Tiles are manufactured pieces of hard-wearing materials like ceramic, stone, or glass that are used to cover roofs, floors, walls, and other surfaces. They are created by quarrying raw materials from the ground like clay, then mixing and pressing them into molds before firing at high temperatures. There are many types of tiles including roof tiles, floor tiles, pebble tiles, ceiling tiles, and wall tiles that are used for both residential and commercial construction. Tiles can benefit applications in areas like counters, bathrooms, backsplashes, flooring, and wall accents due to their hygienic, moisture resistant, stain proof, fire proof, and long lasting qualities.
Natural & Artificial stones & its uses in designing Ramya S
Rock is a natural solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids that make up the Earth's crust. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Natural stone refers to blocks cut from quarries that are used for construction, including granite, marble, limestone, travertine, slate, basalt, quartzite, and sandstone. Each has different properties making them suitable for various applications like flooring, countertops, and buildings. Artificial stones are man-made mixtures that imitate natural stones through the use of materials like resin, cement, and stone chips.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
Cavity walls consist of two masonry skins separated by a hollow space. The cavity serves to drain water out of the absorbent masonry skins through weep holes. Cavity wall insulation such as mineral wool, polystyrene beads, or urea formaldehyde foam is used to reduce heat loss by filling the air space. Wall ties connect the two skins to prevent separation, and are spaced according to building regulations. Weep holes above windows and doors allow moisture in the cavity to escape. Cavity walls provide advantages like insulation from sound and moisture, reduced heat transfer, and lower foundation loads.
The document discusses interior design and materials used. It focuses on marble and granite flooring. Marble comes in various colors but is susceptible to acids and weathering. Granite is more durable. The document provides information on types of marble and granite, their uses, specifications for marble flooring installation, and pricing ranges from 50-5000 Rs. per square foot depending on the type and source. Laying costs are an additional 100-300 Rs. per square foot.
Mud has been used as a building material for thousands of years. It provides a sustainable construction option that requires minimal energy and resources. Various mud construction techniques are described, including stacked earth (COB), rammed earth, adobe, wattle and daub, formed earth, earth filled in, compressed earth blocks, extruded earth, and cut earth. Mud construction provides benefits like natural temperature regulation, low costs, and environmental friendliness compared to other materials. However, mud buildings require regular maintenance and can be susceptible to damage from water or pests.
Natural Stone Application for InteriorsHolly Smith
This document provides an overview of natural stone applications for interiors. It discusses various types of natural stone such as travertine, limestone, marble, granite and others. It covers the formation, characteristics and common applications of each stone type. Additional sections describe stone production, cuts and finishes, construction considerations, maintenance and installation examples. The goal is to educate on selecting and specifying natural stone for different interior design projects.
This document provides information on common types of construction materials used for flooring in India. It discusses clay tiles, ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles, mosaic floors, marble floors, granite floors, concrete floors and various natural stone floors. For each type, it describes what they are made of, their properties, advantages, disadvantages and common applications. It also provides details on the manufacturing process for tiles, pavers blocks and laying different types of flooring.
Tiles are manufactured pieces of hard-wearing materials like ceramic, stone, or glass that are used to cover roofs, floors, walls, and other surfaces. They are created by quarrying raw materials from the ground like clay, then mixing and pressing them into molds before firing at high temperatures. There are many types of tiles including roof tiles, floor tiles, pebble tiles, ceiling tiles, and wall tiles that are used for both residential and commercial construction. Tiles can benefit applications in areas like counters, bathrooms, backsplashes, flooring, and wall accents due to their hygienic, moisture resistant, stain proof, fire proof, and long lasting qualities.
Natural & Artificial stones & its uses in designing Ramya S
Rock is a natural solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids that make up the Earth's crust. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Natural stone refers to blocks cut from quarries that are used for construction, including granite, marble, limestone, travertine, slate, basalt, quartzite, and sandstone. Each has different properties making them suitable for various applications like flooring, countertops, and buildings. Artificial stones are man-made mixtures that imitate natural stones through the use of materials like resin, cement, and stone chips.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
Cavity walls consist of two masonry skins separated by a hollow space. The cavity serves to drain water out of the absorbent masonry skins through weep holes. Cavity wall insulation such as mineral wool, polystyrene beads, or urea formaldehyde foam is used to reduce heat loss by filling the air space. Wall ties connect the two skins to prevent separation, and are spaced according to building regulations. Weep holes above windows and doors allow moisture in the cavity to escape. Cavity walls provide advantages like insulation from sound and moisture, reduced heat transfer, and lower foundation loads.
The document discusses interior design and materials used. It focuses on marble and granite flooring. Marble comes in various colors but is susceptible to acids and weathering. Granite is more durable. The document provides information on types of marble and granite, their uses, specifications for marble flooring installation, and pricing ranges from 50-5000 Rs. per square foot depending on the type and source. Laying costs are an additional 100-300 Rs. per square foot.
