The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
this power point is useful to understand the theorical concept of a sterilization & disinfection ,autoclave for nursing students......hope it will be useful for you.
Sterilization is the process of removing or destroying all forms of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. It uses physical, chemical and mechanical methods to destroy microbes. Physical methods include heat sterilization using moist heat (autoclaving) or dry heat. Radiation sterilization uses gamma rays, x-rays or UV light. Chemical sterilization employs gases like ethylene oxide or liquids like alcohol and phenol. Proper sterilization is essential for disinfecting medical equipment and surgical tools to prevent infection.
This document discusses various sterilization techniques used to decontaminate reusable medical equipment and materials. It describes disinfection as killing pathogens except spores, while sterilization destroys all microbes including bacteria, viruses, spores and fungi. The most common sterilization methods mentioned are wet heat/autoclaving, ethylene oxide, dry heat, low-temperature steam and formaldehyde, filtration, solvents, and radiation. Wet heat using pressurized steam at 121C for 15 minutes is noted as the method of choice for most labs as it kills all microorganisms. Other techniques are suitable for heat-sensitive or electrical equipment.
Moist heat sterilization relies on steam or boiling water to achieve high enough temperatures to kill microbes. The most common method is autoclaving, which uses saturated steam under pressure to safely exceed the boiling point of water. Autoclaving is preferred over other moist heat methods unless heat or moisture will damage the material. Biological indicators containing bacterial spores are used to monitor whether an autoclave process achieved sufficient sterilization conditions.
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
this power point is useful to understand the theorical concept of a sterilization & disinfection ,autoclave for nursing students......hope it will be useful for you.
Sterilization is the process of removing or destroying all forms of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. It uses physical, chemical and mechanical methods to destroy microbes. Physical methods include heat sterilization using moist heat (autoclaving) or dry heat. Radiation sterilization uses gamma rays, x-rays or UV light. Chemical sterilization employs gases like ethylene oxide or liquids like alcohol and phenol. Proper sterilization is essential for disinfecting medical equipment and surgical tools to prevent infection.
This document discusses various sterilization techniques used to decontaminate reusable medical equipment and materials. It describes disinfection as killing pathogens except spores, while sterilization destroys all microbes including bacteria, viruses, spores and fungi. The most common sterilization methods mentioned are wet heat/autoclaving, ethylene oxide, dry heat, low-temperature steam and formaldehyde, filtration, solvents, and radiation. Wet heat using pressurized steam at 121C for 15 minutes is noted as the method of choice for most labs as it kills all microorganisms. Other techniques are suitable for heat-sensitive or electrical equipment.
Moist heat sterilization relies on steam or boiling water to achieve high enough temperatures to kill microbes. The most common method is autoclaving, which uses saturated steam under pressure to safely exceed the boiling point of water. Autoclaving is preferred over other moist heat methods unless heat or moisture will damage the material. Biological indicators containing bacterial spores are used to monitor whether an autoclave process achieved sufficient sterilization conditions.
The document provides an overview of sterilization methods. It defines sterilization and discusses various physical (heat, filtration, radiation) and chemical (alcohols, halogens, formaldehyde) sterilization methods. For physical methods, it describes different heat sterilization techniques like autoclaving, hot air oven, flaming and their working mechanisms. It also discusses radiation sterilization methods like ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. For chemical methods, it explains the sterilizing action of alcohols, halogens, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. The document aims to provide details on various sterilization techniques for pharmaceutical applications.
This ppt includes all the key points of process of sterilization and its different techniques like physical,chemical,thermal,etc. sterilization is very important topic to go through during education as well as during practice to maintain a nice infection free environment of your health care office or clinic.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in a medical laboratory setting. It defines sterilization as the destruction of all microorganisms using physical means like heat or radiation, or chemical agents. The main purposes of sterilization are to prepare specimens and materials, sterilize contaminated items, and prepare apparatus for cultures. Methods of sterilization include physical methods like dry heat, moist heat, and radiation. Specific techniques covered are hot air ovens, flaming, boiling water, and autoclaving which uses high temperature steam under pressure to kill all microbes including spores.
