This document provides information on different types of rocks, including their properties and uses. It discusses igneous rocks like granite, syenite, and diorite; sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, limestone, and shale; and metamorphic rocks including gneiss, quartzite, and marble. For each rock type, the document outlines characteristics such as chemical composition, hardness, and applications like construction, decoration, and road building. The purpose is to classify and describe rocks for an engineering geology course presentation.
Natural stone comes from quarries around the world and is used for both interior and exterior applications. Stone is excavated, cut, and finished in various ways depending on the type of stone and intended use. Popular natural stones include travertine, limestone, marble, and granite. Each has distinct characteristics, benefits, and common applications. Proper sealing helps protect stone and enhances its appearance.
The document discusses laterite, a type of weathered rock found in tropical regions that has traditionally been used as a building material in India. It provides background on laterite formation and properties. It then describes several examples of historic laterite buildings in India, including prehistoric megaliths, maritime forts from the 15th-18th centuries, religious structures, and traditional residences. The document also discusses laboratory experiments that examined laterite's weathering mechanisms and properties like compressive strength. It finds that laterite is sensitive to salt crystallization and weathering can be reduced by protecting weaker laterite from damp conditions.
Bizaillion is a stone and tile restoration company. We specialize in Travertine, Marble, Onyx, Limestone, Terrazzo, Saltillo, Slate, Brick and various other types of stones.
http://www.bizaillion.com/stone-tile-restoration-dallas-houston/marble-restoration
This document discusses building stones and gypsum products used in construction. It describes 8 common building stones like granite, limestone, marble and slate, providing their characteristics, classifications, colors and building uses. It also discusses various gypsum products including plasters, gypsum boards, tiles, precast wall panels and lime. Plasters are described in detail along with their compositions and uses. Gypsum boards and tiles as well as precast wall panels are also defined. Finally, the document notes that hydrated lime is used in making the finish coat of interior plaster.
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed mainly of calcite and dolomite that forms under high pressures and temperatures. It has been used as a building material for thousands of years in structures like the Parthenon and Taj Mahal. Marble exists in various colors depending on its mineral impurities and is often used for flooring, countertops, and decorative carvings. Though durable, it requires sealing and regular maintenance as it can stain or etch more easily than other stone options.
Marble comes in many varieties and colors and is used for both institutional and residential buildings. The document discusses different types of marble, including onyx, katni, white, green, agaria, galala, makrana, bidasar, italian, botticino, rainforest, white gray, red forest, gray william, golden spider, and banswara marble. It also provides information on finding marble suppliers.
Natural & Artificial stones & its uses in designing Ramya S
Rock is a natural solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids that make up the Earth's crust. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Natural stone refers to blocks cut from quarries that are used for construction, including granite, marble, limestone, travertine, slate, basalt, quartzite, and sandstone. Each has different properties making them suitable for various applications like flooring, countertops, and buildings. Artificial stones are man-made mixtures that imitate natural stones through the use of materials like resin, cement, and stone chips.
This document provides information on different types of rocks, including their properties and uses. It discusses igneous rocks like granite, syenite, and diorite; sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, limestone, and shale; and metamorphic rocks including gneiss, quartzite, and marble. For each rock type, the document outlines characteristics such as chemical composition, hardness, and applications like construction, decoration, and road building. The purpose is to classify and describe rocks for an engineering geology course presentation.
Natural stone comes from quarries around the world and is used for both interior and exterior applications. Stone is excavated, cut, and finished in various ways depending on the type of stone and intended use. Popular natural stones include travertine, limestone, marble, and granite. Each has distinct characteristics, benefits, and common applications. Proper sealing helps protect stone and enhances its appearance.
The document discusses laterite, a type of weathered rock found in tropical regions that has traditionally been used as a building material in India. It provides background on laterite formation and properties. It then describes several examples of historic laterite buildings in India, including prehistoric megaliths, maritime forts from the 15th-18th centuries, religious structures, and traditional residences. The document also discusses laboratory experiments that examined laterite's weathering mechanisms and properties like compressive strength. It finds that laterite is sensitive to salt crystallization and weathering can be reduced by protecting weaker laterite from damp conditions.
Bizaillion is a stone and tile restoration company. We specialize in Travertine, Marble, Onyx, Limestone, Terrazzo, Saltillo, Slate, Brick and various other types of stones.
http://www.bizaillion.com/stone-tile-restoration-dallas-houston/marble-restoration
This document discusses building stones and gypsum products used in construction. It describes 8 common building stones like granite, limestone, marble and slate, providing their characteristics, classifications, colors and building uses. It also discusses various gypsum products including plasters, gypsum boards, tiles, precast wall panels and lime. Plasters are described in detail along with their compositions and uses. Gypsum boards and tiles as well as precast wall panels are also defined. Finally, the document notes that hydrated lime is used in making the finish coat of interior plaster.
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed mainly of calcite and dolomite that forms under high pressures and temperatures. It has been used as a building material for thousands of years in structures like the Parthenon and Taj Mahal. Marble exists in various colors depending on its mineral impurities and is often used for flooring, countertops, and decorative carvings. Though durable, it requires sealing and regular maintenance as it can stain or etch more easily than other stone options.
Marble comes in many varieties and colors and is used for both institutional and residential buildings. The document discusses different types of marble, including onyx, katni, white, green, agaria, galala, makrana, bidasar, italian, botticino, rainforest, white gray, red forest, gray william, golden spider, and banswara marble. It also provides information on finding marble suppliers.
Natural & Artificial stones & its uses in designing Ramya S
Rock is a natural solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids that make up the Earth's crust. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Natural stone refers to blocks cut from quarries that are used for construction, including granite, marble, limestone, travertine, slate, basalt, quartzite, and sandstone. Each has different properties making them suitable for various applications like flooring, countertops, and buildings. Artificial stones are man-made mixtures that imitate natural stones through the use of materials like resin, cement, and stone chips.
The document discusses various types of building materials used in construction including stones, bricks, cast stones, and fire bricks. It describes the characteristics and properties of good building stones and bricks, such as durability, hardness, resistance to weathering and fire. The causes of decay of stones and methods to preserve them are explained. The composition, manufacture and testing process of different types of bricks are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of stones and tiles used in construction. It describes the composition and formation of different stones like granite, slate, marble and limestone. It also discusses the manufacturing process of ceramic and vitrified tiles and their various applications as flooring and wall coverings. Natural stones are used for building facades, panels, rubblework and trims due to their durability and decorative properties. Ceramic, vitrified and porcelain tiles are commonly used for floors, walls, countertops and other surfaces in homes and buildings due to their moisture resistance, durability and low maintenance.
Granite is an igneous rock that is formed deep underground from the cooling of magma. It is extracted through mining where large blocks are cut and lifted from the mine. The blocks then undergo polishing and cutting into slabs. Granite has various applications in construction including use as flooring, wall cladding, and in the production of aggregate. It has advantages such as durability, heat resistance and natural beauty. Famous structures that use granite include the Mount Rushmore monument and Rockefeller Center.
