The document discusses concepts of leadership, supervision, and management. It provides definitions and principles of leadership, supervision, and their differences. Leadership is defined as influencing others towards goals, while supervision focuses on daily tasks and compliance. Management is described as the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling an organization's resources to achieve its objectives efficiently. The key aspects of each concept and their relationships are outlined.

1. Leadership and Supervisory Management
Concepts of Leadership
and Supervision
(Joselito M. Matimtim)

2. LEADERSHIP
According to Livingston – ‘Leadership is
the ability to awaken the desire to follow
a common objective’.
According to C.I. Bernard – ‘Leadership
is the quality of behavior of the
individuals whereby they guide people or
their activities in organized efforts’.

3. LEADERSHIP
George R. Terry, “Leadership is a
relationship in which one person influences
others to work together willingly on related
tasks to attain what the leader desires.”
Koontz and O’Donnell, “Leadership is the
process of influencing people so that they
will strive willingly towards the achievement
of group goals.”

4. Leadership is a process by which a person
influences others to accomplish an
objective and directs the organization in a
way that makes it more cohesive and
coherent. Leaders carry out this process by
applying their leadership attributes, such
as beliefs, values, ethics, character,
knowledge, and skills.

5. ‘BE, KNOW, DO’ Concept of Leadership:
BE a professional.
KNOW the four elements of Leadership
KNOW yourself.
KNOW human nature.
KNOW your job.
KNOW your organization.
DO provide direction.
DO implement.
DO motivate.

6. PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP
Know yourself and seek self-
improvement
Be technically proficient
 Seek responsibility and take
responsibility for your actions

7. PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP
Use the full capabilities
of your organization.
 Make sound and timely
decisions
 Set the example

8. PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP
  Know your people and look out
for their well-being
 Keep your workers informed.
 Develop a sense of responsibility
in your workers
 Ensure that tasks are understood,
supervised, and accomplished
 Train as a team

9. Components of Leadership
 Envisioning situations that are in line with values, vision
for the future
 Engaging others in shaping the vision
 Deciding together on our shared goals
 Identifying ways to attain them
 Inspiration rather than authority
 Motivated by vision and purpose
 Problems resolved by referring back to a shared vision

10. Basic Definitions
 Supervision: guiding production and procedures
of staff to accomplish a delegated goal or
objective.
 Supervision is a process that involves a
manager meeting regularly and interacting with
worker(s) to review their work. It is carried out as
required by legislation, regulation, guidance,
standards, inspection requirements, and
requirements of the provision and the service

11. Definition of Supervision
 The term Supervision is derived from two words that are “Super”
which means above or over and “Vision” which means seeing.
Therefore, the word Supervision means overseeing. Supervision is
an act of a superior person overseeing the work of the personnel
working under him or her.
 Supervision or Overseeing also means Investigating, Directing,
Guiding, Helping, and Advising the subordinates in their work set
up for the purpose of achieving essential and specific objectives.
The result we call supervision an art of Overseeing, directing with
Authority, and Watching the work performance and behavior of
the work performers.

12.  According to the Toft Hartley Act, 1947 (USA),
‘Supervisors are those having authority to exercise
independent judgments in hiring, discharging,
disciplining, rewarding and taking other actions of a
similar nature with respect to employees
 According to Vitiates – “Supervision refers to the
direct and immediate guidance and control of
subordinates in the performance of their task.” Thus,
the supervision is concerned with three main functions
of management, i.e., direction, immediate guidance
and control with a view —

13. SUPERVISION – SIGNIFICANCE
 Supervision is primarily concerned with overseeing or watching the
performance of workers under his control. He plays an important role in the
management setup. He is the person who is directly connected with the
workers and acts as a vital link between the management and workers. The
significance of supervision can be explained as follows:
 1. Issue of Orders and Instructions: The workers require the guidance of a
supervisor at every step. He clears their doubts and tells them the proper
method of doing a job. A sub-ordinate can give better performance when he
knows the work he is supposed to do.
 2. Planning and Organizing the Work: A superior acts as a planner and a
guide for his subordinates. A schedule of work is prepared so as to ensure
an even and steady flow of work. The supervisor lays down production
targets for the workers and determines the methods and procedures for
doing the work.

14.  3. It is Important at All Levels: Supervision means overseeing and
watching sub-ordinates. The time devoted by top management to
supervision is only 20% whereas supervisor (or foreman or overseer
or superintendent or section officer) devotes about 80% of his time
to supervision. Top management supervises managers whereas
supervisor supervises workers. The supervision at the front line or
firing line is most important since actual work is done at that level.
 4. Vital Link between Workers and Management: A supervisor is a
representative of the management and a very important figure from
workers point of view. He communicates the policies of the
management to workers (downward communication) and also
provides feed back to the management as to what is happening at
the lowest level (upward communication).

