This document discusses various sterilization techniques including physical, chemical, and recent advanced methods. Physical sterilization techniques include dry heat, moist heat/autoclaving, filtration, and radiation. Common chemical sterilization agents described are alcohols, aldehydes like formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, phenols, halogens, and ethylene oxide gas. Recent advanced techniques discussed include plasmas like the Sterrad process using hydrogen peroxide plasma, as well as PUVA, pulsed light, ortho-phthalaldehyde, and superoxidized water.
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
A biological indicator is a standardized preparation of viable microorganisms, usually bacterial spores, that is carried either directly by some of the items to be sterilized or by carriers such as filter papers, porcelain cylinders, that serve as a challenge to the effectiveness of a given sterilization cycle
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
STERILIZATION- method of sterilization, adwantage,disadwatage
SUBJECT-- MICROBIOLOGY
CONTENTS--GENREL STUDY OF STERILIZATION
ABLEBLE ALL SEMESTER & ALL TOPIC OF B.PHARM SYLLUBUS VIDEO ON MY CHANNEL--FOLLOW ON
YOUTUBE----AA.VEDIC GYAN.KD
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
Cleaning, Disinfection, and Sterilization Validations of Reusable Medical Dev...Pacific BioLabs
This presentation provides important details on how to save time and money in the process of reusable medical device design. The main focus is on how device material choice and design affects the cleaning and disinfection process, and what considerations design engineers need to make when creating reusable medical devices.
A biological indicator is a standardized preparation of viable microorganisms, usually bacterial spores, that is carried either directly by some of the items to be sterilized or by carriers such as filter papers, porcelain cylinders, that serve as a challenge to the effectiveness of a given sterilization cycle
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
STERILIZATION- method of sterilization, adwantage,disadwatage
SUBJECT-- MICROBIOLOGY
CONTENTS--GENREL STUDY OF STERILIZATION
ABLEBLE ALL SEMESTER & ALL TOPIC OF B.PHARM SYLLUBUS VIDEO ON MY CHANNEL--FOLLOW ON
YOUTUBE----AA.VEDIC GYAN.KD
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
Cleaning, Disinfection, and Sterilization Validations of Reusable Medical Dev...Pacific BioLabs
This presentation provides important details on how to save time and money in the process of reusable medical device design. The main focus is on how device material choice and design affects the cleaning and disinfection process, and what considerations design engineers need to make when creating reusable medical devices.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION - ADVANCESUtsavGandhi13
A term that referring to any process that eliminates or kills all forms of life and other biological agents including transmissible agents ( such as fungi, bacteria ,virus, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as plasmodium etc. ) present in a specified region such as a surface , a volume of fluid , medication or in a compound such as biological culture media.
what is sterilization & disinfectant& decontamination
risk of infection from equipment
process of sterilization, filtration
classification of disinfectant
alcohol,phenol,hydrogen peroxide
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
1. STERILISATION AND ITS
TECHNIQUES
GUIDED BY:
DR. PANKAJ KUKREJA PRESENTED BY:
(PROFRESSOR & HEAD) DR. NASIM
ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY PG I YEAR
ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
3. STERILISATION
It is derived from latin word ‘STERILIS’ which means unable to produce
offspring.
The process by which an article surface or medium is freed of all living
microorganisms either in vegetative or spore state.
4. DEFINITIONS
DISINFECTION:
Destruction of all pathogenic organisms capable of giving rise to infection.
ANTISEPSIS:
Prevention of infection usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or
tissues.
BACTERICIDAL AGENTS:
Those which are able to kill bacteria.
BACTERIOSTATIC AGENTS:
Only prevents the multliplication of bacteria which may however remain alive
5. TECHNIQUES OF STERILISATION
PHYSICAL METHODS
Sunlight
Drying
Dry heat
Moist heat
Filtration
Radiation
Ultrasonic and sonic vibrations
CHEMICAL METHODS
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Dyes
Halogens
Phenols
Surface active agents
Metallic salts
Gases
6. PHYSICAL METHODS
SUNLIGHT
Active germicidal effect due to the combined effect of UV rays and heat rays.
Eg:-river, tanks and lakes
DRYING
4/5th weight of bacterial cell consists of water
Hence drying has deleterious effect on many bacteria
INCINERATION
Rapidly destroying material by the use of incinerator
Eg:- soiled dressings, bedding, animal carcasses, pathological materials etc.
FLAMING
Inoculating loops or wires, tip of forceps & needles and spatulas are held in Bunsen
flame till they become red hot in order to be sterilised.