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It defines building stone as a construction material derived from rocks in the earth's crust. Some key historical structures that used building stones are mentioned, such as the pyramids of Egypt and the Taj Mahal. The document also discusses the classification, characteristics, quarrying and uses of different types of building stones including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Good building stones are described as having properties like uniform appearance, strength, hardness, porosity and weathering resistance.
Natural Stone Application for InteriorsHolly Smith
This document provides an overview of natural stone applications for interiors. It discusses various types of natural stone such as travertine, limestone, marble, granite and others. It covers the formation, characteristics and common applications of each stone type. Additional sections describe stone production, cuts and finishes, construction considerations, maintenance and installation examples. The goal is to educate on selecting and specifying natural stone for different interior design projects.
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It begins by defining stones and minerals. It then provides examples of historical structures built with stone, such as the pyramids and Taj Mahal. The document outlines various classifications of rocks, including geological, physical, and chemical. It discusses the uses of stones in civil engineering projects. Finally, it covers the processes of quarrying, dressing, and caring for stones to avoid deterioration.
Stone is one of the oldest building materials, used since 3200 BC in ancient India. Stones are classified geologically based on their formation as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. They are also classified physically based on stratification, chemically based on composition, and practically based on their use. Various tests determine properties like hardness, strength, durability, and resistance to help select appropriate stones for building construction.
This document provides information about marble and kota stone. It discusses that marble is a metamorphic rock composed of calcite or dolomite, and can be various colors due to mineral impurities. It lists physical and chemical properties of marble, as well as common uses. Kota stone is described as a fine-grained limestone used for buildings. Its chemical composition and physical properties are outlined. Advantages and disadvantages of both marble and kota stone for flooring are presented.
The document discusses different types of rocks and stones used in construction. It describes the rock cycle and how three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic - are formed through the interaction of molten rock and geological processes. Specific stone materials like granite, limestone, sandstone and their characteristics are explained in detail. The document provides information on the composition, texture, colour and applications of different stone types used in the building industry.
The document discusses various types of rocks and stones that can be used for building, including their properties and classifications. It provides information on igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It also discusses factors such as the strength, hardness, durability, workability, density, and resistance to fire that make certain rocks and stones suitable for use as building materials. Classification of rocks is described based on their geological, physical, and chemical characteristics.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
This document provides information on marble mining and processing in India. It begins with definitions and classifications of dimension stone and marble. It then discusses the history of stone use in India and geographical distribution of marble resources. The key points are that India has a long history of stone building construction, and houses a large portion of the world's marble resources, with the majority located in Rajasthan. The document proceeds to describe marble mining techniques, from conventional to modern mechanized methods. It outlines the processing of marble into blocks, slabs and tiles using gang saws and wire saws. Finally, it discusses the marble trade, with major export countries being the US, China, and Italy, and major imports from Italy, Sri Lanka,
The document discusses stone as a building material. It classifies rocks geologically into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It then describes common types of rocks used in construction like granite, sandstone, limestone, marble, and slate. It outlines characteristics of good building stones such as hardness, durability, porosity, and resistance to decomposition. Finally, it discusses common uses of building stone and types of stone flooring and masonry walls.
Building Stones: Varieties of Indian Stones, Quarrying blasting, Dressings of stones,
Characteristics of good building stones, Slate, Marble, Artificial stones, Stone
Preservation
The earth’s crust is composed of rocks. Rock is a mineral mass of a more or less uniform composition. It may consist of a single mineral (mono-mineralic) or of several minerals (poly-mineralic).
This document summarizes several common building stones used in construction. It describes the composition, structure, texture, and properties of granite, basalt, limestone, marble, sandstone, gneiss, laterite, and slate. Key points include that granite is an igneous rock composed primarily of quartz and feldspar; basalt is a fine-grained volcanic rock used for construction due to its durability; limestone is a sedimentary rock varying widely in porosity; and slate has a unique cleavage that allows it to be split into thin sheets for uses like roofing. The document also discusses required qualities for building stones like compressive, transverse, and shear strength.
Stone is a natural building material that forms from minerals in the earth's crust. It can be classified based on its geological origin as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock. Igneous rock forms from cooled lava, sedimentary rock forms from compressed sediment, and metamorphic rock forms from existing rock undergoing heat and pressure. Stone can also be classified based on its physical properties, such as whether it has distinct layers (stratified) or not (unstratified). Common uses of stone include structures, facades, paving, and as a basic construction material. However, stone is losing popularity compared to alternatives like concrete and steel due to the labor involved in working with stone and its lack of strength
The process of extracting or taking out stones from natural rocks bed is known as the Quarrying of Stones. The term ‘Quarry’ is used to indicate the exposed surface of the natural rock. The place or site from where stones are taken out is called ‘Quarry Site’.
Building stones quarrying – properties – structural requirements
Granite is an igneous rock composed of feldspar, mica, and silica that comes in various colors like gray and red. Medium-grained granite is well-suited for construction while fine-grained granite can be polished but is harder to work. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock consisting of fragments cemented together, and it comes in colors like white, yellow, and brown. Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone that is easy to carve and comes in colors such as white, black, and green.
This document discusses building stones used in construction. It describes various types of stones, their common uses, characteristics of good building stones like hardness, durability, porosity. It outlines different tests conducted on stones to examine their properties and quality, such as crushing, weathering, absorption and attrition tests. The document also covers classification of stones, their quarrying, dressing, deterioration over time and concludes with describing igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
This document discusses different types of stones that are commonly used as building materials. It describes several stones including granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate, and basalt. These stones are classified based on factors like hardness, texture, and chemical composition. The document outlines the characteristics of good building stones, which include being durable, easily obtainable, and weathering well. It also lists common uses of stone in construction such as for floors, walls, roads, and filters.
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It defines building stone as a construction material derived from rocks in the earth's crust. Some key historical structures that used building stones are mentioned, such as the pyramids of Egypt and the Taj Mahal. The document also discusses the classification, characteristics, quarrying and uses of different types of building stones including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Good building stones are described as having properties like uniform appearance, strength, hardness, low porosity and weathering resistance.
The document discusses various types of building materials used in construction including stones, bricks, cast stones, and fire bricks. It describes the characteristics and properties of good building stones and bricks, such as durability, hardness, resistance to weathering and fire. The causes of decay of stones and methods to preserve them are explained. The composition, manufacture and testing process of different types of bricks are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of stones and tiles used in construction. It describes the composition and formation of different stones like granite, slate, marble and limestone. It also discusses the manufacturing process of ceramic and vitrified tiles and their various applications as flooring and wall coverings. Natural stones are used for building facades, panels, rubblework and trims due to their durability and decorative properties. Ceramic, vitrified and porcelain tiles are commonly used for floors, walls, countertops and other surfaces in homes and buildings due to their moisture resistance, durability and low maintenance.
Granite is an igneous rock that is formed deep underground from the cooling of magma. It is extracted through mining where large blocks are cut and lifted from the mine. The blocks then undergo polishing and cutting into slabs. Granite has various applications in construction including use as flooring, wall cladding, and in the production of aggregate. It has advantages such as durability, heat resistance and natural beauty. Famous structures that use granite include the Mount Rushmore monument and Rockefeller Center.
