This document discusses stem cells and their potential applications in orthopedics. It begins with an overview of stem cell classifications and sources, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and adult stem cells like mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow. The document then focuses on the properties and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells, describing their use in treating conditions like osteonecrosis, cartilage defects, spinal cord injuries, and intervertebral disc regeneration. It presents several case studies on using bone marrow concentrate containing mesenchymal stem cells for avascular necrosis. In summary, the document reviews stem cell types and their emerging role in regenerative orthopedic therapies.

1. Dr. A. Chandrasekaran, M.S. Ortho., Ph.D.,
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon,
Chennai Orthopaedic care and research centre
Chennai - acortho@gmail.com/9444464055

2. Acknowledgements
Sri Ramachandra University,
Dr. Solomon Paul, Ph.D.,
Dr. P. Venkatachalam, Ph.D.,
Dr. U Baraneedharan, Ph.D.,

3. Stem cell
2001 – Complete Human genome sequenced
Stem cells hold promise for unlocking life saving secrets

4. Stem cell classification
– based on source

5. Stem cells possibilities

6. Stem cell treatments.svg
Wikipedia

7. iPS and ESC
As ethical and safety concerns currently
forbid application of iPS cells and ESCs in
patients we will focus on adult
mesenchymal stem cells
R. D. Robbins, N. Prasain, B. F.Maier, M. C. Yoder, and R. G.Mirmira, “Inducible
pluripotent stem cells: not quite ready for prime time?” Current Opinion in Organ
Transplantation, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 61–67, 2010

8. Bone marrow derived cells

9. Marrow stem cells
Hematopoietic stem cell
1. CD34 “+” Cells
2. Abundant cells
3. Progenitors
4. Non Adherent
Mesenchymal stem cell
1. CD34 “–” Cells
2. Rare cells
3. Total undifferentiated
4. Adherent
Bone marrow stem cells
- Subtypes

10. Hematopoietic stem cells

12. MSC applications

13. Stem cell action
• A. Direct repair
• B. Soluble growth
factors ,cytokines-
Paracrine effect
• C.Immunomodulatory
effects

14. Advantages of Mesenchymal Stem cells
• Autologous – harvested from the patient themselves
• No major ethical constraints – unlike embryonic stem cells
• Can be expanded in vitro – unlimited supply of therapeutic
cells.
• Does not express HLA II antigens
• Strong evidence for In Vitro and In Vivo differentiation

15. Stem cells
MSC Colony on day 05 Confluent Monolayer on day 15
Isolation and in vitro expansion of mesenchymal stem cells

16. Alizarin Red Staining- 21 days
Control - Undifferentiated cells Differentiated cells - Nodulation
10 X 10 X

17. Osteoblast differentiation
• Differentiation was seen as
early as the first week of
induction
• Cells became flattened and
showed calcium deposition
and could be seen as
nodules, by the formation of
mineralized matrix

18. Chondrogenic differentiation
Control –
Undifferentiated cells
Chondrocyte –
differentiated cells
10 X

19. Adipogenic differentiation
Control –
Undifferentiated cells
Adipocytes –
differentiated cells
20 X

20. Skeletal myoblast differentiation
Myotube formation
20 X 20 X

21. Stem cell application

22. Avascular necrosis
Critical bone defects and non-unions
Cartilage repair - acute
Spinal cord injury – acute / chronic
Intervertebral disc regeneration
Articular cartilage regeneration – Rheumatic and
Rheumatoid disorders
Inflammatory autoimmune disorders
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Duchene Muscular Dystrophy
Stem cells in Orthopaedics

23. Role of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative
medicine: application to bone and cartilage repair.
Granero-Molto F, Weis JA, Longobardi L, Spagnoli A.
Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008 Mar;8(3):255-68.
MSC can migrate to injured tissues and some of their reparative
properties are mediated by paracrine mechanisms including
their immunomodulatory actions.
MSC possess a critical potential for the treatment of skeletal
diseases, such as osteoarthritis or fracture healing failure,
where treatments are partially effective or palliative.

