2. Types of VariationTypes of Variation
There are five major types of variation:There are five major types of variation:
Region Social Group Field of Discourse Medium AttitudeRegion Social Group Field of Discourse Medium Attitude
3. Regional Variation
It is related to the language UserIt is related to the language User
People use a regional variety because they live in a region or have once lived in that region.People use a regional variety because they live in a region or have once lived in that region.
can be defined into DIALECTScan be defined into DIALECTS
the classic basis of English Dialects have resultedthe classic basis of English Dialects have resulted
linguistic variation. the regional separation oflinguistic variation. the regional separation of
communities within thecommunities within the
bristish isles and the worldbristish isles and the world
4. Social VariationSocial Variation
People use a social variaty because of their affiliation with a social group.People use a social variaty because of their affiliation with a social group.
differ according todiffer according to there is an important polaritythere is an important polarity
between uneducated and educatedbetween uneducated and educated
education,education, speech.speech.
socioeconomic group,socioeconomic group,
ethnic group,ethnic group, Nonstandar & standar ( English.)Nonstandar & standar ( English.)
age and sex.age and sex.
the degree of acceptance. It is used in goverment,the degree of acceptance. It is used in goverment,
law court and is taught in the schoollaw court and is taught in the school
National Standars of EnglishNational Standars of English
British (BrE) & American (AmE)British (BrE) & American (AmE)
Are predominant, both in the number of distinctive usages and in the degree to which theseAre predominant, both in the number of distinctive usages and in the degree to which these
distinctions are institutionalizeddistinctions are institutionalized
5. Differences between BrE & AmEDifferences between BrE & AmE
Grammatical differencesGrammatical differences PP for GetPP for Get Only oneOnly one has two Past Participleshas two Past Participles
either a singular A singulareither a singular A singular
or a plural is requiredor a plural is required
Plural/ singularPlural/ singular verb may be Whereasverb may be Whereas
used with aused with a
singular collectivesingular collective
nounnoun
Ex. The goverment {is / are} in favour ofEx. The goverment {is / are} in favour of
economic sanctions.economic sanctions.
Lexical Diferences BrE AmELexical Diferences BrE AmE
there are far morenumerous, but many Radio sets have had , but ,there are far morenumerous, but many Radio sets have had , but , TubesTubes in AmEin AmE
of these are familiar to users of both standarsof these are familiar to users of both standars ValvesValves
Television sets haveTelevision sets have TubesTubes in bothin both
6. PronunciationPronunciation
In BrE (RP) is the accent
associated with the older schools
and universities of England.
British Variety of English is teaching
as a foregin language.
7. Other National StandardsOther National Standards
ScotsScots
Hiberno-English, or Irish EnglishHiberno-English, or Irish English
Canadian EnglishCanadian English
South AfricaSouth Africa
AustraliaAustralia
New ZelandNew Zeland
There are emerging standards in countriesThere are emerging standards in countries
where English is a second language.where English is a second language.
8. Field of discourse variationField of discourse variation
The field of discourse is the type of activity enganged in through language.The field of discourse is the type of activity enganged in through language.
(( set of lexical items habitually used for handling the field in question:set of lexical items habitually used for handling the field in question:
law, cookery, engineering, etc).law, cookery, engineering, etc).
9. Medium VariationMedium Variation
Are the differences between spoken and written English.Are the differences between spoken and written English.
Written mediumWritten medium: writers must be more explicit: writers must be more explicit
to ensure that they are undertood.to ensure that they are undertood.
Spoken medium:Spoken medium: are used many devices to transmitare used many devices to transmit
language. (stress, rhythm, intonation, etc).language. (stress, rhythm, intonation, etc).
10. Attitude VariationAttitude Variation
Attitude or Stylistic are associated with the purpose of our communication.Attitude or Stylistic are associated with the purpose of our communication.
Formal & InformalFormal & Informal
( Polite ) ( Relaxed, Casual )( Polite ) ( Relaxed, Casual )
