This document provides information on different types of rocks, including their properties and uses. It discusses igneous rocks like granite, syenite, and diorite; sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, limestone, and shale; and metamorphic rocks including gneiss, quartzite, and marble. For each rock type, the document outlines characteristics such as chemical composition, hardness, and applications like construction, decoration, and road building. The purpose is to classify and describe rocks for an engineering geology course presentation.
IGNEOUS ROCKS AND THEIR PROPERTIES, USES AND DIFFERENT VARITIES OF VOLCANIC INTRUSIONS , MEGASCOPIC PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS IGNEOUS ROCKS
PROPERTIES AND USES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
CHARECTERSTICS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS WITH FIGURES
Petrology
Definition of a rock, petrology. Classification of rocks-Geological classification of rocks. Rock Cycle. Classification of igneous Forms, structures and textures of igneous rocks. Classification of sedimentary rocks, and its structures and textures. Classification of metamorphic rocks, its structures and textures.
Megascopic Study of Granite, Dolerite, Basalt, Pegmatite, Charnockite, Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Gneiss, Schist, Quartzite, Marble and Slate.
Residual mineral deposits; Laterites; Laterite Profile; Laterisation system; Laterite/Bauxite Conditions; Laterite-type Bauxite, Constitution of Bauxite, Types of deposits; Origin and Mode of formation; Clay (Kaolinite) Deposits; Nickel Laterite Deposits; Mineralogy and Types of lateritic nickel ore deposits; World Nickel Laterite Deposits; Processing of Ni Laterites; Example: Ni-laterites, Ni in soils in east Albania
IGNEOUS ROCKS AND THEIR PROPERTIES, USES AND DIFFERENT VARITIES OF VOLCANIC INTRUSIONS , MEGASCOPIC PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS IGNEOUS ROCKS
PROPERTIES AND USES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
CHARECTERSTICS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS WITH FIGURES
Petrology
Definition of a rock, petrology. Classification of rocks-Geological classification of rocks. Rock Cycle. Classification of igneous Forms, structures and textures of igneous rocks. Classification of sedimentary rocks, and its structures and textures. Classification of metamorphic rocks, its structures and textures.
Megascopic Study of Granite, Dolerite, Basalt, Pegmatite, Charnockite, Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Gneiss, Schist, Quartzite, Marble and Slate.
Residual mineral deposits; Laterites; Laterite Profile; Laterisation system; Laterite/Bauxite Conditions; Laterite-type Bauxite, Constitution of Bauxite, Types of deposits; Origin and Mode of formation; Clay (Kaolinite) Deposits; Nickel Laterite Deposits; Mineralogy and Types of lateritic nickel ore deposits; World Nickel Laterite Deposits; Processing of Ni Laterites; Example: Ni-laterites, Ni in soils in east Albania
Building Stones: Varieties of Indian Stones, Quarrying blasting, Dressings of stones,
Characteristics of good building stones, Slate, Marble, Artificial stones, Stone
Preservation
Introduction and classification of rocksTarun kumar
Introduction and classification of rocks for building and construction materials... types of rocks and their classifications, and types of stone quarrying.
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...
Rocks presentation
1. PRESENTATION ON DIFFERENTTYPES
OF ROCKS, PROPERTIES AND
THEIR USES
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO-
MR. MANISH BHUTANI
SUBMITTED BY-
AMAN BHAGAT
ROLL NO. 604/18
CIVIL 5TH SEMESTER
2. ROCKS
INTRODUCTION-
A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by
the minerals included, its chemical composition and the way in which it is formed. Rocks are usually grouped
into three main groups: igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks. Rocks form the Earth's outer
solid layer, the crust. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the
ground surface or the seabed. The metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such
large pressures and temperatures that they are transformed—something that occurs, for example,
when Continental plates collide. Rocks are composed of grains of minerals, which are homogeneous
solids formed from a chemical compound arranged in an orderly manner.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS-
Generally rocks can be divided into three major types based on the process of their formation. These are;
Igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.