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It defines building stone as a construction material derived from rocks in the earth's crust. Some key historical structures that used building stones are mentioned, such as the pyramids of Egypt and the Taj Mahal. The document also discusses the classification, characteristics, quarrying and uses of different types of building stones including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Good building stones are described as having properties like uniform appearance, strength, hardness, porosity and weathering resistance.
Natural Stone Application for InteriorsHolly Smith
This document provides an overview of natural stone applications for interiors. It discusses various types of natural stone such as travertine, limestone, marble, granite and others. It covers the formation, characteristics and common applications of each stone type. Additional sections describe stone production, cuts and finishes, construction considerations, maintenance and installation examples. The goal is to educate on selecting and specifying natural stone for different interior design projects.
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It begins by defining stones and minerals. It then provides examples of historical structures built with stone, such as the pyramids and Taj Mahal. The document outlines various classifications of rocks, including geological, physical, and chemical. It discusses the uses of stones in civil engineering projects. Finally, it covers the processes of quarrying, dressing, and caring for stones to avoid deterioration.
Stone is one of the oldest building materials, used since 3200 BC in ancient India. Stones are classified geologically based on their formation as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. They are also classified physically based on stratification, chemically based on composition, and practically based on their use. Various tests determine properties like hardness, strength, durability, and resistance to help select appropriate stones for building construction.
This document provides information about marble and kota stone. It discusses that marble is a metamorphic rock composed of calcite or dolomite, and can be various colors due to mineral impurities. It lists physical and chemical properties of marble, as well as common uses. Kota stone is described as a fine-grained limestone used for buildings. Its chemical composition and physical properties are outlined. Advantages and disadvantages of both marble and kota stone for flooring are presented.
The document discusses different types of rocks and stones used in construction. It describes the rock cycle and how three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic - are formed through the interaction of molten rock and geological processes. Specific stone materials like granite, limestone, sandstone and their characteristics are explained in detail. The document provides information on the composition, texture, colour and applications of different stone types used in the building industry.
The document discusses various types of rocks and stones that can be used for building, including their properties and classifications. It provides information on igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It also discusses factors such as the strength, hardness, durability, workability, density, and resistance to fire that make certain rocks and stones suitable for use as building materials. Classification of rocks is described based on their geological, physical, and chemical characteristics.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
This document provides information on marble mining and processing in India. It begins with definitions and classifications of dimension stone and marble. It then discusses the history of stone use in India and geographical distribution of marble resources. The key points are that India has a long history of stone building construction, and houses a large portion of the world's marble resources, with the majority located in Rajasthan. The document proceeds to describe marble mining techniques, from conventional to modern mechanized methods. It outlines the processing of marble into blocks, slabs and tiles using gang saws and wire saws. Finally, it discusses the marble trade, with major export countries being the US, China, and Italy, and major imports from Italy, Sri Lanka,
The document discusses stone as a building material. It classifies rocks geologically into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It then describes common types of rocks used in construction like granite, sandstone, limestone, marble, and slate. It outlines characteristics of good building stones such as hardness, durability, porosity, and resistance to decomposition. Finally, it discusses common uses of building stone and types of stone flooring and masonry walls.
Building Stones: Varieties of Indian Stones, Quarrying blasting, Dressings of stones,
Characteristics of good building stones, Slate, Marble, Artificial stones, Stone
Preservation
The earth’s crust is composed of rocks. Rock is a mineral mass of a more or less uniform composition. It may consist of a single mineral (mono-mineralic) or of several minerals (poly-mineralic).
This document summarizes several common building stones used in construction. It describes the composition, structure, texture, and properties of granite, basalt, limestone, marble, sandstone, gneiss, laterite, and slate. Key points include that granite is an igneous rock composed primarily of quartz and feldspar; basalt is a fine-grained volcanic rock used for construction due to its durability; limestone is a sedimentary rock varying widely in porosity; and slate has a unique cleavage that allows it to be split into thin sheets for uses like roofing. The document also discusses required qualities for building stones like compressive, transverse, and shear strength.
Stone is a natural building material that forms from minerals in the earth's crust. It can be classified based on its geological origin as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock. Igneous rock forms from cooled lava, sedimentary rock forms from compressed sediment, and metamorphic rock forms from existing rock undergoing heat and pressure. Stone can also be classified based on its physical properties, such as whether it has distinct layers (stratified) or not (unstratified). Common uses of stone include structures, facades, paving, and as a basic construction material. However, stone is losing popularity compared to alternatives like concrete and steel due to the labor involved in working with stone and its lack of strength
The process of extracting or taking out stones from natural rocks bed is known as the Quarrying of Stones. The term ‘Quarry’ is used to indicate the exposed surface of the natural rock. The place or site from where stones are taken out is called ‘Quarry Site’.
Building stones quarrying – properties – structural requirements
Granite is an igneous rock composed of feldspar, mica, and silica that comes in various colors like gray and red. Medium-grained granite is well-suited for construction while fine-grained granite can be polished but is harder to work. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock consisting of fragments cemented together, and it comes in colors like white, yellow, and brown. Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone that is easy to carve and comes in colors such as white, black, and green.
This document discusses building stones used in construction. It describes various types of stones, their common uses, characteristics of good building stones like hardness, durability, porosity. It outlines different tests conducted on stones to examine their properties and quality, such as crushing, weathering, absorption and attrition tests. The document also covers classification of stones, their quarrying, dressing, deterioration over time and concludes with describing igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
This document discusses different types of stones that are commonly used as building materials. It describes several stones including granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate, and basalt. These stones are classified based on factors like hardness, texture, and chemical composition. The document outlines the characteristics of good building stones, which include being durable, easily obtainable, and weathering well. It also lists common uses of stone in construction such as for floors, walls, roads, and filters.
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It defines building stone as a construction material derived from rocks in the earth's crust. Some key historical structures that used building stones are mentioned, such as the pyramids of Egypt and the Taj Mahal. The document also discusses the classification, characteristics, quarrying and uses of different types of building stones including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Good building stones are described as having properties like uniform appearance, strength, hardness, low porosity and weathering resistance.
This document discusses rocks and minerals. It defines them as natural hard substances formed from minerals like quartz and mica. It describes different types of rocks such as granite, basalt, and limestone. It then covers the physical properties used to identify rocks, including hardness, cleavage, streak, lustre, and crystal formation. Different categories of rocks are outlined, including igneous rocks formed from volcanic activity, sedimentary rocks formed by deposition of particles, and metamorphic rocks formed by changes to pre-existing rocks. Specific rocks like granite and marble are discussed in more detail. Uses of rocks in construction are also summarized.
Stone and Details about the stone and types of all natural and man-made .pdfttasharmishthawakcha
The document provides information about different types of stone, including their formation, classification, and uses. It discusses natural stones such as granite, marble, limestone, and sandstone that were formed by geological processes over millions of years. It also describes man-made stones like agglomerate, faux marble, and terrazzo that are composite materials produced by binding stone chips. The document outlines various tests conducted on stones and preservation methods used to increase their lifespan. It discusses the applications of both natural and man-made stones in construction, architecture, interior and landscape design.
Classification of Rocks:
- Igneous rocks form from cooled lava and include basalts and granites.
- Sedimentary rocks like sandstones and limestones form from compressed sediments.