15.  5. Motivating Subordinates: A supervisor is a leader at the lowest
rung of the management ladder. He serves as a friend, philosopher,
and guide to workers. He inspires teamwork and secures maximum
co-operation from the employees. It is he who can help in getting
optimum utilization of manpower.
 6. Feedback to Workers: A supervisor compares the actual
performance of workers against the standards laid down and
identifies weaknesses of workers and suggests corrective measures to
overcome them. In this way, workers can improve their performance
in the future.
 7. Proper Assignment of Work: A supervisor makes a systematic
arrangement of activities and resources for his group. He assigns
work to each worker and delegates authority to workers. Workers
feel frustrated when the work being done by them is not properly
arranged. Some workers may sit idle whereas others may be
overburdened if work is not properly assigned.

16. Components of Supervision
 Guiding the activities of staff to accomplish delegated
goal or objective
 Identifying tasks and roles needed
 Developing effective teams
 Ensuring that the right competencies are being
applied to tasks
 Seeing that problems are resolved
 Monitoring and refining staff/team performance
 Conforming with organizational policies

17. Core Skills of Supervision
 Translating delegated goals into action,
including:
 Conducting feasibility studies to refine work
plan and to identify required resources and
skills
 Mobilizing the right mix of people and skills to
accomplish components of delegated goals
 Team building
 Ensuring understanding of work objectives and
tasks
 Facilitating meetings, sustaining progress
 Monitoring progress toward goals and objectives
 Trouble-shooting, resolving problems & conflicts

18. Difference between Leadership and
Supervision
 Supervisors tend to focus on an organization’s daily task and creating optimization.
 They also ensure organizational compliance and accuracy to ensure order angld predictability.
Leaders End to concentrate more on the resources and goals of their team or organization. Their
main focus is on the growth and change of the organization.

19. MANAGEMENT
• According to Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich,
Management is the process of designing and
maintaining an environment in which individuals,
working together in groups, efficiently accomplish
selected aims.
• According to Robert L. Trewelly and M. Gene
Newport, Management is defined as the process of
planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling an
organization’s operations in order to achieve
coordination of the human and material resources
essential in the effective and efficient attainment of

20. • According to Kreitner, “Management is the
process of working with and through others to
effectively achieve organizational objectives by
efficiently using limited resources in the
changing environment.
• According to George R Terry, Management
consists of planning, organizing, actuating, and
controlling, performed to determine and
accomplish the objectives by the use of people
MANAGEMENT

21. IMPORTANT TERMS
1.Process
2.Effectiveness
3.Efficient

22. Process of management:
 Planning: – Planning means thinking in advance. Planning relates to setting
goals, objectives, and targets and also describes a mechanism to achieve them
at various levels throughout the organization.
 Organizing: – It means the arrangement of resources to do different tasks in the
organization.
 Staffing: – It means the appointment of the right person at the right place or job.
 Directing: – It includes the instructions, guidance, and motivation given by the
manager to their employees, and the manager adopts their leadership tasks.
 Controlling: – Control is concerned with measuring and minimizing the
difference between planned performance and actual performance, monitoring
performance as well as taking corrective actions wherever necessary. Thus
management is a complex, integrated and ongoing dynamic process.

23. Basic characteristics of management:
 1. Management is a goal-oriented process
2.Management is all-pervasive
3.Management is multidimensional

24. three main dimensions:
 1. Management of work: All organizations exist for the performance of some
work. Management translates this work in terms of goals to be achieved and
assigns the means to achieve them.
 2. Management of people: Human resources or people are an organization’s
greatest asset. Managing people has two dimensions:
 1. it implies dealing with employees as individuals with diverse needs and
behavior;
 2. it also means dealing with individuals as a group of people
 3. Management of operations: It requires a production process that entails
the flow of input material and the technology for transforming this input into
the desired output for consumption

25. 4. Management is a continuous process
5. Management is a group Activity
6. Management is a dynamic function
7. Management is an intangible force

26. Leadershipand Management - Relationship &
Differences
1. While managers lay down the structure and delegate authority and
responsibility, leaders provide direction by developing the organizational vision
organizational vision and communicating it to the employees and inspiring them
to achieve it.
2. While management includes focus on planning, organizing, staffing,
organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling; leadership is mainly a part of
mainly a part of directing function of management. Leaders focus on listening,
building relationships, teamwork, inspiring, motivating, and persuading the
followers.

27. 3. While a leader gets his authority from his followers, a
manager gets his authority by virtue of his position in the
position in the organization.
4. While managers follow the organization’s policies and
policies and procedures, the leaders follow their own instinct.

28. 7. Management is more of a science as the managers
are exact, planned, standard, logical, and more of
mind. Leadership, on the other hand, is an art. In an
organization, if the managers are required, then
must/essential.
8. While management deals with the technical
dimension of an organization or the job content;
leadership deals with the people aspect of an

29.  7. While management measures/evaluates
people by their name, past records, and
present performance; leadership sees and
evaluates individuals as having potential for
can’t be measured, i.e., it deals with future
performance of people if their potential is

30. Sources:
 https://legalpaathshala.com/concept-of-management-nature-process-and-
significance-of-
management/#:~:text=Concept%20of%20management%3A%20%E2%80%93%20Mana
gement%20can,an%20effective%20and%20efficient%20manner.
 https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-trait-theory-of-leadership-2795322
 https://visual.ly/community/Infographics/business/types-leadership-styles-essential-
guide