This document discusses various methods of sterilization. It defines sterilization as the complete killing of microorganisms, while disinfection is the destruction of pathogenic organisms. There are physical and chemical methods of sterilization. Physical methods include heat (dry and moist), filtration, radiation, and ultrasound. Moist heat using an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes is the most reliable sterilization method. Chemical sterilization agents include alcohols, aldehydes, halogens, phenols, and metallic salts. The key factors affecting sterilization are temperature, time, and the type of material being sterilized. Proper sterilization is important in fields like bacteriology, surgery
Tyndallization is a low-tech method for sterilizing broth media that relies on heating the medium to 100°C for 15-30 minutes over three consecutive days. This causes any bacterial spores present to germinate into vegetative cells that can then be killed by boiling. The medium is incubated between boilings to allow spore germination. While once used for sterilization, tyndallization is not common today due to the risk of significant bacterial growth if many spores are present and the limitation to sterilizing only broth media that support spore-forming organisms.
Introduction
Sterilization method
Equipment's involved in large scale sterilization
Sterilization indicators
Evaluation of efficiency of sterilization /Sterility testing
History
Definition and Terms
Materials to sterilize
Preparation
Sterilization methods and uses
Methods of sterilization
Methods of monitoring sterilization
Merits / demerits
The document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as removing all microorganisms including spores, while disinfection only reduces pathogens and does not necessarily kill spores. Physical methods include heat, radiation, filtration and chemical agents. Moist heat sterilization using an autoclave at 121°C is the most effective method. Other common sterilization techniques mentioned are hot air ovens, pasteurization, and chemical disinfectants such as alcohol, aldehydes, halogens and dyes. Proper sterilization is important for preventing hospital-acquired infections.
This document discusses various methods of sterilization. It defines key terms like disinfection, antiseptic, bactericide, etc. It explains the thermal resistance of microorganisms and factors affecting their destruction like temperature, pH, protective substances. Physical methods of sterilization discussed are dry heat using hot air oven and moist heat using autoclave. It provides details on their working, advantages and disadvantages. Other moist heat sterilization methods like tyndallization and pasteurization are also mentioned.
The document summarizes the use of autoclaves for sterilizing equipment through high pressure and steam. It discusses how autoclaves work to kill microorganisms using moist heat. It also provides guidance on loading, operating cycles and safety precautions for autoclaves. Examples of autoclave use in laboratories, hospitals, industries and microbiology are outlined.
This document discusses sterilization methods including heat, steam, and ethylene oxide sterilization. It explains that heat sterilization can be dry or moist, and steam sterilization using an autoclave is the most common method. It describes the phases of sterilization including loading, heating, exposure, drying, and testing. Guidelines are provided for packaging, storage and handling of sterile items. Quality control tests like Bowie Dick, biological and chemical indicators are summarized. Flash sterilization and ethylene oxide sterilization are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of sterilization and disinfection methods. It begins with a brief history of sterilization practices from ancient times through modern developments. Key terms are defined, including sterilization, disinfection, and asepsis. Materials are classified based on the sterilization level required. Physical sterilization methods like heat, radiation, filtration and chemical methods are described. Specific sterilization protocols for dental equipment and impressions are also outlined. The document concludes that adherence to sterilization guidelines is essential for safe medical device use.
This document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, disinfectant, antiseptic and aseptic. The major physical methods of sterilization described are heat (dry and moist), filtration and radiation. The chemical methods discussed are alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, oxidizing agents, salts, surface active agents, dyes and gases. Specific sterilization techniques like autoclaving, hot air oven, tyndallization are explained in detail.
The document discusses sterilization and disinfection procedures for dental offices. It defines sterilization as destroying all microbial life through heat, chemicals, or gas, while disinfection eliminates most disease-causing microorganisms. Proper sterilization and disinfection are essential for preventing transmission of infections. Common sterilization methods described are autoclaving, hot air ovens, and chemicals like ethylene oxide. Factors that impact effectiveness include exposure time and presence of organic matter.
This document discusses sterilization methods and their uses. It defines sterilization as killing all microorganisms including bacterial spores. Common sterilization methods include heat, radiation, filtration, chemicals and autoclaving. Autoclaving is the most efficient method using moist heat under pressure to sterilize in a short time. Items like surgical instruments and fabrics can be autoclaved while sharp instruments and powders require a hot air oven for dry heat sterilization. Proper sterilization prevents transmission of infections in medical and surgical settings.
