Stone as a building material

1. PRESENTED BY-
AR MOHD BILAL ANSARI
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC GHAZIABAD
STONE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
Earth Crust Rock Stone

2. Classification of Rock
1. Geological Classification
a) Igneous rocks
b) Sedimentary rocks
c) Metamorphic rocks
2. Physical Classification
a) Stratified rocks
b) Non-stratified rocks
3. Chemical Classification
a) Siliceous rocks
b) Argillaceous rocks
c) Calcareous rocks
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3. Geological Classification
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4. Physical Classification
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5. Chemical Classification
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6. TYPES OF ROCK
Stone Masonry: Building stones obtained by quarrying
from the rocky strata of earth and reducing it to the
required shapes and sizes for construction.
Types of rock:
(i) Igneous - Formed as a result of cooling of the
molten rock to solid state - It is nonporous, hard,
strong and durable –
a. Granite: Consists mainly of quartz, feldspar, mica,
and other colored minerals; colors include black,
gray, red, pink, brown, buff, and green –
b. Serpentine: Main ingredient is serpentine; color
ranges from olive green to greenish black, is fine
grained and dense
c. Basalt: Color ranges from gray to black; used
mainly for paving stones and retaining walls
(ii) Sedimentary: Sediments deposited by the action
of water or wind gets consolidated to a rock.
a) Sandstone: Sedimentary rock composed of sand
sized grains made of silica, iron oxide and clay.
Colors include gray, brown, light brown, buff,
russet, red, copper, and purple.
b) Shale: Derived from clays and silts; weak along
planes and is in thin laminations - High in
limestone and color varies from black to red,
yellow, and blue
Granite
Serpentine Basalt
Sandstone Shale

7. TYPES OF ROCK
c) Limestone: Sedimentary rock composed of calcite and dolomite Three types: oolitic, dolomitic and
crystalline. Has high compressive strength. Used for building stones and for paneling
iii) Metamorphic: Igneous or sedimentary rock transformed by heat and pressure into another rock
a) Marble: Recrystallized limestone, color varies from white through gray and black, red, violet, pink, yellow,
and green - Presence of oxides of iron, silica, graphite, carbonaceous, matter, and mica produce these
color variations
b) Slate: Consists mainly of clays and shales - Major ingredients are silicon dioxide, iron oxide, potassium
oxide, magnesium oxide, and sometimes titanium, calcium and sulfur - Slate found in parallel layers, which
enables it to be cut into thin sheets
Marble
Limestone
Limestone with Granite
Slate

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD BUILDING STONES
(1) Hardness:
Hardness denotes several qualities of stones such as resistance to cutting and
resistance to abrasion (rub with each other). Specially stones are used in case of
roads and railway tracks. To check the hardness of stones various tests are
conducted in the laboratories. The more important tests to check the hardness is
Loss Angles Abrasion test. It depends upon the nature of its constituent minerals.
(2) Durability:
Durability is the power of stone to resist atmospheric and other external effects.
It depends upon chemical composition, Physical structure, Resistance to
weathering effects, Place where it is used.
(3) Porosity and Absorption:
Stone can hold water in two ways
Either through porosity or absorption
For building purposes, the better stones are those which are less porous because
they will absorb less moisture. Porous stones damaged easily.
(4) Decomposition:
Gases and acids in rain water dissolve some constituents of stone and cause the
stone decay.
(5) Disintegration:
In cold countries water freezes and expands and thus disintegrates the stones.

9. COMMON USES OF BUILDING STONE
 It is used in foundations of
buildings.
 It is used in construction of dams,
barrages, etc.
 In its crushed (powdered form) it
is used as artificial sand.
 It is used as raw material for
manufacturing of cement.
 In its broken form it is used as
material for construction of road
and railway tracks.
 It is used as decorative material in
buildings.
 It is also used as parts of buildings
such as lintels and arches, etc.
 It is also used as thin slabs for
building roofing.
 It is also used for ornamental
works in buildings.
 In its broken form it is in the
manufacturing of concrete.

10. There are following types of stone flooring.
1- MARBLE FLOORING
2- GRANITE FLOORING
3- KOTA STONE FLOORING
MARBLE FLOORING
Marble flooring is commonly is provided in places of worship and in public buildings
having rich specification.
STONE FLOORING
Green Marble
Pink Marble Makrana
Black marble

11. MARBLE  Variety of marble available is
tremendous:
 Albeta
 Dungri
 Aranga
 Kumari
 Chak dungri
•Costliest and best marble is the
Makrana white: Very soft, snow
white and high quality finishing.
•Chittor brown, Jaisalmer Yellow,
Udaipur green, Baroda green, Teak
Grain marble, Banswana.
•White base marble price ranges
from Rs.30/- to Rs.400/- sq. ft.
STONE FLOORING

12. •Many types and colors of granite.
•Durable and natural with visible
coarse grains.
•Expensive as compares to
marble.
•Slip resistant.
•Hardest type of stone- very
difficult to cut and polish
•Once polished gives a mirror
finish
•Can resist a lot of wear and tear.
•Available in 20 mm thick slabs
and 9 mm thick tiles.
•Places in India – Rajasthan,
Jhansi, Black granite from
Bangalore
GRANITE

13. LAYING OF MARBLE AND GRANITE FLOORING
The size of marble and granite slabs to be used in flooring depends upon the
pattern to be used.
The slab for normal works are square or rectangular in shape and their
thickness varies from 20 mm to 40mm.
The flooring is laid on prepared sub grade of concrete or on RCC floor slab.
Before laying of flooring, the sub grad4e in cleaned wetted and mopped
properly.
Then a layer of bedding mortar which can be 1:4 cement mortar(1 cement:4
coarse sand) or lime mortar is spread in average thickness of about 20mm under
the area of each slab.
The marble and granite slab is laid on the top of the bedding mortar, pressed and
tapped with wooden mallet.

14. FINISHING OF MARBLE AND GRANITE FLOORING

15. Granite has fine grains
and it is harder than
marble
GRANITE FLOORING

16.  Kota stone is commonly 25 to 40 mm thick.
 It should be hard, sound, dense and homogeneous in
texture.
 It is done to obtain smooth surface.
KOTA STONE FLOORING

17. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION

18. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION

19. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION

20. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION

21. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION
PLAN

22. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION

23. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION

24. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION

25. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION

26. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION

27. Why stone is losing popularity?
1. Dressing of stones is tedious, laborious and time
consuming.
2. Desired strength and quality not available at
moderate rates especially in plain areas.
3. RCC, Steel are alternatives to stones and gives
more strength and flexibility.
4. Stone structure design can’t give freeness and
flexibility to the designer.