This document describes a project to design a device that can monitor stress levels by measuring physiological signals like galvanic skin response, heart rate, and skin temperature. Sensors will be used to measure these signals and an Arduino microcontroller will process the data. The document outlines the circuit designs for each sensor and filtering/amplification of the signals. Results from testing the device on 52 subjects are presented, dividing stress levels into high, medium, and low categories based on the physiological readings. The project aims to create an easy-to-use and portable device for monitoring stress levels to help identify health risks and aid in diagnosis.
Enhancement of ecg classification using ga and psoeSAT Journals
Abstract ECG signal classification utilizes for different predictions of heart diseases. These ECG signals have to be classified using different frequency bands according to different energy levels for better prediction of features. These signals have to be classified in different five bands P, Q, R, S and T. These sub-bands provide peak information available in different sub-bands. For the classification various approaches have to be implemented for filtration of signal. In the purposed work Adaptive filter has been implemented for the noise reduction from these signals. Classification of the ECG signal has been optimized using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization approach. These approaches of classification provide better results i.e. 100 and 100 for 106o and 119o respectively for energy levels of ECG signal. Keywords:- ECG, noise reduction, Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization approach
Data Collection & Analysis in Human Autonomic Research: How to Guide to Succe...InsideScientific
In this American Physiological Society (APS) webinar produced in partnership with ADInstruments, Jackie Limberg, PhD discusses the basics of human autonomic research as well as some tips and tricks for successful human testing. Implementing key experimental controls and understanding nuances in data collection and analysis during human autonomic testing have important implications for the accuracy and reliability of your findings.
Dr. Limberg introduces the gold standards for measuring both basal and reflex autonomic responses in humans, what equipment is required, and how to minimize variability in your data. The focus of the webinar is on data collection, including recommendations for study design as well as data analysis and interpretation.
Key Topics Include:
- Identify tests appropriate for measuring basal versus reflex autonomic control
- Describe the pros and cons of tests used in human autonomic research
- Create a research setting that is conducive to reliable and accurate human autonomic data
- Select equipment appropriate for the research questions being addressed
- Anticipate and avoid areas that may increase data variability and reduce your ability to interpret results
This paper details the use of Electroencephalography, a methodology commonly applied for
medical purposes such as in detection of mental disorders and in upcoming technological research areas like BCI
(Brain Computer Interfaces), is now re-purposed to use in the Manufacturing sector to reduce the risk of error
and anomalies. Manufacturing involves many tasks that require mental alertness of an operator who supervises a
particular process, failure to do this, might leave unchecked errors in the finished product. Fatigue could lead to
serious consequences to health of the worker and may also lead to on-job accidents. To minimize possibility of
such instances, a study has been conducted to measure and find ways to tackle issues of mental fatigue. To
quantify the study, we have taken the case study of Pharmaceutical Sector where this kind of study might have
some impact. [3] The study reveals that workers doings tasks that require high alertness develop fatigue earlier
than anticipated, and therefore need frequent rotation from such activities.
Enhancement of ecg classification using ga and psoeSAT Journals
Abstract ECG signal classification utilizes for different predictions of heart diseases. These ECG signals have to be classified using different frequency bands according to different energy levels for better prediction of features. These signals have to be classified in different five bands P, Q, R, S and T. These sub-bands provide peak information available in different sub-bands. For the classification various approaches have to be implemented for filtration of signal. In the purposed work Adaptive filter has been implemented for the noise reduction from these signals. Classification of the ECG signal has been optimized using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization approach. These approaches of classification provide better results i.e. 100 and 100 for 106o and 119o respectively for energy levels of ECG signal. Keywords:- ECG, noise reduction, Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization approach
Data Collection & Analysis in Human Autonomic Research: How to Guide to Succe...InsideScientific
In this American Physiological Society (APS) webinar produced in partnership with ADInstruments, Jackie Limberg, PhD discusses the basics of human autonomic research as well as some tips and tricks for successful human testing. Implementing key experimental controls and understanding nuances in data collection and analysis during human autonomic testing have important implications for the accuracy and reliability of your findings.
Dr. Limberg introduces the gold standards for measuring both basal and reflex autonomic responses in humans, what equipment is required, and how to minimize variability in your data. The focus of the webinar is on data collection, including recommendations for study design as well as data analysis and interpretation.
Key Topics Include:
- Identify tests appropriate for measuring basal versus reflex autonomic control
- Describe the pros and cons of tests used in human autonomic research
- Create a research setting that is conducive to reliable and accurate human autonomic data
- Select equipment appropriate for the research questions being addressed
- Anticipate and avoid areas that may increase data variability and reduce your ability to interpret results
This paper details the use of Electroencephalography, a methodology commonly applied for
medical purposes such as in detection of mental disorders and in upcoming technological research areas like BCI
(Brain Computer Interfaces), is now re-purposed to use in the Manufacturing sector to reduce the risk of error
and anomalies. Manufacturing involves many tasks that require mental alertness of an operator who supervises a
particular process, failure to do this, might leave unchecked errors in the finished product. Fatigue could lead to
serious consequences to health of the worker and may also lead to on-job accidents. To minimize possibility of
such instances, a study has been conducted to measure and find ways to tackle issues of mental fatigue. To
quantify the study, we have taken the case study of Pharmaceutical Sector where this kind of study might have
some impact. [3] The study reveals that workers doings tasks that require high alertness develop fatigue earlier
than anticipated, and therefore need frequent rotation from such activities.
