This document summarizes an experimental study of earth batteries as an alternative energy source. Various metal combinations were tested as electrodes, with zinc-copper cells providing around 0.9 volts. Small electronic devices were successfully powered by individual cells. Increasing the number of cells in series increased the voltage output linearly, while connecting cells in parallel increased the current output. Further testing aimed to optimize electrode materials and configurations to increase power levels for potential applications in remote areas lacking electricity access.
Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies A Reviewijtsrd
Renewable energy generation is quickly rising in the power sector industry and extensively used for two groups grid connected and standalone system. This paper gives the insights about fuel cell process and application of many power electronics systems. The fuel cell voltage drops bit by bit with increase in current because of losses related with fuel cell. It is difficult to control large rated fuel cell based power system without regulating tool. The issue associated with fuel based structural planning and the arrangements are extensively examined for all sorts of applications. In order to increase the reliability of fuel cell based power system, the combination of energy storage system and advanced research methods are focused in this paper. The control algorithms of power architecture for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. Rameez Hassan Pala "Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20316.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20316/fuel-cell-system-and-their-technologies-a-review/rameez-hassan-pala
Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies A Reviewijtsrd
Renewable energy generation is quickly rising in the power sector industry and extensively used for two groups grid connected and standalone system. This paper gives the insights about fuel cell process and application of many power electronics systems. The fuel cell voltage drops bit by bit with increase in current because of losses related with fuel cell. It is difficult to control large rated fuel cell based power system without regulating tool. The issue associated with fuel based structural planning and the arrangements are extensively examined for all sorts of applications. In order to increase the reliability of fuel cell based power system, the combination of energy storage system and advanced research methods are focused in this paper. The control algorithms of power architecture for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. Rameez Hassan Pala "Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20316.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20316/fuel-cell-system-and-their-technologies-a-review/rameez-hassan-pala
An opto-electric nuclear battery is a device that converts nuclear energy into light, which it then uses to generate electrical energy. A beta-emitter such as technetium-99 or strontium-90 is suspended in a gas or liquid containing luminescent gas molecules of the excimer type, constituting a "dust plasma." This permits a nearly lossless emission of beta electrons from the emitting dust particles
A burgeoning need exists today for small, compact, reliable, lightweight and self-contained rugged power supplies to provide electrical power in such applications as electric automobiles, homes, industrial, agricultural, recreational, remote monitoring systems, spacecraft and deep-sea probes. Radar, advanced communication satellites and especially high technology weapon platforms will require much larger power source than today’s power systems can deliver. Nuclear battery could be a solution to this need of large amount of power
This was for my college seminar. This will tell you all about different kinds of fuel cells, their advantages, limitations and applications. Hope this was informative.
Batteries play an essential role on most of the electrical equipment and electrical engineering tools. However, one of the drawbacks of lead acid batteries is PbSO4 accumulates on the battery plates, which significantly cause deterioration. Therefore, this study discusses the discharge capacity performance evaluation of the industrial lead acid battery. The selective method to improve the discharge capacity is using high current pulses method. This method is performed to restore the capacity of lead acid batteries that use a maximum direct current (DC) of up to 500 A produces instantaneous heat from 27°C to 48°C to dissolve the PbSO4 on the plates. This study uses an 840 Ah, 36 V flooded lead acid batteries for a forklift for the evaluation test. Besides, this paper explores the behavior of critical formation parameters, such as the discharge capacity of the cells. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that the discharge capacity of the flooded lead acid battery can be increase by using high current pulses method. The comparative findings for the overall percentage of discharge capacity of the batteries improved from 68% to 99% after the restoration capacity.
