Steel can be manufactured through two main processes: 1) The L.D process (Basic Oxygen Process) involves blowing oxygen through a lance into molten pig iron to reduce the carbon and other impurities, separating a slag. Fluxes are added and the molten steel is tapped and refined. 2) The Electric Arc Furnace process uses an electric arc to heat scrap metal, pig iron, and direct reduced iron. It consists of a steel shell, refractory-lined hearth, and water-cooled or refractory-lined roof. This melts the metal and separates the slag.

1. Manufacturing
of
steel
A.M.Swathi

2. CONTENTS:
Manufacture of steel by L.D process
Manufacture of steel by Electric process

3. Steels are alloys of iron and carbon, widely used in
construction and other applications because of their
high tensile strengths and low costs.
Steel is an innovative and progressive industry
committed to the safety of people.
Steel bars

4. What is Steel making?
The steel making is the process for producing steel from iron and
ferrous scrap.

5. Manufacturing of STEEL
L.D process Electric process

6. L.D process:
The L.D process is also known as Basic
oxygen process.
The important machines and materials required for the
process are:
PIG IRON BLAST FURNACE

7. LADLE WATER COOLED LANCE

8. BOS VESSEL Basic Refractory Lining

9. Burnt lime Dolomite
Molten PIG iron

10. Flow chart of L.D process:
Iron Ore
Molten Pig Iron
Passage of oxygen into molten pig iron
Reducing sulphur, silicon and phosphorus
Various chemical reactions between ‘S’ -‘Mg’ and ‘P’-’Si’.
Oxidation of C,Si,P in BOS vessel
O2 is delivered through water cooled lance to combine and
form ‘CO’.

11. ‘C’ content reduces
Fluxes like burnt lime and dolomite are added which forms
SLAG.
TAPPING of steel by ladle through refractory lining.
Steel is refined in ladle furnace by alloys.
Steel is obtained.

12. ELECTRIC PROCESS:
• An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats
charged material by means of an electric arc.
• ELECTRIC process is also known as ELECTRIC ARC
FURNACE.

13. 1. The shell, which consists of the sidewalls and lower
steel "bowl";
2. The hearth, which consists of the refractory that lines the
lower bowl;
3. The roof, which may be refractory-lined or water-cooled,
and can be shaped as a section of a sphere, or as
a frustum (conical section).
Bowl
Hearth
Roof