Assessment of Cardiovascular Effects of Auricular Sympathetic Point Using Acc...IIJSRJournal
Background: Sympathetic auricular acupoint has been used in ear acupuncture to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. However, no experimental studies fully evaluate its cardiovascular action. The indices resulting from the acceleration photoplethysmogram (APG) are used to examine cardiovascular physiology, arterial aging, and the action of vasopressor or inotropic drugs. This work was aimed to examine whether acupuncture at the sympathetic auricular point modifies the indices obtained from the APG.
Materials and methods: The indices of the second derivative of the photoplethysmogram (d2PPG/dt2) or acceleration photoplethysmogram (APG), namely aging index or APG-AI, APG-b/a, and APG-d/a, were calculated in 9 healthy subjects (5 women) aged 34.7 ± 6.0 years (mean ± SD). A 5 min photoplethysmographic record was obtained. The sympathetic point of the right ear was stimulated by manual acupuncture for 60 s (min 3). Pooled APG indices of all subjects were compared at baseline, acupuncture, and after acupuncture, minutes 1-2, 3, and 4-5, respectively. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Acupuncture at the sympathetic point of the right ear produced a significant increase in the APG-b/a index and a significant decrease in the APG-d/a index in both cases during the period of acupuncture stimulation.
Conclusions: Applying the sympathetic auriculopuncture point caused significant changes in the APG-b/a and APG-d/a indices. These changes are similar to those that originate with the administration of vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II. The changes suggest variations elicited through auriculopuncture in the anterograde and retrograde circulatory components of the arterial circulation.
Intro to Transcranial Direct Curent Stimulation (tDCS)Daniel Stevenson
A comprehensive introduction to tDCS with a main focus on research utilizing motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to uncover the physiological mechanism of therapeutic and enhancing effects of tDCS application. Regulation and FDA guidelines are also thoroughly covered. Provides a good source of relevant academic citations (on each slide).
Quantifying Cardiovascular and Behavioral Correlates of Fear in Mice: Implica...InsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/quantifying-cardiovascular-and-behavioral-correlates-of-fear-in-mice-implications-for-ptsd-and-cardiovascular-disease-risk/
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent neuropsychological disorder that is in part characterized by exaggerated cardiovascular and autonomic arousal to trauma reminders, which over time may contribute to greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development (ie., stroke, hypertension). In both humans and rodents, cardiovascular and autonomic responses are strong measures of fear or threat assessment and therefore understanding how these systems go awry in anxiety disorders such as PTSD is critical for improving current PTSD therapies as well as reducing CVD risk in this population.
In this webinar, Dr. Paul Marvar and Benjamin Turley discuss research related to innovative methodology developed in rodent models for pairing real-time multi-modal assessment of behavioral (ie., freezing, startle) and cardiovascular (ie., blood pressure, heart rate) responses to cued fear learning and how these approaches may better inform underlying cardiovascular and autonomic impairments in fear-based disorders, such as PTSD.
Key Topics Include:
- To understand the physiological impact of PTSD on cardiovascular and autonomic homeostasis, CVD risk
- To understand how rodent models of conditioned fear learning can be used to assess real-time cardiovascular and autonomic fear or defensive emotional states in both home-cage and novel environments
- To further understand the benefits for using integrated behavioral and cardiovascular multi-modal methodologies and its translational implications for improved treatments for PTSD and CVD comorbidity
Prevalence of nerve conduction study to determine the prognostic value in Bel...AI Publications
Objective: To assess and compare side to side nerve conduction amplitude and degree of recovery facial nerve in bell’s palsy patients. METHODS: The present study was conducted on 23 Bell’s palsy patients (Aged 20-40 years) within 2week after onset of disease, in department of physiology with collaboration with department of ENT in JLN medical college and attached hospitals, Ajmer. Motor nerve conduction and latency recorded. Patient was made to lie down and surface electrodes were fixed over the skin which is on the nerve and supplying muscle. By stimulating the nerve at two different point and record motor evoke response. Result: Motor response is reduced in facial nerve; If motor response is <10% of normal (moderate-to-severe).recovery time is 6-12month.; If motor response is 10-30% of normal (mild-to-moderate) recovery time is 2-8month.; If motor response is >30% of normal complete recovery expected within 2month. Conclusion: Present study concluded that early recovery (within 2 months) recorded in patients with motor response is >30% of normal as compared to patients with motor response is <10% compared to healthy side. (Within 6-12 months). NCS is used to as an important tool to diagnose and prognoses the facial neuropathy in the Bell’s palsy patients. Significance: Present Study signifies the importance of nerve conduction studies in early initiation of treatment and recovery of facial neuropathy in Bell’s palsy patients.
Assessment of Cardiovascular Effects of Auricular Sympathetic Point Using Acc...IIJSRJournal
Background: Sympathetic auricular acupoint has been used in ear acupuncture to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. However, no experimental studies fully evaluate its cardiovascular action. The indices resulting from the acceleration photoplethysmogram (APG) are used to examine cardiovascular physiology, arterial aging, and the action of vasopressor or inotropic drugs. This work was aimed to examine whether acupuncture at the sympathetic auricular point modifies the indices obtained from the APG.