6. Granite rock
PROPERTIES OF GRANITE-
• Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with grains large enough to be visible with the unaided eye.
• Granite is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of mica, amphiboles, and
other minerals.
• It forms from the slow crystallization of magma below Earth's surface.
• Granite is a plutonic rock in which quartz makes up between 10 and 50 percent of the felsic components
and alkali feldspar accounts for 65 to 90 percent of the total feldspar content.
7. • In the commercial stone industry, a "granite" is a rock with visible grains that are harder than marble.
• Granite is hard enough to resist abrasion, strong enough to bear significant weight, inert enough to
resist weathering, and it accepts a brilliant polish.
• Rough-cut and polished granite is used in buildings, bridges, paving, monuments, and many other
exterior projects.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF GRANITE-
•External cladding and building blocks.
•Mosaics and tile patterns.
•Backsplashes and bathroom tiles.
•Mantelpieces and staircases.
•Granite kitchen worktops.
•As a gemstone.
•Polished granite is a stunning natural stone, and is often used alongside marble in stone floors.
•Granite paving slabs are ideal for use outdoors as they are very tough and weather-resistant. Many people are
surprised at the number of shades of granite that are available – paving slabs come in a wide range of hues, from
red to green, as well as the well known greys and blacks.
9. PROPERTIES OF SYENITE-
• Compressive strength of syenite is 150.00 N/mm^2.
• Syenite rock is less porous.
• Syenite rock have perfect cleavage.
• It has opaque transparency.
• Density of syenite is about 2.6-2.8 g/cm^3.
• It is heat resistance , wear resistance , impact resistance.
• Streak is the color of rock when it is crushed or powdered.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF SYENITE-
• Syenite is use in our house interiors like flooring , in hotels , and resorts.
• Syenite is also used in exteriors of houses and buildings as facing stone , paving stone etc.
• Syenite is used in carbing.
• Syenite is used in industries as Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road Aggregate,
Landscaping, Making natural cement, Manufacture of Magnesium and Dolomite Refractories.
• Syenite is also used as Artifacts, Monuments, Sculpture, Small Figurines.
• It is also used as Cemetery Markers, Creating Artwork.
11. PROPERTIES OF DIORITE-
• Hardness of diorite lies between 4 to 7.
• Grain size of diorite is medium to coarse.
• Compressive strength of diorite is 225.00 N/mm2.
• Toughness of diorite is 2.1.
• Density of diorite is 2.5 to 3 g/cm3.
• Specific gravity of diorite is 2.8 to 3.
• Porosity of diorite is less.
• Streak of diorite is bluish black.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF DIORITE-
• Diorite is used as Decorative Aggregates, Interior Decoration in houses or buildings.
• Diorite is used as Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden Decoration.
• Diorite uses in construction industry include As dimension stone, Cement manufacture, Cobblestones,
Construction aggregate, For road aggregate.
• Diorite is used as antiquity like Artifacts, Monuments, Sculpture, Small Figurines.
• It is also used as a drainage stone and for erosion control.
• In the dimension stone industry, diorite is often cut into facing stone, tile, ashlars, blocking, pavers, curbing,
and a variety of dimension stone products.
13. PROPERTIES OF GABBRO ROCK-
• Hardness of gabbro is 7.
• Size of gabbro is coarse grained.
• Fracture of gabbro is conchoidal.
• Streak of gabbro is black.
• Gabbro is highly porous.
• Compressive strength of gabbro is 225.00 N/mm2.
• Toughness of gabbro is 1.6.
• Specific gravity of gabbro is 2.86 to 2.87.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF GABBRO ROCK-
• Gabbro is used for kitchen countertops.
• gabbro can be used as ornamental facing stones, paving stones.
• Gabbro is used in sea defencing to protect roads from sea waves.
• The most common use of gabbro is as a crushed stone or aggregate in construction projects as
road construction.
• gabbro is used to design monumental structures.
