Inventories exist throughout the supply chain in various form for various reasons. Since carrying these inventories can cost anywhere from 20-40 % of their value a year, managing them in a scientific manner to maintain minimal levels makes economic sense. This paper presents a continuous review two echelon inventory system. The operating policy at the lower echelon is (s, S) that is whenever the inventory level traps to s on order for Q = (S-s) items is placed, the ordered items are received after a random time which is distributed as exponential. We assume that the demands accruing during the stock-out period are lost. The retailer replenishes their stock from the regular supplier which adopts (0,M) policy, M = n1Q. When the regular supplier stock is empty the replacement of retailer stock made by the outside supplier who adopts (0, N) policy N = n2Q. The joint probability disruption of the inventory levels of retailer, regular supplier and the outside supplier are obtained in the steady state case. Various system performance measures are derived and the long run total expected inventory cost rate is calculated. Several instances of a numerical examples, which provide insight into the behaviour of the system are presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STRATEGIES OF DELAY DELIVERY AND CONTROLLABLE LEAD TIME IN SUPPLY CHAIN CONSI...IAEME Publication
This paper describes about two strategies in consignment inventory based supply
chain with controllable lead time and delaying last delivery comprising a two level
supply chain involving single vendor and multi buyers. This model would give
minimum joint total expected cost of the strategies involving vendor and buyer,
simultaneously to optimize quantitative decision variables. Numerical examples are
presented to demonstrate the benefit of the proposed strategies and the effect of
changes on the cost and parameters are studied.
Measuring the volatility in ghana’s gross domestic product (gdp) rate using t...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed volatility in Ghana's GDP growth rate using GARCH models. The study found that GDP volatility exhibited characteristics like clustering and leverage effects. A GARCH(1,1) model provided a reasonably good fit to quarterly GDP data. Volatility and leverage effects were found to have significantly increased. The best fitting models for GDP volatility were ARIMA(1,1,1)(0,0,1)12 and ARIMA(1,1,2)(0,0,1)12 models.
Evaluation of Process Capability Using Fuzzy Inference SystemIOSR Journals
In many industrial instances product quality depends on a multitude of dependent characteristics and as a consequence, attention on capability indices shifts from univariate domain to multivariate domain. In this research fuzzy inference system is used to determine the process capability index. Fuzzy sets can represent imprecise quantities as well as linguistic terms. Fuzzy inference system (FIS) is a method, based on the fuzzy theory, which maps the input values to the output values. The mapping mechanism is based on some set of rules, a list of if-then statements. In this research Mamdani fuzzy inference system is used to derive the overall output process capability when subjected to six crisp input and one output. This paper deals with a novel approach to evaluating process capability based on readily available information using fuzzy inference system.
Formulation of a Combined Transportation and Inventory Optimization Model wit...IJERA Editor
Most distribution network design models existing in the literature have focused on minimizing the costs of
inventory and transportation. During the analysis of supply chain of currency management problem it is
observed that the transportation of currency from various sources to various destinations and the required
inventory to be maintained to meet the emerging demands requires formulation of a combined problem. This
framework aims to support the coordination of inventory and transportation activities to properly manage the
inventory profiles and currency flows between source locations and distribution centers. This paper considers a
multi-period inventory and transportation model for a single commodity. The key contribution of this paper is, a
mathematical programming formulation of transportation cum inventory problem is proposed and an algorithm
for this new formulation as a multi period decision process is intended. A numerical example of currency
transportation cum inventory is presented to illustrate the proposed algorithm.
Solving Multi-level, Multi-product and Multi-period Lot Sizing and Scheduling...Editor IJCATR
In this paper, a new model of capacitated lot sizing and scheduling in a permutation flow shop is developed. In this model
demand can be totally backlogged. Setups can be carryover and are sequence-dependent. It is well-known from literatures that
capacitated lot sizing problem in permutation flow shop systems are NP-hard. This means the model is solved in polynomial time and
metaheuristics algorithms are capable of solving these problems within reasonable computing load. Metaheuristic algorithms find more
applications in recent researches. On this concern this paper proposes two evolutionary algorithms, one of the most popular namely,
Genetic Algorithm (GA) and one of the most powerful population base algorithms namely, Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA).
The proposed algorithms are calibrate by Taguchi method and be compared against a presented lower bound. Some numerical
examples are solved by both the algorithms and the lower bound. The quality of solution obtained by the proposed algorithm showed
superiority of ICA to GA.
Logistics and Supply Chain: An integrated production, inventory, warehouse lo...FGV Brazil
An integrated production, inventory, warehouse location and distribution model
Author: Lokendra Kumar Devangan
Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management
Vol 9, No 2 (2016)
FGV's Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration (EBAPE)
Abstract:
This paper proposes an integrated production and distribution planning optimization model for multiple manufacturing locations, producing multiple products with deterministic demand at multiple locations. There are multiple modes of transport from plants to demand locations and warehouses. This study presents a model which allows decision makers to optimize plant production, transport and warehouse location simultaneously to fulfill the demands at customer locations within a multi-plant, multi-product, and multi-route supply chain system when the locations of the plants are already fixed. The proposed model is solved for sample problems and tested using real data from a cement manufacturing company in India. An analysis of the results suggests that this model can be used for various strategic and tactical production and planning decisions.
This document provides an overview of a research paper that evaluates different postponement strategies for mass customization operations with service guarantees. It describes a model where a manufacturer produces common components early in the production process and customizes products to individual orders later based on component inventory. The document discusses two postponement strategies - product redesign and process reversal - that involve changing where in the process the point of differentiation occurs. It also notes that the processing time and value added at different stages are important factors in determining the optimal postponement strategy. Key aspects of the model like notation, assumptions, and performance measures like customer wait time and order fill rates within a target period are defined.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STRATEGIES OF DELAY DELIVERY AND CONTROLLABLE LEAD TIME IN SUPPLY CHAIN CONSI...IAEME Publication
This paper describes about two strategies in consignment inventory based supply
chain with controllable lead time and delaying last delivery comprising a two level
supply chain involving single vendor and multi buyers. This model would give
minimum joint total expected cost of the strategies involving vendor and buyer,
simultaneously to optimize quantitative decision variables. Numerical examples are
presented to demonstrate the benefit of the proposed strategies and the effect of
changes on the cost and parameters are studied.
Measuring the volatility in ghana’s gross domestic product (gdp) rate using t...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed volatility in Ghana's GDP growth rate using GARCH models. The study found that GDP volatility exhibited characteristics like clustering and leverage effects. A GARCH(1,1) model provided a reasonably good fit to quarterly GDP data. Volatility and leverage effects were found to have significantly increased. The best fitting models for GDP volatility were ARIMA(1,1,1)(0,0,1)12 and ARIMA(1,1,2)(0,0,1)12 models.
Evaluation of Process Capability Using Fuzzy Inference SystemIOSR Journals
In many industrial instances product quality depends on a multitude of dependent characteristics and as a consequence, attention on capability indices shifts from univariate domain to multivariate domain. In this research fuzzy inference system is used to determine the process capability index. Fuzzy sets can represent imprecise quantities as well as linguistic terms. Fuzzy inference system (FIS) is a method, based on the fuzzy theory, which maps the input values to the output values. The mapping mechanism is based on some set of rules, a list of if-then statements. In this research Mamdani fuzzy inference system is used to derive the overall output process capability when subjected to six crisp input and one output. This paper deals with a novel approach to evaluating process capability based on readily available information using fuzzy inference system.