Materials and methods: The indices of the second derivative of the photoplethysmogram (d2PPG/dt2) or acceleration photoplethysmogram (APG), namely aging index or APG-AI, APG-b/a, and APG-d/a, were calculated in 9 healthy subjects (5 women) aged 34.7 ± 6.0 years (mean ± SD). A 5 min photoplethysmographic record was obtained. The sympathetic point of the right ear was stimulated by manual acupuncture for 60 s (min 3). Pooled APG indices of all subjects were compared at baseline, acupuncture, and after acupuncture, minutes 1-2, 3, and 4-5, respectively. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Acupuncture at the sympathetic point of the right ear produced a significant increase in the APG-b/a index and a significant decrease in the APG-d/a index in both cases during the period of acupuncture stimulation.
Conclusions: Applying the sympathetic auriculopuncture point caused significant changes in the APG-b/a and APG-d/a indices. These changes are similar to those that originate with the administration of vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II. The changes suggest variations elicited through auriculopuncture in the anterograde and retrograde circulatory components of the arterial circulation.
Intro to Transcranial Direct Curent Stimulation (tDCS)Daniel Stevenson
A comprehensive introduction to tDCS with a main focus on research utilizing motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to uncover the physiological mechanism of therapeutic and enhancing effects of tDCS application. Regulation and FDA guidelines are also thoroughly covered. Provides a good source of relevant academic citations (on each slide).
Quantifying Cardiovascular and Behavioral Correlates of Fear in Mice: Implica...InsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/quantifying-cardiovascular-and-behavioral-correlates-of-fear-in-mice-implications-for-ptsd-and-cardiovascular-disease-risk/
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent neuropsychological disorder that is in part characterized by exaggerated cardiovascular and autonomic arousal to trauma reminders, which over time may contribute to greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development (ie., stroke, hypertension). In both humans and rodents, cardiovascular and autonomic responses are strong measures of fear or threat assessment and therefore understanding how these systems go awry in anxiety disorders such as PTSD is critical for improving current PTSD therapies as well as reducing CVD risk in this population.
In this webinar, Dr. Paul Marvar and Benjamin Turley discuss research related to innovative methodology developed in rodent models for pairing real-time multi-modal assessment of behavioral (ie., freezing, startle) and cardiovascular (ie., blood pressure, heart rate) responses to cued fear learning and how these approaches may better inform underlying cardiovascular and autonomic impairments in fear-based disorders, such as PTSD.
Key Topics Include:
- To understand the physiological impact of PTSD on cardiovascular and autonomic homeostasis, CVD risk
- To understand how rodent models of conditioned fear learning can be used to assess real-time cardiovascular and autonomic fear or defensive emotional states in both home-cage and novel environments
- To further understand the benefits for using integrated behavioral and cardiovascular multi-modal methodologies and its translational implications for improved treatments for PTSD and CVD comorbidity
Prevalence of nerve conduction study to determine the prognostic value in Bel...AI Publications
Objective: To assess and compare side to side nerve conduction amplitude and degree of recovery facial nerve in bell’s palsy patients. METHODS: The present study was conducted on 23 Bell’s palsy patients (Aged 20-40 years) within 2week after onset of disease, in department of physiology with collaboration with department of ENT in JLN medical college and attached hospitals, Ajmer. Motor nerve conduction and latency recorded. Patient was made to lie down and surface electrodes were fixed over the skin which is on the nerve and supplying muscle. By stimulating the nerve at two different point and record motor evoke response. Result: Motor response is reduced in facial nerve; If motor response is <10% of normal (moderate-to-severe).recovery time is 6-12month.; If motor response is 10-30% of normal (mild-to-moderate) recovery time is 2-8month.; If motor response is >30% of normal complete recovery expected within 2month. Conclusion: Present study concluded that early recovery (within 2 months) recorded in patients with motor response is >30% of normal as compared to patients with motor response is <10% compared to healthy side. (Within 6-12 months). NCS is used to as an important tool to diagnose and prognoses the facial neuropathy in the Bell’s palsy patients. Significance: Present Study signifies the importance of nerve conduction studies in early initiation of treatment and recovery of facial neuropathy in Bell’s palsy patients.