15. PROPERTIES OF PEGMATITE-
• Hardness of pegmatite is 7.
• Streak of pegmatite is white.
• Pegmatite is less porous.
• Luster of pegmatite is vitreous , grainy and pearly.
• Compresssive strength of pegmatite is 178.54 N/mm2.
• Density of pegmatite is 2.6 to 2.65 g/cm2.
• Cleavage is perfect.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF PEGMATITE-
• Pegmatite are used as architectural stone.
• Pegmatite is used in gemstone mining because of it has large crystal minerals.
• Gemstones found in pegmatite include: amazonite, apatite, aquamarine, beryl, chrysoberyl,
emerald, garnet, kunzite, lepidolite, spodumene, topaz, tourmaline, zircon, and many
others.
• Pegmatite is used for rare mineral mining.
• Pegmatite is frequently mined for industrial minerals.
• It is also used as a filler in many products.
17. PROPERTIES OF DOLERITE-
• Poisonn’s ratio of dolerite is 0.02-0.l (weathered) 0.3-0.4 (unweathered).
• Youngs modulus of dolerite is 10-40 GPa (weathered) 90-110 GPa (unweathered).
• Density of dolerite is 2.80-3.10 t/m3 (average 2.9-2.95 t/m3 ).
• Rigidity modulus of dolerite is 10-50 GPa (unweathered).
• Porosity is Approximately 1%.
• Rigidity modulus is 10-50 GPa (unweathered).
• Uniaxial compressive strength 40 MPa (unweathered).
USES/APPLICATIONS OF DOLERITE-
• Diabase is crushed and used as a construction aggregate for road beds, buildings, railroad beds (rail ballast),
and within dams and levees.
• Diabase can be cut for use as headstones and memorials; the base of the Marine Corps War Memorial is made
of black diabase "granite" (a commercial term, not actual granite).
• Diabase can also be cut for use as ornamental stone for countertops, facing stone on buildings, and paving.
• A form of dolerite, known as bluestone, is one of the materials used in the construction of Stonehenge.
• In Tasmania, where it is one of the most common rocks found, it is used for building, for landscaping and to
erect dry-stone farm walls.
19. PROPERTIES OF BASALT ROCK-
• High tensile strength (breaking strength).
• Low elongation at break.
• High elastic modulus.
• Density of basalt is 2.7 gram/cubic centimeter.
• Low thermal conductivity.
• High sound absorption coefficient.
• It’s price is almost 6 USD/KG.
• Specific weight is 2.60 to 2.65 g/cm3.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF BASALT ROCK-
• In ancient Rome, basalts were used for many purposes, such as street pavers. Additionally, they were used
extensively for many construction purposes, such as stadium seating.
• It is also used for the railroad ballast. These stones can provide drainage and are used for support. Basalts
are placed as bedrocks for the racks of railroads.
• Today, basalt is used for many things. One of the most common uses of basalt is aggregates.
• Crushed basalts are used for construction purposes, such as concrete aggregate, asphalt paving, and rock
filtering agents.
• They are added as aggregates to increase the strength of concrete. In addition, basalt slabs are cut into
dimensions and used as flooring veneers and coverings.
20. • They can also be used for monuments as well as other things.
❑ SAND STONE-
Chemical name of sand stone- silicon dioxide or silica, calcium carbonate,
and iron dioxide.
Sand stone
21. PROPERTIES OF SAND STONE-
• Mineralogy :A wide variety of rock fragments with up to 75% quartz grains.
• Occurrence :Associated with most other sedimentary rock types.
• Water Absorption :The capacity of water absorption is not more than 1.0%.
• Texture : Medium-grained may range widely in degrees of grain sorting and shape.
• Structure : Bedding is often apparent along with sedimentary structures and fossils.
• Hardness : Lies between 6 to 7 on Moh's Scale Density 2.32 to 2.42 Kg/m3.
• Color Sandstone is available in many colors – red, green, yellow, pink, gray and white.The reason for
the variation in colors being the change in the percentage of constituent and the binding material.