STERILISATION, PHYSICAL METHODS OF STERILISATION, METHODS OF STERILISATION, VARIOUS METHODS OF STERILISATION, AUTOCLAVES, HOT AIR OVEN, DRY HEAT STERILISATION, MOIST HEAT STERILISATION
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
The document discusses various sterilization methods including thermal (dry and moist heat), radiation, filtration, and chemical. It provides details on key sterilization techniques such as autoclaving, which uses pressurized steam to achieve high temperatures for sterilizing materials. The document also defines important sterilization terms and concepts like D-value, which is the time required to reduce microbial counts by 90%. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of common sterilization procedures and their mechanisms of action to eliminate microorganisms.
This document discusses various physical sterilization methods including drying, dry heat, moist heat, filtration, and radiation. Dry heat methods include flaming, incineration, and hot air ovens which use high temperatures to denature proteins and kill microorganisms. Moist heat methods like pasteurization, boiling, tyndallization, and autoclaving apply steam under pressure to achieve sterilization. Filtration techniques remove bacteria using filters of varying porosity. Radiation sterilization employs either non-ionizing radiation like infrared and UV or ionizing radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays which damage DNA and kill microbes.
This document discusses various sterilization methods including physical methods like drying, heat, filtration, and radiation as well as chemical methods. It provides details on specific sterilization techniques like flaming, incineration, pasteurization, boiling, tyndallization, autoclaving, and the use of different filters and radiation types. The key principles of various sterilization methods are explained such as their mechanisms for killing microorganisms and the optimal temperature and time conditions required.
The document provides an overview of sterilization methods. It defines sterilization and discusses various physical (heat, filtration, radiation) and chemical (alcohols, halogens, formaldehyde) sterilization methods. For physical methods, it describes different heat sterilization techniques like autoclaving, hot air oven, flaming and their working mechanisms. It also discusses radiation sterilization methods like ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. For chemical methods, it explains the sterilizing action of alcohols, halogens, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. The document aims to provide details on various sterilization techniques for pharmaceutical applications.
This ppt includes all the key points of process of sterilization and its different techniques like physical,chemical,thermal,etc. sterilization is very important topic to go through during education as well as during practice to maintain a nice infection free environment of your health care office or clinic.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in a medical laboratory setting. It defines sterilization as the destruction of all microorganisms using physical means like heat or radiation, or chemical agents. The main purposes of sterilization are to prepare specimens and materials, sterilize contaminated items, and prepare apparatus for cultures. Methods of sterilization include physical methods like dry heat, moist heat, and radiation. Specific techniques covered are hot air ovens, flaming, boiling water, and autoclaving which uses high temperature steam under pressure to kill all microbes including spores.
This document discusses various methods of sterilization. It defines sterilization as the complete killing of microorganisms, while disinfection is the destruction of pathogenic organisms. There are physical and chemical methods of sterilization. Physical methods include heat (dry and moist), filtration, radiation, and ultrasound. Moist heat using an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes is the most reliable sterilization method. Chemical sterilization agents include alcohols, aldehydes, halogens, phenols, and metallic salts. The key factors affecting sterilization are temperature, time, and the type of material being sterilized. Proper sterilization is important in fields like bacteriology, surgery
Tyndallization is a low-tech method for sterilizing broth media that relies on heating the medium to 100°C for 15-30 minutes over three consecutive days. This causes any bacterial spores present to germinate into vegetative cells that can then be killed by boiling. The medium is incubated between boilings to allow spore germination. While once used for sterilization, tyndallization is not common today due to the risk of significant bacterial growth if many spores are present and the limitation to sterilizing only broth media that support spore-forming organisms.
Introduction
Sterilization method
Equipment's involved in large scale sterilization
Sterilization indicators
Evaluation of efficiency of sterilization /Sterility testing
History
Definition and Terms
Materials to sterilize
Preparation
Sterilization methods and uses
Methods of sterilization
Methods of monitoring sterilization
Merits / demerits
The document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines sterilization as removing all microorganisms including spores, while disinfection only reduces pathogens and does not necessarily kill spores. Physical methods include heat, radiation, filtration and chemical agents. Moist heat sterilization using an autoclave at 121°C is the most effective method. Other common sterilization techniques mentioned are hot air ovens, pasteurization, and chemical disinfectants such as alcohol, aldehydes, halogens and dyes. Proper sterilization is important for preventing hospital-acquired infections.