- Metamorphic rocks like marble and slate form from heat and pressure altering igneous and sedimentary rocks.
The document discusses various building construction materials used in civil engineering projects, including natural stones like granite, limestone, and sandstone as well as artificial materials like concrete blocks. It provides details on classifying and selecting stones based on their properties, describing the appropriate uses of different stone types in constructions like buildings, dams, roads, and more. Common stones are evaluated based on factors like strength, hardness, durability, and workability to determine their suitability for structural or decorative applications.
The document discusses different types of stones used in construction. It describes various stone materials including granite, basalt, sandstone, limestone, laterite, quartzite, marble, slate, flagstone, and rubble. The document outlines the geological and physical classification of stones. It discusses the quarrying, dressing, preservation, and construction techniques used for stone, including paneling, ashlars, and rubblework. Common applications of stone include use in exterior cladding, flooring, countertops, and roofing.
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of magma. They are classified based on their texture, mineral composition, and mode of formation. The three main types are volcanic, plutonic, and hypabyssal rocks. Common igneous rocks include granite, basalt, pumice, and diorite. Granite is widely used in construction due to its hardness, frost resistance, and high compressive strength. Basalt is used for building blocks, cobblestones, and insulation. Engineering considerations for igneous rocks include alkali-silica reactivity and using weathered rocks for foundations.
1. The document classifies rocks into three main categories - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic - based on their formation process.
2. Igneous rocks such as granite and basalt are formed by the cooling of magma. Sedimentary rocks like limestone and sandstone form through the weathering, erosion and deposition of older rocks. Metamorphic rocks like quartzite and slate form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure and chemically active fluids.
3. The document further subdivides rocks based on their physical and chemical properties for classification and determination of their uses as building materials.
Rocks form the Earth's outer layer and are composed of minerals. There are three main types of rocks: igneous rocks which form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks which form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks which form from changes to existing igneous and sedimentary rocks. Igneous rocks such as granite are used in construction while sedimentary rocks such as limestone can be used as a building material. The mining industry extracts various rocks and minerals for use in construction and other applications but can also negatively impact the environment.
This document provides information about common building stones including granite, basalt, limestone, marble, and sandstone. It describes the composition, texture, structure, properties, availability, and uses of each stone type. Granite is an igneous rock composed primarily of quartz and feldspar that forms in large masses underground. It takes polish well and is used for construction. Basalt is a common volcanic rock composed of plagioclase feldspar and mafic minerals. It is very durable and used for buildings, roads, and macadam. Limestone forms chemically or organically and comes in various types, with porosity varying widely. It is used in construction but may not be very durable. Mar
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
This document discusses different types of rocks classified based on their formation processes and mineral/chemical composition. It summarizes key rock types as follows:
1) Igneous rocks such as granite, syenite, diorite, gabbro and dolerite are formed by cooling of magma and are divided into plutonic and volcanic types.
2) Sedimentary rocks like sandstone form at the Earth's surface through compaction/cementation of sediments and include varieties based on grain size and cementing material.
3) Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks subjected to high temperature and pressure, altering their mineral composition from the original rock type. Rock types transform through the geological rock cycle
Minerals and rocks can be classified in several ways. Metallic minerals include precious metals like gold and silver, and ferrous metals like iron. Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals and include sulfur and phosphates. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma and include intrusive granites and extrusive basalts. Sedimentary rocks form through deposition and lithification of sediments and make up 75% of the Earth's crust. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing recrystallization under heat and pressure. Common minerals include feldspar, quartz, pyroxene, amphibole, mica and olivine.
Rocks can be classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Igneous rocks form from cooling lava, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks by heat and pressure. Common rocks used for construction include granite, limestone, sandstone, quartzite, slate, and marble. Each has distinct properties making it suitable for uses like flooring, walls, countertops, or roofing. Proper testing ensures rocks meet requirements for strength, durability and appearance for their intended application in buildings.
This document provides information about building materials and construction techniques using masonry, specifically stone and bricks. It discusses the classification, formation and requirements of different stone types commonly used in Ethiopia like basalt, trachyte and granite. It also outlines the manufacturing process for bricks from selecting raw materials to firing. Bricks are classified based on their usage and shape. The document discusses properties of good building stones and fired clay products along with factors affecting the quality of bricks.
This document provides information about building materials and construction techniques using masonry, specifically stone and bricks. It discusses the different types of rocks based on their geological origin (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) and describes the rock formation process. Requirements for building stone are outlined. Common stones used in Ethiopia include basalt, trachyte, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, ignimbrite, pumice and scoria. Bricks are discussed as well, including their advantages, manufacturing process using clay soils, and the functions of constituent elements in clay.
This document provides information on building stones and bricks:
1. Building stones are massive, dense rocks suitable for construction that are chosen for their durability, attractiveness, and economy. Sedimentary rocks like sandstone form from the compaction and cementation of sediments like sand grains.
2. Bricks are artificial building materials made from clay that is molded, dried, and burned. Good brick clay contains substances like alumina and silica that allow proper molding and prevent cracking during drying and burning.
3. Bricks are manufactured through processes like preparation of brick clay, molding, drying, and burning in kilns or clamps. Continuous kilns allow an efficient one-day production cycle for
Stone Installation Treatment Maintenance For Hotels & Resorts En 2012
1. Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 1
Solutions for Hotels & Resorts
2. Contents
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 2
• Solution for Installation
• Stone Diseases
• Case Studies of Treatment
• Full Service Maintenance
• Contact Us
3. Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 3
Solution for Installation
Category of Decorative Stone
Steps of Design
Installation
4. Category of Decorative Stone
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 4
• Travertine (A Sort of Limestone)
• Limestone
• Sandstone
• Granite
• Slate
• Marble
• Jade
• Artificial Stone (Ignored in this lecture)
5. Travertine
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 5
• Geochemistry
– A terrestrial sedimentary rock formed by the precipitation of carbonate minerals.
– A form of limestone deposited by mineral springs and no grains contained.
• Occurrence: Europe (Italy, Central Europe), U.S., Indonesia…
• Chemical properties
– Colonized by macrophytes, bryophytes, algae, cyanobacteria and other
organisms.
– Composition: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, MnO…
• Physical properties
– Low density.
– Super absorbent.
– Low compression strength.
– Low bending strength.
– Low hardness.
– Low gloss.
– Low wear resistance.
• Uses: Facades, wall cladding, flooring…
• Warning
– Porous and high absorption, sensitive in wetting and densely-populated area.
– Weak impact resistance, sensitive in high traffic area.
6. Limestone
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 6
• Geochemistry
– A sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which
are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate.
– Composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms, coral, foraminifera, etc.
• Occurrence: Canada, USA, France, Ireland, Vietnam, China…
• Chemical properties
– Minerals calcite, aragonite, sand, etc.
– Reactive to acid solutions, e.g., acid rain, acid-based cleaning chemicals.
• Physical properties
– Low density.
– Super absorbent.
– Low compression strength.
– Low bending strength.
– Low hardness.
– Low gloss.
– Low wear resistance..
• Uses: Tables, internal wall cladding, flooring…
• Warning
– Porous and high absorption, sensitive in wetting and densely-populated area.