• Porosity The porosity of sandstone is almost negligible.Thus sandstone is almost impermeable.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF SAND STONE-
• Sandstone can be used to create counter tops for kitchens, vanities, bathrooms or floors in any room of your home.
• When cut into tiles, it can cover a bathroom wall or be used as a backsplash in your kitchen.
• Flower vases and other decorative containers can be made of sandstone as well. In addition, you can find candle holders,
jewelry boxes and picture frames made of sandstone.
• Sandstone is used in the building of homes and outdoor structures, as well as gates or as support for columns on porches.
• Sandstone can even be used to create works of art for both inside the house and out, such as animal figurines or statues
for the yard.
22. • It can be used to design garden balls for placement on pedestals (also made of sandstone.)
• Sandstone can be used to surround a work of natural art prominently displayed outdoors, such as a prized rose
bush or other flower in your garden.
• We can build our dog's house with sandstone, make a bird bath with it, create a sandstone mailbox or line
walkways or landscaping around our home with it in stepping stone sizes.
❑ LIMESTONE-
Chemical name of limestone- Calcite ( CaCO3 )
Limestone rock
23. Limestone rock
PROPERTIES OF LIMESTONE -
Hardness 3 to 4 on Moh's Scale
Density 2.5 to 2.65 Kg/m3
Compressive Strength 1800 to 2100 Kg/cm2
Water Absorption Less than 1%
Porosity Quite low
Weather Impact Resistant
USES/APPLICATIONS OF LIMESTONE-
• limestone is crushed into smaller particles and various grades are produced. Finally, these products are sold as
agricultural lime or “Aglime” which is again used to neutralize soil acidity as well as free up soil minerals like
phosphates.
• powdered limestone is used in the textile, paint, paper, rubber, glass and plastic industries amongst others.
• it is used in the steel industry for the production process where limestone is used to remove impurities.
• The minerals found in limestones are also used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetic products, baking soda, toothpaste,
etc.
• Crushed limestone is used as a filter stone in on-site sewage disposal systems.
24. • Lime which is the byproduct of limestone is used to neutralize acids and treat wastewater, industrial sludge,
animal waste, and water supplies.
❑ SHALE-
Chemical name of shale-
Shale rock
25. Shale rock
PROPERTIES OF SHALE-
• Hardness of shale is 7.
• grain size of shale is vey fine grained.
• streak of shale is white.
• shale is higly porous.
• luster of shale is dull.
• compressive strength of shale is 95.00 N/mm2
USES/APPLICATIONS OF SHALE-
• Shale has many commercial uses. It is a source material in the ceramics industry to make brick, tile, and
pottery.
• Shale used to make pottery and building materials requires little processing besides crushing and mixing with
water.
• Crushing shale and heating it with limestone makes cement for the construction industry.
• Heat drives off water and breaks limestone into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is lost as a
gas, leaving calcium oxide and clay, which harden when mixed with water and dried.
• The petroleum industry uses fracking to extract oil and natural gas from oil shale. Fracking involves injection of
liquid at high pressure into the rock to force out the organic molecules.
27. • Texture: clastic (coarse-grained).
• Grain size: > 2mm; clasts easily visible to the naked eye, should be identifiable.
• Hardness: Soft to hard, dependent on clast composition and strength of cement.
• Colour: Dependent on clast and matrix composition.
• Clasts: variable, but generally harder rock types and / or minerals dominate.
• Other features: Rough to touch due to angular clasts.
• It comes in many colors and compositions.
PROPERTIES OF BRECCIA-
USES/APPLICATONS OF BRECCIA-
• Because of its variable composition, breccia has an interesting appearance.
• The rock is mainly used to make sculptures, gems, and architectural elements.
• The Minoan palace of Knossos on Cretes, constructed around 1800 B.C., includes columns made of breccia.
• The ancient Egyptians used breccia to make statues.
• The Romans regarded breccia as a precious stone and used it to construct public buildings, columns, and walls.