Ciclo di incontri su "Europa e diritto penale", organizzato dall'Unione delle Camere Penali Italiane col Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati di Verona e la Camera Penale di Verona - Verona 22 novembre 2016
The Factors Influencing to Job Satisfaction with Work Motivation as Moderatorinventionjournals
In order to get achieve job quality is aimed and optimally. major component to achieve the goal is employees as HRM in institutional that continue level toward any program. This research aims to examine, analyze to investigate, the condition and influence work design, training and development, empowerment to motivation and a partial simultaneous. also the influence of the job design, training and development, employee’s empowerment, and working motivation as partial and simultaneous to job satisfaction in Municipality Government Ternate. While testing and analysis of data was done using Structural Equation Model (SEM. Output of study proved the existence of the influence of job design, training and development, empowerment both in the partial and simultaneously. The contribution of R2 = 0.57, it most significant influence of empowerment and motivation of two other variables. While job design, training and development, empowerment, to get synergic with work motivation proved both partial and simultaneously it has positive effects and significant on the job satisfaction by contribution total influence direct and indirect R2 = 0.79 among the fourth variables that influence the achievement of the having valuedominant are motivation
Emotions are an unstoppable and uncontrollable aspect of mental state of human. Some bad situations give
stress and leads to different sufferings. One can’t avoid situation but can have awareness when body feel
stress or any other emotion. It becomes easy for doctors whose patient is not in condition to speak. In that
case person’s physiological parameters are measured to decide emotional status. While experiencing
different emotion, there are also physiological changes taking place in the human body, like variations in
the heart rate (ECG/HRV), skin conductance (GSR), breathing rate(BR), blood volume pulse(BVP),brain
waves (EEG), temperature and muscle tension. These were some of the metrics to sense emotive coefficient.
This research paper objective is to design and develop a portable, cost effective and low power
embedded system that can predict different emotions by using Naïve Bayes classifiers which are based on
probability models that incorporate class conditional independence assumptions. Inputs to this system are
various physiological signals and are extracted by using different sensors. Portable microcontroller used
in this embedded system is MSP430F2013 to automatically monitor the level of stress in computer. This
paper reports on the hardware and software instrumentation development and signal processing approach
used to detect the stress level of a subject.To check the device's performance, few experiments were done in
which 20 adults (ten women and ten men) who completed different tests requiring a certain degree of effort,
such as showing facing intense interviews in office.
Fuzzy logic method-based stress detector with blood pressure and body tempera...IJECEIAES
In this study, using the fuzzy logic method, a stress detection tool was created with body temperature and blood pressure parameters as indicators to determine a person's stress level. This tool uses the LM35DZ sensor to detect body temperature, the MPX5100GP sensor to read blood pressure values, and Arduino Uno as a data processor from sensor readings which are then calculated using the fuzzy logic method as a stress level decisionmaker. The resulting output measures blood pressure, body temperature, and the stress level experienced by a person, which will be displayed on the liquid crystal display. Based on the results of testing the body temperature parameter, the highest error generated was 1.17%, and for the blood pressure parameter, the highest error was 2.5% for systole and 0.93% for diastole. Furthermore, testing the stress level displayed on the tool is compared to the depression, anxiety, and stress scales 42 (DASS 42), a psychological stress measuring instrument. From the results of testing the tool with the questionnaire, the average conformity level is 74%.
EXAMINATION OF THE SKIN CONDUCTANCE LEVEL (SCL) AS AN INDEX OF THE ACTIVITY O...ijbesjournal
This paper displays standardized measurements to examine the skin conductance level (SCL) as an index for the sympathetic nervous system’s activity considering a possible standardization of personal variability. SCL measurements were performed at baseline, Cold-Pressor-Tests and Stroop Tests for 15 subjects and inter- and intra-individual mean SCL values were examined. The logarithmic representation displays a high inter-individual variability, denoted by a high fluctuation range of the absolute values and SCL amplitudes. A standardization of inter-individuality could not be achieved by the applied methods (range correction and z-transformation). For the relative intra-individual comparison of the stress situation to the baseline, a method of correction for the determination of the real effect of sympathetic activation was established. EDA should be combined with other parameters of the ANS for a more precise evaluation of stress situations in the context of changes in blood pressure.
Stress detection during job interview using physiological signalIJECEIAES
A job interview can be challenging and stressful even when one has gone through it many times. Failure to handle the stress may lead to unsuccessful delivery of their best throughout the interview session. Therefore, an alternative method which is preparing a video resume and interview before the actual interview could reduce the level of stress. An intelligent stress detection is proposed to classify individuals with different stress levels by understanding the physiological signal through electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The Augsburg biosignal toolbox (AUBT) dataset was used to obtain the state-of-art results. Only five selected features are significant to the stress level were fed into neural network multi-layer perceptron (MLP) as the optimum classifier. This stress detection achieved an accuracy of 92.93% when tested over the video interview dataset of 10 male subjects who were recording the video resume for the analysis purposes.
Stress detection and relief using wearable physiological sensorsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of the paper was to present a concept and to develop a prototype in the form of a cap
which uses a combination of physiological sensors that work in concert to not only detect high stress levels
in a person during his daily routine and working env ironment, but also initiate immediate relief measures.
The parameters used to detect stress were compared with resting heart rate and brainwave activity to
determine whether the person wearing the cap is in a stressed condition. Stress alleviation was achieved
using Auditory Stimulation and a Scalp Massage. Early detection of stress and its immediate remedy or
reduction can play an important role in preventing mental health disorders. In order to make the product
cost effective, the concept of sensing optimum amount of data to trigger a remedial action was given more
importance than extensive data collection using large number of sensors. Integrating an IOT device will
further allow information to be recorded and transmitted to a caregiver/doctor to prescribe remedial action
and thus prevent the condition to take a pathological form or get complicated. The detailed analysis of the
collected data can help people identify the precipitating factors for stress and thus aims at reduction of
stress related illnesses.