An opto-electric nuclear battery is a device that converts nuclear energy into light, which it then uses to generate electrical energy. A beta-emitter such as technetium-99 or strontium-90 is suspended in a gas or liquid containing luminescent gas molecules of the excimer type, constituting a "dust plasma." This permits a nearly lossless emission of beta electrons from the emitting dust particles
A burgeoning need exists today for small, compact, reliable, lightweight and self-contained rugged power supplies to provide electrical power in such applications as electric automobiles, homes, industrial, agricultural, recreational, remote monitoring systems, spacecraft and deep-sea probes. Radar, advanced communication satellites and especially high technology weapon platforms will require much larger power source than today’s power systems can deliver. Nuclear battery could be a solution to this need of large amount of power
This was for my college seminar. This will tell you all about different kinds of fuel cells, their advantages, limitations and applications. Hope this was informative.
Batteries play an essential role on most of the electrical equipment and electrical engineering tools. However, one of the drawbacks of lead acid batteries is PbSO4 accumulates on the battery plates, which significantly cause deterioration. Therefore, this study discusses the discharge capacity performance evaluation of the industrial lead acid battery. The selective method to improve the discharge capacity is using high current pulses method. This method is performed to restore the capacity of lead acid batteries that use a maximum direct current (DC) of up to 500 A produces instantaneous heat from 27°C to 48°C to dissolve the PbSO4 on the plates. This study uses an 840 Ah, 36 V flooded lead acid batteries for a forklift for the evaluation test. Besides, this paper explores the behavior of critical formation parameters, such as the discharge capacity of the cells. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that the discharge capacity of the flooded lead acid battery can be increase by using high current pulses method. The comparative findings for the overall percentage of discharge capacity of the batteries improved from 68% to 99% after the restoration capacity.
Fabrication and characterization of printed zinc batteriesjournalBEEI
Zinc batteries are a more sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to its components being highly recyclable. With the improvements in the screen printing technology, high quality devices can be printed with at high throughput and precision at a lower cost compared to those manufactured using lithographic techniques. In this paper we describe the fabrication and characterization of printed zinc batteries. Different binder materials such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB), were used to fabricate the electrodes. The electrodes were first evaluated using three-electrode cyclic voltammetry, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy before being fully assembled and tested using charge-discharge test and two-electrode cyclic voltammetry. The results show that the printed ZnO electrode with PVB as binder performed better than PVP-based ZnO. The XRD data prove that the electro-active materials were successfully transferred to the sample. However, based on the evaluation, the results show that the cathode electrode was dominated by the silver instead of Ni(OH)2, which leads the sample to behave like a silver-zinc battery instead of a nickel-zinc battery. Nevertheless, the printed zinc battery electrodes were successfully evaluated, and more current collector materials for cathode should be explored for printed nickel-zinc batteries.
The process of crystallization occurred due to the process of charging and discharging during the usage of the Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery where crystalline formed on the surface of the battery plate. This situation causes the impedance of the Ni-Cd battery increased and contribute to the increment of the battery temperature and battery impedance. High battery temperature will cause the performance of Ni-Cd battery deteriorates. Therefore, this study is investigated on the performance of industrial Ni-Cd battery during the process of crystallization and de-crystallization with high current pulses. By this technique, it is capable to break the formed crystalline to recover back the capacity loss and enhanced the performance of Ni-Cd battery. Therefore, the study results shown that the life cycles and capacity of the Ni-Cd battery increased up to 41% of its capacity after the de-crystallization take place by injecting high current pulses. Consequently, the life span of the Nickel-Cadmium battery enhanced, and the battery is revived.
Cost Reduction of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell by Changing Composition of Ethanol...ijsrd.com
global demand for electrical power is on the rise, while tolerance for pollution and potentially hazardous forms of power generation is on the decline. Traditional forms of power generation - primarily made up of centralized fossil fuel plants - are becoming less favored due to the lack of clean, distributed power generation technologies. The need is well recognized for clean, safe and reliable forms of energy that can provide prescribed levels of power consistently, and on demand. Most forms of non - combustion electric power generation have limitations that impact wide spread use of technology, especially as a power source of electrical power (i.e. baseload power). Fuel cell technology on other hand has advanced to the point where it is viable challenger to combustion - based plants for growing numbers of baseload power application. If the cost is reduced by changing its material, this will be added an advantage to the large production of direct ethanol fuel cell production.
