The z-Transform is often time more convenient to use
Definition:
Compare to DTFT definition:
z is a complex variable that can be represented as z=r ej
Substituting z=ej will reduce the z-transform to DTFT
Region of Convergence for a discrete time signal x[n] is defined as a continuous region in z plane where the Z-Transform converges.
The roots of the equation P(z) = 0 correspond to the ’zeros’ of X(z)
The roots of the equation Q(z) = 0 correspond to the ’poles’ of X(z)
The RoC of the Z-transform depends on the convergence of the polynomials P(z) and Q(z),
Uses to analysis of digital filters.
Used to simulate the continuous systems.
Analyze the linear discrete system.
Used to finding frequency response.
Originally presented at DesignCon 2013.
Jitter is a very important topic in signal integrity for high speed serial data links. The jitter performance of clock signals used in generating the serial data signal is critical to the overall performance of these signals.
Phase noise is the most sensitive and accurate measurement of the performance of precision clocks.
This presentation covers the theory and practice for making phase noise measurements on clock signals as well as the relationship between phase noise and total jitter, random jitter and deterministic jitter. Measurements on a typical clock signal is also included.
For more information, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
The z-Transform is often time more convenient to use
Definition:
Compare to DTFT definition:
z is a complex variable that can be represented as z=r ej
Substituting z=ej will reduce the z-transform to DTFT
Region of Convergence for a discrete time signal x[n] is defined as a continuous region in z plane where the Z-Transform converges.
The roots of the equation P(z) = 0 correspond to the ’zeros’ of X(z)
The roots of the equation Q(z) = 0 correspond to the ’poles’ of X(z)
The RoC of the Z-transform depends on the convergence of the polynomials P(z) and Q(z),
Uses to analysis of digital filters.
Used to simulate the continuous systems.
Analyze the linear discrete system.
Used to finding frequency response.
Originally presented at DesignCon 2013.
Jitter is a very important topic in signal integrity for high speed serial data links. The jitter performance of clock signals used in generating the serial data signal is critical to the overall performance of these signals.
Phase noise is the most sensitive and accurate measurement of the performance of precision clocks.
This presentation covers the theory and practice for making phase noise measurements on clock signals as well as the relationship between phase noise and total jitter, random jitter and deterministic jitter. Measurements on a typical clock signal is also included.
For more information, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
Formats for coherent optical communications -OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONSNITHIN KALLE PALLY
Coherent optical communication
Coherent optical communication systems applying modulation formats with a dimensionality of four or higher are investigated and compared to systems using conventional formats.
Higher dimensionality can be achieved by applying modulation over more than one polarization, time-slot, wavelength, mode or core. Both uncoded systems and systems applying forward-error correction (FEC) coding are studied in terms of spectral efficiency and sensitivity.
It is shown that increasing the dimensionality for a constant spectral efficiency improves the sensitivity substantially if no coding is applied, whereas the corresponding gains generally are much smaller in FEC-coded systems.
different types of internal and external noises, s/n ratio, s/n ratio of a tandem connection, noise factor, amplifier input noise, noise factor of amplifiers in cascade (friss's formula).
Formats for coherent optical communications -OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONSNITHIN KALLE PALLY
Coherent optical communication
Coherent optical communication systems applying modulation formats with a dimensionality of four or higher are investigated and compared to systems using conventional formats.
Higher dimensionality can be achieved by applying modulation over more than one polarization, time-slot, wavelength, mode or core. Both uncoded systems and systems applying forward-error correction (FEC) coding are studied in terms of spectral efficiency and sensitivity.
It is shown that increasing the dimensionality for a constant spectral efficiency improves the sensitivity substantially if no coding is applied, whereas the corresponding gains generally are much smaller in FEC-coded systems.
different types of internal and external noises, s/n ratio, s/n ratio of a tandem connection, noise factor, amplifier input noise, noise factor of amplifiers in cascade (friss's formula).
Художественная интернет выставка художников из Украины, города Черкассы (1 ча...socdomgppu
(1 ЧАСТЬ) 29 октября в клубе «Общения студентов» прошла необычная встреча. В этот вечер, в 21:00 интернет-комнату факультета ДО посетили творческие люди и подарили выставку своих работ. Это были художники из Украины, города Черкассы. Группа художников не по профессии, а по призванию, представили презентацию картин. Аленина Галина, Наталья Козлова, Мария Передеренко и Логачева Лариса поведали всем участникам вечера, как каждый из них нашёл свой путь в мир искусства. Дороги у каждого были разные, своя история, но в итоге их всех объединила любовь к живописи.
Каждый из ведущих-художников рассказывал про себя, своих коллег-художников, про первые взмахи кисточек и историю рождения картин. Слушая их истории и видя перед собой результаты трудов, мы понимали, что имея желание и упорство, можно добиться многого. Работы были очень разнообразны и ценны своей неповторимостью и это понимали все, когда на слайдах появлялась новая картина. Участникам интернет-выставки показывали разные техники, стили живописи.