Machine learning-based stress classification system using wearable sensor dev...IAESIJAI
University students often become victims of high-stress levels due to the highly competitive work environment. Unmonitored stress levels in students can inflict severe physiological health problems. This work aims to build a stress classification framework using wearable sensor devices to predict mental stress levels for undergraduate engineering students. It comprises a study to collect a data set of 23 university students using wearable devices for four physiological signals, i.e., electroencephalogram (EEG), electrodermal activity (EDA), skin temperature (SKT), and heart rate (HR), when the students perform the montreal imaging stress task (MIST) for the mental workload. The machine learning models proposed in this work help classify stress into three levels: rest, moderate, and high. The models achieve a classification accuracy of 99.98% using the EEG signals’ time-frequency domain features and an accuracy of 99.51% using the EDA, HR, and SKT signals. The proposed models achieve better scores than all the previous studies on stress classification, using EEG signals and EDA, HR, and SKT signals. This study is novel since it also demonstrates the applicability and proficiency of wearable sensor devices in developing accurate stress classification models to help build real-time stress monitoring systems.
MEDITATION: ITS TREMENDOUS IMPACT ON HEART RATE VARIABILITYcscpconf
The heart is connected through the nervous system directly to major organs and is able to sense
their need. The heart also responds to adrenaline in the blood flowing through it. With these
inputs the heart is able to adjust its rate to accommodate the needs of the whole body. By its
heartbeat, it is able to broadcast a common signal to every cell. One measure of heart health is
Heart Rate Variability (HRV). HRV is defined in terms of how different the lengths of time
between each heart beat is. The greater the difference in times between heart beats, the
healthier is the heart thought to be. Individuals may be able to learn to increase their own HRV
and become healthier by a daily meditation practice. This paper uses Heart Variability as the
base signal for studying the impact of meditation on it. The paper brings out the difference
between pre and post meditation conditions in terms qualitative measure of Power Spectral
Density (PSD) variations using Smoothed Pseudo Wigner Ville (SPWVD) distribution method.The simulations highlight the meditation effects overtime period in PSDs
Home Care Heart Diagnosis and Measurement of Biological Signals Using Intelli...ijsrd.com
the importance behind this work is the development of intelligent, accurate diagnosis of heart rate using blood pressure. BP is the parameter which does not abide by a single range, but it depends upon the factors like age, family history. By using blood pressure system, heart rate of a person is measured. At the present situation the mortality rate has been increased due to rise in blood pressure and heart malfunctions. A Biosensor is used in forth to detect the range of heart rate. Intelligent system used here is fuzzy system which takes age, gender, BMI for the verification. Lab view is other end of the project which is used to connect the hardware to show the progress of measurement. Parameters such as Smoke detection, Temperature measurement, unauthorized entry were are included for additional facilities.
A gsm based intelligent wireless mobile patient monitoring systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Monitoring one’s heart rate and body temperature continuously from a remote area is impossible for a medical expert by using typical monitoring devices. To overcome this problem we can implement a GSM based system using microcontroller and LM35 sensor which is low-cost and use-friendly. Here, a heart beat sensor is used to detect the heart rate and an LM35 sensor to sense the body temperature. These signals are processed by a PIC microcontroller. Then, an SMS alert will be sent to the medical expert by using a GSM module. Thus, doctors can monitor the health condition of a patient continuously from a remote place and can suggest the patient about taking an immediate remedy. As a result, we can save many lives by providing them a quick service using this system. Keywords: Telemedicine, Remote monitoring system, Heart Beat Rate, Body Temperature, Photoplethysmograph, LM35, Microcontroller, GSM Modem etc…
ANS Testing Device University of Miami Study PresentationMaxiMedRx
Visit www.maximedrx.com
Sudopath Sudoscan testing device diabetic study by university of miami. Evaluating a New Approach to Detect Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus using the ES Complex-TSS
Machine-Learning Estimation of Body Posture and Physical Activity by Wearable...sipij
We aimed to develop the method for estimating body posture and physical activity by acceleration signals from a Holter electrocardiographic (ECG) recorder with built-in accelerometer. In healthy young subjects, triaxial-acceleration and ECG signal were recorded with the Holter ECG recorder attached on their chest wall. During the recording, they randomly took eight postures, including supine, prone, left and right recumbent, standing, sitting in a reclining chair, sitting in chairs with and without backrest, and performed slow walking and fast walking. Machine learning (Random Forest) was performed on acceleration and ECG variables. The best discrimination model was obtained when the maximum values and standard deviations of accelerations in three axes and mean R-R interval were used as feature values. The overall discrimination accuracy was 79.2% (62.6-90.9%). Supine, prone, left recumbent, and slow and fast walk were discriminated with >80% accuracy, although sitting and standing positions were not discriminated by this method.