This document discusses various methods of sterilization. It defines key terms like disinfection, antiseptic, bactericide, etc. It explains the thermal resistance of microorganisms and factors affecting their destruction like temperature, pH, protective substances. Physical methods of sterilization discussed are dry heat using hot air oven and moist heat using autoclave. It provides details on their working, advantages and disadvantages. Other moist heat sterilization methods like tyndallization and pasteurization are also mentioned.
The document summarizes the use of autoclaves for sterilizing equipment through high pressure and steam. It discusses how autoclaves work to kill microorganisms using moist heat. It also provides guidance on loading, operating cycles and safety precautions for autoclaves. Examples of autoclave use in laboratories, hospitals, industries and microbiology are outlined.
This document discusses sterilization methods including heat, steam, and ethylene oxide sterilization. It explains that heat sterilization can be dry or moist, and steam sterilization using an autoclave is the most common method. It describes the phases of sterilization including loading, heating, exposure, drying, and testing. Guidelines are provided for packaging, storage and handling of sterile items. Quality control tests like Bowie Dick, biological and chemical indicators are summarized. Flash sterilization and ethylene oxide sterilization are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of sterilization and disinfection methods. It begins with a brief history of sterilization practices from ancient times through modern developments. Key terms are defined, including sterilization, disinfection, and asepsis. Materials are classified based on the sterilization level required. Physical sterilization methods like heat, radiation, filtration and chemical methods are described. Specific sterilization protocols for dental equipment and impressions are also outlined. The document concludes that adherence to sterilization guidelines is essential for safe medical device use.
This document discusses various methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, disinfectant, antiseptic and aseptic. The major physical methods of sterilization described are heat (dry and moist), filtration and radiation. The chemical methods discussed are alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, oxidizing agents, salts, surface active agents, dyes and gases. Specific sterilization techniques like autoclaving, hot air oven, tyndallization are explained in detail.
The document discusses sterilization and disinfection procedures for dental offices. It defines sterilization as destroying all microbial life through heat, chemicals, or gas, while disinfection eliminates most disease-causing microorganisms. Proper sterilization and disinfection are essential for preventing transmission of infections. Common sterilization methods described are autoclaving, hot air ovens, and chemicals like ethylene oxide. Factors that impact effectiveness include exposure time and presence of organic matter.
This document discusses sterilization methods and their uses. It defines sterilization as killing all microorganisms including bacterial spores. Common sterilization methods include heat, radiation, filtration, chemicals and autoclaving. Autoclaving is the most efficient method using moist heat under pressure to sterilize in a short time. Items like surgical instruments and fabrics can be autoclaved while sharp instruments and powders require a hot air oven for dry heat sterilization. Proper sterilization prevents transmission of infections in medical and surgical settings.
STERILISATION, PHYSICAL METHODS OF STERILISATION, METHODS OF STERILISATION, VARIOUS METHODS OF STERILISATION, AUTOCLAVES, HOT AIR OVEN, DRY HEAT STERILISATION, MOIST HEAT STERILISATION
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
The document discusses various sterilization methods including thermal (dry and moist heat), radiation, filtration, and chemical. It provides details on key sterilization techniques such as autoclaving, which uses pressurized steam to achieve high temperatures for sterilizing materials. The document also defines important sterilization terms and concepts like D-value, which is the time required to reduce microbial counts by 90%. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of common sterilization procedures and their mechanisms of action to eliminate microorganisms.
This document discusses various physical sterilization methods including drying, dry heat, moist heat, filtration, and radiation. Dry heat methods include flaming, incineration, and hot air ovens which use high temperatures to denature proteins and kill microorganisms. Moist heat methods like pasteurization, boiling, tyndallization, and autoclaving apply steam under pressure to achieve sterilization. Filtration techniques remove bacteria using filters of varying porosity. Radiation sterilization employs either non-ionizing radiation like infrared and UV or ionizing radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays which damage DNA and kill microbes.