В процессе показа прекрасных работ художников, ведущие читали стихи, которые были специально написаны на каждую работу поэтом Александром Бондаренко. Все буквально затихали, прислушиваясь к каждой строчке. Стихи были проникновенными, затрагивали чувственные струны души. Как только заканчивалось одно стихотворение, появлялись сообщение за сообщением в чате с просьбами прочесть ещё. Также слух участников усладили стихи, прочитанные на украинском языке, автором которых была Наталья Козлова, одна из приглашённых художников.
Встреча длилась более 2 часов, но даже в конце никому не хотелось расходиться. На вечере царило хоро
Introducing First Time in Noida - "MIST" Facial Rejuvenation with Micro Current Stimulation.
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Introduction to Memory Effects: The sources of Memory Effects in Power Amplifiers. What the root cause is and a mathematical representation of amplifier transfer function.
More: Circuit Interactions, Dynamic Non-Linear Characterization and conclusions.
See more at linamptech.com
A Proposed Method for Evaluating the Optimum Load Impedance in Negative Resis...Firas Mohammed Ali Al-Raie
This paper presents an analytical method for estimating the optimum load impedance in negative resistance RF oscillators. A practical oscillator circuit has been designed and implemented as a confirmation to this approach.
Omicron CMC 256plus High Precision Relay Test Set and Universal Calibrator Da...Angus Sankaran
Protection test set and universal calibrator in one device
Testing of all relay generations - electromechanical, static, numerical, IEC 61850
Integrated network for testing IEC 61850 IEDs
what is Band pass filter (low and high pass) application, working and output voltages values on CRO with different frequencies as well as Picture of PSpice software (output).
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
2. 2
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Frequency(MHz)
Outputpower(dBm)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Frequency(MHz)
Outputpower(dBm)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Frequency(MHz)
Outputpower(dBm)
0 oscillation
2
f
low frequency
oscillation
Oscillations in RF Power Amplifiers
- low-frequency oscillations, often
linked to bias networks, can be
detected using small-signal
simulations
RF Power Amplifiers are prone to (unwanted!) oscillations
- parametric oscillations function of
the input drive signal, have to be
detected in large signal
Typical ones:
3. 3
Linear analysis “small signal”
– K factor
– Normalized Determinant Function
(NDF)
– Stability envelope
Non-linear analysis “large signal”
– Nyquist criterion
– NDF
– Bolcato, Di Paolo & Leuzzi,
Mochizuki, …
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Frequency(MHz)
Outputpower(dBm)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Frequency(MHz)
Outputpower(dBm)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Frequency(MHz)
Outputpower(dBm)
0 oscillation
2
f
low frequency
oscillation
Existing Methods
Either not complete or too complex !!!
4. 4
Existing Methods
Linear analysis
Widely used: K factor (also µ and µ’ now)
- K>1 & |∆| <1: unconditional stability of two port network
- K<1: conditional stability stability circles
Unconditional stability Conditional stability Unconditional instability
Only indicates that a stable circuit will continue to be stable when loading it with
passive external loads at the input or output
Do not guarantee the internal stability of the circuit !
Limitations:
5. 5
Existing Methods
IN
OUT Gate Drain
Source
Multi-stage power amplifier Multi-fingers transistor
Linear analysis
Potentially instable architectures for which K factor is not
enough
6. 6
Objectives:
- Detect potential oscillations
- Get knowledge on oscillation
localization and oscillation mode
- Apply suitable stabilization strategy
How to avoid parametric oscillations in combined amplifiers ???
Manufacture PAs with confidence
(and performances!)
Oscillations in RF Power Amplifiers
7. 7
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Re (GHz)
Im(GHz)
Pole-Zero Identification
Node ‘n’
in s(i ,f )outv
RG
f0,
Pin
RL
10
30
-10
50
dB(Zsond)
2.0E9 4.0E9 6.0E9 8.0E9 1.0E100.0 1.2E10
-100
0
100
-200
200
frequency
phase(Zsond)
Freq (GHz)
|H|(dB)H(º)
poles
zeros
Pole-zero plot
( )H j
1
1
( )
( )
( )
n
i
i
p
j
j
s z
H s
s
Frequency
domain
identification
techniques
STAN Tool
Complex conjugate poles with positive real part -> start-up of an oscillation
Oscillation frequency = Module of the imaginary part
8. 8
STAN Tool
J.M. Collantes et al. “Monte-Carlo Stability Analysis of Microwave Amplifiers”, 12th IEEE
Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference, April 2011, Florida.
A. Anakabe et al. “Automatic Pole-Zero Identification for Multivariable Large-Signal Stability
Analysis of RF and Microwave Circuits”, European Microwave Conference, September
2010, Paris.
J.M. Collantes et al. “Expanding the Capabilities of Pole-Zero Identification Techniques for
Stability Analysis”, IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques International Symposium, June
2009, Boston.
9. 9
STAN Tool
Suitable for both linear and non-linear stability analysis
Very easy to use
Very easy to analyze results
Notion of “stability margin”
Oscillation mode knowledge -> Help to find the suitable
stabilization strategy
Parametric Analysis implemented
Monte-Carlo Analysis
Key Elements
10. 10
STAN Tool
Selecting the Node
Where to connect the probe for STAN analysis ?