MACHINE-LEARNING ESTIMATION OF BODY POSTURE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BY WEARABLE...sipij
We aimed to develop the method for estimating body posture and physical activity by acceleration signals from a Holter electrocardiographic (ECG) recorder with built-in accelerometer. In healthy young subjects, triaxial-acceleration and ECG signal were recorded with the Holter ECG recorder attached on their chest wall. During the recording, they randomly took eight postures, including supine, prone, left and right recumbent, standing, sitting in a reclining chair, sitting in chairs with and without backrest, and performed slow walking and fast walking. Machine learning (Random Forest) was performed on acceleration and ECG variables. The best discrimination model was obtained when the maximum values and standard deviations of accelerations in three axes and mean R-R interval were used as feature values. The overall discrimination accuracy was 79.2% (62.6-90.9%). Supine, prone, left recumbent, and slow and fast walk were discriminated with >80% accuracy, although sitting and standing positions were not discriminated by this method
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
1. Monitoring of psycho-physiological Processes Based on Skin
Conductivity , Heart Rate and Skin Temperature
Abstract— Happens to humans a lot of psychological
changes resulting from exposure to situations get him daily or
as a result of the actions that carried out by his activity and
his thinking, andthese changes are known as "stress".
Human exposed to the stress, making the nerve impulses
carrying sense to stimulate many glands, including the sweat
glands in the skin layers, causing an increase in secretions of
these glands of sweat that reaches the skin surface through
ducts , influenced by the conductivity of the skin because of
sweat. In addition; many vital signs affected by the secretions
of various glands throughout the body resulting from
psychological status, such as increased heart rate and skin
temperature.
The idea of this project is to design a device that has the
ability to measure various physiological signals, which are
closely linked with symptoms of stress, such as Galvanic Skin
Response (GSR), Heart Rate (HR), and Skin Temperature
(SKT), are measured by different types of medical sensor
equipment and process by Arduino Microcontroller.
Environmental variables and psychological measured
will be made to the microcontroller, such as a microcontroller
(Arduino) for the purpose of data processing, and then take
deliberate and targeted samples for tests and taking different
values and analyzed for "specific stress range" in each case
to facilitate the diagnosis inthe future. So, it is crucial to track
their stress levels early to avoid health problems and
complications. The purpose of this project was to build a
reliable and effective device to measure stress level easily.
I. INTRODUCTION
Stress is one ofthe major factors thatcontributes to physical
and physiological health problems. Stress may affect our main
body systems such as nervous system, musculoskeletal system,
respiratory system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system,
gastrointestinalsystemand reproductive system. If one of these
body systems shut down or not working properly due to stress,
human daily activities will be get influence too, Hence There is a
connection between stress and illness.
Unfortunately, stress disease is one of the most complex
diseasesin therapy, and most of the routes in the diagnosis and
knowledge ofthe levelof tensiontakes a lot of time, according to
public statistics, one person in every four people suffering from
anxiety in a period of his life, so the early detection of stress
protects persons acute complications.
II. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
The treatment ofpsychiatric patients andpeople with stress
needs to sessions oftreatment and long to identify and diagnose
the disease,and most people with stress do notrealize the
seriousness ofits complications,leading to acute stress.
Add modern technologyhelps in detecting the levelofstress
that would help in the identification ofassociated with psychiatric
illnesses,and this will help the doctorto assess the psychological
state of the patient and therefore easier to reduce risks.
It will be invented a way to measure a reliable, easy to use,
reduce the financialand physicalburdenon the patientand alsoget
the results in a few minutes, as well as all that, will be to collect
and analyze the results in order to reach the range for stress
acceptable and range is unacceptable which is harmful to the
patient's health, so this project is a research project and applied.
The main objectives of this project can be summarizedas
follow:-
Development a suite ofa wearable physiologicalsensors
for affective responses fromphysiologicalsignals,
namely, GSR, HR, and SKT.
Design the sensors with ability to measure,store,and
transmit physiologicalparameters using low-power
wireless Bluetooth communication.
Processingfinalresults ofthe physiologicalsignals to
find out range unacceptable stress by taking samples and
statisticalanalysis.
Help patients to speedup the process ofdiagnosis and
thus speeding upthe treatment andreduces the riskof
complications ofsevere psychological.
III . Literature Review and Related Work
Stress is defined as a common physical reaction to events
that cause people to feel threatened and caused their emotional
state to become imbalanced [1]. An optimumstress level allows a
person to work at their optimumlevel of performance. However,
stress stops being positive and starts giving negative impact on
health,emotion and even daily activities. Figure 1.1 illustrates the
relationship of stress level and performance.
2. Figure 1.1:Stress curve [1].
Stress detection system (SDS) has been designed in previous
works for various applications such as measuring soldier stress,
computerusers stress, automobile drivers stress, and so on. So,
different methodologies and systems have been designed by
researchers to cope for the different purposes of research.
For example, Alberto de S.S. et al. proposed a noninvasive
SDS with heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) as
physiologicalsignals input [2].A database is needed for training,
validating and testingthe proposed systemand it is acquired by
performing a set ofpsychologicalexperiments with the purpose of
inducing stress in individuals. The researchers successfully
implemented the 7 proposed system with fuzzy logic and they
recorded 99.5% accuracy by acquiring HR and GSR data with 10-
second measurement and 90% if the period is reduced to 3 to 5
seconds.
Singh M. et al. proposed the use of four main parameters
and their derivatives, namely, Heart rate (HR), galvanic skin
response (GSR), electromyogram (EMG), and respiration rate
(RR) [3]. These four parameters are selected based on their
properties namely non-invasiveness when being acquired and
because their variation is strongly related to stress stimuli [4].
