into and out of cells across cell membranes. There are two major types of membrane transport: passive transport, which does not require energy, and active transport, which uses cellular energy. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport uses transporter proteins and ATP or ion gradients to move molecules against their concentration gradients. Primary active transport directly uses ATP, while secondary active transport utilizes ion gradients generated by primary transporters.
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What molecules move across the cell membrane?
Water diffusion is called osmosis. Oxygen is a small molecule and it's nonpolar, so it easily passes through a cell membrane. Carbon dioxide, the byproduct of cell respiration, is small enough to readily diffuse out of a cell. Small uncharged lipid molecules can pass through the lipid innards of the membrane
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The document summarizes transport across the cell membrane. There are two main types of transport - passive transport (diffusion) and active transport. Passive transport involves the movement of substances down their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, and can occur through simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion via channel or carrier proteins. Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient by expending cellular energy in the form of ATP. Key examples discussed are the sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports sodium out and potassium into cells.
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This document summarizes the four main types of transport across cell membranes: diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and vesicular transport. It provides details on diffusion and facilitated diffusion, describing simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion via channel or carrier proteins. Active transport is outlined, distinguishing primary from secondary active transport. Secondary active transport can occur via symporters or antiporters. Key transport proteins like sodium-potassium pumps and proton pumps are described.
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Primary and secondary transport
Sodium glucose transporter
Potassium Pump
Cell and cellular transport system
Dr. Aamir Ali Khan is the principal of Ghazali Institute of Medical Sciences in Peshawar. The document discusses various mechanisms of transport across the plasma membrane, including passive transport processes like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also discusses active transport processes, distinguishing between primary active transport which directly uses ATP and secondary active transport which relies on ion gradients established by primary transport. Specific transport examples covered include the sodium-potassium pump, glucose co-transport, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
B. Cell physiology Transport across cellmembrane.pptx
1. Passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration move substances across the cell membrane down concentration or electrochemical gradients without requiring energy. Active transport mechanisms like primary active transport and secondary active transport move substances against gradients and require energy from ATP.
2. The sodium-potassium pump is a primary active transport mechanism that uses ATP to pump 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell, maintaining ion concentration gradients. Secondary active transport couples the downhill movement of sodium ions to drive the uphill transport of other substances like glucose and amino acids.
3. Endocytosis is a form of active transport that brings macromolecules into cells through mechanisms like pinocytosis
Describe the cellular circumstances of membrane proteins, concentrat.pdf
Describe the cellular circumstances of membrane proteins, concentration and charge differences
that allow diffusion or require active transport.
Solution
Answer:
Diffusion: it is going to takes place as per differences of solute concentrations on both sides of a
cell
For example: Normally glucose enters into the cell by passive facilitated diffusion via GLUT 4
membrane protein channels (muscle or adipose cells) or via GLUT-2 (brain, kidney, pancreatic
beta cells) and will be converted to glucose -6-phosphate (by enzyme glucokinase) later by
oxidation process
The amphipathic nature of cell membrane allows the selective permeability through the cell
membrane. Cell membrane is further embedded with many ion channels and receptor membrane
proteins that participate in a variety of transport mechanisms used by cell. The transport is going
to takes place as per charge differences across the cell either \"down the concentration gradient
or against the concentration gradient\". Cells control the movement of substances across the cell
membrane through,
1. Passive transport or gradient diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Active transport
Cell performs the above mechanisms to regulate the movement of substances through lipid
bilayer, ion channels and membrane transporters (trnasmembrane proteins).
Simple diffusion does not require energy but primarily relies upon the membrane solubility of
the solute to promote free diffusion into the cells & rate of transport will be doubled if the
concentration is increased. Ex. Aquaporins.
Active transport: Active transport needs energy require ATPases, and it help to move ions
against their concentration gradients. The concentration of some of the ions is more inside the
cell and some is more outside the cell. For example, the concentration of sodium ions is more
outside the cell due to charge differences across the cells. Still, the sodium ions move from the
inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport.
Facilitated diffusion:
Facilitated diffusion is a passive process and uses \"carrier proteins(integral membrane
transport)\" to move specific solutes molecules down the concentration gradient. This type of
transport does not require energy to transport a molecule across the membrane. Its rate is higher
than that of simple diffusion of the molecule finally attain a plateau or saturable stage until the
concentration attains equilibrium.
Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules using the membrane bound
proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into and out of the cell, which are
otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to the carrier molecule present on
the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is facilitated by insulin.
Passive transport: It does not need energy source but the driving force is concentration gradient.
Both active transport and facilitated diffusion use carrier molecules for the transpo.
