[에디티지] 학술적 영어 글쓰기

How to Write a
Research Paper in English
Distributed at workshop by
Steven D. Ward

Lecturer Intro
A strong functional knowledge of the concerns researchers and
academics have when writing in English
Trainer: Academia
Trainer/Content Developer: Winglish
2

3
Topics
• Trends
• Practical Habits
• Ethical Concerns
• Word Choice
• Common Issues
• Functional Sentences

The Past The Future
The Past and Future of Academic Publishing

You must publish in English
• International language of
academics
• Become an effective
communicator
• Funding
• International reputation
• Advance your career
Why?
6

• Global spending on research and development (R&D),
totaling US$1.1 trillion in 2007, double the amount in
1996
• Between 2000 and 2010, the number of science and
engineering graduate students rose 30 percent, and the
number of postdocs increased 45 percent
• 24,000+ peer reviewed journals, 2000+ publishers,
1.5 million+ papers published per year, 3 million+ papers
submitted per year: increased 44% since 2001
More money more people
7

In 1911, Rutherford discovered that atoms have a nucleus – a breakthrough
discovery
In 2012, evidence was found to prove the existence of the Higgs boson
The experiment was completed by Rutherford,
1 post doc, and 1 undergraduate
The experiment was completed by
2500+ physicists around the world
Big Science
8

The Future: Interdisciplinary Research
Howard, J. (2011, Sep 11). Maps
of Citations Uncover New Fields
of Scholarship. Retrieved May
13, 2015, from
https://chronicle.com/article/M
aps-of-Citations-Uncover-
New/128938/

New Academic Fields
Howard, J. (2011, Sept, 11). Maps of Citations Uncover New Fields of Scholarship. Retrieved May
13, 2015, from https://chronicle.com/article/Maps-of-Citations-Uncover-New/128938/

In the News
About 30 retractions in 2000 to over 400 retractions in 2011
Scientific fraud: 67% of 2000 retractions in Pubmed were due to misconduct
• 43% due to fraud
• 14% due to duplication publication
• 10% due to plagiarism
Possible reasons:
• Increased competition for funds
• Grants becoming a metric for research assessment
• Strong publication record = large publication record
• Journal emphasis on novel and exciting results
• Inadequate checks
12

This system produces researchers who:
Are passionate about their work
• Shinya Yamanaka, the recent Nobel prize winner
Treat research as a task for career progression
• A professor who is more interested in teaching than research but
must show a good publication record to be promoted
Are forced to research
• In China, doctors must produce 2 papers each year
Researcher goals
13

Build HabitsCreate your
own writing
ritual
Read and
Write
every day
Practical Habits

Writing Rituals
• Earnest Hemmingway wrote standing up at his typewriter
– James Joyce wrote lying down in bed
• Maya Angelou leaves her house at 5am and goes to a hotel to
write
• Demosthenes of Ancient Greece shaved half of his head while he
was writing, so that he wouldn’t be tempted to go out and
socialize.
• Victor Hugo (Les Miserable) threw away his clothes so he couldn’t
leave the house even if he wanted to
• Honore de Balzac drank 50 cups of coffee per day
What do they all have in common?

Writing Rituals cont’d
The big secret to writing rituals and self-
discipline in general:
Intentionally limit the number of decisions
that have to be made.
• All the energy and willpower we use
deciding where and when to write can be
used for actual writing.

Write (and read) every day
• Keep two (2) journals
– One digital (for scientific writing and exercises)
– One long hand (for noting down common vocabulary and
expressions as you read journal articles in your field).
What’s Lost as
Handwriting Fades
Maria Konnikova
New York Times
June 2, 2014

Daily Writing Exercises
Becoming an Academic Writer;
50 exercises for paced,
productive, and powerful
writing
Writing Your Journal Article in
12 Weeks; a guide to academic
publishing success

How to Read Everyday
Source: Science (blog): http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2016/03/how-
seriously-read-scientific-paper

ETHICAL CONCERNS
IN WRITING
21

Ethical concerns (Misconduct)
Research misconduct
• Fabrication
• Falsification
• Unethical research
Publication misconduct
• Plagiarism
• Biased/selective reporting
• Authorship abuse
• Redundant publication
• Reviewer misconduct
• Abuse of position
22

Misconduct
How common is misconduct?
• Systematic review (screened 3207 papers)
• Meta-analysis (18 studies)
Surveys of fabrication or falsification (NOT plagiarism)
• 2% admitted misconduct themselves
• 14% aware of misconduct by others
23

Duties of Editors Duties of Reviewers Duties of Authors
• Publication decision
• Fair play
• Confidentiality
• Disclosure and Conflicts
of interest
• Involvement and
cooperation in
investigations
• Contribution to Editorial
Decision
• Promptness
Confidentiality
• Standards of Objectivity
• Acknowledgement of
Source
of Interest
• Reporting standards
• Data Access and
Retention
• Originality and Plagiarism
• Multiple, Redundant or
Concurrent Publications
• Acknowledgement of
Sources
• Authorship of the Paper
• Hazards and Human or
Animal Subjects
of Interest
• Fundamental errors in
published works
/http://www.elsevier.org
Duties
24

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the
source. They must match the source document word for word and must be
attributed to the original author.
Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own
words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source.
Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a
somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.
Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words,
including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute
summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter
than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing
25

• Non-Content words must be changed
– Ninety percent of the respondents said that they were
“highly satisfied” with their college experience.
• Structure of the Text must be changed
– The recently opened presidential archives have
confirmed long-suspected corruption.
Paraphrasing Guidelines

Paraphrasing issues
Original text Paraphrasing
In 1988-1989, the collaboration of the anti-
American and environmental movements
was clear in the demonstrations against the
shooting range in Maehyang-ri. Residents in
Mae-hyang-ri called for reparations for
damage caused by noise from the shooting
range and protested restrictions placed on
entering properties within the shooting
range.
(from Kim, S. 2011. “The Dynamics of
Contention” in Democratic Korea: The Role
of Anti-Americanism. Korea Journal. Vol 51.
No. 2. Summer 2011.)
Davidson College:
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/dept/plagiarism.html
Paraphrasing exercise
27