Formulation of a Combined Transportation and Inventory Optimization Model wit...IJERA Editor
Most distribution network design models existing in the literature have focused on minimizing the costs of
inventory and transportation. During the analysis of supply chain of currency management problem it is
observed that the transportation of currency from various sources to various destinations and the required
inventory to be maintained to meet the emerging demands requires formulation of a combined problem. This
framework aims to support the coordination of inventory and transportation activities to properly manage the
inventory profiles and currency flows between source locations and distribution centers. This paper considers a
multi-period inventory and transportation model for a single commodity. The key contribution of this paper is, a
mathematical programming formulation of transportation cum inventory problem is proposed and an algorithm
for this new formulation as a multi period decision process is intended. A numerical example of currency
transportation cum inventory is presented to illustrate the proposed algorithm.
Solving Multi-level, Multi-product and Multi-period Lot Sizing and Scheduling...Editor IJCATR
In this paper, a new model of capacitated lot sizing and scheduling in a permutation flow shop is developed. In this model
demand can be totally backlogged. Setups can be carryover and are sequence-dependent. It is well-known from literatures that
capacitated lot sizing problem in permutation flow shop systems are NP-hard. This means the model is solved in polynomial time and
metaheuristics algorithms are capable of solving these problems within reasonable computing load. Metaheuristic algorithms find more
applications in recent researches. On this concern this paper proposes two evolutionary algorithms, one of the most popular namely,
Genetic Algorithm (GA) and one of the most powerful population base algorithms namely, Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA).
The proposed algorithms are calibrate by Taguchi method and be compared against a presented lower bound. Some numerical
examples are solved by both the algorithms and the lower bound. The quality of solution obtained by the proposed algorithm showed
superiority of ICA to GA.
Logistics and Supply Chain: An integrated production, inventory, warehouse lo...FGV Brazil
An integrated production, inventory, warehouse location and distribution model
Author: Lokendra Kumar Devangan
Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management
Vol 9, No 2 (2016)
FGV's Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration (EBAPE)
Abstract:
This paper proposes an integrated production and distribution planning optimization model for multiple manufacturing locations, producing multiple products with deterministic demand at multiple locations. There are multiple modes of transport from plants to demand locations and warehouses. This study presents a model which allows decision makers to optimize plant production, transport and warehouse location simultaneously to fulfill the demands at customer locations within a multi-plant, multi-product, and multi-route supply chain system when the locations of the plants are already fixed. The proposed model is solved for sample problems and tested using real data from a cement manufacturing company in India. An analysis of the results suggests that this model can be used for various strategic and tactical production and planning decisions.
This document provides an overview of a research paper that evaluates different postponement strategies for mass customization operations with service guarantees. It describes a model where a manufacturer produces common components early in the production process and customizes products to individual orders later based on component inventory. The document discusses two postponement strategies - product redesign and process reversal - that involve changing where in the process the point of differentiation occurs. It also notes that the processing time and value added at different stages are important factors in determining the optimal postponement strategy. Key aspects of the model like notation, assumptions, and performance measures like customer wait time and order fill rates within a target period are defined.
Este documento describe un proyecto de un vivero de plantas nativas en Ecuador. El proyecto tiene como objetivo realizar un vivero con plantas como eucaliptus, pinus radiata y supriprosas para fines de restauración forestal. El documento también describe la empresa "VIFOR" que producirá y comercializará las plantas, incluyendo información sobre su misión, valores, capacidad de producción y las especies que ofrecerá como pinus radiata, aliso y molle. Adicionalmente, explica conceptos sobre viveros forestales, el
The document summarizes an upcoming International Symposium on Online Journalism to take place on April 1, 2011. It will discuss the New York Times' paywall model and whether people will pay for online content. Panelists will include representatives from Google, The Dallas Morning News, Grupo Reforma in Mexico, Schibsted Media Group in Norway, and the Austin American-Statesman. Additional topics will include metering versus site-wide paywalls, the potential for hacking, and future developments in online journalism business models.
El documento describe las características de los principales componentes de un sistema de computación, incluyendo los monitores, teclados y mouse. Explica que los monitores modernos utilizan pantallas de cristal líquido mientras que los antiguos usaban tubos de rayos catódicos. Describe el teclado como un dispositivo con muchas teclas similares a una máquina de escribir y botones extras. Finalmente, define el mouse como un periférico de entrada hecho de plástico que se mueve sobre una superficie y control
This document provides summaries of articles from a McKesson employee newsletter dated July 25, 2016. It includes profiles of two McKesson employees - Louis Chinn, who is battling cancer, and Andrei Gonzales, who leads value-based reimbursement initiatives. It also promotes an upcoming McKesson Summer Olympic Challenge and provides tips for taking a vacation.
Jendayi Berry is applying for a product designer position. She has a background in visual arts, product design, and graphic design. She believes she can help the organization by gaining a deep understanding of their vision to inform her design work, and by innovating new markets rather than just following trends. She has the skills to identify opportunities, design innovative and profitable products, and utilize visual storytelling to spark creativity.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme Among Out of School...inventionjournals
Background: The increasing number of sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS among the youths in sub-Saharan Africa indicates that successive efforts towards preventing the scourge remain inadequate in the continent. Preventing the spread of HIV infection among youths aged 15 – 24 years is critical to reducing the incidence of new HIV infection. This paper therefore presents HIV prevention programme among Out of School Youths (OSYs) in Kogi State, Nigeria. Methods: This intervention was carried out among out-of-school youths in 7 randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the state with a total target population of 19, 600 OSY. One hundred and twenty (120) OSY comprising (68 males and 52 females) were recruited and trained as Peer Educators. Activities carried out included structural, behavioural and biomedical interventions using the Minimum Prevention Package for Intervention (MPPI) strategy. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools and entered in the DHIS2 platform. The data were later exported into Microsoft Excel and analysed using same. Results: Three hundred and three community dialogues were held within the 2-years period with 672 participants and 25787 peers recruited by the peer educators resulting in 131.6% of the estimated target population. A total of 8812 of out of school youths were counselled, tested and received results for HIV. Among these, a total of 175 (2.0%) were tested positive. Conclusion: Effective implementation of minimum prevention package for intervention in HIV/AIDS prevention programme carried out in these communities could be attributed to the dialogues held at the commencement of the project. However, there are still shortfalls in attainment of the expected results. It is therefore recommended that there be increased integration of services and decentralization of MPPI activities to primary health care centers and rural communities, stepwise supervision and monitoring of HIV prevention activities be strengthened and engagement of all tiers of governance to engender political commitment and ownership of the HIV response with a view of ensuring sustainability of these programmes.
Faye Spencer is an artist and art teacher based in Nottingham Road, South Africa. She holds a Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Natal and a PGCE from UNISA. Her art practice focuses on painting, drawing, printmaking, and book illustration. Key themes in her work include departure, absence, loss, and recovery as well as dystopia and chaos. She is interested in using art to explore identity, memory, and finding meaning in times of change. She has exhibited widely in solo and group shows in South Africa, the UK, China, and Kenya.
The document describes a new Kenzen Ten4 organic supplement product with only 4 ingredients, no sugar, and 8 calories per serving. Each box contains 30 packets. The supplement is said to help burn calories and boost metabolism while supporting mental alertness with 80mg of natural caffeine per serving. It also contains antioxidants. Pricing details are provided with the US retail price being $49 and wholesale $39, and the CN retail price $65 and wholesale $52.26, both with a PV of 39.
Dynamic Programming approach in Two Echelon Inventory System with Repairable ...IOSR Journals
This document presents a two-echelon inventory system model with repairable items. The system consists of operating sites (base stations) and a depot. Each base station has inventory to fulfill failed item demands and is replenished from the depot. Failed items arrive at base stations according to a Poisson process and are inspected. Inspection times are exponential. Inspected items are either repaired at the depot or condemned. The system aims to determine optimal ordering policies to minimize average costs using Markov decision processes and dynamic programming. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the model.
