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ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား

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m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk cGijhf yKcsur&bJ rnfonfp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;udr# vkyuijf cif;rjyK&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f f h f k f kd S Zefe0g&v 23 &ufpyg pmtrSw-5§}u@H cia&;§95 (061) jzifvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifp}k u@H D JG f kd f h cdia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;/ &yfuu§aus;&Gmrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;tvk@d im rnfonfp;D yGm;a&; kf G f S h vkyief;udr# vkyuicirjyKa=umif; XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v 23 &ufpyg pmtrSwf k f kd f G hf S D JG f 5§}uH@cia&; §95 (547)jzifvnf;aumif; !$e=f um;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? kd f h od@k aomfvnf; 1995 ckEp/f Zlviv 9 &ufae@wif jyKvyonfh jynfci+f zKd ; A[dtvkyf S dk_ f G kf kd k tr_aqmiftzG@J (11§95)tpnf;ta0;rS jynfe,f§wdi;f §c&ki§+rKd @e,f jynfaxmifpk }u@H cia&; k df kd f ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rsm;onf toif;.&HyaiGtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyuicijhf yK&ef Hk f f kd f G qk;H jzwfconf? tqdygp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif&mwGivnf; pnfrsO;f / pnf;urf;rsm;ufkd hJ k f f f txl;owdjyK vkuemaqmif&uom;&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f Zlviv 27 &ufae@pyg pm d f G f G S d_ f JG trSwf 5§}uH@cia&;§95 (547)jzifh !$e=f um;cJonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; vkyaqmif&mwGif kd f h f f vkuem&rnfh pnf;urf;csursm;rSmd f f (u) EkiiEivrsK;d twGuf tusK;d ,kwaprnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; jyKvkyjf cif;rjyK&ef? d f H S hf l f f (c) toif;tqifqif. pnf;&k;H a&;udk xdcuaprnfh tjcm; pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS aqmif h h kd f &Guaeonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKifaqmif&ur_ rjyK&ef? f f S G f (*) toif;tqifqif. *k%oumudk !_;d EGr;f ao;odrapaom/ toif;0ifrsm;. tusipm&dwW h h f d Q f hf ysujf ym;apaom/ trsm;jynforsm;.tjrifwif rwifw,faom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; aqmif l G h f &Gujf cif; rjyK&ef? (Oyrm-t&ufqivyief;/ om;owfvyief;) ponfw@dk jzpfonf?27 kd f k f kf trSewu,fvufawG@wirl jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif f Gf dk f f &mwGif azmfjyygtcsursm;ESihf qef@usiaeayonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u jrefrmEdii. pD;yGm;a&; f f dk kfH tcef;uÀwpfck &,lxm;jcif;onf etzppftpd;k &tm; aps;uGup;D yGm;a&;pepftwGi;f &Sd f pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;rsm;udk tvG,wul xde;f csKyfEiatmif vrf;zGiay;cJonf?28 f kd f hf h jref*%jf rifur%onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyief;jzpfonf? 1995 k h k` D dk f ckEpqef;rSpI e0w(,ck etz). yHy;kd r_jzifh usyf 68 oef; &if;ES;D jrKyfEI “jref*%jf rif” ukr%D Sf h HS k h ` udk wnfaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? e0w (etz)u v$ay;onfh '*Hòk r@d opfajrmufyi;f yifv&wem J kd kH aps;}uD;&Sd qdicef; 382 cef; a&mif;&aiG usyf 39 oef;ESihf vpOfim;&rf;c usyf 6 aomif;cGEihf kf S J S e0w (,ck tez)u v$ay;onfh ajreDue;f aps;rSvnf; usyoef; 200 &&Sconf? xd@k a=umifh J k f d hJ jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;onf EdkifiHydkift&if;tjrpfrsm;udktoHk;ðy+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&uc&m wpfEptwGi;f usyaiG 36 ukaÉausmEihf qdicef;iSm;crsm;vnf; vpOfoef;csI G f hJ Sf f fS kf D 29 &&Sconf? 1995 ckEp/f pufwifbmv jynfci+f zKd ;ESpywfvnf tpnf;ta0;od@k wifoi;f aom d hJ S dk f G 17
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jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tm%mykirsm;. rwufrae&trde@f jzihf tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;udk ESppOfusi;f ycJonf? 2006 df f h ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif csi;f jynfe,fawmifyi;f / rwly+D rKd @wif aus;&Gm(10)&GmrS a'ocH&mom; (200) S f kd G G ausmcef@ukd tm%mydirsm;u rwufrae&trde@f jzihf tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf? wuf f kf hJ a&muf&ef ysuuuygu jyif;xefpm tjypfay;ta&;,lrnf[k tm%mydirsm;u trde@f xwchJ f G f G kf k f onf? qd;k &Gm;onftcsurm oifwef;om;rsm;twGuf pm;eyf&umrsm;udk tdraxmifpk (1)pk h fS d Q f v#if qef(2)uDvEihf usyaiG(1000)udk pm;0wfaea&; =uyfwnf;onf=h um;u wpfywfv#if kd S f (1) }udrf axmufyay;&onf?156 hH 2007 ckEpf arvtwGi;f ppfui;f wdi;f / rk&mc&dif t&mawmf+rdK@e,fwif wpf&mv#if S kd k H G k G G wpfa,mufEe;f rwufrae& ppfoifwef;wuf&ef tm%mydirsm;u trde@f xwconf? oif _ kf k f hJ wef;om;rsm;twGuf pm;p&dwtygt0if taxGaxGueuspm;&dwrsm;twGuf wpftraxmif f kf f df v#if 1000 usyf aumufcconf? wcsewnf;Yyif rE av;wdi;f / rdwvm/ rv_i/f ompnf/ H hJ d f W k Dˆ d 0rf;wGi;f &Sd +rKd @rsm;wGivnf; jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifvi,frsm;udk ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf?157 2003 f dk l hJ ckEp/f ZlvivtwGi;f rauG;wdi;f Yvnf; &JEihf ppfwyfrom;pk0ifrsm;udk rwufrae& ppfoif S d_ f k S d wef;ay;&ef !$e=f um;cJ+h y;D jynfo@l ppfoifwef;twGuf wpf&yfuuv#if vl(30)OD; pkaqmif;ay;&ef G f 158 jynfci+f zdK; +rdK@e,ftm%mydirsm;u !$e=f um;cJonf? kd kf h xd@k jyif 2005 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f yJc;l wdi;f / jzL;+rdK@e,fwif +rdK@e,fv;Hk u|wf jynfo@l S k G ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf? xdtcseu +rdK@e,ftwGi;f &Sd vli,frsm;udk jynfo@l ppfoifwef; hJ k d f rwufrae& trde@f jzifh a'ocHtajcpduppfwyf cr& 306 wyf&if;rS OD;aqmifI jyKvkyconf? k f f hJ wufa&muf&ef ysuuuorsm;udk '%faiG&urnf[k tm%mydirsm;u !$e=f um;cJonf? f G f l kd f kf h oifwef;rsm;onf tenf;qk;Hk wpfywfcef@=umjrifaoma=umifh ud,yivyief;&Sorsm;twGuf h k f kd f k f d l tcuftcJrsm; awG@c=hJ u&onf? tvm;wl yJc;l wdi;f wGif +rdK@e,faygi;f 28 +rdK@e,f&+dS yD; tjcm;+rdK@ k e,frsm;wGivnf; tvm;wl jynfo@l ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf?159 f hJ EdiitwGi;f Y jynfovxtm; enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh pnf;&k;H I jynfo@l ppfrsm; zG@J pnf; kfH l l k aejcif;onf ppftm%m&Sirsm;. tusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,ay;&ef jzpfonf? 2006 ckEp/f f f S =o*kwvY &cdijf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd &rf;+AJ/ ausmufjzL/ rmefatmif+rKd@e,frsm;wGif taemufyi;f f k kd wdi;f rS 'kAvrLS ;}u;D armifarmifvif OD;pD;+y;D tkyptvduf a'ocHjynforsm;tm; jynfo@l ppftzG@J k kd f G fk k l rsm; zG@J pnf;ay;cJonf? txl;ojzifh &cdijf ynfe,fonf w&kwEiitygt0if EdiijH cm; ukr%D h k f kd f H kf ` trsm;tjym;rS a&eHEihf obm0"gwaiG@rsm; &SmazGaeaom t"duae&mwck jzpfonf? ppftpd;k S f &. 0ifaiG&&S&m ae&mjzpfaoma=umifh vk+H cKHa&;t& txl;ta&;}uD;onf? xd@k a=umifh jynf d wGi;f / jynfyrS ppftpd;k &qef@usia&;orm;rsm;u enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh tE &m,fay;vmrnfukd pd;k &drf f W ojzifh jynfovxtm; pnf;&k;H I jynfo@l ppfrsm; zG@J pnf;cJjh cif; jzpfonf?160 xd@k jyif 2005 ckEpf l l k S umvwGi;f vnf; &ckiurf;vGeyifv,fjyifwif *wf(pf)wl;azmfa&;vkyief;rsm;udk umuG,apmifh df f G f f 54
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jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tzG@J onf jynforsm;. ppftpd;k &tay: oabmxm;tajctae/ pm;0wfaea&;ESiywfoufI l hf &ifqiae &onftajctae/ ukeaps;E_e;f owif; ponfrsm;udk axmufvr;f +y;D ae@pOf txuf kd f h f S tqifhqifhudk tpD&ifcHwifjy&onf? ppftpdk;&. axmufvSrf;a&;Xmersm;wGif a,bl,s tm;jzifh vufeufuityprsm;ESihf vk+H cHKa&;qdi&m axmufvr;f a&;udprsm;udk ppfzufqi&m kd f k f k kf S P kd f vk+H cKH a&;tzG@J u aqmif&u+f y;D Ediia&;qdi&m/ 0efxrf;a&;&mESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdi&m axmufvr;f G kfH kf kf S a&;udprsm;udk p ok;H vk;H tzG@J uaqmif&uI jynfovxtwGi;f axmufvr;f a&;vkyief;rsm;udk P G f l l k S f jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif; (ac: ) jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J u aqmif&uconf?165 kd f kd G f hJ rGejf ynfe,f/ aygi+f rKd @e,f&/dS +rKd @e,f&wyfz@JG rS &Jt&m&SwpfO;D u 2002ckEp/f 'DZifbmv J d S wGif xkwa0onfh “0g'jzef@csa&;ppfybmom&yf”trnf&dS pmwrf;wpfcwif pdw"mwfppfqif f d JG k G f a&;ESihf 'Drua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tm; xdywu&ifqiwucua&; enf;vrf;rsm;udk tao;pdwf kd f kd f kd f kd f kd f 166 xnfoi;f azmfjycJonf? 2000 ckEpwivnf; tvm;wl +rdK@e,f&wyfz@JG rS vufaxmuf&J h G h S f Gf J t&m&SwpfO;D jzpfol usioe;f u jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; oifwef;wpfco@kd wufa&mufci;f d f d kd k kd cJonf? xdoifwef;onf pdw"gwppfqifa&;udk txl;tav;teufxm;+yD; ppfwyfEihf a'o h k f f S pnf;&k;H v_@aqmforsm;twGuf owif;ay;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&u&ef toif;0ifvi,frsm;udk H l G f l 167 pkaqmif;xm;aom oifwef;jzpfonf? 2005 ckEp/f ZGevwGif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jyifyurBmod@k owif;aygu=f um; S f kd r_ r&Sap&ef apmif=h uyf&rnf[k !$e=f um;csuwpfapmifxwjf yefI owday;cJonf? jynfyEdiiH d f k h kf rsm;rS owif;xkwjf yefrrsm;tm; pepfwusw@kH jyef&efEihf 0g'jzef@csa&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif&ef _ S D f f twGuf owif;ESijhf yef=um;a&;tzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;I xd@k !e=f um;csutm; taumiftxnfazmfchJ $ f onf?168 2007 ckEp/f {+yvydi;f wGivnf; &efuewi;f +rKd @e,frsm;&Sd &yfuursm;rS wpf&yfuuf S D k f k f kd G f G v#if (3)OD;E_e;f v#K@d 0ua&G;cs,I owif;yd@k / owif;,loifwef;ESihf vk+H cKa&;oifwef;rsm;udk yd@k cs&ef S f f H jyifqifconf? hJ 2006 ckEp/f arvtapmydi;f Y jynfci+f zdK;twGuf owif;pmoifwef;rsm; usi;f ycJh S k kd onf? oifwef;zGiytcrf;tem;wGivnf; jynfci+f zKd ;wGbuftwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;aZmfrif;u enf; hf JG f dk J ynmuGm[r_ukd tcGiaumif;,l+y;D jynfwi;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpuzufaeonfh jynfyrD',mrsm; hf G G f D udk wefjyefwucu&mwGif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J u OD;pm;ay;vkyaqmifom;&rnf[k ajymqdchJ kd f kd f kd f G k 169 onf? xd@k jyif2006 ckEp/f atmufwbmv (24)ae@&uf/ t*F gae@xwf jrefrmhtvif;owif; S kd k pmwGif rD;&xm;0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf jynfci+f zdK;A[dtvkytr_aqmifvnf;jzpfol OD;atmifrif;u kd k f etzppftpd;k &ESihf ‚if;wd@k .tpDtpOfrsm;udk axmufyay;&efz@JG pnf;xm;onfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif; hH kd . 0g'jzef@csa&;vkyief; owif;ESijhf yef=um;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif xdxa&mufa&mufaqmif&uf d f f d G Edi&ef &nf&,+f y;D jynfci+f zKd ;toif;twGuf owif;pmoifwef;zGihf vSp&jcif;jzpfonf[k ajymqdchJ kf G kd f k 170 onf? jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk yd@k csaeaom owif;pmoifwef;rsm;onf jynfyrD',mrsm; kd D 56
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jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; vli,fwOD;udvnf; t=urf;zuf &duEuconf?221 arvydi;f wGivnf; &efue+f rKd @ ajcmufxyf}u;D k k f S f hJ k f k bk&m;od@k tifet,fv'tzG@J 0ifrsm; oGm;a&muf0wfjyK qkawmif;aepOf ppftpd;k & vufuif f f D kd wkwrsm;u wefjyefqawmif;r_rsm;jyKvyum taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? ,if;vufuiwwf f k kf f h kd f k rsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf olr.cifye;f rkuu,ft&pfw@kd . ESpa,mufwyyg wD&yf S G d f J f JG Hk S rsm;0wfqif+y;D tifet,fv'tzG@J 0if 0wfjyKqkawmif;aeolrsm;ab;Y xdiI “jynfytm;ud;k f fD kf ykqe&;dk tvdr&S/d jrefrmjynfukd jrefrmwdi;f &if;om;awGom tkycsKyf&ygv./ jrefrmjynfrm d f k k f kd S tqd;k jrif0g'awG uif;&Si;f &ygv.”pojzifh toHus,avmifpm atmf[pfI wefjyef taESmuf D kd f G t,Suay;cJonf? xdr#omru 0wfjyKqawmif;t+y;D bk&m;ay:rSjyefqif;csewivnf; bk&m; f h k k df Gf apmif;wef;wGif xdvtyprsm;u tifet,fv'tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk t"rRqac:ojzifh &ke;f &if; k l k f k f f D JG qefcwf jzpfym;cJonftxd tajctaeqd;k &Gm;cJonf?222 tvm;wlpm rE av;wdi;f / jyifO;D vGif G h h G W k +rdK@e,f tifet,fv'D pnf;&k;H a&;aumfrwDtzG@J 0ifrsm; aemifcrf;}uD;aus;&Gm&Sd aemifcrf;}uD; f f bk&m;ay:wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf qkawmif;aecsewivnf; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;u wHjrufpnf;rsm;jzifh eH&H df Gf kd f rsm;ESihf =urf;cif;rsm;udk &duEuI ,kwrm=urf;wrf;pGm aESmuf,uconf?223 k fS f f S f hJ 1996 ckEp/f azazmf0g&vY jrefrmEdii. yxrOD;qk;H 'Drua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,f S D kfH kd wifajrSmufjcif;cHc&aom 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek uG,veonfh (1)ESpjf ynfajrmuf txdr;f hJ f G f h trSwf tcrf;tem;wpfcukd usi;f yjyKvkyconf? xdtcrf;tem;od@k wufa&mufvmaom k f hJ k vlxtwGi;f od@k teDa&mifvufarmif;ywfrsm; 0wfqifxm;aom jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk k kd pdr@f 0if xd;k azguap+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf rde@f ce;f ajym=um;onftcg c&rf;csOo;D rsm;jzifh f G h f ypfaygu&ef tm%mydirsm;u !$e=f um;cJonf? 1996 ckEpf {+yDv jrefrmhEpopfu;l ae@wif f kf h S S f G vnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf.aetdro@kd oGm;&mvrf;rsm;tm; wm;qD;ydwq@kd xm;cJ+h yD;/ vrf; f f ay:&Sd twm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmjf zwfvmonfh NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; ¶duEurnf[k jynfci+f zKd ; D k fS f dk tzG@J 0ifrsm;u +cr;f ajcmufc=hJ uonf? xdEptwGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf yJc;l +rKd @&dS emrnf d kSf }uD; bk&m;wpfqltm; oGm;a&mufz;l ar#mrnf[k owif;rsm;xGuay:cJ&m/ tm%mydirsm;u f f h kf a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vrf;rSapmif}h udKwducu&ef jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;udk wm0efay; k f kd f kd apv$wconf? od@k aomfvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf xdb&m;od@k om;a&mufcjhJ cif; r&Sd f hJ k k G 224 ojzifh tpDtpOf ysuc&onf? f hJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@csKyf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_ rsm; etzppftm%mykirsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J rsm;udk tok;H jyK df kd f k kd I NLD ygwEihf ygwtaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; taESmift,Suay; DS D h f 70