Paraphrasing issues
Original text Unacceptable paraphrasing
range.
In the late 1980’s, the anti-American and
environmental movements collaborated in
the demonstrations against the Maehyang-ri
shooting range. The people of Maehyang-ri
called for reparations for damages due to
noise.
Davidson College:
28

Maehyang-ri called for reparations for
range.
noise (Kim, 2011).
29

Danger signs
• Uneven style or quality of
writing
• Mixture of UK and US
spelling
• Inconsistent terminology /
abbreviations
• Repetitiveness or
excessive detail
• Lack of cohesion between
sentences or paragraphs
30

http://www.ithenticate.com/
Open to all (for a fee)
http://www.grammarly.pw/
Checks for language as well as plagiarism;
useful for language learners
Plagiarism detection

Using Grammarly
150 critical grammar and spelling checks in the free version

Readability Matters
“Have you ever felt overwhelmed reading academic papers?”

Plain English
Elements of good writing: Know
what you want to say. Be clear. Be
concise. Use good grammar.
Effective communication requires
• Plain English
• Concise sentences
• Everyday words
With international collaborations
being increasingly common,
language is becoming more standard
35

Structure of English language (writing)
English is ‘top-loaded’
Key points are stated:
•early in paragraph
•early sentence
then explained further
36

• And (In addition, / Also,)
• But (However,)
• So (For that reason,)
• Actually (In fact,)
• After all* (In conclusion,)
• At Last* (Lastly, / Finally, / In conclusion,)
• Besides,* (In addition, / Moreover, / Furthermore,)
• Especially, (In particular, / Specifically,)
• First of all, (First,)
• Nowadays, (Currently, / Recently,)
Do not start sentences with these words
3737

Expressions for a journal article’s first sentence
• Recently, there has been a growing interest in . . .
• The possibility of . . . has generated wide interest in . . .
• The development of . . .has led to the hope that . . .
• Knowledge of . . . has a great importance for . . .
• The study of . . . has become an important aspect of . . .
• A central issue in . . . is . . .
• The . . . has been extensively studied in recent years.
• Many investigators have recently turned to . . .
• The relationship between . . . and . . . has been investigated by
many researchers.
• Many recent studies have focused on . . .
39
Introduction

Expressions that make a generalization about the current state of
knowledge or practice
Examples:
• The psychological effect of. . . is well-known.
• There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis that . . .
• The . . . properties of . . . are still not completely understood.
• A standard procedure for assessing . . . has been . . .
• . . . are often criticized for . . .
Expressions that make a generalization about phenomena, focusing on
frequency or complexity:
Examples:
• . . . is a common finding in cultures with . . .
• An elaborate system of . . . is found in . . .
• There are many situations where . . .
• . . . is a rich source of . . .
40
Introduction

Results and Discussion
Study limitations
Expressions for limitations of the study:
• It should be noted that this study has been primarily concerned with . . .
• This analysis has concentrated on . . .
• The findings of this study are restricted to . . .
• The limitations of this study are clear . . .
Expressions for stating conclusions that should NOT be drawn:
• However, the findings do not imply . . .
• The results of this study cannot be taken as evidence for . . .
• Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data . . .
• The lack of . . . means that we cannot be certain . . .
Expressions for very limited studies:
• Notwithstanding its limitations, this study does suggest . . .
• Despite its preliminary character, the research reported here would seem to indicate . . .
• However exploratory, this study may offer some insight into . . .
41

Data Plural in research writing
Equipment Non-count
Research Non-count singular
Staff Group of Administration workers
Faculty Group of Instructors
Vocabulary Non-count singular
Plural vs. Singular nouns
42

determine
stop/pause
clotting/thickening
tiny
system of names
orient
end
shapeless
Big Words
43
amorphous
ascertain
cessation
coagulation
miniscule
nomenclature
orientate
terminate

Wordy Phrases
44
can
has proved, is
since
if
usually, generally
daily
until
duringduring the course of
exhibits the ability
has proved itself to be
inasmuch as
in the event that
in the majority of instances
on a daily basis
until such time as

Redundancies
45
essentialabsolutely essential
experienceactual experience
combinecombine into one
cubic meterscubic meters in volume
statuscurrent status
varietiesdifferent varieties
outcomefinal outcome
historypast history
triangulartriangular in shape

Example
46
• Studies of barriers to implementation of
preventive services have concluded that ….
• Barriers to the implementation of
preventive services have included ….
• The practical implementation of
preventive services has been blocked by ….

Example
47
• Opinion leaders were used to establish a
communications channel into the existing
regional therapist social network
• Opinion leaders established a
communications channel in the existing
regional therapist social network

• One-on-one time with teachers can be a powerful influence
on youth at risk of dropping out of school.
• During the course of the election the two campaigns
combined into one, clearly affecting the final outcome.
• The past history of the chimpanzee’s family gave it
absolutely essential experience with group politics.
Your turn…
48

Include: have as a part, typically an incomplete listing
These items included information on the number of inpatient
hours provided by the physician.
Comprise: consist of, implies a complete listed (not passive)
One hundred Igh‐V genes comprise seven families of
homologous genes.
Compose: make up the parts of (can be passive)
Prohibitins, stomatins, and plant disease response genes
compose a protein superfamily that controls cell proliferation,
ion channel regulation, and death.
Common problems
49

Increase: become or make better in some aspect
Every 10-point increase in the automation score was
associated with a usability score 3.8 points higher
Augment: increase by addition of something already good
The chimpanzees were able to augment their diets with the
use of basic tools for rudimentary processing of certain nuts.
Enhance: evaluative word for something already attractive
The development of agriculture enhanced humans’ quality of
life, but certain measurable consequences arose.
Improve: to make better, from any state
A permission attitude towards urban gardening can improve
the beauty, image, and crime rate of a neighborhood.
Common problems
50

Misused/Troublesome Words and Phrases
ability power to do something
capacity power of receiving or containing
accept receive willingly
except to exclude
advise offer counsel
inform communicate information
affect (v) to change or influence
effect (n) result or outcome
because of by reason of
due to attributable to
51

Misused/Troublesome Words and Phrases
data with facts (plural)
information (singular)
datum singular form (rarely seen)
e.g. for example
i.e. that is/in other words
equipment should never be plural
irregardless use ‘regardless’
that used with a restrictive clause (required
for sentence)
which used with non-restrictive clause
(additional information)
52

Example
53
Poor
In this survey, both residents and investigators were
very patient, and the National Bureau of Statistics
approved that the quality of data was high.
Better
In this survey, both residents and investigators were
methodical, and the National Bureau of Statistics
confirmed that the quality of data was high.

