This document discusses rocks and minerals. It defines them as natural hard substances formed from minerals like quartz and mica. It describes different types of rocks such as granite, basalt, and limestone. It then covers the physical properties used to identify rocks, including hardness, cleavage, streak, lustre, and crystal formation. Different categories of rocks are outlined, including igneous rocks formed from volcanic activity, sedimentary rocks formed by deposition of particles, and metamorphic rocks formed by changes to pre-existing rocks. Specific rocks like granite and marble are discussed in more detail. Uses of rocks in construction are also summarized.

1. DIPLOMA IN INTERIOR DESIGN
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2.  Natural hard substance
 Formed from minerals
 Rock forming minerals :quartz, mica,dolomite etc..
 Types of rocks : granite, basalt, trap, slate,
limestone etc..
 Petrology -Study of rocks
 Petrology – Component of Geology
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3.  Characteristics are identified by physical
properties
 Physical properties are;
 Hardness
 Resistance against scratching
 Measured by mohs scale
 Talc -1 , Diamond - 10
 Cleavage - capability of minerals to cut along
planes
 Streak – colour of mineral in powder form
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4.  Colour : valuable for metallic minerals
 Lustre : appearance under reflected light
 Vitreous
 Grassy
 Pearly
 Dull
 Silky
 metallic
 Crystal : to develop in natural state
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5. ROCK
GEOLOGICAL
IGNEOUS
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
PHYSICAL
STRATIFIED
UNSTRATIFIED
FOLIATED
CHEMICAL
ARGILLACEOUS
SILICIOUS
CALCARIOUS
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6.  Eruptive rocks of volcanic origin
 Solidification of molten magma
 Effusive rock : magma solidifies on the surface
of earth , eg: basalt,trap
 Plutonic rock : magma solidifies below the earth,
eg: granite,diorite
 Hypabassal : magma solidifies at shallow depth
result in fine grained structure.
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7.  GRANITE
 Resistance to bacteria and high density
 Suitable for kitchen for kitchen work, since
doesn’t react with acidic food
 USE
 Polished granite used in flooring tiles,stair
treads, kitchen counter top etc..
 Rough cut granite is also used in exterior works
also
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8.  Aqueous or stratified rock
 Formed by weathering agencies
 Deposited in layers
 Forms : Mechanically, chemically,
biologically
 Eg : sand stone, lime stone, shale
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9.  Undergone change in structure, texture, or
composition due to weathering agencies
 Eg : marble, quartzite,slate
 MARBLE
 Re-crystallized lime stone
 Colour : black, red , yellow , pink, green
 Oxides of iron are present
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10. 1. Stratified : can split into distinct layers.
Eg: sandstone, limestone, slate,marble,shale
2. Unstratified : do not show stratification, but
can split into layers. Eg: granite,basalt,trap
3. Foliated : can split up only in a definite
direction. Eg: quartzite
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11. 1. Argillaceous :main constituent- clay. Hard
and brittle Eg: slate, laterite
2. Silicious : main constituent- silica. Hard
and durable. Eg: granite,basalt,trap
3. Calcareous: main constituent- lime. Eg:
limestone,gneiss
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12.  Foundation of buildings
 Construction of dams and barrages
 As artificial sand
 Raw material for cement
 Building roofing
 Manufacturing of concrete
 Railway ballast
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13. 1. PANELING
 Thin slabs of stones are cut into dimension and
thickness
 To provide finished exterior walls
 Bonds :
 running bond -all units are laid in stretcher position
 Stack bond - without overlaping
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14. 2.STONE MASONARY
 Ashlar masonry
 Random rubble masonry
 Dry rubble masonry
 Coursed rubble masonry
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15. 2.STONE MASONARY
 Ashlar masonry
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18. 3.TRIM
 Corbel : stone projected outside wall
 Cornice :course of masonry at ceiling level
 Coping : provided at top to prevent entry of water
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