Introduction about the BULIDING MATERIAL AND CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY.

1. 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING MATERIALS
Mr. DAKSHESH S. GURAV
ME (STRUCTURES)
ASST. PROF.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AIROLI Reference Books:
Building Materials & Construction(Saurabh Kumar Soni)

2. Classification of materials
A. Rocks , Soils, Stones, Aggregates
B. Clay, Lime, Mortar
C. Cement, Concrete
D.Timber and Timber Products
E. Miscellaneous Materials: Metals, Glass Plastic, Gypsum, Gypsum
Plaster (POP), Bitumen or Asphalt, Asbestos and Adhesives

3. Types of Rocks
1. Igneous Rocks: Formed from the solidification of molten matter called
magma in surface of the earth or above it. (Examples: Granite, Basalt,
Diorite, Obsidian, Pumice, Pegmatite)
2. Sedimentary Rocks: Formed from accumulation of weathered deposits of
igneous rocks due to action of natural forces such as wind and water
(Examples: Sandstone, Limestone, Coal, Shale, Rock salt, Quartz)
3. Metamorphic Rocks: Formed by changes in physical or chemical properties
of igneous or sedimentary rocks by the action of intense pressure or heat
(Examples: Slate, Schist, Gneiss, Marble, Anthracite)
Stone:
Stones are smaller size rocks finished or processed for use in construction

4. Formation of Igneous Rocks

5. Examples of Igneous Rocks
Granite
Use of Granite as kitchen platform

6. Examples of Igneous Rocks
Basalt
Use of Basalt as base for Pavement

7. Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

8. Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
Sandstone
Use of Sandstone for Exterior & Interior Elements

9. Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
Coal
Use of Coal in Cement and Steel Production

10. Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
Limestone
Use of Limestone in Production of Cement

11. Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

12. Examples of Metamorphic Rocks
Slate
Use of Slate in Roofing

13. Examples of Metamorphic Rocks
Marble
Use of Marble for Interiors

14. Rocks used for structural stability of foundations

15. Stones used as masonry units

16. Famous Structures Built with Stones
Tajmahal (India) is built with Marble

17. Famous Structures Built with Stones
Colosseum (Italy) is built with Travertine Limestone

18. Famous Structures Built with Stones
Great Pyramid of Giza (Egypt) is built with Limestone & Granite

19. Famous Structures Built with Stones
Washington Monument (USA) is built with Marble

20. Aggregates: A material like sand, gravel, or crushed rock used to make
concrete, mortar, or plaster
Coarse Aggregates
More Than 90% retained on
4.75mm IS Sieve
Ex: Stones, Gravels, Boulders
Fine Aggregates
More Than 90% Passing 4.75mm IS
Sieve
Ex: Natural Sand, Crushed stone sand,
Inert Materials

21. Uses of Coarse Aggregates other than concrete
Landscaping and Decoration
Railway Ballast

22. Uses of Fine Aggregates other than concrete
Fireproofing Steel Elements using
Sand + Cement + Asbestos
Soundproofing using Sand Filled
Doors

23. Combined use of Coarse and Fine Aggregates for Drainage

24. Soil used for Backfilling
Soil: A natural Aggregate of Mineral Grains formed by the disintegration or
decomposition of rocks

25. Clay: Microscopic and sub-microscopic particles of size less than 0.002mm
derived from chemical decomposition and disintegration of Igneous rocks
Clay Products: Clay when moulded in desired shapes, then dried, then burned
gives various products in building industry
Examples:
Stoneware, Terracotta, Earthenware, Tiles (Common tiles, Encaustic Tiles, Patent
Tiles), Bricks (Clay bricks, heavy duty bricks, Common Burnt Clay bricks, Hollow
Bricks, Perforated bricks, Fire Bricks/refractory bricks, Soda Lime Bricks

26. Stoneware
Terracotta

27. Clay Tiles
Clay Bricks

28. Lime: Product obtained by burning Limestone
Lime Plaster, Whitewashing & Base
Coat for Distempers
Plaster of Paris used for False
Ceilings is prepared from Lime

29. Cement: Product obtained by burning of calcareous material (calcium
carbonate) & argillaceous (clay) & then Grinding the resultant clinker with small
amount of Gypsum
Cement used with sand as mortar
for plastering
Cement Tiles used for driveway

30. Timber: Wood obtained from Tree which can be used as a construction
material in various forms and for various purposes.
Timber available
in living tree
Standing
Timber
Timber available
in fallen Tree
Rough
Timber
Timber Sawn
and Cut into
commercial
Sizes
Converted
Timber
Seasoning of Timber: Process of drying of Timber in order to remove all
the sap and moisture out of it so that it will not decay by fermentation of SAP or
warping due to thermal expansion/contraction
Preservation of Timber: Process of preserving or protecting Timber
structures from attack of destroying agencies such as moisture, Dry Rot/Internal
Decay, Fungi, Insects, to increase its lifespan and durability.