Sun F. T. et al. presented an activity-aware mental stress
detection scheme. The researchers obtained electrocardiogram
(ECG), galvanic skin response (GSR), and accelerometer data
from 20 participants [5]. The purpose of accelerometer in this
case is to measure the proper acceleration of participants across
three daily common activities: sitting, standing, and walking.
Mentalstressclassification for 10-fold cross validation obtained
92.4% accuracy with the aid of activity information derived from
the accelerometerclassification and80.9% accuracy for between-
subjects classification.
Shi Y. et al. used SDS to study both mental and physical
stress. For automatic stress detection, the researchers trained
personalized models using Support Vector Machines (SVMs).
Experiments on the recorded datashowthat the modelcan achieve
good precision and high detection rate. In this work,
Electrocardiogram (ECG), Galvanic Skin Resistance (GSR),
Respiration Rate (RR), Temperature are measured with different
sampling frequency [6].
IV. METHADOLOGY
In this project a portable noninvasive stress level detector
will be designed and implemented, this device will read the
physiological signals; namely, Galvanic Skin Response (GSR),
Heart Rate (HR), and Skin Temperature (SKT), that are low cost,
low power, and non-intrusive to be embedded on a wristband.
These wearable sensors will be capable oflong-termphysiological
monitoring, which is important when dealing with the treatment
and management ofmany chronic illnesses,neurologicaldisorders,
and mental health issues. Examples include: epileptic seizures,
autismspectrumdisorders,depression,drugaddiction and anxiety
disorders.
V . ANALYISIS
This section gives a detail description of the system
operation; The figure below illustrates the general block diagram
that is composed oftwo main parts; sensing part and processing
part.The sensingpart contains galvanic skin response(GSR)sensor
to measure the electrical conductance of the skin, which varies
with its moisture level, and heart rate sensor(HR)to determine the
numberof heart rate perminute, also,the skin temperature sensor
(SKT) that reading the skin temperature,this variable entered into
the accounts of the level of tension in the body.
Figure : Main Block Diagramfor the System.
The following parts describe the principle ofoperationof
each stage.
Galvanic skinresponse (GSR)sensor Design
In this project a newnon-invasive methodto measure Skin
3. Conductance(SC)by Sensorthat providesinformation about
sweat gland activity onthe hand.
The Figure belowdemonstratesthe blockdiagramofthe
systemused to acquire the GSR data thoughelectricalsignals
from the GSR sensor.
Block diagramfor GSR circuit
Wheatstone bridge
Figure below shows the circuit that use a Wheatstone The
purpose ofusing Wheatstone bridge observation is the change in
skin resistance and thus the conductivity of the skin, in order to
get different readings each case.
Wheatstone bridge circuit
In the pervious , R3 is used for calibration and GSR
electrodes representsthe resistance of the skin resistance. When
the voltage (v=5), then the voltage difference between two
terminals can be calculated by the below Equation .
Vd = V (
GSR
GSR + R1
−
R3
R2 + R3
)
Voltage Follower
One of the problems expected to occur is non-arrival of electric
current to the rest of the circuit parts of required current. So to
avoid these problems,it has been used voltage follower or Buffer
which has a voltage gain of 1, with an ideal op amp gives simply:
Vout = Vin
Because the opamp has such high input impedance, it draw
very little current..
Voltage Followers circuit
Differential Amplifier
The purpose of the differential amplifier is to amplify the
difference between two input terminals.
Differential Amplifier circuit
The differentialamplifier voltage is shownin the belowequation:
VO = (Vin+ − Vin) ×−
R7
R6
Only the difference will get amplified 24 times to be detect.
4. Low Pass Filter
The low pass filter enable us to filter out unwanted signals it
allow low frequencysignals from0Hz to the cut-offfrequencyof
5Hz,.such that at high frequencies C1 and C2 act as short
circuits.
Low-Pass Filtercircuit
FC can be calculated by using R8, R9, C1 and C2 as expressed in
below equation :
FC =
1
2π√R8R9C1C2
Let C1= 22nF, so C2was calculated fromequation C2 = 150nF :
And R8, R9 is: R8 = 167.88 KΩ & R9= 1887.9 KΩ
Heart Rate Sensor Design
The heart rate sensor, will be used to monitor the rate of heart-
beat of the patient. by choose Photoplethysmography technique.
This technique dependson thechangeofblood volume in the finger.
The block diagram shown in the below Figure is built to
illustrate the basic design of the proposed heart rate system.
Block diagramfor HR Sensor
Infra-Red Transceiver
The Photoplethysmography technique,dependson the
amount of infra-red (IR) lights that reflected fromthe finger.
LED and phototransistorare arranged in the opposite direction
to sense thereflective IR-beamfrom the changes in arterial
blood volume in the finger,as shown in the belowfigure.
HR Sensor
Transmittance and reflectance are two basic types of
Photoplethysmography.The light is emitted into the tissue and
the reflected light is measured by the detector.
The following circuit showed in below figure, the
ON/OFF control scheme for the infra-red light source.