Article use: A / An / The / ø
A/An:
• First mention of a countable noun
• ‘A’ used before consonant sound
• ‘An’ used before vowel sound
No article (Ø )
• First mention of uncountable or plural noun
54

The
• Second mention of a noun
• Before a superlative or
ordinal number
The first studies were conducted …
• Before a specifier
The only research previously done in
this area …
• Shared knowledge or unique
reference
The stars are fueled by fusion
reactions.
• Of-phrases or other forms of
post-modification
The behavior of this species
varies.
• Partitive of-phrases with plurals
Some of the subjects had
adverse reactions.
• Names of theories, effects,
devices, scales
the Heisenberg uncertainty
principle
• No article is used
Coulomb's law
55

Article Use in Academic Writing
As ________ average population of ________ United States has increased, so
too has ________ number of ________ hearing impaired individuals.
Approximately ________ 20 million hearing aids are now in use, and this
number is expected to rise. ________ Although there have been considerable
advances in hearing aid technology, they still have ________ number of
drawbacks, one of ________ most notable ones being problems in dealing with
______ important environmental sounds. For example, ________ people who
are deaf in both ears are unable to determine ________ direction of a sound
when using ________ conventional hearing aid. This limitation could result in
________ accident or injury if the wearer cannot determine _________
direction of _________ siren or other warning sound. Another problem
concerns _________ people suffering from ________ high-frequency hearing
loss. This type of hearing loss removes many consonants and ________ other
useful environmental noises, such as ________ ringing of ________ telephone.
56

Choosing appropriate words
The effectiveness of the new immigration screening drastically
compromised tourism.
People were surveyed 4-6 weeks later.
The former president was adored with a peak approval rating of
80%.
After 4 hours of polling, we abruptly ended the polling.
57

A high level of income inequality was examined and found to
correspond to low voter turnout rates.
Poverty reduction programs that focused on women also
(affected, effected) gender equality in the country.
The population (density, level) increased from 1,000 to 1,500
people per square km in just five years.
Advanced college degrees have been shown to (enhance,
increase) lifetime earnings.
58

COMMON ISSUES IN STYLE, FORMATTING,
AND GRAMMAR
59

Style Concerns
Improper appearance
Not following guidelines
Differences between English and Korean
That can lead to immediate rejection of your paper
60

AUTHOR-DATE
Example
1. Cha, Frances. "What a North Face Jacket Means in South Korea." CNN Travel.
CNN.com, 10 Jan. 2012. Web. 10 Mar. 2015.
2. Milgrim, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper & Row.
3. Hanet, C., Banks, W.C., & Zimbardo, P.G. (1973) A stud of prisoners and guards in a
simulated prison. Naval Research Review, 30, 4-17.
NUMBER STYLE
Example
Psychotherapy remains a popular form of therapy [1], [10], [11].
SUPERSCRIPTED
Example
Although Massively Open Online Courses (MOOCs) enjoyed early populrity, their
effectiveness has been called into question.1
Reference formats
61

hyphen (-)
Victims of identity theft often have their national identity cards
counterfeited since the ‘xxxxxx-xxxxxx’ numbering system is easily
replicated
en dash (–)
An estimated 5,000-6,000 people attended the event.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is considered the founder.
em dash (—)
Coco has shown understanding of 500 additional English words—a
50% improvement.
Chun, Doo-Hwan (1931—) remains controversial.
not 505~530 nm
Dashes in English:
62

Abbreviations:
63
Example
1. A method for improving the performance of a non-native
automatic speech recognition (ASR) system.
2. Although Massively Open Online Courses (MOOCs) enjoyed early populrity,
their effectiveness has been called into question.1
Remember: Don’t use don’t!
Contractions:
Do not introduce abbreviations
• for words that are only used once
• in subheadings
• in keywords

A colon (:) not a semicolon (;) introduces a simple list: A, B,
and C.
Use a semi-colon (;) to help make complex lists that contain
commas in each item clear (the semi-colon becomes a
‘super comma’).
Example
There were four professors assigned to the task force: Peter
Jones, professor of Mathematics; Ronald Smith, professor of
English; Kim Lee, professor of Education; and Wendy West,
professor of Political Science.
64

Equations follow normal sentence grammar. The equals sign = is a verb. Sentences that
end with an equation should have a period like any other type of sentence.
1. In practice, the fractal dimension is calculated using recursive different box sizes,
such that
2. The corresponding equations of motion can be expressed as follows:
where over-dots refer to the differentiation with respect to time, and subscripts “a”
and “p” represent physical values of the primary and auxiliary masses, respectively.
65
Using equations
(12)
(1)
(2)

a priori: deductive reasoning, or from
causes to effects
ad hoc: based on regular principles
(e.g., an ad hoc solution.)
cf.: confer, compare
e.g. (exempli gratia): free example for
example
et al. (et alii): and other authors
etc. (et cetera) and others
i.e. (id est): that is to say
infra: see below
N.B. (nota bene): take note
op. cit. (opere citato): in the work cited
sic: thus the error is in the original quote
circa (c. or ca.): about, approximately,
usually used with dates (e.g., c. 500 A.D.)
in situ: in its original or appointed place
(e.g., research conducted in situ)
in vitro: in a glass (e.g., experiments
conducted in vitro)
in vivo: in life, experiments conducted on
living organisms
66
Latin expressions