Renewable Energy Technologies Course, chapter 2 hydrogen and fuel cellsProf . Ghada Amer
If you haven’t heard about hydrogen and fuel cells before, then listen up. These technologies are bursting on to the scene and have the potential to solve some of the biggest problems in energy ranging from commercial buildings to transportation.
And, while most people are more familiar with solar, wind and battery power, keep your eye on these up-and-coming technologies that could add to our nation’s diverse energy mix.
A review on fuel cell and its applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract With the increase in the demand of electrical energy now it is the time to think for the alternate source of energy. In order to mitigate the demand of electrical energy and to create pollution free environment the fuel cell acts as an alternate solution. The fuel cells are very much similar to an ordinary dry cell or battery. It has an electrode, some chemical material and an electrical circuit to give the supply to an external circuit. Due to absence of rotating devices they are quite simple and efficient in nature. This paper describes about the working methods of fuel cells and their future and economic growth. Keywords: Fuel cell, Electrolyte, Electrode, DC
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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Experimental Study of Earth Batteries
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4347039
Experimental study of earth batteries
Conference Paper · April 2008
DOI: 10.1109/ICEE.2008.4553917 · Source: IEEE Xplore
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1. The Denis Sabourin Generator 2. Ground Power Generator 3. Earth Battery
3. potentials of various materials at STP are shown in Table 2
[16-19]
Table 2 Standard Reduction Potentials of Elements at 25ºC
Per cell voltage ranges of air batteries are much lower than
air batteries. The best, Mg-C, earth battery has a maximum
2.05 volts whilst the best Li+
(aq)-F2(g) air battery has 5.915
volts. However, air battery design needs to consider several
other economic aspects for commercial use. A common Zn-
Air battery can supply 312kWh in comparison with 22kWh
NiCd battery. Together they can power 200HP traction drive
at speed of 20mph or 35 mph using higher capacity batteries.
Recent trends are focused on increasing speed to 55mph to
cope with energy crisis. This technology is in use in several
countries since years. Air battery energy to weight and energy
to size ratios are 200-250Wh/kg and 300-375 Wh/L.
II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
An experimental study was conducted to measure exact
voltages and currents of an earth battery cells consisting of
zinc and copper electrodes. The electrodes arrangement on
earth’s surface in open air environment consists of simple
pricking of pointed electrodes on earth’s surface. The
electrode soil reaction voltage 0.92V may be used to drive
small scale lighting and electronic loads. Outside on bare
earth the currents and voltages were found higher at smaller
distances and lower at relatively larger distances between
cathode and anodes. The voltages and currents readings were
found unstable on the digital multi-meter. Repetition of above
experiment with interchange of electrodes from north to south
resulted in relatively increased voltages and currents.
Average magnitudes of voltages and currents were measured
to be 0.91±0.15V and 0.7±0.25mA for multiple electrodes.
Earth battery potential depends upon the electrode materials
and their standard reduction potentials. If we choose higher
positive and negative reduction materials the earth battery
voltage can be enhanced. Theoretical voltage of Zn-Cu earth
battery is 0.92V but our measurements conducted with UNI-
T professional digital VOAM # 1050444792 (Korea) were
about 0.90±0.25V. To construct a high voltage battery
suitable electrodes must be chosen. Common metals behave
similarly except current magnitude depends on electrode
surface areas. Variation of measured fluctuating voltages and
currents are shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1 Copper (south)-Zinc (north) earth battery voltages and
currents
When the same experiment was repeated inside lab using
insulated box mud cells the voltage and current was found
quite stable. It was supposed that the measurements made
outside on bare earth might have extra telluric earth currents
in addition to the normal earth battery currents. Further to
estimate the impact of telluric earth currents on the natural
directions on measured values of currents and voltages, the
zinc electrode was fixed in earth and copper electrode was
rotated for multiple directions from 0º (north) to 90º (east)
to180º (south) and to 270º (west). The voltages and currents
at fixed radius of 9 feet circle were found to vary slightly
vary in magnitudes as shown in Fig.2.