24. Autologous MSCs were expanded ex vitro, embedded
in a collagen gel and re-implanted into areas of
articular cartilage defect in osteoarthritis patients.
Wakitani S, Imoto K, Yamamoto T, Saito M, Murata N, Yoneda M. Human autologous culture expanded
bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation for repair of cartilage defects in osteoarthritic knees.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002;10:199-206.
MSCs in cartilage repair

25. Osteochondral Lesions of the Knee
Osteochondral Lesions of the Knee: A New One-Step Repair Technique with Bone-Marrow-Derived Cells.
By Roberto Buda, MD, Francesca Vannini, MD, PhD, Marco Cavallo, MD, Brunella Grigolo, PhD, Annarita
Cenacchi, MD, and Sandro Giannini, MD
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92 Suppl 2:2-11 d doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.00813
Mesenchymal stem cells represent 2% to 3% of the total
mononuclear cells in bone marrow and have the ability to
differentiate into various lineages, including osteoblasts and
chondroblasts. The rationale of the ‘‘one-step technique’’ is
based on the idea of transplanting the entire bone-marrow
cellular pool instead of isolated and expanded mesenchymal
stem Cells.

26. Mesenchymal stem cells in arthritic diseases
MSCs possess potent immunosuppression and anti-inflammation
effects through secretion of various soluble factors,
MSCs can influence the local tissue environment and exert
protective effects with an end result of effectively stimulating
regeneration in situ.
Can be used for therapeutic application in degenerative joint
diseases such as RA and OA.
Faye H Chen and Rocky S Tuan
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2008, 10:223 (doi:10.1186/ar2514)

27. Stem Cells in OA

28. ADS/ MSC in osteoarthritis
• Desando and co-workers report in Arthritis Research
& Therapy that intra-articular delivery of adipose-
derived stem cells attenuates progression of synovial
activation and joint destruction in Osteoarthritis.
• Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in osteoarthritis:
advanced tissue repair or intervention with
smouldering synovial activation
• Peter LEM van Lent* and Wim B van den Arthritis Research & Therapy 2013, 15:112
http://arthritis-research.com/content/15/2/112

29. Cell transplantation can potentially
increase proteoglycan production
induce disc regeneration or
slow the process of degeneration
Transplantation of autologous disc cells and
Chondrocyte derived from costal cartilage has been
demonstrated to slow disc degeneration
Brisby H, Tao H, Ma DD, Diwan AD. Cell therapy for disc degeneration: potentials and pitfalls. Orthop Clin
North Am 2004; 35:85-93.
Intervertebral disc

30. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with
sub acute and chronic spinal cord injury.
Centre for Cell Therapy and Tissue Repair, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
sykova@biomed.cas.cz
Syková E, Homola A, Mazanec R, Lachmann H, Konrádová SL, Kobylka P, Pádr R, Neuwirth J, Komrska V, Vávra V, Stulík J, Bojar M. Cell
Transplant. 2006;15(8-9):675-87.
20 patients with complete SCI who received transplants 10 to 467 days post injury. The
follow-up examinations were done at 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation by two
independent neurologists
We compared intra-arterial (via catheterization of a. vertebralis) versus intravenous
administration of all mononuclear cells in groups of acute (10-30 days post-SCI, n=7) and
chronic patients (2-17 months post injury, n=13).
Improvement in motor and/or sensory functions was observed within 3 months in 5 of
6 patients with intra-arterial application, in 5 of 7 acute, and in 1 of 13 chronic patients.
It is evident that transplantation within a therapeutic window of 3-4 weeks following
injury will play an important role in any type of stem cell SCI treatment.

31. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate

32. Autologus bone marrow
Connolly et al.1991 Atrophic Pseudarthrosis.
Percutaneous autologous bone marrow
injection 20 Healing capacity comparable to
autologous cancellous bone grafting
J. F. Connolly, R. Guse, J. Tiedeman, and R. Dehne, “Autologous marrow
injection as a substitute for operative grafting of tibial nonunions,”
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, no. 266, pp. 259–270, 1991

33. BMAC in AVN hips
Hernigou andBeaujean2002 [*] Osteonecrosis femoral head. Injection of autologous
bone marrow concentrate116(189 hips)Very good results in early stages Injection
of greater number of progenitor cells transplanted had better outcomes.
Gangji et al.2004 [**]Osteonecrosis femoral head. Injection of autologous bone
marrow concentrate 13 (18 hips). Significant reduction of pain, progression and
improvement of function
Hernigou et al.2009 [***] Osteonecrosis femoral head. Injection of autologous bone
marrow concentrate 342(534 hips). High amount of progenitor cells as
predictor for successful outcome
*P. Hernigou and F. Beaujean, “Treatment of osteonecrosis with autologous bone marrow grafting,” Clinical Orthopaedics and
Related Research, no. 405, pp. 14–23, 2002
**V. Gangji, J. P. Hauzeur, C.Matos, V. deMaertelaer,M. Toungouz, and M. Lambermont, “Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral
head with implantation of autologous cells. A pilot study,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: Series A, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 1153–
1160, 2004.
***P. Hernigou, A. Poignard, S. Zilber, and H. Rouard, “Cell therapy of hip osteonecrosis with autologous bone marrow grafting,”
Indian Journal of Orthopaedics, vol. 43, no. 1, pp.
40–45, 2009.