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jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 2005 ckEpwif trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufvmaom wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm; Sf G k wGif ud,pm;vS,ta&twGuf (633)OD;rSm jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;jzpfI nDvmcHwufa&muf k f f kd d ol ud,pm;vS,O;D a& pkpaygi;f . (58)&mckiEe;f &Sconf?255 rauG;wki;f twGi;f &Sd +rKd @e,fwpfck k f f k d f _ d hJ wGif trsKd ;om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufou,pm;vS,f (3) OD;teuf (2)OD;rSm jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if l kd f dk rsm; jzpfonf? tvm;wlyif &cdijf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd +rKd @e,ftoD;oD;rS trsK;d om;nDvmcHu,pm; k kd f 256 vS,rsm;onfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfonf? ‚if;wd@k onf Oya'a&;&muír;f usif f dk olrsm; r[kwouJo@kd jynfovxu a&G;cs,wifa¹rSmufxm;onfh ud,pm;vS,rsm;vnf; f h l l k f k f f 257 kd k f f r[kway? xd@k tjyif trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufrnfh jynfci+f zKd ;ud,pm;vS,rsm;udk f vnf; ppftpd;k &u aiGa=u;taxmuftyHrsm; ay;cJonf?258 xdaiGa=u;taxmuftyHrsm; h h k h onf jrefrmjynf&dS tdraxmifptoD;oD;rS vduvaumufcxm;aom jynfovx. aiGa=u; f k k f H H l l k 259 rsm;om jzpfonf? Tod@k jzifh ppftpd;k &onf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if trsK;d om;nDvmcHu,pm; kd kd f vS,rsm;tm; aiGa=u;axmuftyHrsm;/ rufv;Hk rsm;ay;I nDvmcHwufa&muf&ef qGaqmif f h J pnf;&k;H cJonf? rufv;kH ay;qGaqmifrrsm;rygyJ jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm; pnf;¶H;k Edipr;f r&Say? h J _ dk kfG d tem*wfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ppftpdk;&. ausmaxmufaemufcHtzGJ@jzpfonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifu a&muf,O+f yKd ifEi&ef tqifoifjh zpfonftxd trsKd ;om;nDvmcHtm; dk S kd f (14)ESp=f umatmif tcseqJG usi;f yay;cJonf? ppftpd;k &u wzufoufa&;qGxm;aom zG@J pnf; df h J tkycsKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif wyfrawmf(ppfwyf)tm; v$wawmftrwfae&m (25)&mcdiEe;f udk f f kf_ tvdtavsmufay;xm;+y;D use&aomae&mrsm;udr_ a&G;aumufywif 0ifa&muf,O+f yKd i&rnfh k f dS k JG G S f Ekiia&;ygwrsm;twGuf csevyxm;cJonf? txl;ojzifh ppftpd;k &onf use&aom trwf dfH D f S f h f dS ae&mrsm;udk ‚if;wd@k .vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;tm; 0ifa&muf,O+f yKd iap&ef pDpOfxm;+y;D kd f k kd S f Ediiawmftm%mwpfcv;Hk udk jyefvnfcsKyfuiEi&ef tm;xkwconf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfcif kfH k kd f kd f f hJ kd +zdK;toif;wGif tajctaeta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh tzG@J 0if oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm&Saeaomfvnf; d a&G;aumufywif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKif&eftwGuf Ediia&;t&wufºuGr&onf@ tzG@J 0ifta& JG G S kfH _ dS twGurm tvGeenf;yg;vSonf? Ttcsuonf ppftm%mydirsm;tm; pd;k &drruif;jzpfapcJh fS f f kf f 260 onf? tem*gwa&G;aumufyrsm;wGif jynfci+f zdK;toif;u tEdi&&Sygu jrefrmhEiia&; f JG kd kf d kd f H onf wpfygwtm%m&Sipepfo@kd jyefvnfa&muf&vm+yD; jynfovx. ae@pOfb0rsm;onf D f dS l l k vnf; ydrq;kd &Gm;vmrnf jzpfonf? xd@k jyif wpfygwtm%m&Sitjzpf jyefvnfay:xGuvmrnfh k kd D f f etzppftpd;k &onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;.tcef;u¾udk jriwifay;&ef}uKd ;yrf;+y;D wcsewnf;Y kd S hf df NLD ygwtm; tjrpfjzwfacsre;&ef }udK;yrf;rnfjzpfayonf? D _ f ---------------------------- 82
m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk rS w f p k r sm; 1 jynfaxmifpk+uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh &HykHaiG &Smjcif;/ vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)/ 1996 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (19)&uf? 2 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;/ tajccHpnf;rsOf;/ 1993 ckESpf pufwifbmv (15)&uf? 3 Mobilization of the Mass: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. Burma Issues. 2003. 4 Politics of Stability: Co-opting Burma’s Civil Society Through the USDA. V Coakley. Burma Issues Newsletter Vol. 8, No.10. October 1998. 5 USDA Serving National Interests as it Represents the People. Eint Dail. The Golden Land. 4 November 2005. 6 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate. Vol. 4. Jan-Feb 1997. 7 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (10)&uf? jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ 1994 ckESpf/ pm 75? 9 tm%mydkifawG a'ocHawGudk }uH@zGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SifxJ t"rRxnfhoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (6)&uf? 10 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 8 11 SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin Districe. An Independent Report by the Karen Human Rights Group. 22 February 1994. 12 Demoratic Voice of Burma. 180302. 13 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 14 USDA Membership on the Increase. KAO WAO News No. 76. 9-24 September 2004. 15 Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB. 16 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 11/01/2005 &ufae@ a&$[oFmcef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom jynfcdkif+zdK;toif; vpOfykHrSef tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rS aumufEkwfcsuf? 18 EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@. aqmif&Gufcsuf ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;/ wdkif;usKd; jynfjyK/ wwd,wGJ/ 1995 {+yDv (1) rS 1997 Ekd0ifbm v (14)? 17 19 New Light of Myanmar. 12 February 2005. 20 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 21 Burma’s Myinggyan college students forced to join USDA. Democratic Voice of Burma. 15 August 2006) 22 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 83
jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 23 Mandalay Students Tricked into Joining USDA Member. Democratic Voice of Burma. 2004. 24 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckeSpf azazmf0g&D 1 &uf? 25 USDA Rises Again. SHAN. 11 October 2003. 26 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wf tpnf;ta0;odk@ wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm (1995)/ jynfaxmif pk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;? 27 28 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate. Vol. 4, No.1. Jan-Feb. 1997. 29 AB-NA 960429. NDD Chronology 1996. 30 Human Rights Year Book 1996: Burma. NCGUB.Page-651. 31 Mobilization of the Masses: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L.Hancock. Burma Issues.2003. 32 ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wf tpnf;ta0;odk@ wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm/ 1995 ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;? 33 AB-NA 960317. NDD Chronology 1996. 34 USDA HQ’s Business and Fundraising. Inside Source. NDD. 2005. 35 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@ ADG'D,dkxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifvm/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 16 &uf? 36 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckeSpf arv? 37 USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News. 24 November 2003. 38 Oppression on NLD Members Continue in Rangoon Thone Gwa. Democratic Voice of Burma. 10 December 2005. 39 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf pufwifbmv 8 &uf? 40 Burma Pokokku USDA Secretary Uses Thugs to Cow People. Democratic Voice of Burma. 5 November 2005. 41 42 43 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/ 2007 ckESpf? USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News. 24 November 2004. 44 Burmese Civil Servants Sacked for Signing NLD Petition. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 August 2004. 45 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pnf;&kH;a&;pDrHcsuf/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f/ 2003 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 31 &uf? 84
m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 46 tzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm; E_wfxGuf&ef }uH@zGH@tzGJ@ rufvkH;ay;pnf;&kH;/ 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv 28 &uf? 47 Burma’s Forced Registration-the Final Onslaught? The Irrawaddy. 01 December 1998. 48 Opposition Resignations Cited in Myanmar. The Associated Press. 6 May 2006. 49 Inside Source. NDD. 17 May 2006. 50 PDC News commentary. the Political Defiance Committee (PDC) of the National Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB). July 2007. 51 USDA Members Enticing NLD Members to Quit Party at Shwebo. Democratic Voice of Burma. 22 August 2006. 52 Burma Junta’s USDA Members Pressure NLD Members to Quit Party. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 November 2005 53 Another NLD leader forced to resign by pressures from Burma junta. Democratic Voice of Burma. 27 April 2006. 54 Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. p. 247. 55 Burma junta’s USDA members pressure NLD members to quit party. Democratic Voice of Burma. 04 November 2005. 56 NLD Members Forced to Join USDA in Eastern Burma. 19 August 2004. 57 NLD Member Refused Teaching Job in Southern Burma. Democractic Voice of Burma. 20 August 2004. 58 NLD Member Pressured to Quit NLD in Mandalay Division, Burma. 24 August 2004. 59 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv? 60 Voice of Burma. Issue No. 568. AUGUST 27, 2006 61 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv? 62 USDA: The Organization Strengthening the Military Rule in Burma (Myanmar). The Mon Forum. April 2005. 63 USDA Distrubs Formation of NLD Social Support Group. Burma News International. 26 April 2004. 64 NLD Probihited from Donating Rice to Flood-Hit Areas in Burma. Democratic Voice of Burma. 21 August 2004. 65 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (11)&uf? tm%m&_;ppftkyfpku ema&;tzGJ@udk }uH@zGwfvufatmuf oGwfoGif;&ef }udK;yrf;/ Voice of Burma /2006 ckESpf =o*kwfv (22)&uf? 66 85
jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 67 atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (11)&uf? 68 atmifjrifaeonfh acsmuf+rdK@rS ema&;ulnDr_vkyfief;udk }uH@cdkifzGH@+zdK;a&; 0ifcs,fvS,f/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 25 &uf? 69 apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef;wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 17 &uf? 70 jynfaxmifpk}uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0; (2005) rS aumufE_wfazmfjycsuf? 71 apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef; wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 17 &uf? 72 Burma USDA members told to take control of local activities. 9 September 2005. 73 }uH@zGH@u tusOf;om;rsm;udk "gwfykH&kduf+yD; rdom;pkudk aiGaxmufyHh/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (6)&uf? 74 EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rdom;pkrsm;udk tm%mykdifrsm;u +cdrf;ajcmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (23)&uf? 75 USDA Members Told to Take Control of Local Activities. Democratic Voice of Burma. 9 September 2005. 76 Red Cross Hopes to be Left Alone. The Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006. 77 e,fjcm;rJhq&m0efrsm;tzGJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv (30)&uf? 78 Red Cross Hopes to Be Left Alone. Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006. jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g; jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv (4)&uf? EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppftkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ (27)&uf? RFA/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 79 ICRC Might Be Allowed to Inspect Burmese Prisons Freely Again. Democratic Voice of Burma. 12 January 2006. 80 EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppf tkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ RFA/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (27)&uf? 81 tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceD&kH;rsm; jyefzGifhcGifh&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (15)&uf? 82 jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g;jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv (4)&uf? 86
m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 83 /2006 ckESpf arv 24 &uf? jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005 ckESpf? Voice of Burma 84 85 Monthly Human Rights Situation Report. Mergui-Tavoy Information Department. KNU. October 2003. 86 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13 &uf? 87 jrpf}uD;em;wGif wefjyefoydwfarSmuf&ef e,frS 0efxrf;/ }uH@zGH@awG ac:,lvlpk/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 29 &uf? 88 etznDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudk ucsifvli,frsm;uef@uGuf/ rZdÆlrowif;Xme/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 8 &uf? 89 trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. 2004ckESpf/ ar (27)&ufae@&ufpGJyg a=ujimcsuftrSwf-6 (5§03)? 90 jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unff/ 2003 ckESpf/ arv (29)&ufae@n/ rkH&Gm+rdK@qdkif;bkwfwifyGJwGif ajym=um;cJhaomrdef@cGef;rS? 91 Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. p. 247. 248. 92 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv? bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (2)/ 1994 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (21)&uf? 94 awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdk bm 2 &uf? 95 rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvky/f MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf? 96 yckuULoHCmawmfrsm;u arwWmydk@ vrf;av#mufqENjyyGJudk jyefvnfpwif+yD/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 31 &uf? 97 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf? 98 rauG;+rdK@nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf? 99 bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (1)/ 1994 ckESpf az azmf0g&Dv (21) &uf? 100 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpfpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf? 93 87
jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 101 ppftpdk;&nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJrSm ausmif;om;vli,frsm; rdk;rd+yD;zsm;em/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 10 &uf? 102 Human Rights Year Book 1994: Burma. NCGUB. Page-124. 103 The Burmese Generals are Lying to the World. Rhododendron News. Volume VI. No. V. September-October 2003. Chin Human Rights Organization. 20 October 2003. 104 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13 &uf? 105 rauG;+rdK@nDvmcH axmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf? 106 erfhcrf;qENazmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf? 107 etz&J@ EdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajrykHaxmufcHyGJawG jynfe,feJ@wdkif;toD;oD;rSm qufwdkufjyKvkyf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 21 &uf? 108 SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin District. An Independent Report by the Karen Human Rights Group. 22 February 1994. 109 rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvkyf/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf? MIZZIMA news / 110 Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. 1994. 111 Forced Backing for Road Map. Irrawaddy. 22 September 2003. 112 Sieg Heli, SPDC: Burma Junta Thugs Hold Mass Rallies for Military Rule. Democratic Voice of Burma. 12 January 2006. 113 Adkvfcif!Gef@udk axmufcH&ef vmbfxdk;jrLqG,f/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf? 114 yJcl;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wtdrfwa,muf t"rRwufa&mufcdkif;/ aps;qdkif;rsm;vnf; ydwf&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (16)&uf? 115 twkta,mifaxmufcHyGJ bdkuav;ESif jr0wDwGifjyKvkyf/ &kd;r 3/ 2007 ckESpf atmuf wdkbm 25 &uf? 116 aiGusyf 3000 &I qENjy/ Radio Free Aasia /2007 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 2 &uf? 117 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 1 &uf? 118 erfhcrf;qEN azmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf? 88
m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 119 tar&dueftm;udk; ykqdef&kd;qdkifbkwfrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimrsm;tay: Y wifxm;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 5 &uf? 120 anmifESpfyifaxmufcHyGJrsm; usif;y&efpDpOf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 2 &uf? 121 oef;a&$ema&;ydk@a&; 'dk@ta&; atmfcJhol 3 OD; tzrf;cH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 4 &uf? 122 awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdk bmv 2 &uf? 123 Report Card, Burma. 1 December 2001-31 March 2002. Altsean Burma. July 2002. 124 The Burmese Military Intelligence Extorts Money from the Fish Boats for NGOs. Narinjara News. 125 a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22)&uf? 126 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;ESpfywfvnf oif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005 ckESpf? 127 a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22) &uf? 128 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (30)&uf? 129 People’s Land Confisc-ated for Sale in USDA Fund Drive. BNI Weekly News. 15 December 2003. 130 Burmese Authorities Misappropriates Money for Children’s Education. Demoratic Voice of Burma. 11 April 2005. 131 tezwdk@ avab;tultnDay;r_udk jzwfpm;/ rauseyfI 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfcif!$ef@xH wdkif=um;olrsm;tm; zrf;qD;/ Narinjara News /2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (9)&uf? 132 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@u ausmif;&HykHaiGudk tvGJokH;pm;vkyf/ &kd;r-3/ 2007 ckESpf Zlv_difv 6 &uf? 133 &kH;aqmuf&ef aiGodef;(50)udk acsmuf}uH@zGH@pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;ESifhtzGJ@ udk,fusKd;okH;/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 24 atmufwdkbm 2006? 134 Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of the Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar. 18 June 2004. 135 EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;&ef rGefjynfe,f/ rk'kH+rdK@e,fwGif oifwef; ay;/ Voice of Burma /2003 ckESpf rwfv 20 &uf?) 89
jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 136 jynfaxmifpk+uH@ckdifa&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoifvkH; u|wftpnf;ta0; (2007) wGif ajym=um;cJhaom AdkvfcsKyfrSL;=uD;oef;a&$rdef@cGef;rS aumufE_wfcsuf/ jrefrmhtvif;owif; pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 17 &uf? 137 jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;. 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pGJyg awmifOuUvmypDrHcsufrS aumufEkwfcsuf? 138 etzu tzGJ@csKyf+zdKcGJa&; enf;AsL[mopfrsm;csrSwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2005 ckESpf {+yDv 20 &uf? 139 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifh ta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 18 &uf?) 140 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (7 §2006)/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 2 &uf/ jrefrmhtvif;o wif;pm? 141 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;? 142 pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm v 11 &uf? 143 pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm v 11 &uf? 144 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate. Vol.4, No.1. Jan-Feb. 1997. Quote from Gen. Than Shwe, 1996. 145 Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB. The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian Wing of the Military Junta Must not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6. July 2003. 146 147 jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf? jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH;twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf? 149 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/26-3-2007? 150 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH; twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf? 151 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef 0efxrf;rsm;tm; ppfoifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 13 &uf? 148 152 Police deliver military training to civilians. Democractic Voice of Burma. 30 October 2007. 153 Mon State PDC Ordered Chaungzon USDA to Form USDA Battalion in Town. Burma News International. 15 October 2004. 90
m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 154 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/ 21-3-2007? 155 Recruiting Civilians in Village Communities to Attend Short-Term Basic Military Training. Independent Mon News Agency. 18 June 2003. 156 SPDC trains over 200 Chin people. Khonumthung News. 12 September 2006. 157 &Gmomrsm; ppfoifwef;wuf&ef tm%mydkifrsm;u trdef@xkwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf arv 7 &uf? 158 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEkdifiHvkH;twdkif;twmESifh etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf? 159 jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf? 160 &cdkifjynfe,fY t&HwyfzGJ@tm; jynfol@ppfESifh rD;owfrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;rnf[kqdk/ ed&OP&m owif;/ 2006 ckESpf =o*kwf v 12 &uf? 161 &ckdifurf;vGefwGif; etzu ppfpcef;rsm;wdk;csJ@/ Mizzima News/ 2005 ckESpf pufwifbm v 8 &uf? 162 Burmese Army forms people’s militias in border area. Narinjara News. 14 February 2007. 163 Two Militia Trainings Held in Maungdaw inquire. Narinjara News. 30 October 2007. 164 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. 165 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efyg xrf;aqmif/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpf 'DZifbm 29 &uf? 166 Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on Hands of Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar. 18 June 2003. Monland. 167 USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30. November 1-13, 2002. 168 Moles on Moles: Burma USDA Warns Members against News Leak. Democratic Voice of Burma. 29 June 2005. 169 jynfyrD'D,mawGudk etzu tD;enf;eJ@ wdkufrnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf arv 4 &uf? 170 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 24 &uf? 171 Burma USDA members to be given military intelligence courses. Democratic Voice of Burma. 13 September 2006. 172 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 173 USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30. November 1-13, 2002. 174 Confidential News of the USDA. Inside Source. NDD. 15 January 2005. 91
jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 175 ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk w&m;pGJ&ef tezu tcsuftvuf&SmazG/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf? 176 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 177 Inside Source. NDD. 1 May 2006. 178 udkoufEdkifOD;tr_tm; +rdK@awmfowif;pmrSm vdrfvnfIazmfjy/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv 23 &uf? 179 jynfwGif;owif;oHk;oyfcsuf-trSwfpOf (292)/ tifef'D'D/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 28 &uf? tm%mydkifrsm;. 0kdif;0ef;&kdufESufjcif;cH&olwOD;tygt0if &Gmom; 6 OD; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;cH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2007 ckESpf {+yDv 27 &uf? 180 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 23 &uf? 181 ajrmufOuUvmy &,u&kH;Y zrf;qD;cHxm;&pOf vlwOD; aoqkH;r_jzpf/ {&m0wDtifwmeuf r*~Zif;/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 19 &uf? 182 t&yfom;wpfOD; aoqkH;r_Y oufaoxGufqdkrnfholudk }uH@zGH@rsm;u vdkufvHzrf;qD;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 21 &uf? 183 =unfhjrifwdkifpcef;rSL; vuf&JZuf&J ESdyfpuf!Sif;yef;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &uf? 184 etz au|;arG;xm;wJh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; vlxkudk vuf&JZuf&JtEdkifusifh/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 6 &uf? 185 Rangoon Sanchaung NLD Youth Attacked by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 21 August 2005. 186 Burmese Local Authority on Trial in Rangoon Hlain Thaya. Democratic Voice of Burma. 30 August 2005.) 187 oHvufoD;jzihf txdk;cH&onfh vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;. tr_udkqufvufppfaq;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwfv 14 &uf? 188 jynf+rdK@wGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;wpfOD; }uH@zGH@tzGJ@wcsKd@. &dkufESufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf pufwifbm 1 &uf? 189 Prome University Students Beaten Up By Free-Range Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 15 March 2004. 190 Burma Arakan Muslin Student Killed by ‘Unknown’ Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 September 2005. 191 Car Victim Told to Drop Charge Against Burma Junta Official. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 July 2004. 192 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@.0dkif;0ef;&dkufESufr_a=umifh rE Wav;rS vli,fwOD; aq;&kHa&muf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 12 &uf? 92
m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 193 “New” Strategies Dreamt Up by the Burma Junta to Destroy the NLD. Democratic Voice of Burma. 22 June 2005. 194 Human Rights Year Book 2001-2002: Burma. NCGUB. 195 USDA Sets Village on Fire and Kidnap 32 Muslim Students in Burma. Muslim Information Center of Burma. News Story 097. February 4, 2003. 196 Hindu Temple Burnt Down in Central Burma by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 2 July 2005. 197 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf? 198 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf? 199 jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;. a=ujimcsuf/ 1369 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynfh ausmf 12 &uf (9-9-2007) we*FaEGae@/ pmtrSwf (1§2007)? 200 jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;. a=ujimcsuf/ 1369 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynfh ausmf 12 &uf (9-9-2007) we*FaEGae@/ pmtrSwf (1§ 2007)? 201 oydwf+zdKcGif;&ef ppfwyfvkH;0rokH;a&;/ pGrf;tm;&Sif }uH@zGwfrsm;omokH;a&;/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 10 &uf? 202 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;? 203 Irrawaddy. 24.8.2007. 204 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (2§2007)/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 4 &uf? 205 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&; txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;.tpD&if cHpm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf?) 206 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (2§2007)/ jrefrmhtvif;/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 4 &uf? 207 aiG=um,Hq&mawmf ausmif;wdkufudk jyefvnfa&muf&Sd owif;okH;ae/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 17 &uf? 208 *sDwDtkdifwGif zrf;qD;xm;onfh oHCmawmfrsm;udk &dkufESufcJhonfh pGrf;tm;&Sifpm&if;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 7 &uf? 209 The Story About Poe Suu. Burma Update By PDC/NCUB. 29 November 2007. 210 atmif"rRygv bkef;}uD;ausmif;udk }uH@zGwfESifh r,u pD;eif; bkef;awmf}uDwpfyg;udk zrf;qD;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 16 &uf? 211 r*~ifausmif;wdkufydwf&jcif;ta=umif; &JcsKyfajym=um;csufrrSef/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 13 &uf? 93