Example:
Lee (2008) states/claims/argues/maintains/
suggests/asserts/hypothesizes/concludes that . . .
Over 400 reporting verbs have been identified across disciplines,
the most common reporting verbs include the following:
describe, find, report, show, suggest, observe,
examine, demonstrate, and propose.
67
Reporting Verbs

Indicative and Informative verbs
Indicative Informative
show
provide
give
present
summarize
illustrate
reveal
display
demonstrate
indicate
suggest
68

Preposition use
Complete the sentences using: in/from/on/by/with/of
1. As can be seen _________________ Figure 4, earnings have decreased.
2. As revealed _______________ Figure 2, the lightweight materials outperformed
traditional metals.
3. As described _____________ the previous page, there are two common types of
abstracts.
4. As stated _______________ Appendix B, ‘per’ in percent or kilometers per hour
is a Latin preposition that originally meant through or by.
5. As described ______________ the previous unit, passive are common in process
descriptions.
69

Preposition use
6. As can be seen _______________ a comparison of the two tables, household
income is a more reliable predictor than level of education.
7. As has been demonstrated _______________ many similar experiments, these
materials have many advantages.
8. As is often the case _________________ materials ______________ this type,
small cracks pose a serious problem.
70

General verb tenses in a journal paper
Use the present tense for established facts and to talk about
descriptions of figures or tables, generalizations based on
results, and general statements about the whole field
Refer to specific works, references, and results in the past tense
71

This study suggests changes to how behavior modification
therapy is currently being used in the treatment of Post-
Traumatic Stress Syndrome.
The target SPP was estimated locally in each frequency bin or
globally across all frequency bins, referred to as local or global
decisions, respectively.
Verb tense examples
72

In order to improve services for victims of human trafficking, it
is essential that law enforcement treat them as victims rather
than criminal suspects [1, 2].
This development is particularly evident in the field related to
broadcasting services, in which progress has been made toward
more realistic and immersive broadcasting services [1]-[5].
Verb tense examples
73

Purpose Expressions
A purpose statement explains the goal of an action
(A = action B = goal):
• [Clause A] to [verb B].
• [Clause A] in order to [verb B].
• [Clause A] so as to [verb B].
Example: Participants were separated so as to prevent them from
coordinating their responses.
Example: In order to prevent further damage, the study was finished early.
74

Manner Expressions
A manner statement explains how to do something. It is the
reverse of a purpose statement
[Clause A] by [verb+ing] [noun]
Examples:
The mixture was heated in order to separate the strands of DNA.
(purpose)
The strands of DNA were separated by heating the mixture. (manner)
75

150 survey respondents were randomly chosen for follow-up
interviews.
60% of the enrolled subjects continued their participation until the
end of the study.
Fix the Mistake 1/9
76

The equation for estimating this value is A = 3.56 x 10-2 γ [a + b].
The 100 ug mL-1 extracts improved the antioxidant test for
cellular oxidative stress.
Fix the Mistake 2/9
77

Fix the Mistake 3/9
The body weight of the bonobos ranged between 45kg and 55kg; their
average body weight was 48.5kg.
Of the 91 participants (average age 60±5years), 51 and 40 were divided
into 2 groups based on their marital status.
78

An embedded operating system (OS) with a CPU clock of 600MHz and RAM size
of 111MB is used in these tests.
Sentencing for suspects found with as little as 5g of crack cocaine were found
disproportionate to the equivalent amount of the powdered form.
Fix the Mistake 4/9
79

The baseline characteristics of all subjects were summarized in
Table 1.
Figure 4 showed the results of the sentencing reform act in each
state.
Fix the Mistake 5/9
80

The recent innovations in mapping technologies, GPS in particular, has
revolutionized demographics.
The ratio of corporate coffee shops to independent coffee shops were
defined as the indie index.
Fix the Mistake 6/9
81

We developed a fully-automated method that estimates high-risk
crime areas in real time.
People with a surgically-separated corpus callosum have recently come to the
attention of researchers in the field of evolutionary psychology.
Fix the Mistake 7/9
82

We observed that poor test performance was due to not only lack of
parental engagement, but also poverty.
Pre-marriage couples counseling is valuable not only in reducing the
chances of eventual divorce, but also in improving lifetime income levels
of the couples.
Fix the Mistake 8/9
83

Parental earnings are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows the earnings of all female
subjects.
Last year alone the number of health food stores have doubled, as shown in Fig.
5. In addition, fast food restaurants nationwide have begun closing stores, as
shown in the inset of Fig. 5.
Fix the Mistake 9/9
84

Sentence structures
86
Main clauseSIMPLE
Main clause + Main clauseCOMPOUND
Main clause + Subordinate clauseCOMPLEX
Main clause + Main clause + Subordinate clauseCOMPOUND-COMPLEX
While the balancing of competing demands has previously been cited as a reason for
physicians not exploring depressive symptoms and diagnosis during a clinic visits [44,45],
the number of chronic medical conditions did not affect physician diagnosis of depression
in this study.
Primary care settings have become the de facto settings for the treatment of many mental
health conditions.
Study protocols were developed, reviewed, and approved by the institutional review
boards at both sites, and all participants gave written informed consent.