• The Pantheon in Rome features columns made of pavonazzetto, a type of breccia with a pattern resembling
peacock feathers.
• In modern culture, breccia is used for decorative elements, jewelry, and sometimes as a fill material for roads.
29. • Class: Conglomerate may be divided into large lessons:
• Texture: Clastic (coarse-grained).
• Grain size: > 2mm; Clasts easily visible to the naked eye, should be identifiable.
• Hardness: Soft to hard, dependent on clast composition and strength of cement.
• Colour: variable, dependent on clast and matrix composition.
• Clasts: variable, but generally harder rock types and / or minerals dominate.
• Other features: Clasts generally smooth to touch, matrix variable.
• Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock that looks like concrete. It consists of large, rounded
pebbles (clasts) cemented by a matrix made of calcite, iron oxide, or silica.
• Conglomerate rock occurs where gravel can become rounded by traveling distances or
being subjected to tumbling. Beaches, riverbeds, and glaciers can produce conglomerate.
• The properties of conglomerate rock depend on its composition. It can be found in any
color and may be either hard or soft.
• Conglomerate can be used as a fill material for roads and construction. Hard rock may be
cut and polished to make dimension stone.
PROPERTIES OF CONGLOMERATE-
30. • Conglomerate can be crushed to make a fine aggregate that can be used where a low-performance material is
suitable.
• Many conglomerates are colorful and attractive rocks, but they are only rarely used as an ornamental stone
for interior use.
• Analysis of conglomerate can sometimes be used as a prospecting tool.
• Conglomerate is used as dimension stones.
• Conglomerate is used in preparation of construction of aggregates.
• It is also used as decorative materials for interiors and exteriors of particular building.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF CONGLOMERATE-
❑ GNEISS-
Chemical name of gneiss- semischistose
metamorphic rock.
32. PROPERTIES OF GNEISS ROCK-
• The hardness of Gneiss is 7.
• Its compressive strength is 125.00 N/mm2
• The streak of Gneiss is white
• Fracture of gneiss is irregular.
• Luster of Gneiss is the interaction of light with the surface of Gneiss. Luster of
Gneiss is dull.
• Gneiss cleavage is poor.
• The specific gravity of Gneiss is 2.5-2.7.
• Gneiss is translucent to opaque in nature whereas its toughness is 1.2.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF GNEISS-
• Interior Uses:
Countertops, Decorative Aggregates, Flooring, Interior Decoration.
• Exterior Uses:
As Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden Decoration, Paving Stone.
• Other Architectural Uses:
Curbing.
• Industry:
Construction Industry.
33. • Antiquity Uses:
Artifacts.
• Commercial Uses:
Cemetery Markers, Jewelry, Tombstones, Used in aquariums.
❑ QUARTZITE-
Chemical name of quartzite- [SiO2]x
Quartzite rock
34. PROPERTIES OF QUARTZITE ROCK-
• Hardness of quartzite rock is 6-7.
• Size of quartzite rock is Medium Grained.
• Fracture of quartzite is Uneven, Splintery or Conchoidal.
• Streak is white.
• Porosity of rock is Less.
• Luster is vitreous.
• Compressive Strength is 115.00 N/mm2
• Cleavage of rock is Indiscernible.
• Toughness is 1.9
• Transparency of rock is Transparent to Translucent.
• Density of rock is 2.32-2.42 g/cm3
• Specific Heat Capacity is 0.75 kJ/Kg K.
• quartzite rock is Heat Resistant, Impact Resistant, Pressure Resistant, Wear
Resistance.
35. • Interior Uses:
Countertops, Decorative Aggregates, Flooring, Homes.
• Exterior Uses:
As Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden Decoration, Paving Stone.
• Other Architectural Uses:
Curbing.
• Construction Industry:
Arrowheads, As Dimension Stone, Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, Cutting Tool.
• Antiquity Uses:
Artifacts, Jewellery, Monuments, Sculpture.
