Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin.
Most of the rocks are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or made into various shapes and blocks or slabs to be used walling, paving or roofing materials. Rocks are mostly used in the construction of buildings and hundreds of structures. Stones are categorised into building stones, ornamental stones and dimension stones.
Rocks are used in various purpose like building material, in foundation, as railway ballast,in dam etc. That's why careful studies bring out the inherent advantage and disadvantage of a site and such studies go a long way either in reducing or in increasing the cost of the structure.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin.
Most of the rocks are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or made into various shapes and blocks or slabs to be used walling, paving or roofing materials. Rocks are mostly used in the construction of buildings and hundreds of structures. Stones are categorised into building stones, ornamental stones and dimension stones.
Rocks are used in various purpose like building material, in foundation, as railway ballast,in dam etc. That's why careful studies bring out the inherent advantage and disadvantage of a site and such studies go a long way either in reducing or in increasing the cost of the structure.
Tunnel is an artificially constructed underground passage to by- pass obstacles safely without disturbing the over burden. This module explains about tunnels, their parts, types and importance.
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
Introduction and classification of rocksTarun kumar
Introduction and classification of rocks for building and construction materials... types of rocks and their classifications, and types of stone quarrying.
Rock Reinforcement is used to indicated method of enhancing the rock mass strength and hence improving the ability of rock mass to contain the engineering excavation without deforming excessively.
Rock Support is used to indicated method of applying supporting loads or displacement constraints as additional structural elements, so that the engineering excavation retains its integrity.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Mineralogy
Definition of mineral, mineralogy, Importance of study of minerals: rock forming and ore forming minerals. Different methods of study of minerals. Study of minerals by physical identification method and their physical properties.Forms and Habits, Colour, Streak, Lustre, Fracture, Cleavage, Hardness, Specific Gravity, Degree of Transparency, Special Properties Determination of Physical properties of following minerals: Feldspar, Quartz, Flint, Jasper, Olivine, Augite, Hornblende, Muscovite, Biotite, Asbestos, Chlorite, Kyanite, Garnet, Talc, Calcite. Study of ore forming minerals such as Pyrite, Hematite, Magnetite, Amethyst, Galena, Pyrolusite, Graphite, Magnetite, and Bauxite, Coral reefs.
Importance of Mineral, Chemical Composition of Earth Crust, Structure of Silicates
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
Tunnel is an artificially constructed underground passage to by- pass obstacles safely without disturbing the over burden. This module explains about tunnels, their parts, types and importance.
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
Introduction and classification of rocksTarun kumar
Introduction and classification of rocks for building and construction materials... types of rocks and their classifications, and types of stone quarrying.
Rock Reinforcement is used to indicated method of enhancing the rock mass strength and hence improving the ability of rock mass to contain the engineering excavation without deforming excessively.
Rock Support is used to indicated method of applying supporting loads or displacement constraints as additional structural elements, so that the engineering excavation retains its integrity.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Mineralogy
Definition of mineral, mineralogy, Importance of study of minerals: rock forming and ore forming minerals. Different methods of study of minerals. Study of minerals by physical identification method and their physical properties.Forms and Habits, Colour, Streak, Lustre, Fracture, Cleavage, Hardness, Specific Gravity, Degree of Transparency, Special Properties Determination of Physical properties of following minerals: Feldspar, Quartz, Flint, Jasper, Olivine, Augite, Hornblende, Muscovite, Biotite, Asbestos, Chlorite, Kyanite, Garnet, Talc, Calcite. Study of ore forming minerals such as Pyrite, Hematite, Magnetite, Amethyst, Galena, Pyrolusite, Graphite, Magnetite, and Bauxite, Coral reefs.
Importance of Mineral, Chemical Composition of Earth Crust, Structure of Silicates
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
Brick Masonary ppt presentation by Abhishek BagulAbhishek Bagul
With the inclusion of animations, it was my submission for my bachelor's. it has many of the important concepts of the brick masonry. all the closers and bats concepts are included in it. even some bonds like Flemish bond, English bond, stretcher bond & header bond are added with the animation effect. each brick has its own animation effect and it helps us to easily understand the concepts of the bond.
The process of extracting or taking out stones from natural rocks bed is known as the Quarrying of Stones. The term ‘Quarry’ is used to indicate the exposed surface of the natural rock. The place or site from where stones are taken out is called ‘Quarry Site’.
Building stones quarrying – properties – structural requirements
The earth’s crust is composed of rocks. Rock is a mineral mass of a more or less uniform composition. It may consist of a single mineral (mono-mineralic) or of several minerals (poly-mineralic).