Mud has been used as a building material for thousands of years. It provides a sustainable construction option that requires minimal energy and resources. Various mud construction techniques are described, including stacked earth (COB), rammed earth, adobe, wattle and daub, formed earth, earth filled in, compressed earth blocks, extruded earth, and cut earth. Mud construction provides benefits like natural temperature regulation, low costs, and environmental friendliness compared to other materials. However, mud buildings require regular maintenance and can be susceptible to damage from water or pests.
Natural Stone Application for InteriorsHolly Smith
This document provides an overview of natural stone applications for interiors. It discusses various types of natural stone such as travertine, limestone, marble, granite and others. It covers the formation, characteristics and common applications of each stone type. Additional sections describe stone production, cuts and finishes, construction considerations, maintenance and installation examples. The goal is to educate on selecting and specifying natural stone for different interior design projects.
This document provides information on common types of construction materials used for flooring in India. It discusses clay tiles, ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles, mosaic floors, marble floors, granite floors, concrete floors and various natural stone floors. For each type, it describes what they are made of, their properties, advantages, disadvantages and common applications. It also provides details on the manufacturing process for tiles, pavers blocks and laying different types of flooring.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
This document discusses adobe construction, which uses sun-dried mud blocks as a building material. It notes that adobe construction is one of the oldest methods and is widely used today, especially in developing countries. However, adobe structures often perform poorly in earthquakes, suffering damage or collapse. The document outlines recommendations for improving the earthquake resistance of new and existing adobe buildings, such as using reinforcement like rebar or bamboo in walls, adding a reinforced crown or ring beam, and limiting buildings to one story. Overall, the document provides an overview of traditional adobe construction and strategies for strengthening its seismic resistance.
This document discusses building stones used for construction. It defines building stones as those suitable for structures like retaining walls, abutments, dams, and roads. Building stones must have strength and durability. Stones are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Common building stones include marble, granite, sandstone, limestone, chalk and laterite. Properties like hardness and durability depend on a stone's mineral composition and resistance to weathering. Stones are obtained from rocks through quarrying and are used in construction in various forms such as rubble, dimension stone, flagstone and crushed stone.
This document discusses different types of water taps, including their materials, advantages, disadvantages, and uses. It describes pillar taps, mixer taps, monoblocs, disk taps, washerless taps, water efficient taps, long handle taps, thermostatic taps, infra taps, and pull-out taps. Key points covered include that brass is commonly used for its resistance to corrosion, pillar taps have separate hot and cold taps but are affordable, monoblocs and mixer taps integrate hot and cold water control, and thermostatic taps ensure a constant safe temperature. Water efficient taps can control flow to save water, while infra taps and pull-out taps provide hygienic options.
The document discusses stone cladding for building facades. It recommends using corrosion-resistant materials for anchors and fixings. For facade heights, it recommends less than 28m if joints are mortared and less than 18m if not. It specifies diameters and materials for corrosion-resistant ties between 5-6mm depending on stone thickness. It also recommends a minimum 2cm ventilated air space between the stone cladding and building support. Anchors can be fixed in the support by embedding in mortar or with stainless steel wedges compatible with the tie material.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and their construction. It describes the key components of flooring as the sub-floor or base course, and floor covering. Common materials used include cement concrete, lime concrete, stones, bricks and wood. The selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, damp and fire resistance. Specific flooring types discussed include mud, muram, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, terrazzo, mosaic and tile flooring.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
Terracotta is a clay-based material that is fired in kilns, resulting in a hard material that is typically red in color. It has been used historically for sculptures and pottery as well as roof tiles and bricks. Some key properties of terracotta include its porous nature, durability, and ability to be customized, though it requires a glaze to be waterproof. Major locations of terracotta production include Pushkar and Bishnupur, and it is commonly used for decorative items, vessels, and building construction materials.
This document provides information on various building construction materials and techniques. It discusses surface finishes like plasters and paints that protect surfaces and provide decoration. It describes cladding materials like wood, stone, vinyl and metal that provide weather protection, aesthetics and insulation. It also details pointing and jointing techniques for brickwork and discusses plastering methods using materials like lime, cement and mud in single or multiple coats. Tools used for tasks like pointing, jointing and plastering are also outlined.
The document discusses wooden partitions and paneling. It describes partitions as interior walls that divide space and lists common types like timber stud, metal stud, and drywall partitions. Partitions are classified based on materials and can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing. Paneling is defined as rigid wall coverings made of interlocking wood or other materials. Details are provided on stud partitions, trussed partitions, and joinery details for staggered timber partitions. Various paneling materials are also listed along with assignments to detail joinery and draft partition and paneling drawings.