– Acid-based cleaning chemicals may etch the surface.
7. Sandstone
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 7
• Geochemistry
– A sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which
are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate.
– Composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms, coral, foraminifera, etc.
• Occurrence: Australia, India, Span, China…
• Chemical properties
– Quartz/feldspar, silicon, calcium, clay, iron, oxide, etc.
– Reactive to acid solutions, e.g., acid rain, acid-based cleaning chemicals.
• Physical properties
– Low density.
– Super absorbent.
– Low compression strength.
– Low bending strength.
– Low hardness.
– Low gloss.
– Low wear resistance..
• Uses: Tables, façade, internal wall cladding, flooring…
• Warning
– Porous and high absorption, sensitive in wetting and densely-populated area.
– Can easily get rusted and corrupted. .
8. Granite
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 8
• Geochemistry
– Granite is a common widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock which
is granular and crystalline in texture.
• Occurrence: Australia, India, Span, China…
• Chemical properties
– Quartz, mica, feldspar.
– SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, CaO, FeO, Fe2O3, MgO, TiO2, P2O5, MnO…
• Physical properties
– Density from 2.65-2.75g/cm3
– Compressive strength lies above 200Mpa
– Melting temperature is 1215-1260 ℃
• Uses: Square, exterior walls, public flooring…
• Warning
– Porous and high absorption, sensitive in wetting and densely-populated area.
– Can easily get rusted and corrupted. .
9. Slate
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 9
• Geochemistry
– A fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an
original shale-type sedimentary rock.
– Composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism.
• Occurrence: China, Americas, Europe, etc.
• Chemical properties
– Quartz, muscovite, or illite, often along with biotite, chlorite, hematite, and less
frequently, apatite, graphite, kaolinite, magnetite, tourmaline, or zircon as well as
feldspar.
• Physical properties
– Low density.
– Super absorbent.
– Low compression strength.
– Low bending strength.
– Low hardness.
– Low gloss.
• Uses: Pavers, walls…
• Warning
– Weathering may cause colors getting lighter during use.
10. Marble
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 10
• Geochemistry
– A non-foliated metamorphic rock composed of re-crystallized carbonate
minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite.
– Geologists use the term “marble” to refer to metamorphosed limestone.
• Occurrence: Italy, Ireland, US, Greece, UK, Russia,
Macedonia, Sweden, Germany, China, etc.
• Chemical properties
– Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure (silicate-poor)
limestone or dolomite protolith.
– Many colored marble varieties are usually due to various mineral impurities such
as clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, or chert which were originally present as grains or
layers in the limestone.
– Green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally high
magnesium limestone or dolostone with silica impurities.
• Physical properties
– Need to define case by case
• Uses: Tables, internal wall cladding, flooring…
• Warning
– Can easily get rusted and corrupted. .
11. Jade
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 11
• Geochemistry
– A metamorphic rock made up of silicate minerals.
• Occurrence: China, Guatemala, Burma, Canada, New
Zealand, North America, Neolithic Europe, and Southeast
Asia
• Chemical properties
– Calcium, magnesium-iron rich amphibole minerals
• Physical properties
– Density from 2.9-3.4g/cm3.
– Hardness from 6.5-7.
• Uses: Decorative scenery on the wall, or the floor.
• Warning
– Can easily get rusted and corrupted. .
12. Steps of Design
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 12
• Think of the situation
• Build up a concept of stone matching
• Cost control
• Quality control
Please do not feel hesitation to consult us!
13. Step 1 of Design
Think of the situation
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 13
• Exterior: Facades, square, fountain, paver…
– Geography: Inland, mountainous, or by the sea (salt fog)…
– Weather: Wet, hot, cold or a city existing big temperature difference which may
damage the exterior travertine material.
– Location: Downtown (acid rain, corrosive air, dust…), traffic…
• Interior flooring
– Traffic
– Wear & Abrasion: High heels, bottom of shoes…
– Impact of heavy articles
– Source of Pollution: Tea, oil, coffee, cola, juice…
• Interior walls, handrails, skirting…
– Possible impact
• Guestrooms/toilets
– Source of Pollution: Tea, oil, coffee, cola, juice, water, red wine…
– Easy to clean
• Swimming pool/SPA
– Water resistance
– Source of Pollution: acid/alkaline etch, grease, food, water…
• Restaurants
– Source of Pollution: Oil, wine, food, drinks, smokes…
– Impact of heavy articles
14. Step 2 of Design
Build up a concept of stone matching
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 14
• Decide a sort of stone for a specific area
– Safety
Safety for the construction or specific part of a construction.
Safety for the health of human, harmful radiation and gases of some sort of stone.
– Longevity
Impact/ wear and abrasion/ water resistance…
Weathering and aging
Possible corruption during use
– Economy
– Facility: Easy to maintain
• Decide a stone brand to decorate a specific area
– Size
– Color
– Texture
– Uniformity
• Evaluate the availability
– Some brands of stone have very small output.
– Every piece in the same block looks very different.
– Exhausted reserves may lead to the replacement impossible.
15. Step 3 of Design
Cost control
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 15
• When choosing a product/brand of a sort of stone
– Place of origin, volume of reserves, difficulties in mining, transportation,
may extremely wave the costs.
– Stone being an art of the nature, colors, texture, and the uniformity may
decide the costs.
• When processing in the factory
– To determine how precisely the uniformity of the pieces you expect to
have, will extremely matter for the costs.
– Every chunk of raw stone is mined based on regular sizes, your particular
request on sizes will increase the wastage during cutting.
– To endure the impact and weight on the surface, you have to consider
the thickness of stone based on the wearing coefficient and impact
strength of the stone, which directly decides the costs.
– Faking the work by saving steps and using low quality material during
processing, will extremely decrease the longevity of stone. .
– Higher quality raw material, e.g., anchors, resins, adhesives, stone
sealers, will increase the costs but can extend stone’s longevity and save
maintenance costs in daily use.
16. Step 4 of Design
Quality control
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 16
• Specification of raw material for processing should be
included into your design.
– Low quality adhesives and fillers will cause the stone yellowing.
– Low quality iron anchors without antirust treatment will cause the stone
yellowing.
– Low quality or inappropriate stone sealer will limit stone’s resistance of
specific pollutions.
• Specification of installation should be included into your
design.
– Strict procedure.
– Strict control of procedure.
• Specification of daily maintenance should be included into
your design.
– Appropriate cleaning chemicals for daily cleaning based on the chemical
properties of the stone.
– Specification of regular surface treatment, e.g., raw material/ processing of
crystallization.
– Other maintenance and repair regulations.
17. Installation
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 17
• Protecting the stone
• Paving
• Grout line treatment
• Polishing
• Crystallization
Please do not feel hesitation to consult us!
18. Installation
Protecting the stone
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 18
• Choose a sealer based on what sort of stone it is.
– Impregnation sealer: smooth and leaktight stone suface.
– Coating sealer: rough surface (The bottom face has to be sealed
perfectly)
• Choose a sealer based on what resistance the stone will need.
– Water resistance
– Oil resistance
– Salt resistance (Seafront buildings or swimming pool)
– Acid/alkaline resistance (restaurants, bathrooms, tables)
• A hexahedron protection
– The bottom face: LONG TERM water/ acid/ alkaline resistance for the
penetration of cement mortar.