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
construction materials,properties of construction materials, stone, bricks, lime, cement,metal, timber,sand,aggregate,concrete,mortar, artificial or industrials materials
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
1. Rocks as construction Material
Presented by
Randhir Kumar(14CE84)
Rohan Kumar (14CE86)
Sanjeev Kumar(14CE90)
Haldia Institute of Technology
2. Outlines
Introduction
Quality of building stone
Types of Rock
Rock Foundations
Railway Ballast
Concrete Aggregates
Road metal
Flooring and Roofing
Historical Rock structure
Conclusions
Questions
3. INTRODUCTION
• Rock is a solid cumulative of minerals located in the earth’s
lithosphere.They have been used by mankind through history
as a basic construction material.
• There are huge variation within each type of rocks ,depending
on their engineering properties rocks have been used in
various construction works.
• Rocks are using for making bricks, fire places and kitchen
counter of our homes,dams,buildings,railway
ballast,pavement material,road metal,concrete aggregates
etc.
• Rocks are extremely important in terms of their stability and
strength as a geological material on which construction
foundation are made.
4. Quality of building stone
Strength:-Strength of many building stones much higher
than the loads they are often supposed to withstand in ordinary
type of building construction.
Engineering Classification of Rocks
Class Type description Compressive strength(kg/cm2)
A
B
C
D
E
Very high strength
High strength
Medium strength
Low strength
Very low strength
More than 2240
1120-2240
560-1120
280-560
Less than 280
5. Quality of building stone
Durability:- Stones should possess a natural durability
to withstand the destructive effects of various agents
continuously operating on them.
Hardness:-The stone used in floors,pavements and
aprons of bridges should be able to resist the abrasive forces
caused due to wear and friction. Hardness of stones tested
by Mohr’s scale of hardness In the laboratory and in the field
by scraping the surface with a sharp knife. A hard stone will
not show any scratches.
6. Quality of building stone
Specific Gravity and Weight:-The stones used for the
construction of dams, weirs, barrages, docks and harbours should be of
a heavier variety. In case of dams and roof coverings, lighter varieties of
stones are preferred. The specific gravity of good building stones should
be between 2.4 and 2.8.
Cost:-An important consideration in the selection of building stone is
its cost. the cost of a stone depends upon the ease with which it can be
quarried out, the proximity of the quarry to the place of use, and the
transportation facilities available.
Texture:- Good building stone should be homogeneous in structure.
7. Quality of building stone
Porosity and Absorption:-A good stone should not be
porous. More porous building stones are unsuitable for use in
construction especially for exposed surfaces of structures.
Appearance:-Appearance is a primary factor of building
stone used for face work , it’s color and ability to receive polish is
an important factor.
Toughness:-Building stones should also be tough enough to
withstand stresses developed due to vibrations of machinery and
moving loads over them.
8. Type of Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
9. Igneous Rock
These Rocks are formed from an originally hot molten material through the
process of cooling and crystallization.Silica is the dominant constituent of
the Igneous rock.
Many of igneous rocks are extensively used as materials for construction .
Due to very high crushing strength Granites,Syenites and Dolerite are used
most of construction works , Basalt and other dark coloured igneous rock are
not used in Residential buildings but these are much useful for foundation
and roadstones.
Igneous rocks are typically impervious ,hard and strong form very strong
foundations for dams and reservoir . They can be also used as wall and roof
rocks in tunnels.Because of their low porosity they can’t be expected to
hold oil and ground water reserves.
10. Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition
and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and
within bodies of water. out of classified rocks,75% are sedimentary rocks
on earth surface.
Sedimentary rocks have a wide variety of uses, making them
extremely important. Virtually All buildings and public structures
require sedimentary rock in their construction. The cement,sand and
gravel used to make concrete, iron ore for steel, bauxite used in
making aluminum, brick and tile, cut stone used for facing large
buildings, and even asphalt for the roads.
Rock gypsum can be ground up and used in a number of ways,
including plaster and wall board.
11. Limestone is the primary source material for manufacturing of
Portland cement and in construction practice they are used as
building stone and road stone.
Sandstones are most commonly used as materials of
construction. They are used as building stones, pavement
stones, road stones and also a source material for concrete.
Shale is one of the major types of sedimentary rocks and this is
the most abundant sedimentary rock. Shales are variously used
for manufacture of bricks and tiles and it is also used as an
additive material in manufacturing of cement.
12. Metamorphic Rocks
A metamorphic rock is a type of rock which has been changed by
extreme heat and pressure ,it is created by the physical or chemical
alteration by heat and pressure of an existing igneous or sedimentary
material into a denser form.
Metamorphic rocks are used for roofing material, decorative
gardening stone, the base for snooker tables, building material,
sculpture material and paving material.
Marble and quartizite are important metamorphic rock which are
extensively used,marble is mostly used a ornamental stone in
costly construction and Quartzites are extensively used in building
and Road construction.
13. Rock Foundation
Rock foundations are always prefered because rocks offer a
number of advantages compare with soil in terms of stability and
durability.