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
Ceramic Presentation of Building MaterialsI'mMiss Lily
The document provides information about ceramics, including:
1. It lists the 11 group members of the ceramic group and provides a brief history of ceramics dating back to 24,000 BC.
2. It describes the main compositions of clay which are feldspar minerals comprising 60% of the earth's crust. Clays are divided into primary and secondary types.
3. The manufacturing process of ceramics includes various molding techniques like injection molding and isostatic pressing. Characteristics of ceramics include high hardness, resistance to chemicals and temperatures up to 2400°C.
Rat trap bond is a method of brick masonry construction where bricks are laid vertically instead of horizontally, creating a cavity within the wall. It was introduced by architect Laurie Baker in 1970s as a more cost effective and thermally efficient alternative to conventional masonry walls. The rat trap bond technique uses 20% less material but has comparable strength to a standard 9-inch brick wall, resulting in overall construction cost savings of about 26%.
The document discusses different types of stones used in construction. It describes various stone materials including granite, basalt, sandstone, limestone, laterite, quartzite, marble, slate, flagstone, and rubble. The document outlines the geological and physical classification of stones. It discusses the quarrying, dressing, preservation, and construction techniques used for stone, including paneling, ashlars, and rubblework. Common applications of stone include use in exterior cladding, flooring, countertops, and roofing.
are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
This document discusses arches and their elements. It defines key terms like intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, and springing line. It describes how arches transmit loads through compression between wedge-shaped units. Arches are classified by their shape (flat, segmental, semicircular), number of centers (one-centered, two-centered), and construction material (stone, brick, concrete). Common arch types include flat arches, segmental arches, semicircular arches, and pointed Gothic arches.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
This document discusses adobe construction, which uses sun-dried mud blocks as a building material. It notes that adobe construction is one of the oldest methods and is widely used today, especially in developing countries. However, adobe structures often perform poorly in earthquakes, suffering damage or collapse. The document outlines recommendations for improving the earthquake resistance of new and existing adobe buildings, such as using reinforcement like rebar or bamboo in walls, adding a reinforced crown or ring beam, and limiting buildings to one story. Overall, the document provides an overview of traditional adobe construction and strategies for strengthening its seismic resistance.
This document discusses building stones used for construction. It defines building stones as those suitable for structures like retaining walls, abutments, dams, and roads. Building stones must have strength and durability. Stones are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Common building stones include marble, granite, sandstone, limestone, chalk and laterite. Properties like hardness and durability depend on a stone's mineral composition and resistance to weathering. Stones are obtained from rocks through quarrying and are used in construction in various forms such as rubble, dimension stone, flagstone and crushed stone.
This document discusses different types of water taps, including their materials, advantages, disadvantages, and uses. It describes pillar taps, mixer taps, monoblocs, disk taps, washerless taps, water efficient taps, long handle taps, thermostatic taps, infra taps, and pull-out taps. Key points covered include that brass is commonly used for its resistance to corrosion, pillar taps have separate hot and cold taps but are affordable, monoblocs and mixer taps integrate hot and cold water control, and thermostatic taps ensure a constant safe temperature. Water efficient taps can control flow to save water, while infra taps and pull-out taps provide hygienic options.
The document discusses stone cladding for building facades. It recommends using corrosion-resistant materials for anchors and fixings. For facade heights, it recommends less than 28m if joints are mortared and less than 18m if not. It specifies diameters and materials for corrosion-resistant ties between 5-6mm depending on stone thickness. It also recommends a minimum 2cm ventilated air space between the stone cladding and building support. Anchors can be fixed in the support by embedding in mortar or with stainless steel wedges compatible with the tie material.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and their construction. It describes the key components of flooring as the sub-floor or base course, and floor covering. Common materials used include cement concrete, lime concrete, stones, bricks and wood. The selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, damp and fire resistance. Specific flooring types discussed include mud, muram, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, terrazzo, mosaic and tile flooring.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
Terracotta is a clay-based material that is fired in kilns, resulting in a hard material that is typically red in color. It has been used historically for sculptures and pottery as well as roof tiles and bricks. Some key properties of terracotta include its porous nature, durability, and ability to be customized, though it requires a glaze to be waterproof. Major locations of terracotta production include Pushkar and Bishnupur, and it is commonly used for decorative items, vessels, and building construction materials.
This document provides information on various building construction materials and techniques. It discusses surface finishes like plasters and paints that protect surfaces and provide decoration. It describes cladding materials like wood, stone, vinyl and metal that provide weather protection, aesthetics and insulation. It also details pointing and jointing techniques for brickwork and discusses plastering methods using materials like lime, cement and mud in single or multiple coats. Tools used for tasks like pointing, jointing and plastering are also outlined.