7. DRY HEAT
PRINCIPLE
- Protein denaturation
- Oxidative damage
- Toxic effects of elevated levels of electrolytes
HOT AIR OVEN
- Most widely used
- Temp: 160 degree Celsius for 45 min
- 170 degree Celsius for 18 min
- 180 degree Celsius for 7.5 min
- USES: Glasswares like syringes, petridishes, flasks, pipettes & test tubes.
- surgical instruments like scalpels, scissors, forceps etc.
- chemical such as liquid paraffin, fats, greases,sulphonamides etc.
8. PRECAUTIONS
- Not to be overloaded.
- Fitted with fans for even distribution of air.
- Materials to be sterilised perfectly dry.
- Rubber materials will not withstand the temperature.
- Allowed to cool for 2 hrs before opening the doors.
ADVANTAGES:
- Economical
- Does not rust metals
- Easily monitored
- Used for anhydrous oils & powder
DISADVANTAGES:
- Hot air is bad conductor of heat
hence it has less penetrating power.
9. MOIST HEAT
TEMPERATURE BELOW 100°C: PASTEURIZATION
-HOLDER METHOD: 63°C for 30 min
- FLASH PROCESS: 72°C for 2o sec….rapid cooling to 13°C
TEMPERATURE AT 100°C: BOILING
- 90-100°C for 10 min
- Sporing bacteria required prolonged periods of boiling-24 hrs
- Sterilisation may be promoted by 2% Na bicarbonate
TYNDALLISATION or INTERMITTENT STERILISATION
- Used for media containing sugars or gelatin.
- Exposure for 100 degrees for 20 minutes on three successive days.
- First exposure kills all vegetative bacteria.
- Subsequent exposure will kill the spores present.
10. AUTOCLAVE
The autoclave was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1884
PRINCIPLE
• Boiling water alone is insufficient to kill spores and viruses
• Water boils when its vapour pressure equals to that of surrounding atmosphere
• According to BOYLE’ law, when volume of steam is is kept constant the
temperature is directly proportional to pressure
• Hence when pressure increases inside closed vessel
• Temperature at which water boils increases
• Saturated steam has penetrative power
• When steam comes in contact with a cooler surface it condenses to water and
gives up latent heat to that surface
Three major factors for effective autoclave:
1. Pressure : 15 psi
2. Temperature : 121°C
3. Time : 15 minutes
Pressure(psi)
15
20
20
Temperature
(°C)
121
126
134
Time(mins)
15
10
3
11. CONSIDERATIONS DURING AUTOCLAVING
Ensure complete air removal for temperature to reach 121 degree Celsius.
Ensure loose packing in the chamber.
Tighly sealed materials may become dangerously pressurised causing injury
during removal.
USES:
• Disposable syringes, nondisposable syringes, glassware
• Metal instruments
• Surgical dressing
• Surgical instruments
• Laboratory equipment
• Culture media
• Pharmaceutical products
12. •Economical
•Good penetration
•Short cycle time
•Easily monitored
•No special chemical or exhausts required
ADVANTAGES
•Moisture retention
•Causes corrosion
•Carbon steel gets damaged
•Dulling of unprotected cutting edges
•Destruction of heat sensitive materials
DISADVANTAGES
13. FILTERATION
-Sterilize solutions that may be damaged or denatured by high temperatures
or chemical agents.
- Used for the sterilization of heat labile materials such as sera, sugar solutions,
and antibiotics.
AIR FILTERS
Air can also be sterilized by filtration
Large volumes of air may be rapidly freed from infection by passage through
high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters.
They are used in laminar air flow system in microbiology laboratories.
HEPA filters can remove particles of 0.3 µm or larger.
16. RADIATION
NON-IONISING RADIATION
Electromagnetic rays with
wavelengths longer than those of
visible light are used.
Infrared radiation- rapid mass
sterilization of prepacked items
eg. Syringes,catheters.
UV radiation- disinfecting closed
areas like operation theatres,
laboratories.
IONISING RADIATION
Short wavelength
Lethal action – breakdown of single
stranded or sometimes double-
stranded DNA and effect on other
vital cell components.
Cold sterilisation.
X-rays, gamma rays and beta rays.