Transport processes
Transport across membranes allows cells to import nutrients and export waste. There are two main types of transport - passive and active. Passive transport moves molecules down concentration gradients without energy expenditure, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against concentration gradients and requires energy in the form of ATP or co-transport with other molecules. Membrane proteins like channels, carriers, and pumps are involved in different transport mechanisms. The TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are key metabolic pathways that generate energy through aerobic breakdown of nutrients.
mbbs ims msu
Mediated transport involves integral membrane proteins called transporters that facilitate the passage of molecules across membranes. There are two main types: facilitated diffusion, which moves molecules down their concentration gradient without energy, and active transport, which moves molecules against their gradient by using energy. Primary active transport directly uses ATP to pump ions like sodium and potassium, while secondary active transport uses ion gradients established by primary transport to move other molecules.
Plasma membrane -
The plasma membrane is a flexible yet sturdy lipid bilayer that surrounds the cytoplasm of cells. It is described by the fluid mosaic model, where lipids form a fluid sea containing a mosaic of embedded and floating proteins. The basic structure is a phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol, glycolipids, and integral and peripheral proteins. Transport across the membrane includes passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion down gradients, as well as active transport against gradients using protein carriers and ATP.
Membrane Transport System
Membrane transport systems allow molecules to pass through cell membranes. There are two main types - passive transport, which moves molecules down concentration gradients without energy, and active transport, which moves molecules against gradients by using cellular energy. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport involves transmembrane proteins that act as pumps powered by ATP.
CARRIER MEDIATED TRANSPORTERS in pharmacokinetics
Carrier-mediated transport uses transporter proteins to move ions or molecules across cell membranes. Uniporters move a single solute in one direction down its concentration gradient. Symporters move two different solutes in the same direction, with one solute moving down its gradient to power the other moving against its gradient. Antiporters move two different solutes in opposite directions, both against their concentration gradients. Glucose absorption in the small intestine uses a sodium-glucose symporter that utilizes the sodium gradient maintained by the sodium-potassium pump to transport glucose into intestinal cells against its concentration gradient.
3_Cell.ppt
The document summarizes key concepts about cell structures and their functions. It discusses the organization of the cell and its membrane. It describes three main ways molecules and ions move across the plasma membrane: diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of lipids and some ions. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the membrane. Mediated transport uses transport proteins like channels, carriers, and pumps to move molecules and ions against gradients or through the membrane.
Solute transport
This document discusses transport of solutes across plant cell membranes. It describes three main types of transport proteins: ion channels that act as pores, carriers that bind and change conformation to transport solutes, and pumps that use ATP to actively transport ions against gradients. Specifically, it outlines proton pumps (H+-ATPase, H+-PPase) and calcium pumps (Ca2+-ATPase) that create electrochemical gradients, and how secondary active transport uses these gradients to symport or antiport other solutes.
cell membrane transport mechanisms and related disorders ppt..pptx
The document discusses cell membranes and transport mechanisms. It begins by describing the structure and function of the cell membrane, including that it is a lipid bilayer containing proteins. It then explains the different types of transport across membranes, including passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport mechanisms like primary active transport using ATP and secondary active transport using ion gradients. Specific transport proteins and mechanisms discussed include sodium-potassium pumps, calcium pumps, hydrogen-potassium pumps, and sodium-glucose co-transporters. The document concludes by mentioning some applied aspects regarding transport mechanisms.
Transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules by Kainat Ramzan
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier between the cell and the extracellular environment. Its permeability properties ensure that essential molecules such as ions, glucose, amino acids, and lipids readily enter the cell, and waste compounds leave the cell.
Similar to Biology: Definition of Co-transport (20)
16).Active transport of molecules require energy. Active transport.pdf
16).Active transport of molecules require energy. Active transport.pdf
Lec # 5-movement of molecules accross the membrane
Lec # 5-movement of molecules accross the membrane
Active Transport : Primary and secondary transport ppt.pptx
Active Transport : Primary and secondary transport ppt.pptx
B. Cell physiology Transport across cellmembrane.pptx
B. Cell physiology Transport across cellmembrane.pptx
Describe the cellular circumstances of membrane proteins, concentrat.pdf
Describe the cellular circumstances of membrane proteins, concentrat.pdf
cell membrane transport mechanisms and related disorders ppt..pptx
cell membrane transport mechanisms and related disorders ppt..pptx
Transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules by Kainat Ramzan
Transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules by Kainat Ramzan
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Sample Chemistry Coursework 2015 (STPM)
Forestland soil was the most permeable to water, allowing water to pass through in just a few minutes with 0% porosity. Clay soil was the least permeable, not allowing any water to pass through and having 100% porosity. Riverbank soil and beach soil had intermediate permeability, with riverbank soil having lower permeability than beach soil as indicated by the longer time for water to pass through. Porosity and permeability were found to be related, with soils having more pore space (higher porosity) exhibiting lower permeability.