The document discusses wooden partitions and paneling. It describes partitions as interior walls that divide space and lists common types like timber stud, metal stud, and drywall partitions. Partitions are classified based on materials and can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing. Paneling is defined as rigid wall coverings made of interlocking wood or other materials. Details are provided on stud partitions, trussed partitions, and joinery details for staggered timber partitions. Various paneling materials are also listed along with assignments to detail joinery and draft partition and paneling drawings.
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
Ceramic Presentation of Building MaterialsI'mMiss Lily
The document provides information about ceramics, including:
1. It lists the 11 group members of the ceramic group and provides a brief history of ceramics dating back to 24,000 BC.
2. It describes the main compositions of clay which are feldspar minerals comprising 60% of the earth's crust. Clays are divided into primary and secondary types.
3. The manufacturing process of ceramics includes various molding techniques like injection molding and isostatic pressing. Characteristics of ceramics include high hardness, resistance to chemicals and temperatures up to 2400°C.
Rat trap bond is a method of brick masonry construction where bricks are laid vertically instead of horizontally, creating a cavity within the wall. It was introduced by architect Laurie Baker in 1970s as a more cost effective and thermally efficient alternative to conventional masonry walls. The rat trap bond technique uses 20% less material but has comparable strength to a standard 9-inch brick wall, resulting in overall construction cost savings of about 26%.
The document discusses different types of stones used in construction. It describes various stone materials including granite, basalt, sandstone, limestone, laterite, quartzite, marble, slate, flagstone, and rubble. The document outlines the geological and physical classification of stones. It discusses the quarrying, dressing, preservation, and construction techniques used for stone, including paneling, ashlars, and rubblework. Common applications of stone include use in exterior cladding, flooring, countertops, and roofing.
are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
This document discusses arches and their elements. It defines key terms like intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, and springing line. It describes how arches transmit loads through compression between wedge-shaped units. Arches are classified by their shape (flat, segmental, semicircular), number of centers (one-centered, two-centered), and construction material (stone, brick, concrete). Common arch types include flat arches, segmental arches, semicircular arches, and pointed Gothic arches.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
2. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
1. Basalt and Trap:
• Uses: Road Metal, for rubble
masonary, foundation work,
etc.
• Localities: maharastra, Bihar,
Gujarat, Bangal and MP
3. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
2. Chalk:
• Uses: In preparing glazier’s
putty, as colouring material in
manufacturing of Portland
cement
• Localities:Same as Limestone
4. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
3. Gneiss:
• Uses: Street Paving
• Localities: Madras, Mysore,
Bihar, A.P, etc
5. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
4. Granite:
• Uses: Steps, Sills, Facing
work, Bridge Piers, Columns,
Road Metal and it is unsuitable
for carving
• Localities: Kashmir, Madras,
Punjab, Rajasthan, M.P, etc
6. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
5. Kankar:
• Uses: Road
Metal,Manufacture of
hydraulic lime
• Localities: North and Central
India
7. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
6. Laterite:
• Uses: Building stone, Road
Metal, Rough Stone Masonry,
etc.
• Localities: Bihar, Orissa,
Mysore, M.P, etc.
8. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
7. Lime Stone:
• Uses: Floors, Steps, Walls,
Road Metal, Manufacture of
lime in blast furnaces, etc.
• Localities: Maharastra,
Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat,
etc.
9. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
8. Marble:
• Uses: Flooring ,Facing Work,
Columns, Steps, ornamental
Work, etc. It takes nice polish and
can easily be sawn and carved
• Localities: Rajasthan, Maharastra,
Gujarat, A.P, Mysore, etc.
10. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
9. Murum:
• Uses: Blindage for metal
roads, for fancy paths and
garden walls
• Localities:Bihar, Orissa,
Mysore, M.P, etc
11. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
10. Sand Stone:
• Uses: Steps, Facing Work,
Columns, Flooring, Walls,
Road Metal,etc
• Localities: A.P, M.P, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Maharastra,
Gujarat, etc
12. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
11. Quartzite:
• Uses: Retaining Walls, Road
Metal, Concrete Aggregate,
etc
• Localities: Bengal, A.P,
Himachal Pradesh, Madras,
U.P, etc
13. TYPES OF THE STONES, THEIR USES
AND THEIR LOCALITIES
12. Slate:
• Uses: Roofing Work, Sills,
Damp Proof courses, etc
• Localities: U.P, M.P, Bihar,
Madras, Rajasthan and
Maysore
24. STONES CONSIDERED IN THE
PROJECT
Granite:
• Reason: It is hard, durable and it is available in different collours, highly resistant to the
natural forces, can take nice polish.
• Use: Steps, Sills, Kitchen platform
Marble:
• Reason: It can take good polish and it is available in different colours.
• Use: Flooring