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research article that models a two-commodity perishable inventory system with finite customer demands. The key aspects of the model are:
1) The system has maximum storage capacities for two commodities and demands originate from a finite population of customers.
2) Inventory levels and number of customers waiting are modeled as a continuous-time Markov chain.
3) Customers make primary demands or retrial demands if inventory is empty, with retrial times following an exponential distribution.
4) The commodities can substitute for each other if one is out of stock. Performance measures like inventory levels and customer wait times are derived.
A Fuzzy Arithmetic Approach for Perishable Items in Discounted Entropic Order...Waqas Tariq
This paper uses fuzzy arithmetic approach to the system cost for perishable items with instant deterioration for the discounted entropic order quantity model. Traditional crisp system cost observes that some costs may belong to the uncertain factors. It is necessary to extend the system cost to treat also the vague costs. We introduce a new concept which we call entropy and show that the total payoff satisfies the optimization property. We show how special case of this problem reduce to perfect results, and how post deteriorated discounted entropic order quantity model is a generalization of optimization. It has been imperative to demonstrate this model by analysis, which reveals important characteristics of discounted structure. Further numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the relative performance between the fuzzy and crisp cases in EnOQ and EOQ separately.
SUPPLY CHAIN MODELING WITH UNCERTAINTY IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY USING FUZZY LOGICIAEME Publication
1) The document discusses modeling supply chain performance under uncertainty in demand and supply using fuzzy logic. It examines how different levels of customer demand uncertainty and supplier reliability impact inventory levels, fill rates, and total costs.
2) A case study is presented analyzing six iterations with varying combinations of customer demand uncertainty (high, medium, low) and supplier reliability (reliable, unreliable). Results show that medium demand uncertainty and a reliable supplier had the lowest total cost.
3) Higher supplier unreliability increased total costs more when demand uncertainty was lower. Inventory levels and fill rates were found to be sensitive to changes in demand uncertainty and supplier reliability.
SUPPLY CHAIN MODELING WITH UNCERTAINTY IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY USING FUZZY LOGICIAEME Publication
In this paper, we have analyzed a serial operational level Supply Chain
Performance like fill rate, Build –To - Stock etc., under an uncertainty environment
for the optimality using a stochastic customer order. It evaluates minimum cost in
supply chain, simultaneously optimize quantitative decision variables and illustrates
the significance of capacity variable. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate
the benefit of the proposed strategies and the effects of changes on the cost and
parameters are studied.
Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model with Inventory Returns and Special Salestheijes
This article deals with a single period inventory model with inventory returns and special sales. The demand is assumed to occur in a uniform pattern during a planning period say, tp. Both non-deteriorating items and deteriorating items are considered for the discussion
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and t.docxhopeaustin33688
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and the Gulf coast. Proctor & Gamble coffee manufacturing, with brands such as Folgers that get over half of their supply from sites in New Orleans, was severely impacted by the hurricane. Six months later, there were, as a P&G executive told the New York Times “still holes on the shelves” where P&G’s brands should be. Given your new insights from supply chain management, how would you solve/avoid a situation like this?
Module 2 - Case
Supply Chain Design
Case Assignment
Welcome to the second case study for this course.
Assignment: Please read the article below (available through ProQuest), then in a 3-4 page paper discuss the article and integrated supply chains.
Assignment Expectations
The authors of the article do a pretty good job of explaining the concept but I would like you to tell me what they mean in your own words. What is an integrated supply chain? What are the key elements/challenges in an integrated supply chain? What are the specific benefits to firms that implement superior supply chain management?Write a 3-4 page paper, using the same format as module one.
Integrated supply chains to be exploredAlan Johnson. Manufacturers' Monthly. Sydney: May 2007. It is attached
Abstract:
"The key challenge is to integrate supply chain capabilities to provide a seamless solution from potential design through to end delivery. End users are looking for a complete supply chain where there is single accountability and responsibility for delivery," said O'[Brien].
Module 2 - Background
Supply Chain Design
The following information will give you a good background on the importance of having a properly designed supply chain. Please review the information presented below to assist you with the assignments. I encourage you to surf the internet for more information on supply chain design.
Required Materials
You are not required to read all of these articles, but you may if you wish to choose to read several to further your knowledge. You are encouraged to surf the internet to gather additional resources in order to research your topic more thoroughly.
Start off this module by reviewing the article below on Supply Chain Design.
Beamon, B. M. (1998). Supply Chain Design and Analysis: Models and Methods. International Journal of Production Economics, 55(3), 281-294. Accessed August 10, 2009, at http://www.sclgme.org
The ProQuestdata base provides the articles below concerning changing supply chains and supply chain security.
Johnson, A., (2007). Integrated supply chains to be explored. Manufacturers' Monthly. Sydney. Available in the Trident Online Library.
Rogers, D., Lockman, D., Schwerdt, G., O'Donnell, B., & Huff, R., (2004). Supply Chain Security. Material Handling Management, 59(2), 15-18. Available in the Trident Online Library.
Supply Chain Design and Analysis:
Models and Methods
Benita M. Beamon
University of Washington
Industrial Engineering
Box 352650
Seattle, WA 98195.
A MULTI-OBJECTIVE APPROACH FOR OPTIMUM QUOTA ALLOCATION TO SUPPLIERS IN SUPPL...IAEME Publication
In all industrial firms where a large number of parts and components are supplied by different suppliers to the raw materiel stores. So it is necessary to keep a track of their performances and supplier ratings individually. The shortages of many basic raw materials and unfriendly attitudes on the part of suppliers can seriously jeopardize production units. So supplier evaluation comes a necessary task. The supplier selection in the supply chain is a multi-criteria problem for this a problem is formulated. The formulated problem is including three primary objectives such as minimizing the net purchase cost, minimizing the net transportation cost and minimizing the net late deliveries subject to realistic constraints regarding buyer’s demand, vendor’s capacity, budget allocation to individual vendor, Vendor’s quality of the items, vendor’s quota flexibility, purchase value of items etc. This paper consists of allocating the quota to suppliers from a set of pre-selected candidates. In this paper the Lexicographic Method is used and solved above three objectives on the priority basis. A real life example is also presented and solved by the MATLAB and results are shown in the paper.
Supplier and buyer driven channels in a two-stage supply chainGurdal Ertek
This summarizes a research paper that explores supplier and buyer-driven channels in a two-stage supply chain model. It develops models where either the supplier or buyer has dominant bargaining power to determine pricing. The paper shows that when the buyer has power, it is optimal for them to use only a multiplier on wholesale price and not a markup. It also shows market price and sensitivity increases with operational costs. The sensitivity of market price to wholesale price increases non-linearly and is bounded from below. Increasing costs have a decreasing marginal impact on prices and profits. There are cases where suppliers prefer buyer-driven channels and vice versa.
Este documento describe un proyecto de un vivero de plantas nativas en Ecuador. El proyecto tiene como objetivo realizar un vivero con plantas como eucaliptus, pinus radiata y supriprosas para fines de restauración forestal. El documento también describe la empresa "VIFOR" que producirá y comercializará las plantas, incluyendo información sobre su misión, valores, capacidad de producción y las especies que ofrecerá como pinus radiata, aliso y molle. Adicionalmente, explica conceptos sobre viveros forestales, el
The document summarizes an upcoming International Symposium on Online Journalism to take place on April 1, 2011. It will discuss the New York Times' paywall model and whether people will pay for online content. Panelists will include representatives from Google, The Dallas Morning News, Grupo Reforma in Mexico, Schibsted Media Group in Norway, and the Austin American-Statesman. Additional topics will include metering versus site-wide paywalls, the potential for hacking, and future developments in online journalism business models.