Fig.2 Earth battery V/I characteristics for fixed zinc and
mobile copper electrode.
Electrode did not chemically corrode even after 8 to 9 hrs
continuous use. Stronger currents flow from south to north
and weaker currents from east to west. Currents were also
stronger for positive north and negative south electrodes.
Currents were found to flow from south to north. However,
it was not possible to connect earth battery cells in series to
increase the voltage as the electrodes from bottom become
short circuited through earth electrolyte materials.
Nevertheless, parallel connection of cells resulted in
increased currents due to increased surface areas. Spiral
1. The Denis Sabourin Generator 2. Ground Power Generator 3. Earth Battery
4. design of electrodes due to large surface areas increases the
current magnitudes. Maximum magnitude of the measured
voltage was found to be 0.9 ±0.35 volts with currents in the
range of 3±0.25 A. When the same experiment was repeated
outside on open land the magnitude of current increased to
15±10 A. Both the current and magnitudes continued to
oscillate as if the some random potential source in addition to
normal soil reaction voltage was found modulating the
constant DC earth battery voltage.
III. SERIAL OPERATION OF EARTH BATTERIES
Due to short circuiting of electrodes the voltage can not
increase on bare earth surface. We need to isolate individual
cells to add up the voltage. To demonstrate serial addition of
voltages 13 DC battery cells were prepared in separate paper
boxes. The isolated earth battery cells were connected in
series to increase the voltage as shown in Fig. 3. The distance
between Zn and Cu electrodes in different cells varied from 8
to 10cm in Fig .3 (a) and 0.5 to 1cm in Fig.3 (b).
The voltage varied from 10 to 12V DC with low current but
still able to light up an LED. The mud resistance between the
electrodes was tens of M . To reduce the resistance a thin
film approach was applied by appending mud coatings on the
16 inch square I mm thick copper and zinc plates as shown in
Fig.4.
a. A twelve cells 10.30V/45mA earth battery
b. A four cells 2.43V/0.20mA earth battery
Fig.3. Experimental demonstration of serial connection of
earth batteries
Fig.4 Four inch square Zn/Cu plate electrodes 2.5V/30 A
earth battery
Four cells connected in series produced 2.5 to 3.25V DC
with 30 A current due to larger surface areas. It is to note
the voltage and current depend upon moisture content in dry
much. When it is complete dry the current reduces to zero
due to high resistance between electrodes. The reaction of
metal with soil requires moisture. Better if we go for mud
electrolyte instead of simple dry mud. The batteries
electrodes become partially rusted after long term operation.
A few results on rusting have already been published
elsewhere [20]. Further studies on large surface areas of
multiple electrodes are under investigation now.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Results of experimental study on earth batteries using
copper and zinc electrodes are very encouraging. The initial
results for month operation of earth batteries has shown
reasonable potential for use in remote locations for
signaling as well as charging cell phone and white light
illumination applications. This interesting study was
1. The Denis Sabourin Generator 2. Ground Power Generator 3. Earth Battery
5. undertaken as part of HEC funded research project on
Renewable Energy category. Being UET graduate (1984) I
feel a lot pleasure to present this research work through ICEE
2008 held in UET Lahore, Pakistan.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was conducted as part of a Pakistan Higher
Education Commission funded renewable energy project no.
20-717: Minimum Ignition Study of Combustible Fuel Gases,
in the Department of Electrical Engineering, CIIT Johr
Campus Islamabad, Pakistan.
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1. The Denis Sabourin Generator 2. Ground Power Generator 3. Earth Battery