SISO transfer function → exact
pole/zero cancellations are possible
Pole/zero cancellations are
associated with the lack of
controllability and/ or observability in
the system
real
imag
d
Pole-zero quasi-
cancellation
???
11. 11
STAN Tool
Physical quasi-cancellations
in s(i ,f )outv
this node has very low sensitivity to
that dynamics (low degree of
observability and/or controllability)
When part of the circuit dynamics is electrically isolated from the node selected for the
analysis, poles representing this dynamics appear quasi-cancelled by zeroes and the effect
of this dynamics on the transfer function is very slight
12. 12
STAN Tool
In multistage Circuits
Example of a three-stage PA exhibiting an oscillation
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Re (GHz)
Im(GHz)
1_biasV _ 2biasV _3biasV
Connecting the probe to a node of the 3rd
stage, no instability is detected (we are
electrically isolated from where the actual
oscillation takes place).
13. 13
STAN Tool
In multistage Circuits
Connecting the probe to a node of
the 2nd stage → physical quasi-
cancellation (we still have low
sensitivity from the observation port)
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Re (GHz)
Im(GHz)
Example of a three-stage PA exhibiting an oscillation
1_biasV _ 2biasV _3biasV
14. 14
STAN Tool
In multistage Circuits
Example of a three-stage PA exhibiting an oscillation
1_biasV _ 2biasV _3biasV
Connecting the probe to a node of the 1st stage →
The oscillation is clearly detected, unstable poles are
not quasi-cancelled with nearby zeros (high
sensitivity). We can conclude that the origin of the
oscillation is located in the 1st stage
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Re (GHz)
Im(GHz)
15. 15
STAN Tool
Odd mode oscillation in combined amplifiers
Oscillation at f0/2 is very common in amplifiers with parallel
power combining structures
RG
f0,Pin
RL
RL
Q1
Q2
RG
f0,Pin
RL
RL
Q1
Q2
in s(i ,f )
outv
in s(i ,f )
outv
2e9
2e9
2e9
2e9
Odd mode
oscillation is not
detected at the
combining node.
Exact pole-zero
cancellation
Odd mode
oscillation is
clearly detected at
the gate of the
transistors
16. 16
STAN Tool
Odd mode oscillation in combined amplifiers
Powersplitter
Powercombiner
Power
splitter
Power
splitter
RL
RG
f0
Pin
1Q
2Q
3Q
4Q
G
A
B
C
D
E
F
1st step: analysis in nodes A, B and D
A B D
Oscillation
type
Preferred
strategy
x x x Even mode
- x -
Odd mode in
1st stage
- - x
Odd mode in
2nd stage
See next slide
- - - No oscillation -
Stabilization networks can be optimized using
parametric analysis -> find the best trade-off
between stability and RF performances
B,C
or/ and D, E, F, G
B
C
17. 17
Powersplitter
Powercombiner
Power
splitter
Power
splitter
RL
RG
f0
Pin
STAN Tool
Odd mode oscillation in combined amplifiers
Test of the 4 branches with 4 probes, changing the phase
Odd mode oscillation
[ + - - +] or [ + - + - ]
Q1 oscillates out of
phase with Q2, same for
Q3 and Q4
Powersplitter
Powercombiner
Power
splitter
Power
splitter
RL
RG
f0
Pin
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Powersplitter
Powercombiner
Power
splitter
Power
splitter
RL
RG
f0
Pin
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Powersplitter
Powercombiner
Power
splitter
Power
splitter
RG
f0
Pin
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Powersplitter
Powercombiner
Power
splitter
Power
splitter
RG
f0
Pin
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Odd mode oscillation
[ + + - - ]
Q1 and Q2 oscillates out
of phase with Q3 and Q4
Powersplitter
Powercombiner
Power
splitter
Power
splitter
R
RG
f0
Pin
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Powersplitter
Powercombiner
Power
splitter
Power
splitter
RG
f0
Pin
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4Powersplitter
Powercombiner
Power
splitter
Power
splitter
RL
RG
f0
Pin
18. 18
STAN Tool
Performances Optimization
Example: Ku-Band MMIC PA for active space antenna
Stable original circuit
RF in RF out
RC stabilization
networks
Inter-branch
stabilization resistances
Natanael Ayllón Rozas
“Développement des méthodes de
stabilisation pour la conception des
circuits hyperfréquences : Application
à l’optimisation d’un amplificateur de
puissance spatial.”, PhD Thesis,
February 2011.
19. 19
STAN Tool
Performances Optimization
Example: Ku-Band MMIC PA for active space antenna
All stabilization networks removed
Parametric frequency
division /2 instability
RF in RF out
resistances maintained
for topological reasons
20. 20
STAN Tool
Performances Optimization
Example: Ku-Band MMIC PA for active space antenna
Optimized version
No oscillation detected,
especially around F0/2
RF in RF out
resistances maintained
for topological reasons
Stabilization
resistances