El documento describe las características de los principales componentes de un sistema de computación, incluyendo los monitores, teclados y mouse. Explica que los monitores modernos utilizan pantallas de cristal líquido mientras que los antiguos usaban tubos de rayos catódicos. Describe el teclado como un dispositivo con muchas teclas similares a una máquina de escribir y botones extras. Finalmente, define el mouse como un periférico de entrada hecho de plástico que se mueve sobre una superficie y control
This document provides summaries of articles from a McKesson employee newsletter dated July 25, 2016. It includes profiles of two McKesson employees - Louis Chinn, who is battling cancer, and Andrei Gonzales, who leads value-based reimbursement initiatives. It also promotes an upcoming McKesson Summer Olympic Challenge and provides tips for taking a vacation.
Jendayi Berry is applying for a product designer position. She has a background in visual arts, product design, and graphic design. She believes she can help the organization by gaining a deep understanding of their vision to inform her design work, and by innovating new markets rather than just following trends. She has the skills to identify opportunities, design innovative and profitable products, and utilize visual storytelling to spark creativity.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme Among Out of School...inventionjournals
Background: The increasing number of sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS among the youths in sub-Saharan Africa indicates that successive efforts towards preventing the scourge remain inadequate in the continent. Preventing the spread of HIV infection among youths aged 15 – 24 years is critical to reducing the incidence of new HIV infection. This paper therefore presents HIV prevention programme among Out of School Youths (OSYs) in Kogi State, Nigeria. Methods: This intervention was carried out among out-of-school youths in 7 randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the state with a total target population of 19, 600 OSY. One hundred and twenty (120) OSY comprising (68 males and 52 females) were recruited and trained as Peer Educators. Activities carried out included structural, behavioural and biomedical interventions using the Minimum Prevention Package for Intervention (MPPI) strategy. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools and entered in the DHIS2 platform. The data were later exported into Microsoft Excel and analysed using same. Results: Three hundred and three community dialogues were held within the 2-years period with 672 participants and 25787 peers recruited by the peer educators resulting in 131.6% of the estimated target population. A total of 8812 of out of school youths were counselled, tested and received results for HIV. Among these, a total of 175 (2.0%) were tested positive. Conclusion: Effective implementation of minimum prevention package for intervention in HIV/AIDS prevention programme carried out in these communities could be attributed to the dialogues held at the commencement of the project. However, there are still shortfalls in attainment of the expected results. It is therefore recommended that there be increased integration of services and decentralization of MPPI activities to primary health care centers and rural communities, stepwise supervision and monitoring of HIV prevention activities be strengthened and engagement of all tiers of governance to engender political commitment and ownership of the HIV response with a view of ensuring sustainability of these programmes.
Faye Spencer is an artist and art teacher based in Nottingham Road, South Africa. She holds a Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Natal and a PGCE from UNISA. Her art practice focuses on painting, drawing, printmaking, and book illustration. Key themes in her work include departure, absence, loss, and recovery as well as dystopia and chaos. She is interested in using art to explore identity, memory, and finding meaning in times of change. She has exhibited widely in solo and group shows in South Africa, the UK, China, and Kenya.
The document describes a new Kenzen Ten4 organic supplement product with only 4 ingredients, no sugar, and 8 calories per serving. Each box contains 30 packets. The supplement is said to help burn calories and boost metabolism while supporting mental alertness with 80mg of natural caffeine per serving. It also contains antioxidants. Pricing details are provided with the US retail price being $49 and wholesale $39, and the CN retail price $65 and wholesale $52.26, both with a PV of 39.
Dynamic Programming approach in Two Echelon Inventory System with Repairable ...IOSR Journals
This document presents a two-echelon inventory system model with repairable items. The system consists of operating sites (base stations) and a depot. Each base station has inventory to fulfill failed item demands and is replenished from the depot. Failed items arrive at base stations according to a Poisson process and are inspected. Inspection times are exponential. Inspected items are either repaired at the depot or condemned. The system aims to determine optimal ordering policies to minimize average costs using Markov decision processes and dynamic programming. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the model.
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research article that models a two-commodity perishable inventory system with finite customer demands. The key aspects of the model are:
1) The system has maximum storage capacities for two commodities and demands originate from a finite population of customers.
2) Inventory levels and number of customers waiting are modeled as a continuous-time Markov chain.
3) Customers make primary demands or retrial demands if inventory is empty, with retrial times following an exponential distribution.
4) The commodities can substitute for each other if one is out of stock. Performance measures like inventory levels and customer wait times are derived.
A Fuzzy Arithmetic Approach for Perishable Items in Discounted Entropic Order...Waqas Tariq
This paper uses fuzzy arithmetic approach to the system cost for perishable items with instant deterioration for the discounted entropic order quantity model. Traditional crisp system cost observes that some costs may belong to the uncertain factors. It is necessary to extend the system cost to treat also the vague costs. We introduce a new concept which we call entropy and show that the total payoff satisfies the optimization property. We show how special case of this problem reduce to perfect results, and how post deteriorated discounted entropic order quantity model is a generalization of optimization. It has been imperative to demonstrate this model by analysis, which reveals important characteristics of discounted structure. Further numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the relative performance between the fuzzy and crisp cases in EnOQ and EOQ separately.
SUPPLY CHAIN MODELING WITH UNCERTAINTY IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY USING FUZZY LOGICIAEME Publication
1) The document discusses modeling supply chain performance under uncertainty in demand and supply using fuzzy logic. It examines how different levels of customer demand uncertainty and supplier reliability impact inventory levels, fill rates, and total costs.
2) A case study is presented analyzing six iterations with varying combinations of customer demand uncertainty (high, medium, low) and supplier reliability (reliable, unreliable). Results show that medium demand uncertainty and a reliable supplier had the lowest total cost.
3) Higher supplier unreliability increased total costs more when demand uncertainty was lower. Inventory levels and fill rates were found to be sensitive to changes in demand uncertainty and supplier reliability.
SUPPLY CHAIN MODELING WITH UNCERTAINTY IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY USING FUZZY LOGICIAEME Publication
In this paper, we have analyzed a serial operational level Supply Chain
Performance like fill rate, Build –To - Stock etc., under an uncertainty environment
for the optimality using a stochastic customer order. It evaluates minimum cost in
supply chain, simultaneously optimize quantitative decision variables and illustrates
the significance of capacity variable. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate
the benefit of the proposed strategies and the effects of changes on the cost and
parameters are studied.
Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model with Inventory Returns and Special Salestheijes
This article deals with a single period inventory model with inventory returns and special sales. The demand is assumed to occur in a uniform pattern during a planning period say, tp. Both non-deteriorating items and deteriorating items are considered for the discussion
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and t.docxhopeaustin33688
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and the Gulf coast. Proctor & Gamble coffee manufacturing, with brands such as Folgers that get over half of their supply from sites in New Orleans, was severely impacted by the hurricane. Six months later, there were, as a P&G executive told the New York Times “still holes on the shelves” where P&G’s brands should be. Given your new insights from supply chain management, how would you solve/avoid a situation like this?
Module 2 - Case
Supply Chain Design
Case Assignment
Welcome to the second case study for this course.
Assignment: Please read the article below (available through ProQuest), then in a 3-4 page paper discuss the article and integrated supply chains.