Organic Chemistry : Aromatic Compound (Benzene)
To study the properties, nomenclature and the physical as well chemical reactions of aliphatic and alkyl benzene. Might as well as the usage of benzene in our daily life routine
Inorganic Chemistry : Periodic Table (Periodicity)
This document discusses periodicity and trends in properties across and down periods of the periodic table. It explains that atomic radius generally decreases across periods as nuclear charge increases, outweighing constant screening effects. Atomic radius increases down groups as nuclear charge rises but screening effects also increase. Ionic radius follows similar trends as atomic radius but is smaller for cations and larger for anions. Melting and boiling points are influenced by type and strength of bonding. Metallic bonding results in higher melting points for metals with more delocalized electrons. Network covalent bonding in nonmetals produces high melting points due to needing to overcome many bonds. Molecular nonmetals have weaker van der Waals forces between molecules. First ionization energies also follow trends
Inorganic Chemistry : Electrochemistry
Deep explanation on electrochemistry :)
This is actually Malaysian Higher studies syllabus :D
Good Luck
Biology :Immune Suppression (HIV)
Here were i explain how actually HIV gets viral in our immune system. Get through the diagrams , it actually helps a lot :)
Inorganic Chemistry : Transition Elements (Chemical properties of first row i...
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This document discusses the chemical properties of transition elements in the first row of the periodic table. It explains their variable oxidation states in terms of the relative energies of the 3d and 4s orbitals. Transition metals can exist in multiple oxidation states from +1 to +7 due to the small energy difference between these orbitals. Higher oxidation states form covalent oxo ions bonded to oxygen or fluorine. The stability of the +2 and +3 oxidation states varies across the period based on standard electrode potentials, with the +3 state being more stable for early transition metals and the +2 state becoming more stable later in the period.Contoh Presentation kerja Kursus Pengajian Am
Presentation ini mengenai Sains dan teknologi dalam industri pemakanan :)
Silicon, Silicone and silicates
In this topic , I have classified the classifications of silicates as well as its uses and functions in this modern age . Same goes to silicon and silicone . I also have discussed also the structure of silicone itself . Other than silicon , silicone and silicate , I have also discussed about Zeolites and Tin & Alloys . Enjoy .
Argumentative Essay Topics &Points
Allowing students to rate their teachers could have benefits. Students have first-hand experience in the classroom and can provide feedback on a teacher's teaching ability, subject knowledge, and ability to engage and connect with students. Their feedback could help identify both good teachers and those needing improvement, leading to better quality of education. However, there are also concerns such as students grading teachers poorly due to personal dislikes rather than objective evaluation of teaching. Overall, student ratings may help improve teacher quality if implemented with safeguards against purely subjective ratings.
Inorganic Chemistry: Period 2 and 3
The document summarizes trends in atomic properties across periods 2 and 3 of the periodic table. Atomic radius decreases across periods due to increasing nuclear charge, while it increases down groups due to greater screening effect. Ionic radius, melting/boiling points, and enthalpy of vaporization follow similar trends. Electrical conductivity increases with more delocalized electrons. Electronegativity increases across periods but decreases down groups.
Inorganic Chemistry: Thermochemistry
This document provides an introduction to thermochemistry and the key concepts of enthalpy, enthalpy change, and standard enthalpy of formation. It defines system and surroundings, and the three types of systems - open, closed, and isolated. The key points are:
- Enthalpy change (ΔH) is the difference in enthalpies between products and reactants and indicates whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
- Standard enthalpy of formation (H°f) is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance is formed from its elements under standard conditions.
- Enthalpy of combustion (H°c) is the enthalpy change when 1 mole
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Inorganic Chemistry : Periodic Table (Periodicity)
Inorganic Chemistry : Periodic Table (Periodicity)
Inorganic Chemistry : Transition Elements (Chemical properties of first row i...
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Recently uploaded
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
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GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
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Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Biology: Definition of Co-transport
- 1. Cotransport systems indirectly provide energy for active transport A cotransport system moves solutes across a membrane by indirect active transport. Two solutes are transported at the same time. The movement of one solute down its concentration gradient provides energy for transport of some other solute up its concentration gradient. However, an energy source such as ATP is required to power the pump that produces the concentration gradient. Sodium–potassium pumps (and other pumps) generate electrochemical concentration gradients. Sodium is pumped out of the cell and then diffuses back in by moving down its concentration gradient. This process generates sufficient energy to power the active transport of other essential substances. In these systems, a carrier protein cotransports a solute against its concentration gradient, while sodium, potassium, or hydrogen ions move down their gradient. Energy from ATP produces the ion gradient. Then the energy of this gradient drives the active transport of a required substance, such as glucose, against its gradient. We have seen how glucose can be moved into the cell by facilitated diffusion. Glucose can also be cotransported into the cell. The sodium concentration inside the cell is kept low by the ATP- requiring sodium–potassium pumps that actively transport sodium ions out of the cell. In glucose cotransport, a carrier protein transports both sodium and glucose. As sodium moves into the cell along its
- 2. concentration gradient, the carrier protein captures the energy released and uses it to transport glucose into the cell. Thus, this indirect active transport system for glucose is “driven” by the cotransport of sodium.