Sentence Writing
Simple Sentence: has one independent clause
• Freshwater boils at 100⁰ Celsius at sea level.
• Freshwater boils at 100⁰ Celsius and freezes at 0⁰ Celsius.
• Freshwater and saltwater do not boil at the same
temperatures.
• Freshwater and saltwater do not boil and do not freeze at
the same temperatures.
87

Write 2 simple sentences with:
• 1 subject and 1 verb
• 1 subject and 2 verbs
• 2 subjects and 1 verb
• 2 subjects and 2 verbs
Simple Sentences Practice
88

Compound Sentences: two or more independent clauses joined
together
1) With a coordinator (‘FAN BOYS’)
Saltwater boils at a higher temperature than freshwater, so food
cooks faster in saltwater.
2) With a conjunctive adverb
Saltwater boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; therefore,
food cooks faster in saltwater.
3) With a semicolon
Saltwater boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; food cooks
faster in saltwater.
Sentence Writing
89

, coordinator (‘FANBOYS’)
, for
, and
, nor
, but
, or
, yet
, so
; conjunctive adverb,
; accordingly,
; consequently,
; for example,
; furthermore,
; hence,
; however,
; in addition,
; in contrast,
; in fact,
; indeed,
; instead,
; moreover,
; nevertheless,
; on the other hand,
; otherwise,
; then,
; therefore,
; thus,
90
Making Compound Sentences

Write compound sentences using:
• Each coordinator (‘FAN BOYS’)
once
• A semicolon (‘;’) + 5 different
conjunctive adverbs
• Only a semicolon (‘;’)
Compound Sentences Practice
91

With adverb clauses (when, while,
because, although, if, so, that)
Although women in the US could
own property, they could not vote
until 1920.
With adjective clauses (who, whom,
which, whose, that; or relative adverb
where, when)
Last year we vacationed in
Cozumel, which features excellent
scuba diving.
With noun clauses (wh-question word,
that, whether, if)
That there is a hole in the ozone
layer of the Earth’s atmosphere is
well known, scientists know what
caused it.
Sentence Writing
Complex Sentences: contain one independent clause and
one (or more) dependent clause(s)
92

Write 6 complex sentences
Complex Sentences Practice
93

Grammar
A compound-complex sentence has at least three clauses, at
least two of which are independent.
Information and communication technology is reaching out
to help people in the poorest countries improve their lives;
for example, fishermen on the Bay of Bengal can now receive
online weather reports that tell them when it is safe to go
out.
The worldwide reach of the Internet is also providing
employment opportunities in developing countries, and as
greater numbers of people learn the technology these
opportunities will expand.
94

Write 4 compound-
complex sentences
Compound-Complex Sentences Practice
95

Incorporating Sadistics Statistics

Writing with Statistics
1. Never use a statistical
procedure you don't fully
understand
2. Present only as much
information as needed so that
your reader can make his or her
own interpretation of your data
3. Use graphics and tables
97
Overview of common statistical tests:
http://www.graphpad.com/support/faqid/1790/

1. If you used a statistic, you need to provide your audience with
additional information including where the statistic came from
• Poor example: The ten largest cities in the U.S. comprised 54% of
the total U.S. population.
• Better example: According to the United States Census Bureau, in
2000, the ten largest cities in the U.S. comprised 54% of the total
U.S. population.
2. When using inferential statistics, try to speak as plainly as possible, and
put the statistics at the end of the sentence (with significance level)
Writing with Statistics

• Statistical procedures that we use to describe the population we are
studying. The data could be collected from either a sample or a
population, but the results help us organize and describe data.
• Descriptive statistics can only be used to describe the group that is being
studied. That is, the results cannot be generalized to any larger group.
• Descriptive statistics are useful and serviceable if you do not need to
extend your results to any larger group. However, much of social sciences
tend to include studies that give us “universal” truths about segments of
the population, such as all parents, all women, all victims, etc.
• Frequency distributions, measures of central tendency (mean, median,
and mode), and graphs like pie charts and bar charts that describe the
data are all examples of descriptive statistics.
Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics
Usually there is no good way to write a statistic. If you are citing several
statistics about the same topic, it may be best to include them all in the same
paragraph or section.
• The mean of exam 2 is 77.7. The median is 75, and the mode is 79. Exam
2 had a standard deviation of 11.6.
• Overall, the company had another excellent year. We shipped 14.3 ton of
fertilizer for the year, and averaged 1.7 ton of fertilizer during the
summer months. This is an increase over last year, where we shipped
only 13.1 ton of fertilizer, and averaged only 1.4 ton during the summer
months. (Standard deviations were as follows: this summer 0.3 ton, last
summer 0.4 ton).
Some fields prefer to put means and standard deviations in parentheses like
this:
• Group A (87.5) scored higher than group B (77.9) while both had similar
standard deviations (8.3 and 7.9 respectively).
100

• Concerned with making predictions or inferences about a population from observations
and analyses of a sample. That is, we can take the results of an analysis using a sample
and can generalize it to the larger population that the sample represents.
• To make generalizations it is imperative that the sample is representative of the group to
which it is being generalized.
• To address the issue of generalization, there are tests of significance. A Chi-square or T-
test, for example, can tell us the probability that the results of our analysis on the sample
are representative of the population that the sample represents.
• These tests of significance tell us the probability that the results of the analysis could
have occurred by chance when there is no relationship at all between the variables we
studied in the population we studied.
• Examples of inferential statistics include linear regression analyses, logistic regression
analyses, ANOVA, correlation analyses, structural equation modeling, and survival
analysis, to name a few.
Inferential Statistics

Inferential Statistics
In general, you should always 'translate' your statistics into
some understandable form for your reader.
• Poor example: A t-test (t = 3.59) showed that the two
groups were significantly different (p<0.01).
• Better example: Women scored higher than men on
the aptitude test (t = 3.89, p < 0.01).
102

Bringing it all together 1/15
It is important to evaluate the pre-rule change strategy of senators.
Generally the filibuster was used to score political points with
constituents. Filibusters rarely ultimately succeeded in blocking a
vote.
104

The work of Napoleon Chagnon is perhaps the most influential
study on the understanding of human nature, and have widely
spread the understanding of Yanomami society as one based on
violence and murder (Chagnon et al. 1967).
105

7 points were chosen for participants to complete surveys, 1 wk,
4 wk, 6 wks (just before the midterm exam), 8 wks (just after the
midterm exam), 11 wks, 15 wks (just before the final exam), and
then at the end of the semester, before and after the final exam.
106