• Commercial Uses:
An Oil and Gas Reservoir, As armour rock for sea walls, Cemetery Markers, Commemorative Tablets, In aquifers.
USES/APPLICATIONS OF QUARTZITE ROCK-
37. PROPERTIES AND USES OF MARBLE ROCK-
• Color: Marble is usually a light-colored rock. When it is formed from a limestone with very
few impurities, it will be white in color.
• Acid Reaction: Being composed of calcium carbonate, marble will react in contact with
many acids, neutralizing the acid.
• Hardness: Being composed of calcite, marble has a hardness of three on the Mohs
hardness scale. As a result, marble is easy to carve, and that makes it useful for producing
sculptures and ornamental objects.
• Ability to Accept a Polish: After being sanded with progressively finer abrasives, marble
can be polished to a high luster.
• This allows attractive pieces of marble to be cut, polished, and used as floor tiles, architectural
panels, facing stone, window sills, stair treads, columns, and many other pieces of decorative
stone.
• Marble is often crushed and used for acid neutralization in streams, lakes, and soils.
• It is one of the most effective acid neutralization materials.
39. PROPERTIES OF SLATE-
• Hardness 2.5 to 4.0 on Moh's scale
• Modulus of Rupture 450 to 850 Kg/cm2
• Compressive Strength 170 to 240 Kg/cm2
• Specific Gravity 2.65 to 2.80
• Porosity Low to very low
• Water Absorption 1.0 to 1.5%
• Corrodibility 0.4 to 0.7%
USES/APPLICATIONS OF SLATE ROCK-
• Slate rock is used in the construction industry to make roofing shingles and coverings.
• Slate is used for external flooring, internal flooring and cladding. Slate floors are commonly laid in outdoor
porches, basements, bathrooms and kitchens.
• Slate rock is used in various residential and commercial landscaping projects for its weather-resistant and
pollution-resistant properties..
• It is used to pave paths, surround swimming pools, cover outer walls, make risers and treads on stairs, and
even for patios.
• Slate stone is chiseled to make fountains, used in both traditional and contemporary styles.
40. ❑ SCHIST-
Chemical name of schist- micas, chlorite, talc, hornblende, graphite
Schist rock
PROPERTIES OF SCHIST-
• Grain Size:
Medium to Fine Coarse Grained
• Fracture:
Conchoidal
41. • Fracture:
Conchoidal
• Streak:
White
• Porosity
Highly Porous
• Luster
Shiny
• Cleavage
Slaty
USES/APPLICATIONS OF SLATE ROCK-
• Schists have been frequently used in building houses or walls, as many are quite strong and durable.
• many foundation problems with buildings both large and small are due to decay of the schist or failure of the
mortar.
• Most of the building foundations built in the 1920s and '30s in the New York City area used schist.
• Decorative rock walls on houses in the area also used a schist called "Yonkers Stone," which is no longer
available.
• The graphitic schists may represent sediments once containing coaly matter or plant remains.
43. PROPERTIES OF PHYLLITE-
• Colour: Black to gray or light greenish gray in color, Shiny Gray
• Protolith or Parent Rock: Parent rock for phyllite is shale or pelite, or slate which in
turn came from a shale protolith.
• Metamorphic Type: Regional
• Metamorphic Grade: Low Grade (Higher than Slate)
• Metamorphic Environment: Low grade regional metamorphism along a convergent
plate boundary
• Grain size: Very fine grained white mica achieves a preferred orientation
• Group: Metamorphic Rock
• Texture: Foliated, Fine-grained, Well-developed schistosity
USES/APPLICATIONS OF PHYLLITE ROCK-
• Phyllite is lustrous sheen rock. So it is often used as a decorative stone in countertops.
• Phyllite may be used as decorative aggregates, floor tiles, and other interior home
decorations or used as exterior building or facing stone, and garden decorations.
• Also, it may be used in building facades and for decorative crushed stone.
• Slabs of phyllite are occasionally trimmed and used as landscape, paving or sidewalk
stone.