34. 342 patients (534 hips) with Avascular Osteonecrosis at
early stages (Stages I and II)
Treated with core decompression and autologous bone
marrow grafting obtained from the iliac crest
Patients were followed up from 8 to 18 years.

35. 69 hips with stage I osteonecrosis demonstrated total
resolution of osteonecrosis based on pre and
postoperative MRI studies
For the 371 other hips without collapse at the most
recent follow up (average 12 years), the abnormal
signal persisting was seen on T1 images as
intralesional area of low intensity signal with a
disappearance of marginal band like pattern.
THR was necessary in 94 hips

36. Best indication for the
procedure is symptomatic hips
with osteonecrosis without
collapse.
Patients who had the greater
number of progenitor cells
transplanted in their hips had
better outcomes.

37. Before
Surgery
4 weeks after core
Decompression / BMAC
Application
8 weeks after core
Decompression / BMAC
application

38. 20 Years, Male – Pre operative

39. 20 Years, Male – Pre operative MRI

40. Bone Marrow Aspiration
60 / 120 / 240 ml
Centrifugation
14 minutes
10 / 20
/40 ml
Conc.,
Bone Marrow
Aspirate Concentrate

41. PATIENT PREPARATION

42. Marrow aspiration

43. 1 2
3 4

44. 5 6
7 8

45. BMAC Infiltration

46. Immediate post operative

47. 6 weeks

48. 4 months

49. 4 months CT SCAN

50. 4 months F18 PET SCAN

51. 4 months F18 PET SCAN

52. 4 months F18 PET SCAN

53. 4 months F18 PET SCAN

54. 4 months F18 PET SCAN

55. 4 months F18 PET SCAN

56. Case 1 – 1year

57. Case 2 – hip 3

58. Case 2 – hip 3

59. Case 2 – hip 3

60. Case 2 – hip 3

61. Case 2 – hip 3

62. Case 2- hip 3 – 4 months

63. Case 3 , hip 4,5
Pre op Post op

64. Case 3 , hip 4,5

65. Post op 1yr

66. Case 4, hip 6,7

67. Case 4, hip 6,7.
Pre op Immediate post op 6 weeks po

68. Case 5- hips 8,9

69. Case 5- hips 8,9

70. Case 5- hips 8,9 – 6 weeks

71. 3months follow up

72. Bone Marrow Concentrate: A Novel
Strategy for Bone Defect Treatment
The local application of BMC / bone aspirate
in the treatment of bone deficiencies may be
a promising alternative to autogenous bone
grafting and help reduce donor site morbidity.
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 2009, 4, 34-43
© 2009 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Bone Marrow Concentrate: A Novel Strategy for Bone Defect Treatment
Marcus Jäger*,1, Eva M. Jelinek1, Kai M. Wess1, Axel Scharfstädt1, May Jacobson2, Sherwin
V. Kevy2 and Rüdiger Krauspe1

73. 25 years male
Traffic accident 2.5 years back
Lost other limb above knee
Allograft failed
20 cm gap
Stem cells in a large gap non union

74. Allograft

75. After allograft removal
 20 cm gap
 Tibialisation of fibula
 Segmental transfer

76. Internal bone transportation

77. Rapid transportation

78. Good regeneration
BMAC Stem cell infiltration

79. Stage II

80. After completion

81. 18 months follow up

82. 18 months follow up

83. Number of cells
A graft needed to contain at least > 1000
MSCs per cm3 to achieve union.
Hernigou P, Poignard A, Beaujean F, Rouard H. Percutaneous autologous bone
marrow grafting for nonunions: influence of the number and concentration of
progenitor cells. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2005;87-A:1430-7.

84. Delayed union

85. Non union

86. Animal experiment

87. Mesenchymal stem cells

88. Gold Nanoparticles Promote
Osteogenic Differentiation of
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Gold Nanoparticles Promote Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells through p38
MAPK PathwayACS Nano, 2010, 4 (11), pp 6439–6448
DOI: 10.1021/nn101373r

89. Stem cell therapy
Application of Stem Cells in Orthopedics
Andreas Schmitt,1, 2 Martijn van Griensven,2 Andreas B. Imhoff,1 and Stefan
Buchmann1, 3Stem Cells International Volume 2012, Article ID 394962, 11
pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/394962

90. Arthroscope and PRP in AVN
Arthroscopic management and platelet-rich plasma therapy for avascular necrosis of the hip
Jorge Guadilla • Nicolas Fiz • Isabel Andia •Mikel Sa´nchez
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Springer-Verlag 2011
DOI 10.1007/s00167-011-1587-9