The results of vulnerability assessment showed that Jeollanam-do are
the most vulnerable in fuzzy TOPSIS method.
107

The evidence shows that the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis exhibited
early warning signs that should have been detected [2].
108

Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that the rankings of
TOPSIS and weighted sum method were almost similar, but quite
different from ranking of fuzzy TOPSIS.
109

Our data can ensure the representative population in Korea
through the nationwide participants and the large sample size.
We could avoid recall bias by participants because of using the
existing database . The association between several variables
and the adherence were statistically significant after
adjustment.
110

In contrast, High-fructose Corn Syrup (HCS) likely could not have seen
such widespread use without initial government subsidies to the corn
industry [3].
111

It is simple process with several benefits for obtaining product with
accurately controlled composition, and minimizing operating time,
112

Also, acquisition rate was 20 times conventional methods. Several
previous papers are greatly contributed to elucidate that experience
with second language acquisition improved third language acquisition
[3, 4].
113

Even though several hypotheses to the reason for the agricultural
revolution have been suggested, it mainly caused due to the
pressures of the quickly increasing population growth [2].
114

Max Weber was mostly concerning about the distinction between the
two dominant European religions, Protestantism and Catholicism, but
could the notion of a heaven sent work ethic apply to other religions as
well?... Indeed, some recent data suggest Muslims may now show the
characteristics of Weber’s Protestant work ethic better than they do.
Adapted from: Keating, J. (2012, May/June). Work Hard, Pray Hard. Retrieved
May 12, 2015. Foreign Policy. p. 26.
115

Although the existence of speech acts is universal, the frequency
and contents are culturally-specific. Speech acts give
demonstrations of the most important of all cultural values and
social norms of a target language and demonstrate the rules of
language use in a speech community. This investigation is, above
all else, concerned with the Korean speech act of apology. The
function of apology is to repair, restore, and maintain harmony
between a speaker and hearer.
Adapted from: Byon, A. (2005). Apologizing in Korean: Cross-cultural Analysis
in Classroom Settings. Korean Studies, 29, 137-166.
116

The most important factor is the confluence and working together of
the anti-American movement and other social movements have
significantly changed the character of anti-American movement. The
significantly changed social movement sphere in the post-democratic
era led to the dominance of moderate citizens’ movement groups
over the radical people’s movement groups, increasing popularity of
anti-Americanism, and diversification of movement themes. The anti-
American movement, put together and fused with a large variety of
other social movements, became more accessible and sophisticated.
Adapted from: Kim, S., & Lee, E. (2011). “Dynamics of Contention” in Democratic Korea.
Korea Journal, 51(2), p. 252.
117

Some evidence for this proposed idea comes from the 2011
Cooperative Congressional Election Study.34 Based on 13 questions
related to policy preferences asked on this survey, the policy
preferences of the top 2 percent of income earners (a group that
might be thought to be “truly wealthy”) are much more highly
significantly related with the policy preferences of the top 10 percent
of earners than with the policy preferences of the average survey
respondent (r5.91 versus .69).35 Thus, the policy preferences of our
moderately high-income “affluent” respondents appear to fully
describe useful information about the policy preferences of the truly
wealthy.
Adapted from: Gilens, M., & Page, B. (2014). Testing Theories of American Politics:
Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics,
12(3), 564-581.
118

120
Topics
• Trends
• Practical Habits
• Ethical Concerns
• Word Choice
• Common Issues
• Functional Sentences

Dr. EddyTM personifies our efforts to support
authors with good publication practices. He can
be found at Editage Insights
http://www.editage.com/insights/tutorials
Steven D. Ward
Trainer, Academia
Cactus Communications Korea
Renaissance Tower #1701 Malijae-ro 14,
Mapo-gu, Seoul
T: 1544-9241
E: steven.ward@editage.com
W: http://www.editage.co.kr/
Contact Details
121

• Non-Content words must be changed
– Ninety percent of the respondents said that they were
“highly satisfied” with their college experience.
– Nine out of 10 people surveyed described being
“highly satisfied” with college life.
• Structure of the Text must be changed
– The recently opened presidential archives have
confirmed long-suspected corruption.
– Researchers substantiated their suspicions of
corruption when the presidential archives were
unsealed.
Paraphrasing Guidelines

Paraphrasing issues
range.
noise (Kim, 2011).
Non-content words
must be changed
Davidson College:
124

range.
noise (Kim, 2011).
The structure of the
original text must
also be changed
125

Original text Acceptable paraphrasing
range.
When the people of Maehyang-ri
demanded compensation for noise pollution
due to the shooting range in the late 1980’s,
it was obvious that the anti-American and
environmental movements cooperated in
organizing the protests (Kim, 2011).
Both the non-content vocabulary and structure
of the original text must be changed
126

Readability Matters
Source: Science (blog):
http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2016/03/how-
seriously-read-scientific-paper
“Have you ever felt overwhelmed reading academic papers?”

• One-on-one time with teachers can be a powerful influence
on youth at risk of dropping out of school.
– Mentoring is often seen as a key factor for improving
graduation rates.
• During the course of the election the two campaigns combined
into one, clearly affecting the final outcome.
– During the election the two campaigns combined, clearly
affecting the outcome.
• The past history of the chimpanzee’s family gave it absolutely
essential experience with group politics.
– The history of the chimpanzee’s family gave it essential
experience with group politics.
128
Your turn…

Article Use in Academic Writing
As ________ average population of ________ United States has increased, so
too has ________ number of ________ hearing impaired individuals.
Approximately ________ 20 million hearing aids are now in use, and this
number is expected to rise. ________ Although there have been considerable
advances in hearing aid technology, they still have ________ number of
drawbacks, one of ________ most notable ones being problems in dealing with
______ important environmental sounds. For example, ________ people who
are deaf in both ears are unable to determine ________ direction of a sound
when using ________ conventional hearing aid. This limitation could result in
________ accident or injury if the wearer cannot determine _________
direction of _________ siren or other warning sound. Another problem
concerns _________ people suffering from ________ high-frequency hearing
loss. This type of hearing loss removes many consonants and ________ other
useful environmental noises, such as ________ ringing of ________ telephone.
the the
the
the
athe
the
the
a
an
a
a
129