jynf c d k i f ò zd ; 212 od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; }uH@zGH@ESifhpGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@rsm; jynfolESifhyl;aygif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufwGef;/ acwf+ydKif *sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwf 27 &uf? 213 }uH@zGH@ESifhpGrf; tm;&SiftzGJ@rsm; jynfolESifhyl;aygif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufwGef;/ acwf+ydKif *sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwf 27 &uf? 214 etzu }uH@zGH@udk olaumif;jyKae+yD/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm v 16 &uf? 215 qENjyjynfolrsm;udk t=urf;zufcJhwJh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm;udk &efukefpnfyifrSm tvkyfcef@ae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 19 &uf? 216 qENjyoHCmawmfrsm;udk &dkufESuf&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf }uH@cdkifa&;rsm;udk ol&Jaumif;qkay; tyf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 20 &uf? 217 oHCmawmfrsm;udk apmfum;olrsm;tm; vlr_xl;c|efqkay;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2008 ckESpf? 218 'Drdkua&pDa&; qufvuf}udK;yrf;rnf[k EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;ajym/ {&m0wD/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf? 219 atmifvHY a':pkarG;ae@usif;yaom tzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk }uH@zHG@u av;cGESifhypf/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf ZGefv 19 &uf? 220 bk&m;ay:wufolrsm;udk wm;qD;&ef }uH@zGH@u tESdyforrsm;udk qifhac:/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 12 &uf? 221 t*F gae@0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm;udk }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0if 300 ausmfu aESmuf,Suf/ {&m0wDo wif;/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 16 &uf? a&$wd*kHbk&m;wuf qkawmif;olrsm; t=urf;zuf&kdufESufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 16 &uf? 222 a':pkvGwfajrmufa&; qkawmif;olrsm;udk wefjyefpkawmif;onfh vlwpku aESmuf,Suf/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf arv 25 &uf? 223 0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm; aESmuf,SufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf arv 28 &uf? 224 Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. 1996. 225 The Second Premilinary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre(Burma). The Ad hoc commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.20. 226 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif &Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 13-14? 94
m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 227 rif;vS+rdK@e,f tifeft,fvf'DtzGJ@csKyf ykHrSeftpnf;ta0; vkyfydkifcGifhydwf/ a':atmifqef; pk=unf }udKqdkol0efxrf; tvkyfjzKwfcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf arv 7 &uf? 228 OD;at;omatmif. &ckdifc&D;pOfrSm axmufcHolawGudk &mxl;rS xkwfypf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 7 &uf? 229 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@ uav;+rdK@uae qufvufxGufcGmvmcJh&m *ef@a*g+rdK@odk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sd/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 10 &uf? 230 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@ csif;jynfe,fygwDpnf;&kH;a&;c&D; pwifxGufcGm/ &efukef AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;.vufatmufcH a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;. aESmuf,Sufjcif;cH&/ vGwvyf f aomtm&StoH/ 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 3 &uf? 231 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,}udrfy%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27? 232 rkH&GmwGif aESmuf,Suf&ef apmifhaewJh }uH@zGH@vli,ftm;vkH;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk vuftkyfcsDuefawmh/ RFA /2003 ckESpf arv 29 &uf? 233 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,l aqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27? 234 ucsifjynfe,fc&D;pOfrSm aESmuf,SufwJh tiftm; 300 &Sd }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawG[m wzJG@wnf; jzpf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf arv 21 &uf? 235 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27? 236 rwW&mtzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;&kdufESuf&ef }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifrsm;}uHpnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 30 &uf? 237 trsKd;om;'Drdk ua&pDtzGJ@csKyf ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol OD;vGif. ajymqdkcsufrsm;ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 2002 'DZifbm(31) &ufae@ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;t&? 238 a':pkc&D;pOf armfawmf,OftultnDay;cJhol vdkifpiftydwfcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &uf? 239 The Second Preliminary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). The Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.144. 240 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf arv? 241 Voice of Burma. Issue No. 607 MAY 27, 2007. 242 The Second Preliminary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). The Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.197. 95
243 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. 244 USDA is Ready to Be a Legal Political party. Independent Mon News Agency. 6 October 2003. 245 Crime Aganist Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar. 18 June 2003. Monland. 246 The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6. July 2003. 247 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. 248 The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6. July 2003. 249 Mobilization of the Masses: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. Burma Issues. 2003. 250 Letter to Japan Foreign Minister Koumura. Human Rights Watch. 15 January 2008. 251 USDA Members Attend Cuban Solidarity Meeting. Mizzima News. 25 January 2006. 252 UN Officials Concerned by USDA Briefing. Clive Parker. The Irrawaddy. 10 October 2005. 253 NLD Expresses Dismay over ASEAN Envoy’s Burma Visit. Democratic Voice of Burma. 25 March 2006. 254 anmifESpfyifnDvmcHudk azazmf0g&D 17 &ufrSm jyefpr,fvdk@ etza=ujim/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 12 &uf? 255 Interim Report Card: July 2004-February 2005. Altsean Burma. March 2005. 256 SPDC Picked USDA Members to Represent Arakan State at the National Convention. Narinjara News. 11 February 2003. 257 USDA Members Attend the National Convention. Democratic Voice of Burma. 10 May 2004. 258 Money for National Convention Delegates Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 June 2004. 259 Compulsory Collections for Convention Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 June 2004. 260 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. -------------------------------------------
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ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား

  • 2.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; pmtk y f t rnf jynfcdkif+zdK; odk@r[kwf ppftm%m&Sifpepf. a'gufwdkifrsm; xk w f a 0onf h c k E S p f / v 2008 ckEp/f rwfv S tk y f a & 500/ yxrt}udrf pmtk y f ' D Zd k i f ; /tjyif t qif NDD-DRD a&;om;/ xk w f a 0/ jzef @ csd okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme 'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk quf o G , f & ef v d y f p m NDD-DRD P.O Box 179 Mae Sot, Tak 63110, Thailand ndddrd07@csloxinfo.com 2
  • 3.
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  • 4.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; zefw;D vkyaqmifjcif; f -a&$0ga&mifawmfvea&; Sf -vlra&;ESihf bmoma&;qdi&m tcrf;tem;rsm;/ v_y&m;r_rsm; _ kf fS wGif [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; S f_ -a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J csKyf. pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftwGi;f S hf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; S f_ tcef ; (5)? jynfci+f zdK;toif;. tem*wf Ediia&;pDrcsursm;? kd kfH H f -Ediia&;tjyiftqif kfH -jynfci+f zdK;ESihf Ediiwumtajctae kd kfH -trsK;d om;nDvmcH 4 63 64 68 70 78 78 78 80 81
  • 5.
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  • 6.
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  • 7.
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  • 8.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; csKyfrsm;u &,lxm;onfukd awG@&&onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf etz ppftm%m&Sirsm;ESihf dS kd f wom;wnf; jzpfaeojzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u vkyaqmifaom t=urf;zufrrsm;ESihf vl@tcGihf dk f _ ta&;csKd ;azmufrreor#onf tm%m&Sippftpd;k &rS usL;vGecsK;d azmufjcif;om jzpfayonf? _Sf f f ‘ud,tm;ud,u;kd ud,0efu,xrf;jcif;onf oef@pifrejf rwf+y;D a&&Snwnfwef@ k hf k f k hf kd f G f cdi+f rJygonf? xd@k a=umifh toif;.&HyaiGukd toif;om;wd@k . pkaygi;f vkytm;jzifh &SmazGo;Hk pGJ k Hk f rnf’[k jynfci+f zdK;toif;. tajccHpnf;rsO;f rsm;t& tajccHrY jyXmef;xm;onf? od@k &mwGif kd l vufawG@tm;jzihf ‚if;wd@k . ud,yip;D yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGivnf;aumif;/ toif;&HyaiG &SmazG k f dk f f f Hk ok;H pG&mYvnf;aumif;/ wdi;f jynf.b¾maiGrsm;ESihf &ky0wˆKrsm;udk &,lo;Hk pGjJ cif;/ &if;ES;D jrKyfEI J k f HS tusK;d tjrwf&mazGjcif;ESihf tqifqifaom ppftpd;k &,E ,m;wd@k . yHy;kd ulnrj_ zifom vkyuif S h h W h D h f kd aqmif&uv#u&onfukd aw@&ayonf?1 G f f dS G etzppftpd;k &u }uKd ;udixm;onfh trsKd ;om;nDomcHukd ,H=k unfaxmufca=umif; kf H jyo&ef vlpva0;yGrsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;u wpfjynfv;kH Y OD;aqmifusi;f ycJonf? jynfol k l J kd h vlxtm; twif;t=uyfwufa&mufap&ef +cr;f ajcmufci;f apr_rsm;wGif wufºupmyg0ifconf? k d dk GG hJ rnfo@kd yifjzpfap jynfci+f zdK;toif;udk Ediia&;ygwwpfctoGif ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ef tvm; kd kfH D k tvmESiywfowfI txl;pd;k &drp&mjzpfae+yD; xdvyaqmifrreor#onf etz ppfAvcsKyf hf f k kf _Sf kd f rsm;twGuf tm%mudk qufvufcsKyuixm;Edi&ef }uKd yrf;tm;xkwjf cif;om jzpfayvdrrnf? f kd f kf hf trnfcH t&yfom;tpd;k &wpfcukd [efjyzG@J pnf;Edia&;twGuf OD;wnfaejcif;om jzpfayonf? k kf ppftpd;k & oufq;kd &Snaeor#umvywfv;Hk vltcGita&;csK;d azmufrrsm;vnf; qufvuf f hf _ jzpfay:ae+yD; jynforsm;taejzifh tzdEycb0rS vGwajrmuf&mvrf; &Svrrnf r[kway? l dS f H f d d hf f ,ckwifjyxm;aom pmwrf;wGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif; zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufy/kH toif;0if dk pkaqmif;ykH pkaqmif;enf;rsm;/ jynfci+f zKd ;ESihf EkiiwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;.tajctae/ jynfci+f zKd ; kd dfH kd toif;. tem*gwEiia&;&yfwnfcsu/f vlpva0;yGrsm;/ ombma&; yÉdyuQrsm;ESihf t=urf; f kd f H k l J zufwucurrsm;jzpfay:vmatmif zefw;D vkyaqmifaeykrsm;udk vufvr;f rDor# wifjyxm; kd f dk f _ f H S ygonf? Tpmwrf;udkzwf&_jcif;tm;jzifh jynfolvlxktaejzifh jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif;. Zmwdo&kyreukd ud,wiu,us avhvmod&cihf &&Svrrnfjzpfayonf? fSf k f kd f kd f dS G d d hf jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; axmufctm;ay;aejcif;onf jynfovxtm; zdEyaeaom etz kd H l l k dS f ppftpd;k &udk axmufcaejcif;omjzpfa=umif; od&vmayvdrrnf? wqufwnf;Yyif jynfovl H dS hf l xktm;vk;H Ekiia&;tod Ed;k =um;vm+y;D +ir;f csr;f a&;ESihf 'Drua&pDyef;wdiopfqo@kd wnDw!$wf dfH d kd kf D wnf; av#mufvr;f Edi=f urnf jzpfayonf? S k 8
  • 9.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk tcef ;(1) jynf a xmif p k } uH @ cd k i f a &;ES i f h z G H @ +zd K ;a&;toif ; zG J @ pnf ; yk H ? jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uhcia&;ESiz+HG zdK;a&;toif;udk 1993 ckEp/f pufwif kd H kd f hf S bmv 15 &ufae@wif toif;tzG@J zG@J pnf;a&;qdi&mOya' Association Law (SLORC Law G kf 6/88) atmufwif ppftpk;&u uruxjyKI zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? jynfxa&; G d J 0ef}uD;XmewGif rSwwrf;wif&mY jynfotusK;d udk o,fy;kd aqmif&urnf@ vlra&;tzG@J wpfck f l G f _ taejzifom rSwywifcaomfvnf; wu,fvufawG@wirl ppftm%m&Sif oufq;kd &Snapa&; h f kH hJ h Gf f twGuf w&m;0ifygwwpfctoGif zefw;D +yD; Ediia&;avmuxJo@kd 0ifa&muf&ef ajcvSr;f jyif D k kfH ae+yD jzpfonf? 2005 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (6)&ufae@ eHeufyi;f &efue+f rKd @/ wuUov&yomvrf;&Sd S dk k kd f d f jynfci+f zKd ; A[dXmecsKywif jyKvyconfh owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwif jynfci+f zKd ; taxGaxGtwGi;f kd k f G k f hJ J G kd a&;rSL; OD;aX;OD; (ac: ) AdvcsKyfaX;OD;u Ekiia&;tajctaeESihf vlxqENtay:rlwnf+y;D tzG@J 0if k f dfH k (22)oef;ausm&aom jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd Ekiia&;ygwwpf&yftjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;aumif; f dS kd dfH D zG@J pnf;rnf[k t&dytjrGuf ajym=um;cJonf? f h wqufwnf;Yyif toif;.pkz@JG y/Hk avhusioif=um;ay;ykEihf v_y&m;r_rsm;t& etz hf HS fS ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k .tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf jynfci+f zdK;toif;udk Ekiia&;awmifyH kd dfH (Political Wing) wpfctaejzifh tok;cs&ef&nf&,+f yD; zG@J pnf;cJonfrm xif&m;ayonf? k H G h S S jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; A[dem,uESifh em,utzG@J rsm;/ taxGtaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/ dk k wGzuftwGi;f a&;rSL;/ A[ktvkyraqmifaumfrwDEihf t+rJwrf;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm; J d f _ S onf? txl;ojzifh A[dem,utzG@J 0ifrsm;wGif wyfrawmfumuG,a&;OD;pD;csKyf/ 'kw,wyfr k f d awmfumuG,a&;OD;pD;csKy/f umuG,a&;OD;pD;csKyf (=unf;)/ umuG,a&;OD;pD;csKy(av)/ umuG,f f f f f a&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)/ ppfr[mAsL[m avhvma&;Xme}uD;rSL;/ ppfa&;csKyf/ ppfaxmufcsKyf/ ppfO;D pD; t&m&ScsKy(=unf;)ESihf ppfwi;f rSL;rsm;tm;vk;H yg0ifonfukd awG@&&onf? A[dem,utzG@J 0ifrsm; d f kd Sd k jzpf=uonfh ppfwi;f rSL;rsm;onf oufqi&m jynfe,fEiwi;f toif;rsm;wGif em,ursm; kd kd f S hf kd 2 jzpfae=uonfukd awG@&&onf? xd@k tjyif toif;. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/ twGi;f a&;rSL; Sd tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf A[dtvkytr_aqmifaumfrwDtzG@J 0ifrsm;udvnf; ppftpd;k & 0ef}uD;rsm;/ 'k k f k 0ef}uD;rsm;ESihf zG@J pnf;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk wdi;f tqif/h c¶ditqif/h +rKd @e,ftqif/h &yfuutqif/h aus;&Gm kd k kf G f tqif[I us,us,jf yef@jyef@ zG@J pnf;xm;+yD; toif;udk txufratmufo@kd qifuqifuJ h l f S h J h vkyyicitm%mtyfEi;f xm;aom zG@J pnf;ykrsKd ;jzifh vnfywfaqmif&uonf? od@k aomfvnf; f kd f G hf S H G f jynfci+f zdK;toif;. A[kXmecsKyfrS aus;&Gmrsm;&Stoif;cGrsm;txd &mxl;}uD;rsm;udk ppfwyf dk d d J 9
  • 10.