This document discusses various sterilization methods including physical methods like drying, heat, filtration, and radiation as well as chemical methods. It provides details on specific sterilization techniques like flaming, incineration, pasteurization, boiling, tyndallization, autoclaving, and the use of different filters and radiation types. The key principles of various sterilization methods are explained such as their mechanisms for killing microorganisms and the optimal temperature and time conditions required.
STERILISATION AND DISINFECTION. PDF.pdfAnju Kumawat
Sterilization is a process that eliminates all microorganisms, while disinfection only eliminates pathogens. Physical sterilization methods include heat, filtration, and radiation. Moist heat using an autoclave at 121°C is commonly used. Chemical sterilization uses alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, oxidizing agents, and gases. Proper sterilization is essential for surgical equipment and media to prevent infection.
principles of sterilization, concepts, various types of sterilization methodsSasidharRlc2
Sterilization refers to any process that eliminates transmissible agents like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. There are several methods of sterilization, including heat, radiation, filtration, and chemicals. Heat sterilization is the most common method and involves the use of dry heat or moist heat to kill microorganisms. Moist heat in the form of steam under pressure, as used in an autoclave, is effective at penetrating materials and achieving sterilization. Other methods include radiation like UV light or gamma rays, filtration through fine filters to physically remove microbes, and chemicals like ethylene oxide gas that sterilize without heat.
The document discusses various methods for sterilization and disinfection. It begins by explaining that most medical devices are heat sterilized using steam, but some materials like plastics require low-temperature sterilization. It then describes several physical methods like heat, radiation, and filtration. It also outlines some common chemical disinfecting agents like alcohol, aldehydes, phenols, halogens, and dyes. The document provides details on sterilization techniques like autoclaving and their mechanisms of action.
This document summarizes various sterilization methods used in hospitals. It discusses the aims of sterilization and differentiates between sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It then describes various physical sterilization methods like heat, radiation, filtration and chemical methods like alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, and halogens. Specific sterilization techniques are outlined, including autoclaving, dry heat ovens, radiation, and chemical disinfectants. Testing methods for determining the efficacy of sterilization processes are also briefly mentioned.
This document discusses various sterilization methods used in hospitals including physical, chemical, and radiation-based methods. Physical sterilization methods include heat sterilization using dry heat like hot air ovens or moist heat like autoclaves. Chemical sterilization uses disinfecting agents like alcohols, aldehydes, and phenols. Radiation sterilization employs ionizing radiation from X-rays or gamma rays and non-ionizing radiation like UV rays. Proper sterilization is essential for destroying microorganisms on medical equipment and surfaces to prevent contamination and infection in hospitals.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as making something free of all microorganisms, while disinfection reduces microorganisms to non-harmful levels. Physical sterilization methods discussed include heat, radiation, filtration and ozone. Chemical sterilization agents include alcohols, aldehydes, phenols and halogens. Autoclaving uses high-temperature steam under pressure to reliably kill microbes on materials like instruments and media. Proper temperature and time are needed for effective sterilization.
Sterilization describes processes that destroy all forms of microbial life through physical or chemical methods such as steam, dry heat, gas, or liquid chemicals. It is important for preventing the growth and spread of diseases and infections. Some key sterilization methods include moist heat using autoclaves above 100°C, dry heat using ovens, radiation using ionizing or non-ionizing waves, filtration using filters to remove microbes, and chemicals. Sterilization is widely applied in healthcare to disinfect medical equipment and facilities to prevent nosocomial infections.
sterization and asepsis in maxillofacial surgeryJoel D'silva
The document discusses sterilization, disinfection and asepsis. It provides historical context on the development of practices like hand washing and use of antiseptics from figures like Holmes, Sommelweis and Lister. It defines key terms and describes various physical and chemical methods of sterilization and disinfection like heat, radiation, filtration and chemicals. These methods are used to sterilize different medical equipment and maintain aseptic techniques important for preventing surgical infections.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in dentistry. It defines sterilization as removing all microorganisms and disinfection as removing pathogens. It describes various sterilization methods like heat, radiation, filtration and chemicals. Heat methods include dry heat using devices like hot air ovens and moist heat using autoclaves. Proper sterilization of dental instruments and impressions is important to prevent infection.