The effectiveness of the new immigration screening drastically
compromised tourism.
 greatly reduced OR decreased by 80%
People were surveyed 4-6 weeks later.
 what people? repeat classification (patients, students, etc.)
The former president was adored with a peak approval rating of
80%.
 , reaching OR , as evidenced by
After 4 hours of polling, we abruptly ended the polling.
 delete ‘of polling’
130

A high level of income inequality was examined and found to
correspond to low voter turnout rates.
Poverty reduction programs that focused on women also
(affected, effected) gender equality in the country.
The population (density, level) increased from 1,000 to 1,500
people per square km in just five years.
Advanced college degrees have been shown to (enhance,
increase) lifetime earnings.
131

Indicative and Informative verbs
Indicative Informative
show Y Y
provide Y N
give Y N
present Y N
summarize Y N
illustrate Y Y
reveal Y Y
display Y N
demonstrate Y Y
indicate Y Y
suggest N Y
132

Preposition use
1. As can be seen _________________ Figure 4, earnings have decreased.
2. As revealed _______________ Figure 2, the lightweight materials outperformed
traditional metals.
3. As described _____________ the previous page, there are two common types of
abstracts.
4. As stated _______________ Appendix B, ‘per’ in percent or kilometers per hour
is a Latin preposition that originally meant through or by.
5. As described ______________ the previous unit, passive are common in process
descriptions.
133
in / from
by / in
on
in
in

Preposition use
6. As can be seen _______________ a comparison of the two tables, household
income is a more reliable predictor than level of education.
7. As has been demonstrated _______________ many similar experiments, these
materials have many advantages.
8. As is often the case _________________ materials ______________ this type,
small cracks pose a serious problem.
134
by / from / in
by / in / from
with of

Beginning a sentence with a numeral
150 survey respondents were randomly chosen for follow-up
interviews.
Note that 150 survey respondents were randomly chosen for follow-up
interviews.
60% of the enrolled subjects continued their participation until the
end of the study.
1. Sixty percent of the enrolled subjects continued their
participation until the end of the study.
2. In this study, 60% of the enrolled subjects continued their
participation until the end.
Fix the Mistake 1/9
135

Using the alphabet instead of the proper symbol (×, μ, etc.) and putting a
space before and after mathematical operators
The equation for estimating this value is A = 3.56 x 10-2 γ [a + b].
The equation for estimating this value is A = 3.56 × 10-2 γ
[a + b].
The 100 ug mL-1 extracts improved the antioxidant test for
The 100 μg mL-1 extracts improved the antioxidant test for
Fix the Mistake 2/9
136

Fix the Mistake 3/9
Not inserting a space between a numeral and its corresponding unit of
measurement
The body weight of the bonobos ranged between 45kg and 55kg; their
average body weight was 48.5kg.
The body weight of the bonobos ranged between 45 kg and 55 kg;
their average body weight was 48.5 kg.
Of the 91 participants (average age 60±5years), 51 and 40 were divided
into 2 groups based on their marital status.
Of the 91 participants (average age 60 ± 5 years), 51 and 40 were
divided into 2 groups based on their marital status.
137

Not inserting a space between a numeral and its corresponding unit of
measurement
An embedded operating system (OS) with a CPU clock of 600MHz and RAM size
of 111MB is used in these tests.
An embedded operating system (OS) with a CPU clock of 600 MHz and RAM
size of 111 MB is used in these tests.
Sentencing for suspects found with as little as 5g of crack cocaine were found
disproportionate to the equivalent amount of the powdered form.
Sentencing for suspects found with as little as 5 g of crack cocaine were
found disproportionate to the equivalent amount of the powdered form.
Fix the Mistake 4/9
138

Using the past tense for in-text reference to figures and tables
The baseline characteristics of all subjects were summarized in
Table 1.
The baseline characteristics of all subjects are summarized in
Table 1.
Figure 4 showed the results of the sentencing reform act in each
state.
Figure 4 shows the results of the sentencing reform act in each
state.
Fix the Mistake 5/9
139

Using a singular verb with a plural subject and vice versa
The recent innovations in mapping technologies, GPS in particular, has
revolutionized demographics.
The recent innovations in mapping technologies, GPS in particular,
have revolutionized demographics.
The ratio of corporate coffee shops to independent coffee shops were
The ratio of corporate coffee shops to independent coffee shops was
Fix the Mistake 6/9
140

Inserting a hyphen in a compound adjective when the first word is an
adverb ending in ly
We developed a fully-automated method that estimates high-risk
crime areas in real time.
We developed a fully automated method that estimates
high-risk crime areas in real time.
People with a surgically-separated corpus callosum have recently come to the
attention of researchers in the field of evolutionary psychology.
People with a surgically separated corpus callosum have recently come
to the attention of researchers in the field of evolutionary psychology.
Fix the Mistake 7/9
141

Inserting a comma before but also in a sentence containing the correlative
conjunction ‘not only...but also’
parental engagement, but also poverty.
parental engagement but also poverty.
chances of eventual divorce, but also in improving lifetime income levels
of the couples.
chances of eventual divorce but also in improving lifetime income
levels of the couples.
Fix the Mistake 8/9
142

Using the same or similar word/phrase in quick succession in two consecutive
sentences
Parents’ income levels are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows the income levels of
their female children.
Tables 1 and 2 show parental earnings and income levels of all female
subjects, respectively.
Last year alone the number of health food stores have doubled, as shown in Fig.
5. In addition, fast food restaurants nationwide have been closing stores at
double the rate from the previous year, as shown in the inset of Fig. 5.
Last year alone the number of health food stores have doubled (Fig. 5); in
the inset, the inverse trend in fast food restaurants is observed.
Fix the Mistake 9/9
143