Sterilizing plastics, swabs, metal
foils etc
17. BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS FOR DIFFERENT
STERILIZATION METHODS
METHODS OF STERILISATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Hot air oven Bacillus subtilis subsp.,
Clostridium tetani
Autoclave Bacillus stearothermophilus
Thermocoples
Browne tube
Autoclave tapes
Filteration Serratia marcescens
Pseudomonas diminuta
Ionising radiation Bacillus pumilis
18. CHEMICAL AGENTS
• Alcohols
• Aldehydes
• Phenols
• Halogens
• Heavy metals
• Surface active agents
• Dyes
LIQUIDS
• Formaldehyde
• Ethylene oxideGASES
19. MODE OF ACTION OF CHEMICAL AGENTS
Protein coagulation
Disruption of cell membrane resulting in exposure, damage or loss of the
contents.
Removal of free sulphydryl groups essential for functioning of enzymes.
Substrate competition
20. ALCOHOLS
Denaturation of proteins
Isopropyl alcohol & 70% ethyl alcohol used as skin disinfectant
Methyl alcohol is active against the fungal spores and used to treat cabinets
and incubator.
Suitable for skin preparation before venipuncture
21. ALDEHYDES
FORMALDEHYDE(FORMALIN) –acts as a bactericidal and sporicidal.
Active against Gram –ve bacteria, spores, viruses(HB , HIV) & fungi
AQUEOUS SOLUTION:- FORMALIN(37% SOLUTION) to clean metal instrument
GASEOUS FORM:- fumigation of wards/corridors/ICU
22. GLUTARALDEHYDE/CIDEX(2% Alkaline
NaHCO3)
High level disinfectant
Active against tubercle bacilli, fungi and viruses.
Less toxic
To treat corrugated rubber, anesthetic tubes,face masks, metal instruments
Exposure time:-less than 10 hrs
23. PHENOLS
Cell membrane damage
Eg : cresol(LYSOL), chlorhexidine(SAVLON), chloroxylenol(DETTOL) and
hexachlorphene.
Decontamination of the hospital environment including lab surfaces and
noncritical medical items.
24. HALOGENS
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS:- bleaching powder or hypochlorite solution for HIV
infected material.
IODOPHORS & IODINE:- active against bacteria, spores & some viruses.
Suitable for skin preparations, mouthwash and as a surgical scrub
(7.5% POVIDONE+ IODINE = BETADINE)
25. ETHYLENE OXIDE(ETO)
Colourless liquid with a boiling point of 10.7 degree Celsius
Highly lethal to all kinds of microbes including spores.
Action is due to its alkylating the amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and sulphydryl
groups in protein molecules.
in addition it reacts with DNA and RNA
Highly inflammable and in concentrations (>3%) highly explosive.
By mixing with inert gases such as CO2, its explosive tendency can be eliminated.
Used for sterilising plastic and rubber articles, respirators, heart-lung machines,
sutures, dental equipments and clothing, prepackaged materials.
DISADVANTAGES:
EO sterilisers combined with a chlorofluorocarbon stabilizing agent that are linked
to destruction of earth ozone’s layer.
Explosion risks of the ETO
27. Plasmas
Psoralens and UVA(PUVA)
Pulsed light systems
Ortho-phthalaldehyde
Surfacine
Superoxidized water
Endoclens
Attest Ethylene oxide(E0) Rapid readout
28. PLASMAS
Fourth state of matter, and as such is distinguished from solids, liquids, and gases.
Produced at very high temperatures, or at low temperatures in strong
electromagnetic fields.
Plasma usually consists of a reactive cloud of ions, electrons, free radicals, and
other neutral species.
Produce a sterilizing effect using lower concentrations of sterilant with a higher
reactivity.
Sterrad Process is a plasma system that uses hydrogen peroxide as the source of
the active species.
Overcome the inhibitory effect of packaging materials by using a gas-diffusion
phase to allow gas to penetrate to all parts of the load before the plasma is
created.
29. STERRAD
USES
•Non-hollow loads, such as
electrocautery
instruments, dopplers,
laser probes, defibrilator
paddles, thermometers,
Ophthalmic lenses, and
harmonic cables
•Hollow loads, such as
Laryngoscopes and their
blades, shaver handpieces,
fiber optic light cables,
and surgical power drills
•Endoscopes, such as rigid
and flexible endoscopes.
ADVANTAGES
•No chemical residues
•Safety of handling
•Safety for the environment
•Short aeration time.
DISADVANTAGES
•Inability to sterilize:
liquids, powders, and
strong absorbers
•Requires specific synthetic
packaging of the load
•Sterilization chamber is
relatively smaller than
that of an EtO sterilizer.
30. PLASMA STERILISER(STERRAD 50)
-To sterilise temperature-sensitive equipment
STANDARD TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
-Hydrogen peroxide gas plasma
steriliser
-Use of two hydrogen peroxide
diffusion plasma stage cycles is a
more effective process
-Reduced cycle time(45min)
-Various sized units available
-Leaves no toxic residues
-Cost??