– 4 side faces: water resistance
– Top face: based on the situation
• Required duration of sealing for interior stone
– Sealing for the bottom face: >15 years.
– Sealing for the side faces: >10 years.
– Sealing for the top face: >2 years.
19. Installation
Paving
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 19
• Methods for paving
– Flooring
Dry paste method
Wet paste method
– Walling
Wet paste method for skirting and low area.
Dry-hanging method for high place walling.
G.P.C. method for 30m higher buildings
– Fountain
Wet paste method
– Swimming pool
Wet paste method
• Problems may exist during paving
– Iron nails and anchors without antirust treatment may cause stone
yellowing and leave penetrative rust stains on the surface.
– Low quality glues may loosen stone and cause accidents and some will
cause the stone yellowing.
– Inadequate leveling and immediate use without complete solidification
will cause hollowing under the stone.
20. Installation
Grout line treatment
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 20
• Color
– The color or effect of the filler should be in consonance with the stone, or
– Should be a bit lighter than the stone.
– But a filler of brighter hues can make some dark-colored stone more
elegant.
• Weathering/ Aging resistance
– Sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants in the air may cause weathering and
aging of the filler in the grout lines.
– UV and temperature changing may cause the filler yellowing or darkening.
– Water may dissolve the filler and cause the grout lines nude again.
– The filler in the grout lines might be abrased and worn away during use.
– The pressure from different expansion coefficient between the stone and
the filler may cause the grout lines loose the filler.
• Longevity
– The longevity of the filler depends on the quality and the environment of
the grout lines.
– The filler in the grout lines needs to be sealed for water/oil/chemical
resistance in daily use.
21. Installation
Polishing
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 21
• Polishing only can be started after the adhesives under the
stone are completely solidified.
• If polishing has to be required during installation, the stone
then doesn’t need so shinning in the factory, which can save
some costs by saving some polishing steps in the factory.
• The stone and the grout lines should be sealed for water
resistance before polishing.
• The holes and cracks of travertine should be filled well before
polishing.
• Water may cause rusts and should be used cautiously for
polishing.
• Choose appropriate grinding tools according to the chemical
and physical properties of the stone.
22. Installation
Crystallization
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 22
• Most of stone problems are caused by wrong crystallization
procedure and low quality crystallization material.
• Choose a crystallization method based on the chemical and
physical properties of a stone.
• Wax-based emulsion may jam the vessels of the stone and
limit air exchange of the stone. Rusts may happen in marbles
and white stain may occur in granites.
• Some crystallization material is powder, which needs to be
dissolved with water before use, will cause rusts and
yellowing.
• Too frequent crystallization treatment will cause aging and
damage the structure of the stone.
• Be cautious of the PH value of the material.
23. Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 23
Stone Diseases
25. Category of Stone Diseases
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 25
• Chemical reaction • Mechanical damages
– Rusts (Yellowing) – Holes (impacted by high heels…)
– Gloss losing (Water reacts with CaCO3) – Gloss losing (Abrasion and wear)
– Etches (red wine, cup marks…) – Scratches (Abrasion and wear)
• Microbes • Man-caused stains
– Oil stains
– Mold, moss, lichens… – Colored stains (Sauce, inks, tea…)
– Yellowing (herbal packaging material…)
• Weathering/ Aging
– Gloss losing (UV fading) • Penetration
– Gloss losing (Air slaking) – Efflorescence (Liquid carbonates In the
– Powdering mortar penetrate into stone and appear
– on the surface)
Flaking off
– Dust stains (dust in the vessels)
– Cracks (expansibility on temperature.)
26. Stone Diseases
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 26
• Rusts (Yellowing)
• Efflorescence
• Etching
• Aging
• Mold
• Water Stains
• Oil Stains
• Colored Stains
Please do not feel hesitation to consult us!
27. Rusts (Yellowing)
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 27
• Causes
– The Stone wasn’t sealed or has lost the sealer’s water/chemical resistance.
– The stone has iron and other metal ingredients itself. Different oxides
appear different colors.
– Some metal tools during installation, nails, anchors, can leave penetrative
rust stains from the bottom to the surface.
– Unprofessional polishing and crystallization procedure will leave water in
the water, which reacted with metals and caused rusts.
– Empty grout lines will allow water penetrate into stone and cause rusts.
– Too much water residue on the surface during cleaning, may penetrate
into stone through low quality sealers, and cause rusts.
• Advices for treatment
– Some acid rust removers may aggravate rust stains on the surface.
– Some penetrative rust stains, as you may see from the second picture at
the right side, can’t be removed entirely. To change the part of stone is a
wise decision.
– To treat the rusted surface, wet polishing is negative before the grout lines
are filled and the surface is sealed.
– Allow the stone “breathe” and exchange vapor with the air for some time
before crystallization.
28. Efflorescence
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 28
• Causes
– The Stone wasn’t sealed or has lost the sealer’s water/chemical resistance.
– Natural stone has vessels which may bring the alkaline material of the
cement to the surface. And the dry white residue on the surface is called
efflorescence.
– Without immediate treatment, the first efflorescence will react with CO2,
SO2, SO3 in the air, and produce more stubborn and hard white stains.
• Advices for treatment
– Unprofessional cleaners will etch the stone and leave ugly etch stains.
– Use highly penetrative efflorescence removers to dissolve the
efflorescence in the vessels.
– For the re-crystallized white stains (long term stains), use dry polishing
before cleaning.
– The grout lines and cracks need to be filled before high gloss treatment.
– Long term maintenance can enhance the performance of the first
treatment.
29. Etching
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 29
• Causes
– Every sort of stone has its specific ph value.
– Many ingredients in stone can easily react with many acid/alkaline
material and leave etched stains, e.g., wines, soaps, shampoo…
– Only stone professional cleaners can be used for daily cleaning.
– Stone surfaces which need to contact wine, cleaners, shampoo, etc., need
acid/alkaline resistance treatment before use.
• Advices for treatment
– Precise polishing to remove etched stains.
– Infrared roasting to make the stone completely dry before sealing.
– Sealing for water/oil/chemical resistance. The stone should have the
ability to resist red wine (ph=2.5) for at least 15 minutes.
30. Aging
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 30
• Causes
– Flaking-off: Too much water penetrated into stone and damaged the
structure of stone.
– Powdering: Too much water penetrated into stone and dissolved stone.
– Gloss losing: UV light may cause aging. Water may dissolve the surface and
cause gloss losing. CO2, SO2, SO3 may react with the surface and cause gloss
losing. Scratching, wearing…
– Cracks: expansibility on temperature. Impact. Water.
• Advices for treatment
– Roasting can accelerate water under the stone vaporization.
– Epoxy resins fillers should be weathering/ aging resistant.
– Using water during polishing may is highly negative.
– Allow the stone to breathe for a while before crystallization.
31. Mold
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 31
• Causes
– Stone has vessels which can store water.
– Under appropriate temperature, the stone located in murky corners may
allow mold, lichen, moss, and other plants to grow on the surface.
– Some germs and plants will release some organic acid during growing,
which will etch the stone and cause gloss losing and even flaking off.