It is important to evaluate the pre-rule change strategy of senators.
Generally the filibuster was used to score political points with
constituents. Filibusters rarely ultimately succeeded in blocking a
vote.
Evaluating the pre-rule change strategy of senators is important.
A filibuster generally scores political points with constituents, and
rarely succeeded.
144

The work of Napoleon Chagnon is perhaps the most influential
study on the understanding of human nature, and have widely
spread the understanding of Yanomami society as one based on
violence and murder (Chagnon et al. 1967).
For example, Chagnon et al. (1967) disseminated the
view of violence inherent in humans from observations
of the Yanomami.
145

7 points were chosen for participants to complete surveys, 1 wk, 4
wk, 6 wks (just before the midterm exam), 8 wks (just after the
midterm exam), 11 wks, 15 wks (just before the final exam), and then
at the end of the semester, before and after the final exam.
Participants completed surveys at six time points: 1 week, 4 weeks, 6
weeks, 8 weeks, 11 weeks, 14 weeks, and 16 weeks. Note that the
time points at 6 and 8 weeks came before and after the midterm
exam and the last two surveys were given in a similar manner for the
final exam.
146

The results of vulnerability assessment showed that Jeollanam-do are
the most vulnerable in fuzzy TOPSIS method.
Based on the fuzzy TOPSIS method, results of the vulnerability
assessment show that Jeollanam-do is the most vulnerable
region.
147

The evidence shows that the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis exhibited
early warning signs that should have been detected [2].
The 2008 subprime mortgage crisis showed early warning signs
that should have been detected [2].
148

Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that the rankings of
TOPSIS and weighted sum method were almost similar, but quite
different from ranking of fuzzy TOPSIS.
A subsequent Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that
the rankings of the TOPSIS and weighted sum methods were quite
similar, though significantly different from the fuzzy TOPSIS
ranking.
149

Our data can ensure the representative population in Korea through
the nationwide participants and the large sample size. We could avoid
recall bias by participants because of using the existing database . The
association between several variables and the adherence were
statistically significant after adjustment.
Our data ensures a representative population for Korea as it is based
on a large nationwide sampling of participants. In addition, we
avoided recall bias by participants by using an existing database.
Finally, our analyses indicate an association between several
variables, with the adherence being statistically significant after
adjustment.
150

In contrast, High-fructose Corn Syrup (HCS) likely could not have seen
such widespread use without initial government subsidies to the corn
industry [3].
In contrast, high-fructose corn syrup (HCS) likely could not
have seen such widespread use without initial government
subsidies to the corn industry [3].
151

It is simple process with several benefits for obtaining product with
accurately controlled composition, and minimizing operating time,
SHS is a simple process with several benefits for obtaining
products requiring an accurately controlled composition, which
minimizes the operational time.
152

Also, acquisition rate was 20 times conventional methods. Several
previous papers are greatly contributed to elucidate that experience
with second language acquisition improved third language acquisition
[3, 4].
Also, its acquisition rate was 20 times faster than for conventional
methods. In addition, previous papers have found that second
language acquisition improved third language acquisition [3, 4].
153

Even though several hypotheses to the reason for the agricultural
revolution have been suggested, it mainly caused due to the
pressures of the quickly increasing population growth [2].
Even though several hypotheses as to the reason for agricultural
revolution have been suggested, its main cause appears to be
pressures of population growth [2].
154

Max Weber was mostly concerning about the distinction between the
two dominant European religions, Protestantism and Catholicism, but
could the notion of a heaven sent work ethic apply to other religions as
well?... Indeed, some recent data suggest Muslims may now show the
characteristics of Weber’s Protestant work ethic better than they do.
Weber was mostly concerned with the distinction between the two
dominant European religions, Protestantism and Catholicism, but could
the notion of a heaven-sent work ethic apply to other faiths as well?...
Indeed, some recent data suggest Muslims may now embody Weber’s
Protestant work ethic better than Protestants do.
Adapted from: Keating, J. (2012, May/June). Work Hard, Pray Hard. Retrieved
May 12, 2015. Foreign Policy. p. 26.
155

Although the existence of speech acts is universal, the frequency
and contents are culture-specific. Speech acts reflect the
fundamental cultural values and social norms of a target
language and demonstrate the rules of language use in a speech
community. The focus of this investigation is the Korean speech
act of apology. The function of apology is to restore and
maintain harmony between a speaker and hearer.
Adapted from: Byon, A. (2005). Apologizing in Korean: Cross-cultural
Analysis in Classroom Settings. Korean Studies, 29, 137-166.
156

Most importantly, the confluence and collaboration of the anti-
American movement and other social movements have significantly
changed the character of anti-American movement. The dramatically
transformed social movement sphere in the post-democratic era led
to the dominance of moderate citizens’ movement groups over the
radical people’s movement groups, popularization of anti-
Americanism, and diversification of movement themes. The anti-
American movement, combined and fused with many other social
movements, became more accessible and sophisticated.
Adapted from: Kim, S., & Lee, E. (2011). “Dynamics of Contention” in Democratic Korea.
Korea Journal, 51(2), p. 252.
157

Some evidence for this proposition comes from the 2011 Cooperative
Congressional Election Study.34 Based on 13 policy-preference
questions asked on this survey, the preferences of the top 2 percent
of income earners (a group that might be thought “truly wealthy”)
are much more highly correlated with the preferences of the top 10
percent of earners than with the preferences of the average survey
respondent (r5.91 versus .69).35 Thus, the views of our moderately
high-income “affluent” respondents appear to capture useful
information about the views of the truly wealthy.
Adapted from: Gilens, M., & Page, B. (2014). Testing Theories of American Politics:
Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics,
12(3), 564-581.
158

[에디티지] 학술적 영어 글쓰기

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to [에디티지] 학술적 영어 글쓰기

Similar to [에디티지] 학술적 영어 글쓰기 (20)

More from yonseilibrary

More from yonseilibrary (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

[에디티지] 학술적 영어 글쓰기