Assignment Expectations
The authors of the article do a pretty good job of explaining the concept but I would like you to tell me what they mean in your own words. What is an integrated supply chain? What are the key elements/challenges in an integrated supply chain? What are the specific benefits to firms that implement superior supply chain management?Write a 3-4 page paper, using the same format as module one.
Integrated supply chains to be exploredAlan Johnson. Manufacturers' Monthly. Sydney: May 2007. It is attached
Abstract:
"The key challenge is to integrate supply chain capabilities to provide a seamless solution from potential design through to end delivery. End users are looking for a complete supply chain where there is single accountability and responsibility for delivery," said O'[Brien].
Module 2 - Background
Supply Chain Design
The following information will give you a good background on the importance of having a properly designed supply chain. Please review the information presented below to assist you with the assignments. I encourage you to surf the internet for more information on supply chain design.
Required Materials
You are not required to read all of these articles, but you may if you wish to choose to read several to further your knowledge. You are encouraged to surf the internet to gather additional resources in order to research your topic more thoroughly.
Start off this module by reviewing the article below on Supply Chain Design.
Beamon, B. M. (1998). Supply Chain Design and Analysis: Models and Methods. International Journal of Production Economics, 55(3), 281-294. Accessed August 10, 2009, at http://www.sclgme.org
The ProQuestdata base provides the articles below concerning changing supply chains and supply chain security.
Johnson, A., (2007). Integrated supply chains to be explored. Manufacturers' Monthly. Sydney. Available in the Trident Online Library.
Rogers, D., Lockman, D., Schwerdt, G., O'Donnell, B., & Huff, R., (2004). Supply Chain Security. Material Handling Management, 59(2), 15-18. Available in the Trident Online Library.
Supply Chain Design and Analysis:
Models and Methods
Benita M. Beamon
University of Washington
Industrial Engineering
Box 352650
Seattle, WA 98195.
A MULTI-OBJECTIVE APPROACH FOR OPTIMUM QUOTA ALLOCATION TO SUPPLIERS IN SUPPL...IAEME Publication
In all industrial firms where a large number of parts and components are supplied by different suppliers to the raw materiel stores. So it is necessary to keep a track of their performances and supplier ratings individually. The shortages of many basic raw materials and unfriendly attitudes on the part of suppliers can seriously jeopardize production units. So supplier evaluation comes a necessary task. The supplier selection in the supply chain is a multi-criteria problem for this a problem is formulated. The formulated problem is including three primary objectives such as minimizing the net purchase cost, minimizing the net transportation cost and minimizing the net late deliveries subject to realistic constraints regarding buyer’s demand, vendor’s capacity, budget allocation to individual vendor, Vendor’s quality of the items, vendor’s quota flexibility, purchase value of items etc. This paper consists of allocating the quota to suppliers from a set of pre-selected candidates. In this paper the Lexicographic Method is used and solved above three objectives on the priority basis. A real life example is also presented and solved by the MATLAB and results are shown in the paper.
Supplier and buyer driven channels in a two-stage supply chainGurdal Ertek
This summarizes a research paper that explores supplier and buyer-driven channels in a two-stage supply chain model. It develops models where either the supplier or buyer has dominant bargaining power to determine pricing. The paper shows that when the buyer has power, it is optimal for them to use only a multiplier on wholesale price and not a markup. It also shows market price and sensitivity increases with operational costs. The sensitivity of market price to wholesale price increases non-linearly and is bounded from below. Increasing costs have a decreasing marginal impact on prices and profits. There are cases where suppliers prefer buyer-driven channels and vice versa.
An Enhance PSO Based Approach for Solving Economical Ordered Quantity (EOQ) P...IJMER
The Meta-heuristic approaches can provide a sufficiently good solution to an
optimization problem, especially with incomplete or imperfect information and with lower
computational complexity especially for numerical solutions. This paper presents an enhanced PSO
(Particle Swarm Optimization) technique for solving the same problem. Through the PSO performs well
but it may require some more iteration to converge or sometimes many repetitions for the complex
problems. To overcome these problems an enhanced PSO is presented which utilizes the PSO with
double chaotic maps to perform irregular velocity updates which forces the particles to search greater
space for best global solution. Finally the comparison between both algorithms is performed for the
EOQ problem considering deteriorating items, shortages and partially backlogging. The simulation
results shows that the proposed enhanced PSO converges quickly and found much closer solution then
PSO.
Variational Inequalities Approach to Supply Chain Network Equilibriumiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Procurement Strategy for Manufacturing and JITIJERD Editor
Procurement involves the purchase of goods and services from the suppliers for the manufacturing units. Procuring the items in the most optimized way is very much desired to implement JIT effectively. Manufacturer-supplier relationship is very crucial for effective procurement policy. The present paper deals with various procurement strategies of manufacturing that include the optimization of manufacturing quantity along with the procurement of multiple input items. The procurement cycles for input items are considered in small lot sizes, which are essential for the effective implementation of JIT. The method of integer programming has been used to find the optimum integer values of number of orders for procuring the input items, which is usually found to be in fraction for a real manufacturing environment.
Supplier and Buyer Driven Channels in a Two-Stage Supply Chainertekg
Download Link > https://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/blog/supplier-and-buyer-driven-channels-in-a-two-stage-supply-chain/
We explore the impact of power structure on price, sensitivity of market price, and profits in a two-stage supply chain with single product, supplier and buyer, and a price sensitive market. We develop and analyze the case where the supplier has dominant bargaining power and the case where the buyer has dominant bargaining power. We consider a pricing scheme for the buyer that involves both a multiplier and a markup. We show that it is optimal for the buyer to set the markup to zero and use only a multiplier. We also show that the market price and its sensitivity are higher when operational costs (namely distribution and inventory) exist. We observe that the sensitivity of the market price increases non-linearly as the wholesale price increases, and derive a lower bound for it. Through experimental analysis, we show that marginal impact of increasing shipment cost and carrying charge (interest rate) on prices and profits are decreasing in both cases. Finally, we show that there exist problem instances where the buyer may prefer supplier-driven case to markup-only buyer-driven and similarly problem instances where the supplier may prefer markup-only buyer-driven case to supplier-driven.
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The .docxhowardh5
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached
copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research
and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
and sharing with colleagues.
Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or
licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party
websites are prohibited.
In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the
article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or
institutional repository. Authors requiring further information
regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are
encouraged to visit:
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http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights
Author's personal copy
A simheuristic algorithm for the Single-Period Stochastic
Inventory-Routing Problem with stock-outs
Angel A. Juan a,⇑, Scott E. Grasman b, Jose Caceres-Cruz a,1, Tolga Bektas� c
a Department of Computer Science, Multimedia, and Telecommunication, IN3-Open University of Catalonia, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
b Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
c Southampton Management School and Centre for Operational Research, Management Science and Information Systems (CORMSIS), University of Southampton, UK
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Available online 7 December 2013
Keywords:
Inventory-Routing Problem
Stochastic demands
Stock-outs
Simulation–optimization
Simheuristics
Randomized heuristics
a b s t r a c t
This paper describes a ‘simheuristic’ algorithm – one which combines simulation with
heuristics – for solving a stochastic variant of the well-known Inventory-Routing Problem.
The variant discussed here is integrated by a vehicle routing problem and several inventory
problems characterized by stochastic demands. Initial stock levels and potential stock-outs
are also considered, as well as a set of alternative refill policies for each retail center. The
goal is to find the personalized refill policies and associated routing plan that minimize, at
each single period, the expected total costs of the system, i.e., the sum of inventory and
routing costs. After motivating it, a detailed description of the problem is provided. Then,
a review of the related literature is performed and our simulation–optimization approach
is introduced. The paper presents a set of numerical experiments comparing the proposed
method against different refill strategies and discusses how total costs evolve as the level of
system uncertainty and the inventory-holding costs per unit are varied.