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  • 11.
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  • 12.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tcef ; (2) jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;. toif;om;opf wdk;csJ@pkaqmif;jcif;enf;AsL[mrsm;ESifh ynm tjcm;u a&;/ pD ; yG m ;a&;/ usef ; rma&;ES i f h tjcm; u ¾rsm;wG i f 0if a &muf p G u f z uf a er_ r sm;? jrefrmEdiiwif jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if ta&twGuonf ae@csi;f ncsi;f w[kex;kd kfH G kd f f wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJonf? 1996 ckEpf aESmif;ydi;f umvrsm;wGif toif;0ifaygi;f (5) oef;ausmf h S k 6 r#om &Sconf? od@k aomfvnf; 2007 ckEpwif jynfe,f/ wki;f tqifh toif;aygi;f 17 oif;/ d hJ S f G d c&kitqifh toif;aygi;f 66 oif;/ +rdK@e,ftqifh toif;aygi;f 320/ &yfuuaus;&Gm tqifh df G f toif;aygi;f 15334 oif; zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD;/ toif;0iftjzpf todtrSwjf yK+yD;ol 24 'r 5 oef;txd tqrwef wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJonf?7 jrefrmjynfvO;D a& pkpaygi;f (55) oef;ausmf h l k &Sonfteuf (24) oef;ausmonf jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJonf? tb,fa=umifh d h f dk h Tod@k wd;k wufrsm;jym;vm&oenf;? jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESiz@HG +zdK;a&;toif;. zG@J pnf;ykY toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif kd f hf H qEN&orsm;udom pkaqmif;a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? toif;om;rsm;udk t&G,a&muf+y;D onfh Sd l k f ouf}u;D toif;om;ESihf t&G,ra&mufao;onfh oufi,ftoif;om;[lI (2)rsK;d cGxm;onf? f J touf (10) rS touf (18)ESpt=um; &Sorsm;udk oufi,ftoif;om;rsm;/ touf (18)ESpf f d l txuf&orsm;udk ouf}u;D toif;om;rsm;tjzpf owfrwxm;onf?8 dS l S f jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf toif;om;opfpaqmif;&mwGif qENtavsmuf[k kd kf k ok;H E_e;f xm;aomfvnf; wu,fvufawG@wirl toif;0ifjzpf&efqENr&Saom tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;/ h Gf d ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&Sirsm;yg0ifonfh jrefrmjynfovxukd toif; f f l l k 0ifrsm;jzpfvmatmif pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf tjcm;u¾rsm;wGif enf;rsK;d _ pkjH zifh rufv;kH ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H jcif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? xd@k jyif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cdr;f ajcmuf J f hJ t=uyfuiI twif;t"rRpaqmif;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvyconf? Tonfrm jynfci+f zKd ;toif; kd f k k f hJ S kd . t"du toif;om;pkaqmif;a&;enf;AsL[m tppftrSersm;jzpf+yD; jrefrmhv@l tzG@J tpnf;. f t"dutcef;u¾rsm;wGif wjznf;jznf; ae&m,lvmcJonf? vlxtwGi;f Yvnf; ta=umufw h k &m;rsm;ESihf pd;k &drpwrsm; ydrw;kd yGm;vmapcJonf? fd f k kd h jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf jynfovxukd enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf vdrvnfvnjhf zm;I kd kf l l k f S ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufapcJonf? toif;om;opfrsm; pkaqmif; kd f k kd h &mwGif jynfovx. tdraxmifpk pm&if;Z,m;rsm;udk =unfI touf(15) ESprS (30)ESpf l l k f h f twGi;f &Sorsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ touf (30)ESihf (40)t=um; d l kd &Sorsm;udk pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J 0ifrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif; twif;t"rR pm&if;xnfoi;f cJonf? d l f h G h 12
  • 13.
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  • 14.
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  • 15.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk vlra&;e,fy,frsm;/ tpd;k&Xmersm;ESihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf _ k f 0ifa&mufpuzufaeykrsm;udvnf; qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf? G f H k ynma&; ,ae@jrefrmjynf. ynma&;pepfukd avhvm=u!frnfqv#if jynfci+f zdK;toif;. h kd kd =oZmvGr;f rd;k r_ rsm;pGm&Saeonfukd awG@&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEkiiwif tajccHynmtqifjh zpf d dfH G aom pmoifausmif; pkpaygi;f (40521)ausmif;ESihf tqifjh rifynmtqifjh zpfaom wuUovf k h kd ESihf aumvdyaygi;f (64)ck &Sonf? tajccHynmtqifwif q&m/ q&mraygi;f (240878)OD;ESihf f d h G ausmif;om; ausmif;olaygi;f (7783400)OD; &S+d y;D / tqifjh rihynmtqifwif q&m/ q&mraygi;f f h G (10232)OD; ESihf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olta&twGuf (705784)OD; &Sonf?19 tpk;d &0efxrf; d rsm;jzpfonfh ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k wm0efwpfctaejzihf r0if kd k rae& 0ifa&muf&ef owfrwjf yXmef;xm;onf? txl;ojzihf ausmif;om;vli,ftrsm;pkonf S ud,yiqENrygyJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf zdtm;ay;cHc&olrsm; k f kd f kd hJ jzpfonf? ‚if;wk@d taejzihf toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef jiif;qefcygu ausmif;rSxwypf&ef +cdr;f hJ k f ajcmufjcif;/ pmar;yGrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufajzqdcihf rjyKjcif;/ pmar;yGatmifrwf jynfratmif J kG J S h DS 20 ray;jcif;/ pojzifh enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cdr;f ajcmuft=uyfuijf cif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? kd f hJ Oyrmtm;jzifh 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwv (3)&ufae@wif jrefrmEdiitv,fyi;f jrif;+cH S f G kfH kd tpd;k &enf;ynmaumvdyrS ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef f kd tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;+cdr;f ajcmufconf? c&kif jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;. trde@f t& kf hJ d kd kf [kqum tqdygaumvdyrS enf;jyq&m/ q&mrrsm;u jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifyprsm;udk wapmif kd k f kd Hk H v#if (200)usyEe;f jzifh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk twif;t"rRa&mif;csconf? tu,fI f_ hJ jynfci;f +zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qdygu pmar;yG0ifa&mufajzqdcirjyK[kvnf; +cdr;f kd k J k G hf 21 ajcmufajymqdconf? tcsK@d aom ausmif;om;rsm;.tqdt& jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k r0if k hJ k kd a&mufv#if jynfwi;f jynfy avhvma&;c&D;rsm;/ pm=unfwuo;Hk pGcirsm;/ um,avhusicef; G h kd f J G hf hf 22 oifwef;rsm;wufa&mufjcif;/ ponftcGita&;rsm; qk;H &_;H onf[k qdonf? h hf k xd@k jyif 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwv (15) &ufpjJG zifh xkwjf yefaom ArmEdiiv;Hk qdi&m ausmif; S f kfH kf om;or*~tzG@J csKyf (EdiijH cm;a&;&maumfrwD) owif;xkwjf yefcsuwivnf; jrif;+cH+rdK@ tpd;k & kf f Gf enf;ynmaumvdyf (*swp)rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk rjzpfrae jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef D DD dk c&kdifat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpD (c,u)ESifh +rdK@e,fjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;rSwqifh zdtm;aycJonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef h vufrwrxd;k onfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;ac:csef rSwwrf;ray;[kqI ausmif;om;rsm; S f d f kd rSm ausmif;ac:cserjynfv#if pmar;yG0ifa&mufajzqdci@f r&rnfup;kd &draoma=umifh qENr&SyJ df h J kG kd f d 15
  • 16.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; rausreyfjzifh vufrwx;kd cJ&onf? S f h &Hzef&cg ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufap&ef }udK H dk wifaqG;aEG; wdiyifjcif;r&SyJ tjcm;vkyief;wpfcukd ta=umif;jyum jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k kf d f k kd oGwoi;f cJonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh rE av;+rKd @wif touf(12)ESptxuf&dS ausmif;ol/ ausmif; f G h W G f om;rsm;tm;vk;H udk Ediiom;pdppfa&;uwfjym; xkway;&eftwGu[aom ta=umif;jycsujf zifh kfH f f l yufpyd@k p"mwfyrsm;udk a'ocHtm%mydirsm;xH ay;tyf&ef q&m/ q&mrrsm;rS awmif;cHchJ f kH kf onf? ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ‚if;wd@k xH jynfci+f zdK; toif;0ifu'fjym;rsm; a&mufvm kd aomtcseusrS ‚if;wd@k ."gwyrsm;udtoH;k csI jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tjzpf t"rRowoi;f df f kH k dk G f G cHvu&a=umif; od=u&onf?23 kd f ausmif;om;vli,fwpfO;D csi;f pD. ynma&;qdi&m tcGitvrf;rsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ; kf hf kd toif;0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;tay:wGif rlwnfae+y;D toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif ynma&;tcGihf tvrf;rsm;udk rufv;kH wpfctaejzifh toH;k jyKcJonf? ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk toif; k h 0ifrsm;tjzpf pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f &mwGif ynma&;ESihf c&D;oGm;vma&udprsm;Y vG,ul acsmarG@ P f ap&ef pDpOfay;rnf[k jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;u rufv;Hk rsm;ay;cJonf? txl;tcGita&; kd kf h hf wcktaejzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;wGif wufwufºuºG uG yg0ifaqmif&uaeonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif; kd G f kd 0if ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk Edii&yfjcm;od@k ynmawmfoiftjzpf oGm;cGijhf yKrnf[k ynm kfH a&;0ef}uD;Xmeu trde@f xwjf yefconf?24 ausmif;om;/ ausmif;ol trsm;pkonf toif;0if k hJ jzpf&ef qENr&Saomfvnf; ynma&;ESihf tjcm;tcGitvrf;rsm;a=umifh toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJh d hf =uonf? xd@k jyif wmcsvw+f rKd @rS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifwpfO;D .tqdt& toif;od@k 0ifa&mufaom D d kd k ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;onf oufqi&m bmom&yfrsm;wGif tenf;qk;H trSwf (20)cef@ kd f 25 tydaqmif; &&da=umif; od&onf? toif;vkyief;rsm;wGif tcseueI ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm; k S f df kf udk rvduEicaomfvnf; tcsewefv#if vktyfonftrSwrsm;udk jznfay;cJonf? jynfwi;f k f kd f hJ df d h f h h G c&D;oGm;vma&;udprsm;wGivnf; Ediiom;pdppfa&;u'fjym;rvdtyfyJ jynfci+f zdK; toif;0if P f kfH k dk 26 u'fjym;jzihf vGwvyfpm oGm;vmcGi&&donf? xd@k jyif xl;c|eaom toif;0ifausmif;ol/ f G hf S f ausmif;om;rsm;udk vl&nfc|efrsm;tjzpf jynfcdkif+zdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;u todtrSwfjyKI *k%jf yKqkcs;D jrSic@J onf? Tod@k jzifh tjcm;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udyg jynfci+f zdK; hf k kd toif;od@k 0ifa&mufvmatmif qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJ=h uonf? J pD ; yG m ;a&; jynfaxmifp}k uHcia&;ESihf zG@+H zdK;a&;toif; tm%myditqifqifonf oufqi&m h kd f kf h h kd f jynfe,f/ wdi;f em,ursm;ESihf jynfe,f/ wdi;f wm0efcH A[dtvkytr_aqmifrsm;. oabmwl k k k f 16
  • 17.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk cGijhf yKcsur&bJrnfonfp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;udr# vkyuijf cif;rjyK&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f f h f k f kd S Zefe0g&v 23 &ufpyg pmtrSw-5§}u@H cia&;§95 (061) jzifvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifp}k u@H D JG f kd f h cdia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;/ &yfuu§aus;&Gmrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;tvk@d im rnfonfp;D yGm;a&; kf G f S h vkyief;udr# vkyuicirjyKa=umif; XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v 23 &ufpyg pmtrSwf k f kd f G hf S D JG f 5§}uH@cia&; §95 (547)jzifvnf;aumif; !$e=f um;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? kd f h od@k aomfvnf; 1995 ckEp/f Zlviv 9 &ufae@wif jyKvyonfh jynfci+f zKd ; A[dtvkyf S dk_ f G kf kd k tr_aqmiftzG@J (11§95)tpnf;ta0;rS jynfe,f§wdi;f §c&ki§+rKd @e,f jynfaxmifpk }u@H cia&; k df kd f ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rsm;onf toif;.&HyaiGtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyuicijhf yK&ef Hk f f kd f G qk;H jzwfconf? tqdygp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif&mwGivnf; pnfrsO;f / pnf;urf;rsm;ufkd hJ k f f f txl;owdjyK vkuemaqmif&uom;&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f Zlviv 27 &ufae@pyg pm d f G f G S d_ f JG trSwf 5§}uH@cia&;§95 (547)jzifh !$e=f um;cJonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; vkyaqmif&mwGif kd f h f f vkuem&rnfh pnf;urf;csursm;rSmd f f (u) EkiiEivrsK;d twGuf tusK;d ,kwaprnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; jyKvkyjf cif;rjyK&ef? d f H S hf l f f (c) toif;tqifqif. pnf;&k;H a&;udk xdcuaprnfh tjcm; pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS aqmif h h kd f &Guaeonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKifaqmif&ur_ rjyK&ef? f f S G f (*) toif;tqifqif. *k%oumudk !_;d EGr;f ao;odrapaom/ toif;0ifrsm;. tusipm&dwW h h f d Q f hf ysujf ym;apaom/ trsm;jynforsm;.tjrifwif rwifw,faom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; aqmif l G h f &Gujf cif; rjyK&ef? (Oyrm-t&ufqivyief;/ om;owfvyief;) ponfw@dk jzpfonf?27 kd f k f kf trSewu,fvufawG@wirl jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif f Gf dk f f &mwGif azmfjyygtcsursm;ESihf qef@usiaeayonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u jrefrmEdii. pD;yGm;a&; f f dk kfH tcef;uÀwpfck &,lxm;jcif;onf etzppftpd;k &tm; aps;uGup;D yGm;a&;pepftwGi;f &Sd f pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;rsm;udk tvG,wul xde;f csKyfEiatmif vrf;zGiay;cJonf?28 f kd f hf h jref*%jf rifur%onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyief;jzpfonf? 1995 k h k` D dk f ckEpqef;rSpI e0w(,ck etz). yHy;kd r_jzifh usyf 68 oef; &if;ES;D jrKyfEI “jref*%jf rif” ukr%D Sf h HS k h ` udk wnfaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? e0w (etz)u v$ay;onfh '*Hòk r@d opfajrmufyi;f yifv&wem J kd kH aps;}uD;&Sd qdicef; 382 cef; a&mif;&aiG usyf 39 oef;ESihf vpOfim;&rf;c usyf 6 aomif;cGEihf kf S J S e0w (,ck tez)u v$ay;onfh ajreDue;f aps;rSvnf; usyoef; 200 &&Sconf? xd@k a=umifh J k f d hJ jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;onf EdkifiHydkift&if;tjrpfrsm;udktoHk;ðy+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&uc&m wpfEptwGi;f usyaiG 36 ukaÉausmEihf qdicef;iSm;crsm;vnf; vpOfoef;csI G f hJ Sf f fS kf D 29 &&Sconf? 1995 ckEp/f pufwifbmv jynfci+f zKd ;ESpywfvnf tpnf;ta0;od@k wifoi;f aom d hJ S dk f G 17
  • 18.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tpD&ifcpmt& jynfci+f zKd ;taejzihf EdiiawmfyiypPn;f rsm;udk tok;H jyKI pD;yGm;a&;vkyuic&m H kd kfH kd f f kd f hJ 30 tjrwfaiGppaygi;f 362 oef; &&Sconf? k k d hJ xd@k jyif jrefrmhausmufrsu&wemaps;uGuEihf jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;OD;ydivrwuftygt0if f fS kf DD pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;pGmudvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u xde;f csKyfxm;onf?31 jynfci+f zdK;toif; f k kd kd onf &efuewi;f / vdi+f rdK@e,f ajrwdi;f &yfuuf trSwf (24)&Sd ajr{&d,m{u (15.507)udk vGJ k f kd _ k G ajymif;&,lxm;+y;D ‚if;ajruGursm;udk cswywwif'gpepfjzihf a'ocHv,form;rsm;tm; tiSm; f d fd f 32 csay;cJonf? ppfui;f wdi;f / rif;uif;òr@d e,fwivnf; tqifjh rifh v,f,majrazmfxwa&;rsm; h kd k Gf k f twGuf a'ocHjynfovxk axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmudk t"rRvytm;ay; apcdi;f cJ+h yD; tEdiusir_ l l kf k k f hf rsm; ðyvkyconf? ‚if;v,f{uopf (3000) teuf armfvuwif tajcpduonfh cr& 364 f hJ kd f G k f ESihf cr& 366 wyf&if;rsm;u {u (1000) pD/ rif;uif;òrd@e,f jynfci+f zdK;toif;u {u (500) dk cGa0,l+yD; useonfh {u (500) udom a'ocHjynforsm; &&Sconf?33 J f k l d hJ etzppftpd;k &. axmufytm;ay;r_ od@k r[kwf Ediiawmfyif b¾maiGrsm;ESihf ypPn;f hH kfH kd rsm;udk toH;k jyKI vkyuiaqmif&uaeaom vkyief;rsm;pGmvnf; &Sonf? Oyrmtm;jziff kd f G f f d h &xm;/ vdi;f um; ponfh c&D;onfo,f,y@kd aqmifa&;vkyief;rsm;/ tiSm;um;vkyief;/ tcGeaiG k l f f f aumufcjH cif;vkyief;/ Ediiu;l vufrwrsm;xkway;jcif;vkyief;/ pduysL;d a&;ESihf igarG;jrLa&; f kfH S f f f k f vkyief;rsm;/ ajruGursm;ESiaps;qkicef;rsm;tiSm;cspm;jcif;/ bdvyfajrtdyrsm; o,f,y@kd aqmif f f hf df f l a&;vkyief;/ aomufo;Hk a&jzef@a0jcif;vkyief;/ ausmufxwvyief;/ tkwzwvyief;/ za,mif; f f k f kf fk f kf wdif a&mif;csonfvyief;/ tif;vkyief;/ ul;wd@k vyief;/ pyg;oD;pm;csjcif;vkyief;/ yJ/ESr;f 0,f,l k h kf f kf f odavSmifjzef@jzL;jcif;vkyief;/ jynfyrS armfawmfum;rsm;/ armfawmfqiu,frsm;ESihf wm,mrsm; k f kd f udk tcGeuif;vGwpmjzifh wifoi;f jcif;vkyief;/ pojzifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; f fG G f f 34 jzpf=uonf? xk@d tjyif jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;onf tEkynmvkyief;rsm;wGif kd f f vnf; wjznf;jznf;csi;f v$r;f rd;k csKyfuivmcJonf? ,cifu AdvcsKyfcif!e@f OD;aqmifaom kd f h k f $ ppfaxmufve;f a&;rsm; vkyuiconfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;enf;wl“ a&$pif” AD',kd &kuu;l S f kd f hJ f GD d f xkwvya&;ukr%D zG@J pnf;wnfaxmif+y;D pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;udk pwifvyuiconf? ,cif f kf ` f k f kd f hJ ppfaxmufve;f a&;tzG@J &pOfu“ apwref ”emrnfEihf AD',/kd pD'/D ADp'D aw;pD;&D;xkwvya&; S dS S GD GD f kf rsm;omru/ &ky&ixwvya&;vkyief;rsm;udyg pD;yGm;jzpf us,jf yef@pm vkyaqmifconf? f Sf k f k f f k G f hJ AdvcsKyfcif!e@f OD;aqmifonfh ppfaxmufve;f a&;rsm;udk acsre;f +yD;onfaemufyi;f umvwGif k f $ S _ h kd xdapwrefur%ukd vuf&ppftpd;k &u odr;f ,lum ,ckjynfci+f zKd ; (ac: ) jynfaxmif}u@H cia&; k k` D dS dk kd f 35 ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;u a&$pif trnfjzifh jyefvnfz@JG pnf;I vkyaqmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif f pma&;q&mrsm;/ ¶kyf&Sifo¶kyfaqmifrsm;ESifh tjcm;tEkynmvkyfief;rsm;tay:wGifvnf; toif;0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;tay:r_wnfI uef@owfcsKyfcs,rrsm; &Sconf? om"utm;jzifh f_ d hJ 18
  • 19.
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  • 20.
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  • 21.