-Endoscopes with lengths >40cm
or a diameter of <3mm cannot
be processed
31. PSORALENS & UVA(PUVA)
Psoralens are naturally occurring substances found in a wide range of plants,
in which their role is to fight infection from pathogenic fungi.
Use of ultraviolet light in combination with psoralens to purge blood plasma
and platelets of pathogenic organisms.
The use of UV is also noted for its ability to inactivate viruses while
preserving their antigenic properties for the preparation of vaccines.
The psoralens form a labile bond with DNA and RNA which, upon exposure to
UV light, becomes a firm bond and hence synthetic psoralens and UV
irradiation can be used to destroy infectious agents such as HIV, hepatitis
viruses, and toxemia-inducing bacteria.
32. PULSED LIGHT SYSTEMS(PureBright
system )
High-power electrical energy to produce intense pulses of light that are claimed to
provide unique bactericidal effects.
High-voltage, high-current pulse applied to the lamp
Emit an intense pulse of light, which typically lasts for a few hundred
microseconds.
The light produced by the lamp includes a broad spectrum of wavelengths, from
ultraviolet to infrared, with an intensity some 20,000 times greater than sunlight.
Highly successful in killing microorganisms, viruses, and spores, as well as in
deactivating enzymes.
CLARANOR
USES:
Surface sterilization of packaging materials
Terminal sterilization of parenterals packed in transparent plastic bags or bottle
33. ORTHO-PHTHALALDEHYDE: A NEW CHEMICAL
STERILANT
-Clear, pale-blue liquid(Ph-7.5)
-Mycobactericidal activity
-
STANDARD TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
-GLUTARALDEHYDE -Shorter process time (12 vs. 45
min)
-Not a known irritant to eyes and
nasal passages
-No vapor ceiling limit
-Weak odor
-Stains protein gray
-Higher cost
34. SURFACINE: A NEW ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT
-Effective against vancomycin resistant Enterococcus spp.(VRE), methicillin-
resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS aureus(MRSA), Clostridium difficile
STANDARD TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Disinfectants(phenolics quaternary
ammonium)
• Antiseptics(alcohol,iodophor,chlorhexid
ine gluconate)
-Antimicrobial
persistence(>13days)
-May be used on animate and
inanimate surfaces
-Broad antimicrobial spectrum
-Transfers active agent(silver)
to microbes on demand without
elution
-Resistant to forming biofilm
-No toxicity to mammalian cells
- Cost??
35. SUPER-OXIDISED WATER (STERILOX)
-Use of electrolyzing saline as a disinfectant
-Mode of action: formation of oxidising species (hypochlorous acid and free
chlorine radicals)
-Effective against bacteria, viruses,fungi and spores
STANDARD TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
-High or low level disinfectants
-Antiseptics
-Basic materials(saline and
electricity) inexpensive
-End product not damaging to
environment
-Production equipment expensive due
to monitoring
-Endoscope compatibility unknown
-Decreased efficacy in presence of
organic matter
- Limited-use life (must be freshly
generated)
36. ENDOCLENS
-New liquid chemical sterilisation system
-Liquid sterilant- performic acid(hydrogen peroxide + formic acid)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
-Device automatically cleans
and sterilizes
-Rapid cycle time(<30min)
-Tests endoscope for channel
blockage and leaks
-Advantages of automated
process(eg, consistent exposure
to sterilant, filtered water
rinse,operator convenience)
-Cost??
-Used for immersible
instruments only
-Point of use systems, no long
term storage
37. ATTEST ETHYLENE OXIDE (EO) RAPID
READOUT
STANDARD TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
-48 hr spore readout biological
indicator
-Rapid(4 hr), reliable assessment
of sterilisation efficacy
-Prevents recalls of released
sterilisation loads
-Cost???
-Not tested with EO and CO2
mixture
38. CONCLUSION
“Prevention is better than cure” a proverb well suited to sterilization.
Sterilization has major share in success of surgical management.
Thorough understanding of the application of sterilization will help ensure
safety from the invisible but deadly world of microbial pathogens.
Hence utilization of proper sterilization, disinfectants and aseptic procedures
help us achieve the safety of our professional demands.
39. REFERENCES
Textbook of Microbiology, 7th edition –Ananthanarayan and Paniker
Textbook of Microbiology – C.P. Baveja
Recent Developments in Sterilization Technology-David J. Hurrell
New Disinfection and Sterilization Methods- William A. Rutala and David J.
Weber