31. Hardboards: Wood pulp Compressed thick sheet. (Thickness: 3mm)
Hardboard used as bed Frame and Head Piece

32. Particle Board/Chip Board: Wood Particles or Rice Husk or Bagasse embedded in
resins and subjected to heat and pressure.
Particle Board used for Study Tables

33. Veneers: Thin sheets of wood of superior quality obtained by rotating log of wood
against sharp rotary cutter/saw and dried in kilns to remove moisture.Ex:
Mahogany, Oak Rosewood, Teak (Thickness: 0.4mm-6mm)
Veneer used as cover over inferior wood to give expensive appearance

34. Fiber Boards: Formed by boiling pieces of wood, cane, vagetabel fibers & chippings
and separating wood fibers by sudden pressure of steam and then spreading the
cleaned fibers on wire screens as per required thickness. (Thickness 3mm-12mm)
MDF used for Flush doors

35. Plywoods: Formed by pressing together multiple layers of veneer with adhesive by either hot
pressing or cold pressing.
Plywoods used as formwork

36. Other Uses of Timber:
Use of wooden poles/bamboo
as Formwork Supports
Use of Wooden poles and
plywood for scaffolding

37. Use of Metals as structural elements:
Structural Steel Beams, Column,
Connections
Metal Poles and Gratings as scaffolding

38. Use of Metals as structural elements:
Steel Staircase Steel Ladder with Cage

39. Use of Metals as structural elements:
Metal Roofing Sheets
Steel Truss for Roofs

40. Use of Metals as Architectural elements:
Steel Railings and Balusters
CNC Facade

41. Use of Metals as Architectural elements:
Aluminum Window Frames Metal Grill Doors

42. Use of Metals in MEP:
Metal
Pipes/Conduits
Steel tanks
Metal
Ducts

43. Use of Metals as weathering Course:
Metal Sheet as DPC Metal Wall Cladding

44. Glass: Amorphus, Transparent, Inorganic material obtained by Melting at high
temperature a mixture of pure sand (SIO2), Soda (NaOH or KOH), and Chalk (CaCO3)
Glass Facades
Glass Ceilings
Glass Bathroom Fittings

45. Plastic: organic material prepared from resin (Natural or Synthetic) with or without
fillers, plasticizer solvents or pigments.
Plastic Pipes
Plastic Insulation for Walls

46. Bitumen/Asphalt: Mixture of natural or pyrogenous origins or combinations of both
frequently accompanied by their non-metallic derivations which may be gaseous,
liquid, semi solid or solid. Artificial bitumen is obtained by fractional distillation of
crude petroleum.
Bitumen in Road Construction
Bitumen in Roof Insulation

47. Heat Insulating Materials: Quilt, Rock Wool, Reflecting Paper
Quilt for Heat Insulation
Rock Wool for Heat Insulation

48. Sound Insulating Materials: Acoustic Plaster, Cellular Concrete, Insulating Boards
Acoustic Plaster
Sound Insulation Foam Board

49. Energy Content of Materials: Cost of production/Procurement+Cost of transportation to Site+
Cost of Application+ Cost of Maintainance/Repair/Replacement
Glass
Bricks
Plastics
Metals
Cement
Wood Particles
Blast Furnace Slag
Pulverized Ash
Rock
Stone
Sand
Timber
High
Energy
Content
Materials
Low
Energy
Content
Materials

50. Factors affecting selection of Materials for Construction
Cost of
Production/Procurement
Cost of Transportation to
Site
Cost of
Repair/Replacement
Physical Properties:
Surface hardness,
Structural Strength
Chemical Properties:
Resistance to oxidation,
reactivity with natural
elements
Location of Site, Climate,
Temperature
Aesthetic Appearance