� 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
One of the most important paradigms in supply chain management is to move from sequential decision making toward
integrated decision making, where all parties in the supply chain determine the best policy for the entire system. This is in
contrast to sequentially optimized decisions in supply chains.
Available transfer capability computations in the indian southern e.h.v power...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that compares three methods for computing available transfer capability (ATC) in the Indian southern extra high voltage power system: 1) the conventional continuation repeated power flow method, 2) a radial basis function neural network technique, and 3) an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system technique. It provides background on ATC calculations and describes the radial basis function neural network and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system techniques in detail. The paper aims to show that intelligent techniques can more accurately compute ATC online compared to conventional methods. It tests the three ATC computation methods on the 72-bus Indian southern power system.
Available transfer capability computations in the indian southern e.h.v power...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents three methods for computing the available transfer capability (ATC). One method is the conventional method known as continuation repeated power flow (CRPF) and other two are the intelligent techniques known as radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), basic adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). In these two intelligent techniques, the basic ANFIS works with a multiple input single output (MISO) and it is modified as multiple input multiple output (MIMO) ANFIS using the proposed MIMO ANFIS. The main intension of this proposed method is to utilise the significant features of ANFIS with respect to the multiple outputs, as the basic ANFIS has been proved as the best intelligent techniques in the modelling of any application, but it has a disadvantage of single output and this drawback will be overcome using the proposed MIMO ANFIS. In this paper, the latest Indian southern region extra high voltage (SREHV) 72-bus system considered as test system to obtain the ATC computations using three methods. The ATC computations at desired buses are obtained with and without contingencies and compared the conventional ATC computations with the intelligent techniques. The obtained results are scrupulously verified with different test patterns and observed that the accuracy of proposed method is proved as the best as compared to the other methods for computing ATC. In this way, this paper shows a better way to compute ATC for the different open power market system Keywords— Available Transfer Capability, Total Transfer Capability, Open Power Markets, Repeated Power Flow, Radial Basis Function Neural Networks, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System etc.
CONSIGNMENT INVENTORY SIMULATION MODEL FOR SINGLE VENDOR-MULTI BUYERS IN A SU...IAEME Publication
The focus on the studies of supply chain management has been increasing in
recent years among academics as well as practitioners. In this paper, we present an
extendable multi agent supply chain simulation model for consignment stock inventory
model for a single vendor - multiple buyers. The simulation study dealt the
quantitative measures of performance of consignment stock model with respect to
number of shipments, delay deliveries, number of shipments shifted due to partial
information sharing, average inventory levels of buyer and vendor and joint total
economic cost (JTEC) as key performance parameters. Flexsim V3.0 a discrete event
simulation software is used for simulating the model.
CONSIGNMENT INVENTORY SIMULATION MODEL FOR SINGLE VENDOR-MULTI BUYERS IN A SU...IAEME Publication
The document describes a simulation model of a consignment inventory system for a single vendor and multiple buyers. The simulation model is developed using Flexsim software and evaluates key performance metrics like total cost, inventory levels, shipments, and fill rate. Three models are simulated: one without delays, one with delivery delays, and one with partial information sharing between vendor and buyer. Results show that total cost increases with more buyers but information sharing reduces costs the most, especially for multiple buyers. The number of shipments and delays decreases with information sharing while fill rate increases.
Similar to Analysis of Two-Echelon Inventory System with Two Suppliers (20)
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
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Analysis of Two-Echelon Inventory System with Two Suppliers
1. International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI)
E-ISSN: 2321 – 4767 P-ISSN: 2321 - 4759
www.ijmsi.org Volume 5 Issue 1 || January. 2017 || PP-36-42
www.ijmsi.org 36 | Page
Analysis of Two-Echelon Inventory System with Two Suppliers
S. Mohamed Basheer 1
and K. Krishnan2
1
Research Scholar, PG& Research Department of mathematics,
Cardamom Planters’ Association College, Bodinayakanur, Tamil Nadu, India -625513
2
Assistant Professor, PG& Research Department of mathematics,
Cardamom Planters’ Association College, Bodinayakanur, Tamil Nadu, India -625513
ABSTRACT: Inventories exist throughout the supply chain in various form for various reasons. Since
carrying these inventories can cost anywhere from 20-40 % of their value a year, managing them in a scientific
manner to maintain minimal levels makes economic sense. This paper presents a continuous review two echelon
inventory system. The operating policy at the lower echelon is (s, S) that is whenever the inventory level traps to
s on order for Q = (S-s) items is placed, the ordered items are received after a random time which is distributed
as exponential. We assume that the demands accruing during the stock-out period are lost. The retailer
replenishes their stock from the regular supplier which adopts (0,M) policy, M = n1Q. When the regular
supplier stock is empty the replacement of retailer stock made by the outside supplier who adopts (0, N) policy
N = n2Q. The joint probability disruption of the inventory levels of retailer, regular supplier and the outside
supplier are obtained in the steady state case. Various system performance measures are derived and the long
run total expected inventory cost rate is calculated. Several instances of a numerical examples, which provide
insight into the behaviour of the system are presented.
KEY WORDS: Continuous review inventory system, two-echelon, positive lead time.
I. INTRODUCTION
Most manufacturing enterprises are organized in to network of manufacturing and distributed sites that procure
Raw- material, process them into finished goods and distributed the finished goods in to customers. The terms
multi-echelon or multi-level production distribution network and also synonymous with such networks (supply
chain )when on items move through more than one steps before reaching the final customer. Inventory exist
throughout the supply chain in various form for various reasons. At any manufacturing point they may exist as
raw – materials, work-in process or finished goods.
The usual objective for a multi-echelon inventory model is to coordinate the inventories at the various echelons
so as to minimize the total cost associated with the entire multi-echelon inventory system. This is a natural
objective for a fully integrated corporation that operates the entire system. It might also be a suitable objective
when certain echelons are managed by either the suppliers or the retailers of the company. Multi-echelon
inventory system has been studied by many researchers and its applications in supply chain management has
proved worthy in recent literature. As supply chains integrates many operators in the network and optimize the
total cost involved without compromising as customer service efficiency. The first quantitative analysis in
inventory studies Started with the work of Harris (1915)[7].Clark and Scarf (1960)[4] had put forward the
multi-echelon inventory first. They analyzed a N-echelon pipelining system without considering a lot size,
Recent developments in two-echelon models may be found in. One of the oldest papers in the field of
continuous review multi-echelon inventory system is a basic and seminal paper written by Sherbrooke in 1968.
Hadley, G and Whitin, T. M., (1963)[6], Naddor .E (1966) [12] Inventory System, John Wiley and Sons, New
York. Analysis of inventory systems, Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliff, New Jersey. HP's(Hawlett Packard)
Strategic Planning and Modeling(SPaM) group initiated this kind of research in 1977.Continuous review models
of multi-echelon inventory system in 1980s concentrated more on repairable items in a Depot-Base system than
as consumable items (see Graves, Moinzadeh and Lee). Kalpakam and Arivarignan(1988) introduced multiple
reorder level policy with lost sales in inventory control system.
All these papers deal with repairable items with batch ordering. Jokar and Seifbarghy analyzed a two echelon
inventory system with one warehouse and multiple retailers controlled by continuous review (R, Q) policy. A
Complete review was provided by Benito M. Beamon (1998) [2]. Sven Axsater (1993) [1] proposed an
approximate model of inventory structure in SC. He assumed (S-1, S) polices in the Deport-Base systems for
repairable items in the American Air Force and could approximate the average inventory and stock out level in
bases.
