The document discusses several key concepts in management including staffing, directing, coordination, and controlling. It defines these terms and discusses their functions, principles, techniques, scope, and process. Specifically, it defines staffing as the placement and development of employees, directing as encouraging subordinates to work effectively, coordination as unifying efforts toward common goals, and controlling as measuring performance against standards to ensure plans are followed.

1. STAFFING
Definition of staffing
According to The Haimann "staffing is concerned with
the placement, growth, development of all those
members of the organization whose function is to get
things done through the efforts of other individuals".
According to Luther Gidick " Staffing is the whole
personnel function of bringing in and training the staff
and maintaining favorable conditions of work".

2. FUNCTIONS OF STAFFING
Man power planning sources of
Recruitment Selection and Placement
Development of staff through training
Fixing standards for every job.
Job analysis, Specification &Evaluation.
Motivation Employee rating or
Performance Appraisal

3. DIRECTING
DEFINITION
According to Koontz and O 'Donnel; “directing is a
complex function that includes all those activities
which are designed to encourage subordinate to
work effectively and efficiently in both the short
and long-run.”

4. DIRECTING is said to be a process in which the
managers instruct, guide and oversee the
performance of the workers to achieve
predetermined goals. ... In field of management,
direction is said to be all those activities which are
designed to encourage the subordinates to work
effectively and efficiently.

5. FEATURES
Directing is said to be the heart of management
process.
 Planning, organizing, staffing have got no importance if direction
function does not take place.
 Directing initiates action and it is from here actual work starts.
 Direction is said to be consisting of human factors. Accordingly,
“Directing consists of process or technique by which instruction
can be issued and operations can be carried out as originally
planned”
 Therefore, Directing is the function of guiding, inspiring,
overseeing and instructing people towards accomplishment of
organizational goals.
 Directing is a continuous process initiated at top level and flows
to the bottom through organisational hierarchy.

6. PRINCIPLES OF DIRECTING
1.Harmony of objectives
2.Maximum contribution by individuals
3.Unity of command
4.Direct supervision
5.Proper flow of communication
6.Participation in decision making
7.Monitoring and controlling subordinates
Directing techniques such as , Autocratic,
Free-rein and
8.consultative

7. CO-ORDINATION
• DEFINITION: J.Lundy “It involves
development of unity of purpose and
harmonious implementation of plans for the
achievement of desired goals”.
• Co-ordination is the unification, integration,
synchronization of the efforts of group
members so as to provide unity of action in the
pursuit of common goals. ...
•Management seeks to achieve co-ordination
through its basic functions of planning,
organizing, staffing, directing and controlling.

8. NEED FOR CO-ORDINATION
1. Organization is divided into several
departments/sections/divisions
2. Functional differentiation
3. Large number of employees
4. Specialized department s and homogenous
depts.,
5. Unity of direction with the help of groups
6. Proper flow of communication
7. Reconciliation with goals

9. ESSENTIALS OR PRINCIPLES OF
COORDINATION
1. Starts with planning and ends
with controlling
2. Integration of activities towards
common goals.
3. Orderly arrangement of group
efforts
4. Effective communication
5. Effective supervision
6. Monitoring and control

10. TECHNIQUES OF
COORDINATION
1.Unity of command
2.Chain of command [clear cut Authority –
Responsibility]
3.Group meetings
4. Implementation of harmonious policies and
procedures,
5. Developing rapport with employees
6. Proper flow of communication
7. Providing incentives
Co-operation is the basis of coordination, it’s a
voluntary act, not a function of management,
willingness to work or work with others.

11. CONTROLLING FUNCTION
DEFINITION :
According to Koontz And O’Donnell,
“Managerial control implies the measurement of
accomplishment against the standard and the
correction of deviations to assure attainment of
objectives according to plans”.
According to Dale Henning
“Control is the process of bringing about
conformity of performance with planned action.”

12. MEANING OF CONTROL
A control is an activity that prevents or
detects errors
Controlling can be defined as that function of
management which helps to seek planned
results from the subordinates, managers and
at all levels of an organization.
The controlling function helps in measuring
the progress towards the organizational goals
& brings any deviations, & indicates
corrective action.

13. MERITS/ADVANTAGES/SIGNIFICAN
CE OF CONTROL
1. Accomplishing Organisational Goals:
Controlling helps in comparing the actual
performance with the predetermined standards,
finding out deviation and taking corrective
measures to ensure that the activities are
performed according to plans. Thus, it helps in
achieving organisational goals.

14. 2. Judging Accuracy of Standards:
An efficient control system helps in judging the
accuracy of standards. It further helps in
reviewing & revising the standards according to
the changes in the organisation and the
environment.
3. Making Efficient Use of Resources:
Controlling checks the working of employees at
each and every stage of operations. Hence, it
ensures effective and efficient use of all
resources in an organisation with minimum
wastage or spoilage.

15. 4. Improving Employee Motivation:
Employees know the standards against which
their performance will be judged. Systematic
evaluation of performance and consequent
rewards in the form of increment, bonus,
promotion etc. motivate the employees to put in
their best efforts.

16. 5. Ensuring Order and Discipline:
Controlling ensures a close check on the activities
of the employees. Hence, it helps in reducing the
dishonest behaviour of the employees and in
creating order and discipline in an organization.
6. Facilitating Coordination in Action:
Controlling helps in providing a common direction
to the all the activities of different departments
and efforts of individuals for attaining the
organizational objectives.

17. LIMITATIONS OF CONTROLLING
1. Difficulty in Setting Quantitative Standards:
It becomes very difficult to compare the actual
performance with the predetermined standards, if
these standards are not expressed in quantitative
terms. This is especially so in areas of job
satisfaction, human behaviour and employee
morale.
2. No Control on External Factors:
An organization fails to have control on external
factors like technological changes, competition,
government policies, changes in taste of
consumers etc.

18. 3. Resistance from Employees:
Often employees resist the control systems since
they consider them as curbs on their freedom. For
example, surveillance through closed circuit
television (CCTV).

19. 4. Costly Affair:
Controlling involves a lot of expenditure, time and
effort, thus it is a costly affair. Managers are
required to ensure that the cost involved in
installing and operating a control system should not
be more than the benefits expected from it.

20. AREAS OR SCOPE OF CONTROL
Control over:
1. Policies
2. Capital
3. Capital
Expenditure
4. Wages
5. Salaries
6. Purchases
7. Tools and
Equipments
8. Employees at each
level
9. Public relations
10.Research and
Development
11.Overall Control

21. STEPS IN CONTROLLING PROCESS
1. Setting Performance Standards
2. Measurement of Actual Performance
3. Comparing Actual Performance with
Standards
4. Analyzing Deviations
5. Taking Corrective Action

22. TECHNIQUES OF CONTROL
1. Statistical control report Personal
observation Budgetary control
2. Cost accounting and cost control
MIS
3. BEP
4. Standard costing
5. PERT and CPM Management
auditing

23. FEATURES OF CONTROL
1. Universal
2. Continuing
3. Forward thinking
4. Dynamic
5. Corrective action for better
performance