• Advices for treatment
– Only stone professional mold removing cleaners can be used on the stone.
– Rusts, water stains, and sometimes efflorescence are often coming
together with mold stains.
– Heavy duty sealing after removing and cleaning.
32. Water Stains
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 32
• Causes
– Granites can get water stains very easily.
– The main ingredient of water stains is a sort of gelatine or gelatin, which
consists of hygroscopic silicic acid and saline-alkali material.
– Some temporary water stains are caused by too much water in stone and
the water stains will disappear when the stone is getting drier.
– The cement adhesives contains too much alkaline.
– Too much water were used during installation.
– The stone is too porous in a wet area.
– The stone was cleaned by unprofessional acid/alkaline cleaners, which can
react with some oxides in cement and produce hygroscopic silicic acid and
saline-alkali material. This can absorb water in stone and cause water
stains.
• Advices for treatment
– Heavy duty heating to accelerate water vaporization before treatment.
– Use our stone professional technology to dissolve the gelatin.
– Sealing for water and chemical resistance..
– Or use color enhancer sealer to enhance the color of stone.
33. Oil Stains
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 33
• Causes
– Stone in restaurants, on the square, and paver, will easily get oil stains
from food and gasoline.
• Advices for treatment
– Some locally made cleaners will leave stubborn solvent stains after
removing oil stains.
– For the indoor restaurant area, please check the sealers’ MSDS to see
whether they are environment friendly and allow food contact before use.
34. Colored Stains
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 34
• Causes
– Tea, cola, sauce, inks, cosmetics, hair dye…may colorize the stone and
leave very deep penetrative stains.
– Coatings, adhesives…will leave surface stains.
• Advices for treatment
– Identify whether it is a waterborne or solvent borne pollution source.
Use stone professional waterborne color remover to wet the stains for
some hours to see whether it can get lighter or not.
Try many times till the stains disappear.
Use stone professional oil stain remover to remove solvent borne stains
finally.
– Estimate the depth of the stains in stone.
For the deep stains, allow the cleaners to get longer time to penetrate into
stone.
– For the coatings and adhesive, we recommend you to use our stone
professional coating remover only to avoid wrong material etching the
stone.
35. Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 35
Case Studies of Stone Treatment
36. Case Studies of Stone Treatment
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 36
• Rust Removal
• Efflorescence
• Etching
• Aging
• Mold
• Water Stains
• Oil Stains
• Colored Stains
Please do not feel hesitation to consult us!
37. Rust Removal
CS1: Sandstone wall
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 37
• Procedure
– Infrared roasting to accelerate the stone drying.
– Stone professional rust removal solution.
– Natural dry for 24 hours.
– Seal the stone for water/oil/chemical resistance.
• Customers
– Peninsula Shanghai on the Bund
– Park Hyatt Hotel Beijing
38. Rust Removal
CS2: Sandstone flooring
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 38
• Procedure
– Cut the aging grout lines and fill them with jade filler.
– Heavy duty dry polishing to remove the crystallization.
– Infrared roasting to accelerate the stone drying.
– Stone professional rust removal solution.
– Natural dry for 24 hours.
– Allow the stone exchange vapor with the air for a few
days.
– Seal the stone for water/oil/chemical resistance.
– Non-wax crystallization to improve the hardness and
gloss.
• Customers
– Park Hyatt Hotel Beijing
– InterContinental Suzhou
39. Rust Removal
CS3: Marble
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 39
• Procedure
– Cut the aging grout lines and fill them with jade filler.
– Heavy duty dry polishing to remove the crystallization.
– Infrared roasting to accelerate the stone drying.
– Stone professional rust removal solution.
– Natural dry for 24 hours.
– Seal the stone for water/oil/chemical resistance.
– Non-wax crystallization to improve the hardness and
gloss.
• Customers
– InterContinental Shenzhen OCT
– Hilton Shanghai Hong Qiao
– Shangri-la Shanghai Pudong
– Shangri-la Guangzhou
– Sofitel Sunrich Guangzhou
– Hyatt Regency Hangzhou West Lake
– Intercontinental Beichen
– Haining Haizhou Hotel
40. Efflorescence
CS1: Interior flooring
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 40
• Procedure
– Cut the aging grout lines and fill them with jade filler.
– Heavy duty dry polishing to remove the crystallization.
– Infrared roasting to accelerate the stone drying.
– Stone professional efflorescence removal solution
– Natural dry for 24 hours.
– Seal the stone for water/oil/chemical resistance.
– Allow the stone exchange vapor with the air for a few
weeks.
– Non-wax crystallization to improve the hardness and
gloss.
– Monthly-based maintenance to remove efflorescence
residues.
• Customers
– InterContinental Shanghai Puxi
– Westin Xiamen
41. Efflorescence
CS2: Exterior wall
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 41
• Procedure
– Fill the grout lines with water resistance adhesive.
– Stone professional efflorescence removal solution.
– Natural dry for 24 hours.
– Seal the stone for water/oil/chemical resistance.
– Monthly-based maintenance to remove efflorescence
residues.
• Customers
– Peninsula Shanghai on the Bund
42. Etching
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 42
• Procedure
– High speed polishing fitted with sponge discs to
remove the etched stains and return its natural high
gloss.
– Remove colored stains.
– Seal the stone for water/oil/acid/alkaline resistance,
esp. red wine resistance.
• Customers
– Sheraton Dongguan Hotel
– Park Hyatt Hotel Beijing
– Peninsula Shanghai on the Bund
43. Aging
CS1: Flaking-off
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 43
• Procedure
– Dry polishing to remove the aging layer.
– Remove the dust with an industrial vacuum.
– Apply hardener to strengthen the hardness of the
stone.
– Repair the flaking-off holes with stone professional
resin and allow it solidifying for 20-24 hours.
– Seal the stone for water/oil/chemical resistance.
– Allow the stone exchange vapor with the air for a
few weeks.
– Non-wax crystallization to improve the hardness and
gloss.
– Monthly-based maintenance to remove
efflorescence residues.
• Customers
– Westin Beijing Financial Street
– Westin Jinmao Beijing
– Hua Club OCT Shenzhen
– Holiday Inn Pudong Lisheng
44. Aging
CS2: Gloss losing
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 44
• Procedure
– Cut the aging grout lines and repair them with jade-
type filler.
– Seal the stone for water resistance before polishing.
– Heavy duty dry polishing to remove the aging layer
of stone.
– Seal the stone for water/oil/chemical resistance.
– Allow the stone exchange vapor with the air for a
few days.
– Non-wax crystallization to improve the hardness and
gloss.
– Monthly-based maintenance to remove
efflorescence residues.
• Customers
– COACH China stores
– InterContinental Shenzhen OCT
– Hyatt Regency Hangzhou West Lake
45. Bottom Cavity
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 45
• Procedure
– Position some hollow points by knocking the surface.
– Drill some holes on the points.
– Insert injective valve spools.
– Inject epoxy resin to fill the under-stone space.
– Fill the holes with stone professional fillers which
have similar color and texture of the stone.
– Heavy duty polishing when the stone is steady.
– Non-wax crystallization.