The supply chain concept grow largely out of two-stage multi-echelon inventory models, and it is important to
note that considerable research in this area is based on the classic work of Clark and Scarf (1960).Continuous
review perishable inventory models studied by Kalpakam. S and Arivarignan. G (1998)[8] and a continuous
review perishable inventory system at Service Facilities was studied by Elango .C and Arivarignan .G,(2001)[5].
2. Analysis of Two-Echelon Inventory System with Two Suppliers
www.ijmsi.org 37 | Page
A continuous review (s, S) policy with positive lead times in two-echelon Supply Chain for both perishable and
non perishable was considered by Krishnan. K and Elango. C. 2005. Krishnan .K And Elango .C. A continuous
review (s, S) policy with positive lead times in two echelons Supply Chain was considered by Krishnan. K.
(2007). Rameshpandy.M, et. al (2014)[13] consider a Two-Echelon Perishable Inventory System with direct and
Retrial demands and Satheeshkumar.R (2014) [14] et. al consider a Partial Backlogging Inventory System in
Two-echelon with Retrial and Direct Demands. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The model
formulation is described in section 2, along with some important notations used in the paper. In section 3, steady
state analysis are done: Section 4 deals with the derivation of operating characteristics of the system. In section
5, the cost analysis for the operation. section 6 provides Numerical examples and sensitivity analysis.
II. MODEL
2.1 The Problem Description
The inventory control system in supply chain considered in this paper is defined as follows. A supply chain
system consisting one Manufacturer(MF), two suppliers (regular and outside), single disruption centre(DC) and
„n‟ identical retailers dealing with a single finished product. These finished products moves from the
manufacturer through the network consist of manufacture, supplier, DC, Retailers and the final customer.
A finished product is supplied from MF to supplier (regular and outside) which adopts (0, N) and (0,M)
replenishment policy then the product is supplied to DC who adopts (s, S) policy. The demend at retailers node
i follows an independent Poisson distribution with rate (i = 1, 2, ..., n). Scanner collect sales data (demand) at
retailer nodes and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) allows these data to be shared with DC. With the strong
communication network and transport facility of unit of item is transferred to the corresponding retailer with
negligible lead time. That is all the inventory transactions are managed by DC. The replacement of item in terms
of product is made from regular supplier to DC is administrated with exponential distribution having parameter
1 0
. The replenishment of items of pocket is made from manufacturer to outsources suppliers is
instantaneous. Demands accruing during the stock out periods are assumed to be lost. The maximum inventory
level at DC node S is fixed, and the recorder point is s and the ordering quantity is Q(=S-s) items. The
maximum inventory at regular supplier in N(=nQ) and outsource supplier in M (=nQ)
2.2 Notations and variables
We use the following for the fourth coming analysis part of our theses
ij
C : The element of sub matrix at (i,j)th position of C
0 : Zero matrix
I : Identity matrix
e : A column vector of 1‟s of appropriate dimension
: Mean arrival rate at the retailer i
: Demand rate at DC ( = n
...21
)
1
: Mean replacement rate at retailer
2
: Mean replacement rate at regular supplier
S : Maximum inventory level at retailer
s : Minimum inventory level at retailer
N : Maximum inventory level at regular supplier
M : Maximum inventory level at outsources supplier
H r : Holding cost at regular
H r d : Holding cost at regular supplier
H o d : Holding cost at outsources supplier
O r : Ordering cost at retailer
O r d : Ordering cost at regular supplier
O o d
: Ordering cost at outsources supplier
P r : penalty cost at retailer
P r d : penalty cost at regular supplier
I r : Average inventory level at retailer
I r d : Average inventory level at regular supplier
I o d
: Average inventory level at outsource supplier
R R : Mean reorder rate at retailer
3. Analysis of Two-Echelon Inventory System with Two Suppliers
www.ijmsi.org 38 | Page
R R d : Mean reorder rate at regular supplier
R o d : Mean reorder rate at outsource supplier
S R : Shortage rate at retailer
S R d : Shortage rate at regular supplier
n Q
i Q
: Q + 2Q + 3Q + ......... + nQ
III. ANALYSIS
Let 1
I (t), 2
I (t) and D
I (t) denote the on hand inventory levels of outside suppliers, regular suppliers and
Distributor respectively at time t+
.
We define I (t) = { ( 1
I (t), 2
I (t), D
I (t), ) : t ≥ 0 } as a Markov process with state space E = { ( i, j, k) | i =
Q,.....nQ, j = Q , .......nQ , k= 0, .....S}. Since E is finite and all its states are aperiodic , recurrent non- null and
also irreducible . That is all the states are ergodic. Hence the limiting distribution exists and is independent of
the initial state
The infinitesimal generator matrix of this process C = ( a ( i, j, k, : l, m, n)) ( , , )( , , )i j k l m n E
can be obtained from
the following arguments.
The arrival of a demand at distributor make a state transition in the Markov process from (i, j, k ) to ( i, j, k-
1 ) with the intensity of transition > 0.
The replacement of inventory at distributor from regular supplier makes a state transition from ( i, j, k ) to (
i, j-Q, k+Q ) with intensity of transition 2
> 0.
The replacement of inventory at distributor from outside supplier makes a state transition from ( i, j, k ) to (
i-Q, j, k+Q ) with intensity of transition 1
> 0.
The infinitesimal generator C is given by
C =
0 .... 0 0
0 .... 0 0
....
0 0 0 ....
0 0 .... 0
A B
A B
A B
B A
Hence entries of C is given by
C p q =
; , ( 1) , ...
; ( 1) , ....
( 1)
0
A p q q n Q n Q Q
B p q Q q n Q Q
B p q n Q q n Q
o th erw ise
The sub matrices are given by
pq
A =
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
; , ( 1) , ...
; ( 1) , ....
( 1)
0
0
A p q q n Q n Q Q
A p q Q q n Q Q
A p q n Q q n Q
A p q q
o th erw ise
4. Analysis of Two-Echelon Inventory System with Two Suppliers
www.ijmsi.org 39 | Page
pq
B =
12
; 0
0
A p q q
otherw ise
The sub matrices of A and B are
11
A =
1
1
; q S , ......s 1
( ) ; , ............1
; 0
1; 1, ....1, 0
0
p q
p q q s
p q q
p q q S
o th erw ise
1 2A =
1
; q S , S 1..... Q
0
p q Q
otherw ise
1 3A =
2
; q S , .....0
0
p q
otherw ise
14
A =
2
1 2
1 2
( ) ; q S , ......s 1
( ) ; , ............1
( ) ; 0
1; 1, ....1, 0
0
p q
p q q s
p q q
p q q S
o th erw ise
3.1 Steady State Analysis
The structure of the infinitesimal matrix C, reveals that the state space E of the Markov process { I (t) : t ≥ 0 }
is finite and irreducible. Let the limiting probability distribution of the inventory level process be
, 1 2 3
lim P r{( ( ), ( ), ( ) ( , , )}
i
j k
t
I t I t I t i j k
where
,
i
j k is the steady state probability that the system
be in state (i, j, k). Let
1
, , ,
, , .....
n Q n n Q
j k j k j k
denote the steady state probability
distribution. For each ( ( , , )i j k ,
,
i
j k can be obtained by solving the matrix equation C = 0 together
with normalizing condition ,
( , , )
1
i
j k
i j k E
IV. OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC
In this section we derive some important system performance measure.