This chapter contains sterilization techniques : physical - heat , filtration and radiations and chemical methods of sterilization in simple concise way so that mode of action is understood .
he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, antiseptics and provides historical context. It describes various sterilization methods including physical agents like heat, radiation and filtration. It covers chemical sterilizing agents like alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens, phenols and gases. The document compares dry and moist heat sterilization and categorizes different sterilization techniques.
Sterilization: It is defined as the process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in the vegetative or spore state.
Disinfection: The destruction or removal of all pathogenic organisms, or organisms capable of giving rise to infection.
Antisepsis: The prevention of infection , usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or tissues.
This document discusses various methods of sterilization including physical and chemical agents. Physical agents include dry heat (hot air ovens, flaming, incineration), moist heat (pasteurization, boiling, steam), filtration, radiation, and ultrasound. Moist heat via autoclaving is the most reliable sterilization method. Chemical agents discussed are alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens, phenols, and gases. The document defines key sterilization terms and explains the mechanisms of different sterilization methods.
sterilisation in Dentistry /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
This document discusses various physical sterilization methods including heat, radiation, and filtration. It focuses on moist heat sterilization methods such as autoclaving, which uses steam under pressure at 121°C for 15 minutes to reliably kill microorganisms. Proper sterilization requires validation using biological indicators like Bacillus stearothermophilus spores to confirm sterilization conditions achieve a 6 log reduction in microorganisms. Physical sterilization methods are effective at eliminating pathogens but can damage heat or moisture sensitive materials so the appropriate method must be selected.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
1. STERILIZATION
Presented to Presented by
Dr. P. Saranraj, A. Sudha
Head of the Department BP211517
Department of Microbiology I. M. Sc Applied Microbiology
Sacred Heart College (Autonomous) Sacred Heart College (Autonomous)
Tirupattur Tirupattur
2. Definition
Sterilization is defined as a process in which an article, surface or medium is free of all living
organisms.
Sterilization is the process of killing of microorganisms
Sterilization was carried out by two methods.
Physical method
a) Drying
b) Dry heat
i. Flaming
ii. Incineration
iii. Hot air (Hot air oven)
c) Moist heat
i. Pasteurization (Temperature below 100 °C)
ii. Boiling (Temperature at 100 °C)
iii. Tyndallization (Temperature above 100 °C)
iv. Autoclaving (Temperature above 100 °C)
3. d) Filtration
i. Candle filter
ii. Asbestos filter
iii. Sintered glass filter
iv. Membrane filter
e) Radiation
i. Non – ionizing radiations (Infrared radiation and Ultraviolet radiation)
ii. Ionizing radiations (X – rays, Gamma rays and Cosmic rays)
4. Drying
Moisture is essential for the growth of bacteria.
Four – fifth of the weight of the bacterial cell is due to bacteria.
Drying in has a deleterious effect on many bacteria.
Spores are unaffected by drying.
5. (b) Dry Heat
1. Flaming
In Flaming, inoculation loops, tips of forceps and spatulas are held in a Bunsen burner flame till
they become red hot.
e.g Sterilization of Inoculation loop by Flaming
2. Incineration
Incineration is an excellent method for safely destroying materials such as contaminated cloth,
animal carcasses and pathological materials.
The equipment used for the Incineration process is Incinerator.
6. 3. Hot air oven
Sterilization by Hot air oven is the most widely used method for sterilization by Dry heat.
Hot air oven is used to sterilize glasswares, forceps, scissors, scalpels, glass syringes and swabs.
“Temperature required for sterilization is inversely proportional to Time” is the principle of Hot air oven.
During the sterilization of materials in Hot air oven, the sterilization time was reduced when the sterilization
temperature was increased.
Temperature and duration for Hot air oven sterilization is
140 °C for 11/2 hours
160 °C for 1 hours
180 °C for 1/2 hours
Fan is present in the Hot air oven and circulates the hot air. The circulating hot air sterilizes the materials
which were kept for sterilization.
Sterilization by Hot air oven kills the microorganisms by denaturation of proteins.
Overloading of materials should be avoided during Hot air oven sterilization.
The products to be sterilized in Hot air oven should be wrapped completely.
The Hot air oven must be allowed to cool slowly for about two hours before the door is opened because
the glassware may crack due to sudden or uneven cooling.