• Customers
– Westin Beijing Financial Street
– InterContinental Shenzhen
46. Mold Removal
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 46
• Procedure
– Remove any dust on the surface.
– Stone professional mold removal solution.
– Natural dry for 24 hours.
– Seal the surface for water/oil/chemical resistance.
• Customers
– Peninsula Shanghai on the Bund
– InterContinental Qingdao Haier
47. Water Stain Removal
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 47
• Procedure
– Heavy duty dry polishing to remove the
crystallization and/or wax layer on the surface.
– Measure the stain’s ph value, ph>7 means the water
stain needs to be treated by chemical methods.
Otherwise the water stain can disappear when the
stone gets dry.
– For the chemical method, use our stone professional
water stain removal solution.
– Seal the surface for water/oil/chemical resistance.
– Or enhance the color of the stone.
– Allow the stone exchange vapor with the air for a
few weeks.
– Non-wax crystallization to improve the hardness and
gloss.
– Monthly-based maintenance to remove
efflorescence residues.
• Customers
– InterContinental Shanghai Puxi
48. Oil Stain Removal
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 48
• Procedure
– Remove any dust on the surface.
– Apply oil stone professional stain removal.
– Natural dry for 24 hours.
– Seal the surface for water/oil/chemical resistance.
• Customers
– InterContinental Suzhou
– Sofitel Sunrich Guangzhou
49. Colored Stains
CS: Coating Removal
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 49
• Procedure
– Clean the surface before removing the coating layer.
– Stone professional coating removal solution.
– Natural dry for 24 hours.
– Sealing for water/oil/chemical resistance.
• Customers
– Indigo Shanghai on the Bund
– InterContinental Haier Qingdao
– Crown Plaza Anting
50. Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 50
Our Full Service Maintenance
(FSMA)
51. Evaluating Your Maintenance
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 51
Q1. Does your hotel have any stone problems in specific areas?
□Lobby ○Rusts; ○Efflorescence; ○Stains; ○Cracks/Flaking-off; ○Etches; ○Aging/Gloss Losing; ○Bottom Cavity; ○Other:
□Guestrooms ○Rusts; ○Efflorescence; ○Stains; ○Cracks/Flaking-off; ○Etches; ○Aging/Gloss Losing; ○Bottom Cavity; ○Other:
□Restaurants ○Rusts; ○Efflorescence; ○Stains; ○Cracks/Flaking-off; ○Etches; ○Aging/Gloss Losing; ○Bottom Cavity; ○Other:
□SPA/Swimming Pool ○Rusts; ○Efflorescence; ○Stains; ○Cracks/Flaking-off; ○Etches; ○Aging/Gloss Losing; ○Bottom Cavity; ○Other:
□Square ○Rusts; ○Efflorescence; ○Stains; ○Cracks/Flaking-off; ○Etches; ○Aging/Gloss Losing; ○Bottom Cavity; ○Other:
□Exterior Walls ○Rusts; ○Efflorescence; ○Stains; ○Cracks/Flaking-off; ○Etches; ○Aging/Gloss Losing; ○Bottom Cavity; ○Other:
□Interior Walls ○Rusts; ○Efflorescence; ○Stains; ○Cracks/Flaking-off; ○Etches; ○Aging/Gloss Losing; ○Bottom Cavity; ○Other:
□Other, Please Specify: ○Rusts; ○Efflorescence; ○Stains; ○Cracks/Flaking-off; ○Etches; ○Aging/Gloss Losing; ○Bottom Cavity; ○Other:
Q2. How much have you spent to handle these problems?
□People Investment ○Too much; ○Very much; ○A bit; ○Very less
□Operational Time ○Too much; ○Very much; ○A bit; ○Very less
□Money Investment ○Too much; ○Very much; ○A bit; ○Very less
Q3. How stone problems relate to your…
□Brand Image ○Too much; ○Very much; ○A bit; ○Very less
□Guests' Satisfaction ○Too much; ○Very much; ○A bit; ○Very less
□Maintenance Costs ○Too much; ○Very much; ○A bit; ○Very less
Q4. Are you satisfied with the stone maintenance?
Staff's stone knowledge? ○Excellent; ○Very good; ○Fair; ○Pool; ○Bad
Safety of material? ○Excellent; ○Very good; ○Fair; ○Pool; ○Bad
Efficiency? ○Excellent; ○Very good; ○Fair; ○Pool; ○Bad
Cost control? ○Excellent; ○Very good; ○Fair; ○Pool; ○Bad
Q5. Are you hiring a third party supplier for the maintenance?
□Yes
□No
□No but plan to hire one.
52. The Concept of FSMA
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 52
The Full Service Maintenance Agreement (FSMA): The hotel purchases a
certain period of our full service maintenance instead of buying stone
treatment for each time to continuously maintain the cleanness, high gloss
and high hardness of stone, which degrees have been indicated in the
agreement.
•The hotel purchases a certain period of the “best looking” surface result of
stone instead of just some treatments.
•A period of regular maintenance is surely cheaper than the total amount of
per-use costs during the period.
•Irregular maintenance or surface treatment may result in huge costs during
the operation of the hotel meanwhile hurt the stone.
•Any re-installation or replacement will disturb the operation and finally
increase the sales loss.
•Any unprofessional cleaners, stone treatment material and processing will
53. The Model of FSMA
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 53
• Identify technical basis of the “best looking” of the stone…
– Understand the geochemistry and physical properties of the stone.
– Determine the technical basis to match the daily operation.
Cleanness
Gloss degree
Hardness degree
– Determine regular maintenance schedule.
• Confirm a FSMA plan for a specific area with the hotel
• Programs
– Regular crystallization treatment to improve hardness and gloss for the
floors
Weekly based, e.g. for the reception area in the lobby
Monthly based, e.g. for the restaurants and most of the PA.
Seasonal or half-year based, e.g. for the guestrooms.
– Regular problem solving and quality maintenance.
– Regular quality check and immediate treatment when the data doesn’t
match the required index in the FSMA and this treatment will not quote to
the hotel.
– Non-periodic visiting service and immediate response to the requirements
of the hotel.
54. Your Benefits from FSMA
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 54
• You get a guarantee slip to ensure that the stone in your hotel has the
best looking during the operation.
• The stone has longevity and you don’t have any risks to replace the stone.
• You don’t have to worry about additional fees to treat on stone problems.
• You can save a lot of sales loss by preventing occasional engineering on
the stone.
• Choosing a reliable supplier can help you save a lot more management
costs.
• You can earn a lot more than above, e.g. brand image, quality, efficiency…
55. Why US?
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 55
• Our expertise in stone treatment has won a broad reputation in this
industry.
• Our raw material including chemicals have safety certificates for this
industry.
• All the case studies in the presentation are 100% real.
• Most of our new clients are just recommended by our royal clients.
• Our team is a crossover combination with experts from specialty
chemicals, material science, architecture, hotel management,
engineering, etc.
56. Copyrights
Stone Treatment & Maintenance Proprietary and Confidential 56
All rights reserved by
Mr. Harvey JI (and his team)
Founder of BU StonePro
Spear Point Commercial Accelerators China
T: +86(0)1366 161 9355
E: Harvey.Ji@1stationsolutions.com