IR transceiver circuit
The transistor (2N3940) is chosen to deliver a constant
current for IR- LED. the forward current (IF) at which the LED
will transmit the desired wave length is at 20mA. This current is
delivered by the transistor as collector current IC=20mA . with
DC gain current (β) is equal 60the base current (IB) is:
Iβ =
Ic
β
=
20
60 ∗ 1000
= 0.33mA
The resistance R3 that generates the desired Iβis:
R3 =
Vcc−vBE
IB
, The base-emitter voltage (VBE) and VCC are
0.8V and 5Vrespectively ,hence the value of R3 equal 12.7KΩ
5. Band Pass Filter and Non-inverting Amplifier
we need an amplifier and filter circuits to boost and clean the signal.In
Stage I instrumentationas shown in the Figure 4.10,the signalis first
passed through a passive (RC)high-passfilter(HPF) to blockthe DC
component .
Band Pass Filtercircuit
The cut-offfrequencyofthe HPFis 0.5Hz,then FC can be expressed
in equation : FC =
1
2π R4C3
Let C3 =4.7μF, then R4 =
1
2πfcC3
=68KΩ
The outputfromthe HPF goes to low-passfilter(LPF),with cut-off
frequency is 3.4Hz, then FC =
1
2πR6C4
Let C4 =100nF, then R6 =
1
2πfcC4
=470KΩ
The Op-amp operatesin non-invertingmode and hasgain 48,
gain can be calculated by equation 𝐺 = 1 +
𝑅6
𝑅5
the negative input ofthe Op-amp is tied to a reference voltage (Vref) of
2.0V that is generated using a zener diode, as the below figure
At the output is a potentiometer(P1)that acts as a manualgain control.
The secondstagealso consistssimilar HPF and LPF circuits as
shown in the belowFigure The two-steps use amplified and filtered
signalis nowfed to a third Op-amp, which is configured as a non-
inverting bufferwith unity gain.
Comparator
The outputofthe comparatorgoes high.Thus,this arrangement
provides an outputdigitalpulse synchronous to heart beat, which
enable the microcontrollerto countheartbeat.
SkinTemperature Design
will be used in this project to monitor skin temperature of
the patient.
so the sensor of this type NTC thermistor, and also non-linear,
and it must be converted to linear, and we note of the curve, if it
was taken a specified range, the change in this range will be
linearly, the following Figure illustrates range specified where be
the change of resistance with temperature linearly.
6. The following block diagrambuilt to illustrate the basic design of the
proposed system.
The skin temperature sensorvalue depending upon the temperature of
the body . so,The sensor resistance will varied as the temperature is
varied linearly, therefore, the sensor needs a calibration by
potentiometerR3 at a temperature equalto 18c, the output voltage (Vref)
equal 3.33 volt at by controlling the variable resistance (R3), thus the
result of (Vref -Vsensor) equal zero .
Voltage Follower
the importance ofvoltage followerto ensure that the current will reach
for the circuit parts rest fully and properly without problem.
Arduino
The result we have obtained fromdifference between Vref and Vsensor is
fixed equal0.05 volt between each temperature degreethat appear in the
curve shown in the following Figure .
Now, the relationship has become clear between temperature
and voltage difference, and thus build a linear equation of the
fourth degree, it has been the resulting equation after the
introduction of voltage values at each temperature ( C )as
follows:
𝐶 = 𝑎𝑉4
+ 𝑏𝑉3
+ 𝑐𝑉2
+ 𝑑𝑉+ 𝑓
C: Temperature , V: Voltage difference that taken fromthe
skin Where 𝑎 = 1.0245× 10−14
, 𝑏 = −2.16× 10−14
,
𝑐 = 1.911 × 10−14
, d = 20 , f = 18.
VI. RESULTS
52 samples distributedto 38sample for males and 14 for females.
Heart rate
output
on LCD
GSR output on LCD
SKT output
on LCD
7. 7
Based on these results,the resulting readingswere divided into levels
High, Mediumand Low
VII. CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, a prototype of stress detector has been
successfully developed. Based on the results obtained from the
project,it showed that the project achieved the proposed objective.
Heart rate, GSR and body temperature measurement can be monitored
through LCD display.
In conclusion, there are a few groups of people which are in
additionaldangerwhen they are in stressful conditions and a stress
detection system (SDS) can help to prolong their health sensor
handmade GSR sensor and Heart Rate Sensor is implemented with
the device is portable and userfriendly.The visualoutput peripherals
also make the overallsystemmore attractive and useful.By building a
stand-alone stress detector, people can use it to monitor their stress
level easily and understand what stressor cause the stress problem.
Also conclude when measuring psychologicaland heart rate of a
person leading to change his style if that condition is in danger and
thus protect himself from the risk might get him,and the main
advantages of this noninvasive system are fast and user-friendly
measurement.
VIII.ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Palestine Polytechnic University, College of
Engineering, and Electrical Engineering Department. Thanks from
our hearts for all support and for this worthy learning environment.
Also thanks to the head of hopefulness, our parents.
We would like to thankeverybody sharedin successofthis work
either by suggestion, directives, or tips. Thanks to Dr.
Ramziqawasmeh for theirgreat efforts in supervision,suggestion,and
providing experience to accomplishthis work.Also we want to thank
both Eng. Fida’aAlja’fra and Eng. ShehdaZahda For all helps and
worthy suggestions and tips to accomplish this project.
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