7. (c) Moist Heat
1. Pasteurization
Pasteurization is the fractional sterilization process of milk.
Pasteurization technique was introduced by Louis Pasteur.
Pasteurization was carried out by two methods.
1. Holder method (63 °C for 30 minutes)
2. Flash method (72 °C for 15 - 20 seconds)
During Pasteurization, all the spore forming bacteria and heat resistant bacteria were killed.
Milk Pasteurization Plant in Industries
8. 2. Boiling
Vegetative bacteria are killed almost immediately at 90 – 100 °C, but spore forming bacteria required
prolonged period of boiling.
Boiling is not recommended for the sterilization of instruments.
Boiling is usually preferred for cooking the food materials.
e.g. Boiling of Water
3. Tyndallization
Tyndallization is a process dating from the nineteenth century for sterilizing substances, usually food,
named after its inventor, scientist John Tyndall. •
It is still occasionally used.
Tyndallization can be used to destroy the spores.
Tyndallization essentially consists of heating the substance to boiling point (or just a little below
boiling point) and holding it there for 15 minutes, three days in succession.
After each heating, the resting period will allow spores that have survived to germinate into bacterial
cells; these cells will be killed by the next day's heating.
9. 4. Autoclave
An autoclave is a pressure chamber used to carry out the sterilization under pressure (Moist heat).
The mechanism of the autoclave is similar to the pressure cooker.
Autoclave works under the principal of Boyl’s Law – “When volume is constant, temperature is directly
proportional to time”.
Temperature and duration for Autoclave sterilization is 121 °C or 15 lbs for 20 minutes.
During autoclaving, water boils when its vapor pressure equals that of the surrounding atmosphere. Hence
when the pressure inside a closed vessel increases, the temperature at which water boils also increase.
At the time of autoclaving, steam was produced and sterilizes the materials which were kept for
sterilization.
Sterilization by autoclaving kills the microorganisms by coagulation of proteins.
Overloading of materials should be avoided during autoclaving. • The products to be sterilized in
autoclaving should be wrapped completely.
The autoclave must be allowed to free for 15 minutes for the release of pressure.
Autoclave is used to sterilize the dressings, instruments, laboratory ware, culture media and
pharmaceutical products.
10. 5. Filteration
Filtration helps to remove the bacteria from heat liable substances such as serum, sugar solutions or antibiotics
used for the preparation of culture medium.
Four types of filtrations are commonly used for the sterilization process. They are
i) Candle filters
Candle filters are manufactured in different grades of porosity.
They have been widely used widely for the purification of water for drinking and industrial
process. They are of two types:
1. Unglazed ceramic filters (e.g) Chamberland filter and Doulton filter
2. Diatomaceous earth filters (e.g.) Berkefeld filter and Mandler filter
ii) Asbestos filter
Asbestos filters are disposable, single – use discs.
They have high absorbing capacity and tend to alkalinize filtered liquids.
The carcinogenic potential of asbestos has discouraged their uses.
Examples of Asbestos filter include Seitz filters and Sterimat filters
11. iii) Sintered glass filter
Sintered filters are prepared by heat fusing finely powdered glass particles of graded size.
They have low absorptive property and can be cleaned easily but are brittle and expensive.
iv) Membrane filters
Membrane filters are made up of cellulose esters or other polymers have largely replaced other types of
filters.
Membrane filters are routinely used in water purification and analysis, sterilization and sterility testing
and for preparation of solutions for parental use.
12. e) RADIATION
Two types of radiations are used for sterilization. They are
a) Non – ionizing radiation
b) Ionizing radiation
i) Non – ionizing radiation
Infra red and Ultraviolet rays are the non – ionizing low energy type.
Infra red radiation is used for rapid mass sterilization of prepacked items such as syringes and catheters.
Ultraviolet radiation is used for disinfecting enclosed areas such as entry ways, operation theaters and
laboratories.
ii) Ionizing radiation
X – rays, Gamma rays and Cosmic rays are high energy ionizing type.
Ionizing radiations are lethal to DNA and other vital constituents.
They have high penetrative power.
Ionizing radiations are used to sterilize plastics, swabs, catheters, animal feeds, cardboards, oils, greases,
fabrics and metal foils