4.1 Average inventory Level
The event , I , IR R d O d
I denote the average inventory level at Distributor, regular supplier, and outsource
supplier respectively,
(i)
* *
,
0 0
n Q n Q S
i
R j k
i Q j k
I k
(ii)
* *
,
0 0
nQ nQS
i
R d j k
i Q k j
I j
5. Analysis of Two-Echelon Inventory System with Two Suppliers
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(iii)
* *
,
0 0
nQ nQS
i
O d j k
i Q k j
I j
4.2 Mean Reorder Rate
Let , , RR R d O d
R R be the mean reorder rate at retailer, regular supplier, outsource supplier respectively,
(i)
* *
, 1
n Q n Q
i
R j s
i Q j Q
R
(ii)
*
1 ,
0
n Q S
i
R d Q k
i Q k
R
(iii)
*
1 ,
0
n Q S
Q
O d j k
j Q k
R
4.3 Shortage rate
Let ,R R d
S S be the shortage rate at retailer and regular supplier
(i)
* *
,0
nQ nQ
i
R j
i Q j Q
S
(ii)
* *
1 0 ,
nQ nQ
i
R d k
i Q j Q
S
V. COST ANALYSIS
In this section we impose a cost structure for the proposed model and analyze it by the criteria of minimization
of long run total expected cost per unit time. The long run expected cost rate C(S, Q) is given by
( , ) ( * I ) ( * I ) ( * I ) (O * R ) (O * R ) (O * R ) (P * S ) (P * S )r r rd rd o d o d r r rd rd o d o d r r rd rd
c s Q H H H
Although we have a not proved analytically the convexity of the cost function C(S,Q) our experience with
considerable number of numerical examples indicate that C(s, Q) for fixed Q appears to be convex s. In some
cases it turned out to be increasing function of s. For large number case of C(s,Q) revealed a locally convex
structure. Hence we adopted the numerical search procedure to determine the optimal value of s.
VI. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
6.1 Numerical Example
In this section we discuss the problem of minimizing the structure. We assume Hr ≤ Hrd ≤ Hod the holding cost
at distribution node is less than that of regular distributor node and an outside distributor node. Holding cost at
the regular distributor node is less than outsource distributor node as the rental charge may be high at outsource
distributor. Also Or ≤ Ord ≤ Ood the ordering cost at retailer node is less than that of regular distributor node
and an outsource distributor node. Ordering cost at the regular distributor is less than outsource distributor node.
Pr ≤ Prd the penalty cost at the retailer node is less than that of regular distributor.
The results we obtained in the steady state case may be illustrated through the following numerical example,
S = 16, M = 80, N =60, = 4, 1 2
3, 2 1 .1, 1 .2, 1 .3r rd o d
H H H
2 .1, 2 .2, 2 .3r rd o d
O O O 3 .1, 3 .2,r rd
P P
The cost for different reorder level are given by
s 1 2 3 4*
5 6 7
Q 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
C(s, Q) 55.5433 50.3935 43.1193 41.8575*
44.8999 52.5676 58.8888
Table: 1 Total expected cost rate as a function s and Q
For the inventory capacity S, the optimal reorder level s* and optimal cost C(s, Q) are indicated by the symbol
*. The Convexity of the cost function is given in the graph.
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5.2 Sensitivity Analysis
Below tables are represented a numerical study to exhibit the sensitivity of the system of the system on the
effect of varying demands rate
1, 1 2 ; ; ;
& & , H & H & P & Hr rd r rd r r
P P with fixed reorder at s = 5.
Table: 2 Effect on Replenishment rate& Demand rates( 1,
& )
1
1 2 3 4 5
1 1.7561 4.1303 7.1513 10.2350 13.3300
2 2.5075 3.1511 5.1768 7.9816 10.9915
3 3.2679 3.9399 4.7246 6.5472 9.1500
4 3.9023 4.9912 5.5337 6.4597 8.2151
5 4.4775 5.9365 6.7085 7.3080 8.3419
Table: 3 Effect on Replenishment rates 1 2 ,
1 2 ,
1 3 5 7 9
1 10.3286 7.3042 8.8128 12.0474 15.1632
3 10.2024 6.2966 6.7129 8.9687 11.1546
5 10.1761 6.0605 6.1958 8.2014 10.1526
7 10.1647 5.9555 5.9620 7.8535 9.6979
9 101585 5.8961 5.8288 7.6547 9.4377
Table 4: Effect on Holding cost ( rd ,
Hr
H )
rd ,
Hr
H 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1
1.1 6.5519 6.6374 6.7162 6.7951 6.8740
2.1 6.7159 6.7948 6.8734 6.9526 7.0314
3.1 6.8734 6.9523 7.0311 7.1100 7.1889
4.1 7.0308 7.1094 7.1886 7.2674 7.3463
5.1 7.1883 7.2671 7.3460 7.4249 7.5038
Table 5: Effect on Ordering Cost ( rd ,
Or
O )
rd ,
Or
O 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
2.1 6.5519 6.5742 6.5929 6.6135 6.6340
2.2 6.5742 6.5948 6.6153 6.2456 6.6564
2.3 6.5966 6.6172 6.6377 6.6582 6.6788
2.4 6.6190 6.6172 6.6601 6.6806 6.7012
2.5 6.6414 6.6619 6.6825 6.7030 6.7235
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Table 6: Effect on Penalty Cost ( rd ,
Pr
P )
rd ,
Pr
P
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
3.1 6.5424 6.6578 6.7732 6.8866 7.0040
3.2 6.5742 6.6896 6.8051 6.9205 7.0359
3.3 6.6061 6.7215 6.8369 6.9523 7.0677
3.4 6.6380 6.7534 6.8688 6.9841 7.0996
3.5 6.6699 6.7853 6.9007 7.61 7.1315
Table 7: effect on Holding cost & ordering cost( o d ,
Oo d
H )
o d ,
Oo d
H 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
1.1 6.4920 6.5087 6.5244 6.5402 6.5559
1.2 6.5178 6.5338 6.5493 6.5651 6.5808
1.3 6.5428 6.5585 6.5742 6.5900 6.6057
1.4 6.5677 6.5834 6.5992 6.6149 6.6306
1.5 6.5926 6.6083 6.6241 6.6398 6.6555
Table 8: effect on Holding cost & penalty cost ( r,
Pr
H )
r,
Pr
H 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
3.1 6.5742 6.5821 6.5900 6.5979 6.6058
3.2 6.6892 6.6896 6.7054 6.7133 6.7212
3.3 6.8051 6.8129 6.8208 6.8287 6.8366
3.4 6.9205 6.9283 6.9362 6.9441 6.9520
3.5 7.0359 7.0438 7.0516 7.0595 7.0674
It is observed that from the table , the total expect cost C (s, Q) is increases with the different demand rates.
Hence the demand rate is very important parameter of this system.
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper deals with an Inventory problem with two supplier, namely a regular supplier and outside supplier.
The demand at retailer i follows independent Poisson with rate λi. The sum of 'n' independent demands with
rate λi (i = 1,2,...n) is again a Poisson distribution with rate λ = [λ1 λ2 +….+ λn]. The structure of the chain
allows vertical movement of goods from to regular supplier to Retailers. If there is no stock in regular supplier,
then the DC will get products from outside supplier. The model is analyzed within the framework of Markov
processes. Joint probability distribution of inventory levels at DC, Regular and Outside suppliers in the steady
state are computed. Various system performance measures are derived and the long-run expected cost rate is
calculated. By assuming a suitable cost structure on the inventory system, we have presented extensive
numerical illustrations to show the effect of change of values on the total expected cost rate. It would be
interesting to analyze the problem discussed in this paper by relaxing the assumption of exponentially
distributed lead-times to a class of arbitrarily distributed lead-times using techniques from renewal theory and
semi-regenerative processes. Once this is done, the general model can be used to generate various special eases.
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