91. Arthroscopy and PRP in AVN
Arthroscopic management and platelet-rich plasma therapy for avascular necrosis of the hip
Jorge Guadilla • Nicolas Fiz • Isabel Andia •Mikel Sa´nchez
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Springer-Verlag 2011
DOI 10.1007/s00167-011-1587-9

92. BMAC vs PRP
• Both human BMACs and PRP may provide
therapeutic benefits in bone tissue
engineering applications. These fractions
possess a similar ability to enhance early-
phase bone regeneration.
• In Vivo Comparison of the Bone Regeneration Capability of Human Bone Marrow Concentrates vs.
Platelet-Rich Plasma
• Weijian Zhong1,2, Yoshinori Sumita1, Seigo Ohba1, Takako Kawasaki1, Kazuhiro Nagai3, Guowu Ma2,
Izumi Asahina11 Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki
University, Nagasaki, Japan, 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Dalian
Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China, 3 Transfusion and Cell Therapy Unit, Nagasaki University Hospital,
Nagasaki, Japan
• PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 1 July 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 7 | e40833

93. Platelet rich plasma
The hundreds of soluble proteins released from both
plasma and platelets include VEGF-A, PDGF, FGF, EGF,
HGF, and IGF. These angiogenic activators collectively
promote vessel wall permeability and recruitment,
growth and proliferation of endothelial cells .
Blair P, Flaumenhaft R (2009) Basic biology and clinical correlates.
Blood Rev 23:177–189

94. PRP preparation

96. MSC and tissue engineering
Mao and colleagues demonstrated that when
human mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells were
seeded in micropores of 3D calcium phosphate
scaffolds, followed by infusion of gel-suspended
CD34+ hematopoietic cells, greater vascularization
was seen in mice than when mesenchymal cells
were used alone.
Scientist Combines Blood And Mesenchymal Stem Cells To More Rapidly Generate
Bone Tissue
Tuesday, December 16, 2008 - Stem Cell Research News

97. Stem cell tracking

98. Allogenic cell transfer
• Likely to form teratomas with injection of un
differentiated mesenchymal cells in knee
joints, cardiac and spinal cord.
• As ethical and safety concerns currently forbid
application of iPS cells and ESCs in patients

99. STAP cells
• Stimulus triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP)
is a cellular reprogramming phenomenon that was
recently reported in two papers (Obokata, Nature,
2014a,b).
• In this reprogramming process, upon strong external
stimuli, neonatal somatic cells are converted into cells
that express pluripotency-related genes, such as
Oct3/4,and acquire the ability to differentiate into
derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro and in vivo
• . Yamanaka takes issue with claims STAP cells are
safer than iPS option

100. Figure 1. Pre-Operative MRI
Amariglio N, Hirshberg A, Scheithauer BW, Cohen Y, et al. (2009) Donor-Derived Brain Tumor Following Neural Stem Cell Transplantation in an
Ataxia Telangiectasia Patient. PLoS Med 6(2): e1000029. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000029
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000029

101. Figure 2. Intra-Operative View
Amariglio N, Hirshberg A, Scheithauer BW, Cohen Y, et al. (2009) Donor-Derived Brain Tumor Following Neural Stem Cell Transplantation in an
Ataxia Telangiectasia Patient. PLoS Med 6(2): e1000029. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000029
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000029

102. Sentiments and religion

103. Research and application

104. Quote
• Blood grouping is done for transfusion,
• HLA typing is done for Organ transplant,
• Genome mapping for oncogenes and other
inheritable diseases will be required before
allogenic stem cell transfer.

105. Summary
• ips can cause teratomas and malignancy
• Allogenic cells can be used when their
genome is mapped
• Autologus expanded cells may be used

106. BMSCs is a very promising tool for regenerative
medicine
Further engineering such osteogenic cells in
scaffolds would allow us to repair bone defects
Cord blood is generally used for haemopoietic
disorders and not in musculoskeletal tissues
Conclusion

107. References
 ISSCR Guidelines for the Clinical Translation for Stem
Cells
 Patient Handbook on Stem Cell Therapies
provide the requisite information for the clinical use
of stem cells
International Society for Stem Cell Research. Guidelines for Clinical Translation of Stem Cells, 2008 Dec 3;
Available from:
 http://www.isscr.org/clinical_trans/
 56. International Society for Stem Cell Research. Patient Handbook on Stem Cell Therapies, 2008
Dec 3; Available from:
 http://www.isscr.org/clinical_trans