Even the weakest rock is better in strength and reliability
compared to good soils.
Rocks such as limestone,
granite, sandstone, shale and hard
solid chalk have a high bearing
capacity which are extensively
used for foundation
14. Railway Ballast
Railway Ballast is the foundation of railway track and provide just below the
sleepers. The loads from the wheels of trains ultimately come on the ballast through
rails and sleepers.
The stone to be used as railway ballast should be hard, tough nonporous and should not
decompose when exposed to air and light. Igneous rocks like quartzite and granite forms the
excellent ballast materials.
Functions of Ballast
a) To provide firm and level bed for the sleepers to rest on
b) To allow for maintaining correct track level without disturbing the rail road bed
c) To drain off the water quickly and to keep the sleepers in dry conditions
d) To discourage the growth of vegetation
e) To protect the surface of formation and to form an elastic bed
f) To hold the sleepers in position during the passage of trains
g) To transmit and distribute the loads from the sleepers to the formation
h) To provide lateral stability to the track as a whole
15. Types of Railway Ballast
Sand ballast
Sand ballast is used primarily for cast iron (CI) pots. It is also used with wooden and steel trough sleepers in areas
where traffic density is very low. Coarse sand is preferred in comparison to fine sand. It has good drainage
properties, but has the drawback of blowing off because of being light. It also causes excessive wear of the rail top
and the moving parts of the rolling stock.
Moorum ballast
The decomposition of laterite results in the formation of moorum. It is red, and sometimes yellow, in colour. The
moorum ballast is normally used as the initial ballast in new constructions and also as sub-ballast. As it prevents
water from percolating into the formation, it is also used as a blanketing material for black cotton soil.
Coal ash or cinder
This type of ballast is normally used in yards and sidings or as the initial ballast in new constructions since it is very
cheap and easily available. It is harmful for steel sleepers and fittings because of its corrosive action.
Broken stone ballast
This type of ballast is used the most on Indian Railways. A good stone ballast is generally procured from hard stones
such as granite, quartzite, and hard trap. The quality of stone should be such that neither is it porous nor does it
flake off due to the vagaries of weather. Good quality hard stone is normally used for high-speed tracks. This type of
ballast works out to be economical in the long run.
16. Rocks in Concrete aggregate
Concrete is made by mixing fine aggregate,coarse aggregate,cement and
water. The raw material for making cement is also obtained by rocks.
Aggregates are used in concrete for very
specific purposes. The use of coarse and fine
aggregates in concrete provides significant
economic benefits for the final cost of
concrete in place. Aggregates typically make
up about 60 to 75 percent of the volume of a
concrete mixture, and as they are the least
expensive of the materials used in concrete,
the economic impact is measurable.
17. Road metal
The materials such as crushed rock, broken stone used
to construct a road is known as Road metal.
The greater part of the body of road Is generally constituted by the
aggregates which bears main stress of all the traffic, so it is
essential to select the right type of aggregate material for ensuring
stability and durability of road.
Road metal should posses the following quality.
a) Sufficient hardness and toughness
b) Durability at the place of use
c) Cementation property
d) Hydrophobic property
Granites,Basalts,Sandstones,limestones etc. are the some
important natural Rocks from which road aggregates are obtained.
18. Flooring and
Roofing
Slate is a foliated metamorphic rock that forms from the metamorphism of
shale It is popular for a wide variety of uses such as roofing, flooring.
Slate is useful for roofing, pool tables and floor tile.
Shale,Marble,mudstone,slate and well packed sandstone are all examples
of impermeable rocks which are extensively used for flooring and roofing
material.
Stone are available in plenty across the entire stretch of the country.
Many of these are suitable for providing floors in residential
construction. Stones suited for the purpose should be strong and able
to resist abrasion and impact besides giving a pleasing appearance.
Some of the stones which is used for floor construction are given
below.
(a) Kota stone
(b) Granite
(c) Sand stone
19. Types of rocks used on the monument: White Marble(metamorphic
rock). Grey, Red and Yellow Sandstone (sedimentary rocks).
Semiprecious stones such as agate, turquoise, lapis-azuli, coral, onyx,
cat's eye, jadeand blood stone.
20. Red Fort is one of most iconic symbol of india.it was made
off by massive red Sandstone
21. Conclusion
In all around the world ,stones and rocks were the first building blocks use to
make structures and even today they are the most important source for
building materials after wood.
In order to carry out civil engineering projects safely and successfully, such
as constructing road, bridges, tunnels, tanks, reservoirs and buildings,
selection of site is important from the view point of stability of foundation and
rock forming region, their physical nature, permeability, faults, joints etc.
Careful studies bring out the inherent advantage or disadvantage of a site
and such studies go a long way either in reducing or in increasing the cost of
a structure.