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  • 22.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; xlaxmifI ,SOòf ydivyaqmif&ef jzpfonf? xd@k tjyif omreftwdutcHtzG@J 0ifrsm;. pD;yGm; f kf k f a&;vkyief;onf jynfponft&if;tES;D r&Sygu jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if trmcHrsm;rSwqifh yk*Kd~ va&; f h Hk h d kd f cifrifatmif aygi;f oif;+yD; &if;ES;D aiGaxmufyI ‚if;wd@k tm; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k yg0ifvm Hh kd 45 atmif qGaqmifpnf&;Hk &efw@kd jzpfonf? J 2007 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f Y jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@e,f trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf twGi;f S kd a&;rSL; OD;bxl;udk tzG@J csKyfuae E_wxuay;&ef +rdK@e,fjynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&; f G f kd f toif;rS OD;cifarmifat;u rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? OD;bxl;.tqdt& ygw0if J h k D rsm;udk tzG@J csKyfrEwxu&ef vduvpnf;&k;H &mwGif tm%mydirsm;u aiGa=u;rsm;/ *stufpf Sk f G f k f H kf D trf w,fvze;f rsm;ESihf vkyief;vkyyiciuefx&kursm; ay;urf;I pnf;&H;k cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; Dk f f kd f G hf d f h jyifO;D vGif tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;u tm%mydirsm;. rufv;Hk rsm;udk *&krpduyJ tzG@J csKyfvyief;rsm;udk kf k f kf 46 t&Set[kerysuf qufvufvyuiom;rnf[k qk;H jzwfcsucsconf? df f k f kd f G f hJ 1998 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvwGif jrefrmEkiiawmifyi;f urf;&k;d wef;wdi;f ppfXmecsKyfwif S k dfH dk k G jyKvkyaom tpnf;ta0;wpfcwif wufa&mufvmaom trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J f k G kd 0ifrsm;udk trSw(19) ppfaxmufvr;f a&;Xmet}uD;tuJ AdvrL;jrifO;D u “rdrw@kd taejzifh f S k f S h d Ekiiw0Sr;f jyKvyaom jynfo@l qENazmfxwyrsm;wGif azmfxwjf yocJ=h uaom jynfow@kd .qEN dfH kf k f JG k l udk av;pm;&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ jynfovxtaejzifh NLD ygwukd w&m;r0iftoif;tjzpf wm; l l k D jrpfywyifay;&ef arwWm&yfcxm;a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh +rw+f rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd ygw0ifrsm;taejzifh d f H d D ,ckvrukecif tzG@J csKyrEwxuay;=u&ef ajym=um;vda=umif;/ owfrw&uftwGi;f tzG@J csKyf f fSk f G f k S f rS Ekwxuay;&ef ysuuuorsm;udk ta&;,laqmif&uom;rnfjzpfa=umif;” xkwazmf ajym f G f f G f l G f G f =um;oGm;cJonf? tqdygowday;csuonf trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0if 1000 ausmf h k f kd ESihf jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;vS,f 200 OD;udk zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f +y;D r=umcif xGuay:vmjcif;jzpf $ f kd f f 47 onf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygw0ifrsm;udk +cdr;f ajcmufI ygwrEwxuapjcif;/ kd D D S _ f G f ygwtm; qef@usi¶@H_ csjcif;ESihf ygwtm; zsuor;f ay;&ef awmif;qdaejcif;rsm;udk enf;vrf;rsKd ; D f D f d k pHk toH;k jyKI vkyaqmifconf? ppftpd;k &ydir',mrsm;ESihf owif;pmrsm;wGivnf; NLD ygwD f hJ kfDD f 0ifrsm; Ekwxuaeonfta=umif;udk r=umc% tus,cs@J I azmfjycJonf? 2006 ckepf/ f G f h f h {+yvukeyi;f wGif NLD tzG@J 0if 130 eD;yg;cef@ ygwrS E_wxuca=umif; ppftpd;k &rD',mrsm;u D f kd D f G f hJ D 48 a=unmcJonf? od@k &mwGif NLD ygwonf tzG@J 0if (4)OD;. w&m;0ifEwxupmrsm;udom h D _ f G f k &&Sconf?49 Ttcsuukd =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh tjcm;E_wxurrsm;onf twif;tusyf apcdi;f d hJ f f G f_ k cHc&jcif;om jzpfEiz,&I ygw0if(4)OD;omv#if pdwrvHaoma=umifh ygwo@kd ‚if;wd@k vy&yf hJ kd f G f dS D f k D kf rsm;udk 0efccjhJ cif;jzpfonf? H 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif jrefrmEdiitv,fyi;f ppfui;f wdi;f / a&$b+kd rdK@e,fwif S f kfH kd kd k G 22
  • 23.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk jynfci+f zKd;toif;u trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKytzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; +cr;f ajcmufI ygwrEwxuf kd kd f d DSk f G cdi;f cJonf? 2007 ckEp/f ZGev(11)&ufae@wivnf; rE av;wdi;f / jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@ om,muke;f k h S f Gf W k aus;&GmrS tzG@J csKyf pnf;tzG@J 0if udaersKd ;atmif.aetdro@kd &yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf k f G f zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u) tzG@J 0ifrsm;/ e,fxr;f &Jrsm;/ jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm; a&muf&Sd d kd f vm+yD; tzGJ@csKyfrS E_wfxGufay;&ef twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif jyifOD;vGif aemifcrf;}uD;aus;&GmrS tzG@J csKyfpnf;tzG@J 0if ud0if;Advf udvnf; ZGev(17) &ufae@Y &,urS k k k f ac:,l+cdr;f ajcmuf+yD; owif;ay;tjzpfwm0efay;tyfrukd ud0if;Advu jiif;qdconf?50 _ k k f k hJ ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf tzG@J csKyfygwtzG@J 0ifrsm;udk rufv;Hk kd f k kd D trsK;d rsK;d ay;I tzG@J 0iftjzpfrS Ekwxu&ef qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? a&$b+kd rdK@e,f trsK;d om; f G f J h 'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf wGzuftwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;atmifrsK;d . tqdt& a'ocHtm%mydirsm;ESihf kd J k kf D jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'o&Sd NLD ygwtzG@J 0if v,form;rsm;udk kd ygwrS Ekwxuygu twd;k vGwf pduysK;d a&;acs;aiGrsm; xkway;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay;um ygw0if D f G f k f f D tjzpfrS Ekwxuci;f cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; tzG@J 0ifrsm;rSm ygw0iftjzpfrS Ekwxu&ef qENr&Sd f G f kd h D f G f 51 S k dk ojzifh xdurf;vSr;f csuukd vufrcHc=hJ uay? 2005 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvtwGi;f u jynfci+f zdK; k f toif;0ifrsm;onf rE av;wdi;f twGi;f &Sd NLD ygwtzG@J 0ifrsm;.aetdrrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI W k D f ygw0ifrsm;tm; jzpfay:vmrnfh rnfonfjh yemrsK;d udrqdk umuG,ay;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajym D k f 52 qdc+hJ yD; ygwrEwxuci;f cJonf? xd@k tjyif jrif;+cH+rdK@e,f v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f OD;armif k D S _ f G f dk h f kd f armif0if;udvnf; ygwrEwxuI pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;wpfck xlaxmif&ef usyaiG oef;aygi;f rsm; k DSk f G f f f pGmudk twk;d vGwf tcsetuef@towfr&Sd acs;iSm;I pnf;&k;H cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; OD;armif d f h 53 armif0if;onf ygwrS Ekwxu&ef jiif;qdconf? D f G f k hJ jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tjcm;enf; kd kd vrf;trsK;d rsK;d ok;H Ivnf; taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? 1999 ckEp/f azazmf0g&v 20/21 wGif f h S D &efuewi;f tif;pde+f rKd @e,frS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if (3)OD;onf ayguuaus;&GmrS a'ocH&mom;(20) k f kd dk f H G ausmw@kd tm; trnfpm&if;rsm;ESiwuG oGm;a&mufI NLD ygwrS E_wxua=umif; twif; f hf D f G f t"rR vufrwa&;xd;k cki;f cJonf? tqdyg&mom;rsm;onf trSewu,f NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm; S f d h k G f r[kw=f uacs? od@k aomfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf tqdyg&mom;rsm;tm; t}urf;zuf kd k G vky&yfrsm;wGif NLD ygwEihf ylaygi;f }upnfonf[k pGypum twif;t"rRvufrwf a&;xd;k cki;f f DS H f JG S d jcif;jzpfonf? 1999 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvwGivnf; ppfui;f wki;f / uav;0+rKd @e,f NLD jrKd @e,fpnf; S k f kd d &ka&;aumfrwD vli,fpnf&;Hk a&;wm0efcH a':cifEi;f =unftm; vuf&&mxl;rS Ekwxuay;&ef H S dS f G f twif;t"rR zdtm;ay; vufrwa&;xd;k cdi;f cJonf? tu,fI rE_wxuv#if 4if;.cifye;f jzpfol S f k h f G f G tvkyjf yKwfrnf[k twif;t"rR zdtm;ay;I vufrwa&;xk;d cdi;f cJjh cif; jzpfonf? olrtaejzifh S f k vufrwx;kd &ef jiif;qdcjhJ cif;a=umifh tusK;d quftaejzifh vifr,m;uGm&Si;f jywfpay;&onfh S f k J 23
  • 24.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; taetxm;od@k qdua&mufconf?54 k f hJ xd@k jyif jrefrmEkiitv,fyi;f rE av;wdi;f twGi;f &Sd rwW&mESihf wHwm;OD;+rKd @e,frsm;&Sd dfH dk W k trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;udvnf; ygwrS Ekwxu&ef ppftpd;k & vufuiwwf kd k D f G f kd f k jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf? rE av;wki;f trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dk kd h W d kd aumfrwDtzG@J 0if a':0if;jrjr.tqdt& wHwm;OD;+rdK@e,f jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpfaom udk k kd atmifjrif/h ud0if;pdeEihf udwif!e@f w@kd OD;aqmifaomtzG@J onf aus;&Gmrsm;wGif vSn@f vnfI k fS k $ NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; tzJ@G csKyfrS Ekwxuap&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? wHwm;OD; +rdK@e,ftwGi;&Sd D f G f h f ZD;yif&yaus;&GmrS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKy0ifrsm;udk wpftrv#if wpfa,mufEe;f qifac:I df kd f df _ h ygw0iftjzpfrS ,cktcseEwxuygu jzpfvmrnfjh yemrsm;udk umuG,ay;rnfjzpf+yD;/ D d f k f G f f tu,fI rE_wxuygu anmifEpyiftrsK;d om;nDvmcHt+yD; tzG@J csKyftm; w&m;r0iftzG@J f G f Sf tpnf;wcktjzpf ausnmonftcseusrS jzpfay:vmonfh jyemrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;taejzifh h df kd 55 wm0ef,Eivrrnfr[kwa=umif; ajymqdI Ekwxuci;f cJonf? l dk f d hf f k f G f kd h &Sr;f jynfe,fta&S@yi;f / usKi;f wk+H rdK@e,f&dS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk kd d kd vnf; ygwrS EkwxuI jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? ppftpd;k & vufuif D f G f kd h kd wkwf a'ocHjynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;.aetdrrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnf kd f ywf+yD; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifu'fjym;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@xHay;tyfI jynfcdkif+zdK; toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdconf? emcH&efjiif;qeforsm;udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh k hJ l +cdr;f ajcmufconf? tzG@J 0iftcsK@d rm jynfci+f zdK;tvdus vkyaqmif&ef qufvufjiif;qdc+hJ yD;/ hJ S kd k f k tcsK@d rm jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u tkypz@JG +y;D wkucuvmrnfup;kd &draoma=umifh qENr&SyEihf S kd fk d f kd f kd f dJS 56 vufcc=hJ uonf? H NLD ygw0iftjzpf qufvuf&yfwnf+y; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qef D D dk cJjh cif;. tusKd ;quftaejzifh tzG@J csKyygw0ifrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;rsm;udk &ifqi}f uKH f D dk awG@=u&+y;D ynma&;qdi&mtcGitvrf;rsm;vnf; enf;yg;apcJonf? 2004 ckEpwif weoFm&D kf hf h Sf G wdi;f / +rdw+f rdK@e,frS a'ocHtm%mydirsm;u NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif k kf D ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;tjzpf tvkyvyuijf cif;ud&yfqi;f &ef trde@f ay;wm;jrpfconf? f k f kd k kd hJ +rw+f rKd @e,f trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tvkytr_aqmif wpfO;D jzpfol OD;vSxe;f (ac: ) OD;qef; d kd f G v_itm; u|e;f pk+rdK@e,f aus;&Gmwpf&m&Sd ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif tv,fwef;jyq&mtjzpf df G cef@ tyfjcif;udk jiif;qdcc&onf? a'ocHtm%mydiOuUXESihf jynfci+f zdK;OuUXrsm;u OD;vSxe;f k H hJ kf kd G tm; ac:,lawG@qum a'ocHppfaxmufvr;f a&;rsm;. !$e=f um;csut& trsK;d om;'Drua&pD Hk S f kd tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;udk pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcirjyKEdi[k ajymqdconf?57 G hf k f k hJ rE av;wdi;f anmif;OD;+rdK@e,f&dS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@JG 0if usL&Siq&m W k kd f OD;aZmfaZmfuvnf; tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf? OD;aZmfaZmfonf a':atmifqef; kd kf h 24
  • 25.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk pk=unfEihf OD;wifO;Dtygt0if Ekiia&;tusO;f om;v$wajrmufa&; v_y&m;r_wif wufwuf S dfH f f S G ºuGºuG yg0ifaqmif&ucowpfa,muf jzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u ‚if;tm; tzG@J csKyfrS G f hJ l dk Ekwxuv#if vufuize;f ESihf tjcm;tcGitvrf;rsm;ay;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifconf? f G f kd f k hf J hJ od@k aomfvnf; OD;aZmfaZmf u tzG@J csKyrS Ekwxu&ef jiif;qdaomtcg ‚if;w&m;0ifzivpxm; f f G f k G hf S f aom usL&Siausmif;ukd jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;u ydwyifc+hJ y;D / wynfrsm;udyg tqkygusL&Sif f kd kf f h k d 58 ausmif;rS Ekwxu&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? f G f h jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J o@kd 0ifa&mufvm kd D kd atmif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh vkyaqmifconf? awG@qar;jref;cJaom NLD ygw0iftcsK@d . tqdk f hJ Hk h D t& tcsK@d aomygw0ifrsm;udk a'ocHjynfci+f zdK;&k;H cGrsm;od@k ac:aqmifI ygwrEwxuci;f cJh D kd J D S k f G f kd onf? tcsK@d ygw0ifrsm;udk ygwrEwxuygu w,fvze;f wpfv;Hk tygt0if &mxl;}uD;}uD;ESihf D DSk f G f Dk aiGusywpfoe;f ay;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifjzpf&ef jiif; f d J h kd qefaeonfh ygw0ifrsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k .pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif taESmuft,Suay;jcif;/ D f f uef@owfcsKyfcs,jf cif;rsm;udk cH=u&onf? xd@k a=umifh tqdyg ygw0ifrsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . rdom;pk k D pm;0wfaea&;uda&S;&_+y;D jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k qENr&SyJ 0ifc&onf? om"utm;jzifh pwd;k qdif k dk d hJ k (2)ck ydiqiaom trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifwpfO;D onf ‚if;.rdom;pkrsm;tygt0if k f kd f kd tm%mydirsm;. enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aESmuf,u+f cdr;f ajcmufjcif;udk cH&onf? a'ocHjynfci+f zdK; kf S kd twGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf tjcm;+rdK@e,frS jynfci+f zdK;t&m&Sd (2) OD;onf tqdyg ygw0ifaetdro@kd oGm; kd k D f a&mufI tu,fIygwrS Ekwxu+f yD; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef qufvufjiif;qdk D f G kd aev#if pwd;k qditwGuf wESpwpf}urf xkway;aeonfh cGijhf yKcsuygrpfukd xkway;awmhrnf kf f d f f f r[kw[k +cr;f ajcmufajymqdconf? xd@k a=umifh ‚if;wd@k .rdom;pk a&&Snpm;0wfaea&;udk xnfh f d k hJ f oGi;f pOf;pm;+yD; ygwrEwxuI jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufc&onf?59 DSk f G f kd hJ ------------------------- 25
  • 26.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tcef ; (3) jynf w G i f ; vl r _ t zG J @ tpnf ; rsm;tm; toG i f t rsKd ; rsKd ; jzih f xd e f ; csKyf v mjcif ; ? jrefrmEdiionf vlxtajcjyK vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm; wjznf;jznf;uif;rJaeaom EkiiH kfH k h df wpfcjk zpfonf? vlra&;qdi&mvl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ vlrtoif;tzG@J rsm;udk zefw;D wnfaxmifxe;f _ kf _ d odr;f &efEihf vlxt=um; yGivif;¶d;k om;r_Eihf vGyvyfaomtawG;tac:rsm; xGeum;vmapa&; S k hf S f f twGuf }uKd ;yrf;csursm;onf ppftm%m&SitycsKyfa&;pepfq;kd wpfca=umifh t&mrxifcay? f f kf k hJ ppftm%mydirsm;onf xdvra&;qdi&m vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k . =oZmatmufo@kd kf k l _ kf enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh oGwoi;f vd=k uonf? vlrqi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf Ekii.ta&;ygaom f G _ kd f fd f H Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;qdi&may:vpDrsm;ESihf rnfo@kd r# qufE,ywfoufrr&S=d uay? ‚if;wd@k kfH kf G f _ onf vlxtusK;d jyKvyief;rsm;/ vlxoufomacsmifcsa&;ESihf tqifajyacsmarG@apa&;twGuf k kf k d yHy;kd ay;onfvyief;rsm;om jzpf=uonf? xdvra&;qdi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drua&pD h h k f k l _ kf kd tajccHtwjf rpfrsm;jzpfouJo@kd 'Drua&pDw;kd wufz@G +H zKd ;a&;twGuf ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾rS k h kd wpdwwa'otm;jzifh yg0ifywfoufae=uonf? f vlrqi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k pwyg0ifpm;aom ta=umif;t&mwpf&yfukd _ kd f d f om tm&kxm; tav;ay;aqmif&ujf cif;a=umifvnf;aumif;/ ao;i,faom tzG@J tpnf; H G h rsm;jzpfjcif;a=umifvnf;aumif; rdrw@kd . &nfre;f csursm;udk xda&mufayguajrmufap&ef pGr;f h d S f f aqmifEi=f uayonf? TtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drua&pDv@l abmif wnfaxmif&mwGif r&Srjzpf kd kd d vdtyfaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif vlxutajcjyKaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh k k kd tm;avsmpm ‚if;wd@k .vkyief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&mwGif vlx.yl;aygi;f yg0ifr_ fG f k udk &&S=d uonf? Tonfum; vlxtm; trsm;ESiy;l aygi;f aqmif&uwwfonfh tavhtusiukd k hf G f hf &&Saponf? xdtavhtusionf tem*wfjrefrmEdiiwif 'Drua&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;t d k hf k f H G kd wGuf taxmuftuljyKaponf@t&mrsm; jzpfayonf? od@k aomf tm%mudk &moufyefcsKyfui&ef &nf&,csuxm;&Sonfh ppftm%m&Sif kd f G f f d AdvcsKyf}uD;rsm;onf xd@k uo@kd tajccdif wd;k wufatmifjrifvmaeaom vlra&;qdi&mtzG@J k f hJ k _ kf tpnf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k . =oZmatmufwixm;&S&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uonf? T}uKd ;yrf;csursm;onf Gf d f ppftm%m&Sirsm;u aºu;G a=umfaeaom “acwfrz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufaom 'Drua&pDEiiawmfopf f SD kd kd f H }u;D xlaxmifa&;”[lonfh aqmify'Eihf zDvmqef@usiaecJonf? tpd;k &r[kwaom vlrtzG@J kfS f h f _ tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh omoema&;tzG@J rsm;/ vlr0efaqmiftzG@J rsm;/ use;f rma&;jyKpapmifa&Smuf _ k h aomtzGJ@rsm;/ ynma&;tzGJ@rsm; ponfh atmufajctqifh vlr_a&;qdkif&mtzGJ@rsm;onf 'Drua&pDv@l abmiftwGuf a'guwirsm;jzpf=uonf? xdtzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ppftm%m&Sirsm; kd f kd f k f 26
  • 27.
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  • 28.
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  • 29.
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  • 30.
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  • 31.
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  • 32.
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  • 33.
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  • 34.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; %mydirsm;. vkyief;qdi&m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;tm; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u&ef jiif;qef+yD; kf f kf G f 76 kd f G jrefrmjynfrS xGucmoGm;cJonf? txl;ojzifh vufeufuiyÉdyuQrsm; tqufrjywf jzpfym; fG h aeaom a'orsm;wGif vlom;csi;f qdi&m ulnaxmufyrrsm; vkyaqmifaeaom Ekiiwum kf D hH _ f dfH at*siprsm;udvnf; qufvufrvkyaqmifEiatmif wif;usyaom pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; fD k f kd f f csrwf jyXmef;cJonf? xd@k a=umifh u&ifjynfe,fEihf rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f Y 2001 ckEprS pwifI S h S S f use;f rma&;qdi&mtultnDrsm; vkyaqmifaeaom jyifopftajcpduf e,fjcm;rJq&m0efrsm; kf f k h tzG@J onf 2006 ckEp/f rwfvwGif tm%mydirsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u&ef jiif;qef+yD; jrefrm S kf G f 77 jynfrS xGucmoGm;cJonf? fG h tvm;wlpm jrefrmEkiiwi;f &Sd tusO;f om;rsm;ESihf &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&muf G dfH G um Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;udk awG@qjHk cif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;vdtyfaomypPn;f rsm;udk axmuf kfH k yHay;aeaom *seAmtajcpduf tdiptmpD (ac: ) urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J }uD;udvnf; tm%m h D D k kf D k ydirsm;u r=umc% [ef@wm;aESmuf,ujf cif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? ,if;tzG@J }uD;onf jrefrm kf S f hJ jynfwi;f &Sd tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif ‚if;wd@k .vkyief;rsm;udk vGwvyfpm vkyuiEi&eftwGuf G f f G f kd f kd f 1999 ckEpwif jrefrmEdiiH jynfxa&;0ef}uD;XmerS cGijhf yKcsuf &&dconf? xdcserpI jynfwi;f Sf G kf J S hJ k dfS G tusO;f axmifrsm;ESihf &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k vpOfyreom;a&mufum Ekiia&;tusO;f om;rsm; Hk S f G dfH ESihf awG@qaqG;aEG;jcif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;vdtyfaomypPn;f rsm;udk ulnaxmufyay;cJonf? Hk k D Hh h 1999 ckEprS 2005 ckEptwGi;f tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k (435)}udrf oGm;a&mufc+hJ yD;jzpfonf? S f S f use;f rma&;vkyief;rsm;/ oifwef;rsm;ESihf ajcwkvyief;rsm;tjyif Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;. f k f kfH rdom;pkrsm;udvnf; aiGa=u;axmufyrrsm; ulnaqmif&uay;cJonf?78 k Hh _ D G f h od@k aomfvnf; 2005 ESpueyi;f rSpI jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&muf f k f kd vnfywfaer_rsm; &kww&ufqi;f ihom;ojzifh axmifwi;f &Sd Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;. tajc f kd H G G kfH tae qd;k 0g;vmcJonf? 2006 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv 21 &ufae@ ICRC . xkwjf yefausnmcsut& h S f ICRC tzG@J onf jrefrmjynf tusO;axmifrsm;wGif Ekiia&;tusO;om;rsm;. tajctaersm; f dfH f udk avhvm&eftwGuf om,m0wDtusO;f axmifo@kd oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef pDpOfconf? hJ xdc&D;pOfwif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J u tdiptmpDtzG@J Eitwl vduygcijhf yK&rnf[k twif;tusyf k G kd kf D S hf k f G awmif;qdconftwGuf ICRC taejzifh tqdygc&D;pOfukd zsuor;f cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;tm%m k hJ h k f d h dk ydkifrsm;onf tusOf;axmifrsm;twGif;&Sd qdk;&Gm;aeaomtajctaersm;udk urBmhrdom;pk todi;f t0di;f tm; vdrnmzk;H uG,&eftwGuf urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J . tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k k k f f vGyvyfpm oGm;a&mufvnfywfcirsm;udk wjznf;jznf; +cdr;f ajcmuf xde;f csKyfvmcJonf? f G G hf h xd@k a=umifh Ediiwum=uufajceDtzG@J rsm;taejzifh jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k kfH jyefvnfom;a&mufEi&ef cGijhf yKcsu&&Sa&;twGuf tvm;tvm tvGeenf;yg;cJonf? tm G kd f f d f h %mydirsm;onf 2005 ckEprpI urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J rsm;udk enf;vrf;aygi;f pHo;kH I tusO;f kf S f S k 34
  • 35.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk axmifrsm;od@k 0ifa&mufrppfaq;Ekiatmif [ef@wm;xm;cJonf?79 2006 ckEpf Ed0ifbmv df h S k aESmif;ydi;f wGif rE av;/ armfv+rdKif/ bm;tH/ awmif}uD;ESihf usKi;f wkH ponfh +rdK@}uD; (5)+rdK@wif k W d G zGivpxm;onf Ediiwum=uufajceDaumfrwD&;Hk rsm;udk ydwypf&ef jrefrmtm%mydirsm;u hf S f kfH f kf 80 trde@f xwconf? tqdyg&;Hk rsm;udk 'DZifbmv tv,favmufwif tm%mykirsm;u jyef k f hJ k G df f vnfzivpcihf ay;cJaomfvnf; tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;ukr_ cGirjyK G hf S f G h d hf 81 cJhay? tusK;d quftaejzifh tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k vdtyfaomaq;0g;rsm;udk urBmh =uuf k ajceDtzG@J }u;D rS qufvufaxmufyEijf cif; r&SawmhonftwGuf tusO;f om;rsm;onf iSuzsm; hH dk d h f a&m*g/ ESv;Hk a&m*g/ qD;csKa&m*g tygt0if tjcm;a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d twGuf aq;0g;jywfvyfrrsm; d _ ESihf &ifqic&+yD; use;f rma&;tajctae qd;k 0g;vmcJonf? tusO;f axmifrsm;twGi;f aq;0g; dk f hJ h jywfvyfrrsm;ESihf tm%mydirsm;. tcseruoay;jcif;r&Srrsm;a=umifh Ekiia&;tusO;f om; _ kf dfD k d_ dfH 82 aoqk;H r_rsm;vnf; &Sconf? jrefrmEdiiwif 1988 ppftm%modr;f +y;D uwnf;u 2006 ckEpf d hJ kfH G S 83 txd tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif aoqk;H cJonfh Ekiia&;tusO;f om; 127 OD;ausmf &Sconf? h dfH d hJ twk t a,mif vl x k a xmuf c H y G J r sm;/ vl p k v l a 0;yG J r sm;ES i f h qef @ usif & _ w f c syG J r sm; jrefrmppftpd;k &onf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;/ jynfyowif;rD',mrsm;ESihf EdiiH k f D kf jcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS ta&;,lydwfqdk@r_rsm;udk qef@usif&_wfcs&eftwGuf vlpkvla0;yGJrsm;udk jrefrmEdiiw0Sr;f wGif usi;f ycJonf? ppftpd;k &u wzufowf usi;f yjyKvkyonfh trsK;d om; kfH h f nDvmcHEihf vrf;jyajrykH axmufcyrsm;udvnf; jrefrmEkiiw0Sr;f &Sd jynfe,fEiwi;f toD; S H JG k dfH S hf kd oD;wGif qufwuf usi;f yjyKvkyconf? jynfovxtm; rufv;Hk rsm;/ tca=u;aiGrsm; ay;I kd f hJ l l k vnf;aumif;/ enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cr;f ajcmufIvnf;aumif; ppftpd;k &u pdwwi;f us pDraqmif d f kd H &Guxm;onfh vlpva0;yGrsm;udk wufa&mufapcJonf? ,if;vlpva0;yGrsm; usi;f y&mwGif f k l J h k l J ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rS trmcH kd f k kd kd f toif;0ifrsm;u wm0eftoD;oD;cG,I twkta,mifaxmufcyrsm;udk usi;f ycJjh cif; jzpfonf? J l H JG ppfwyfxyyi;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;rS OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKaeaom jynfci+f zdK;toif; pwifz@JG pnf;+yD; d f kd kd cserpwifI qef@usi&wcsyrsm;/ twkta,mif vlxaxmufcyrsm;udk vlx.qENrygyJ t dfS f _ f JG k H JG k wif;t"rRac:,l pkaqmif;I Ekiiw0Sr;f vk;H wGif tqufrjywf usi;f ycJonf? 1994 ckEp/f dfH h S Zefe0g&DvrS pwifI 2005 ckESpftxd trsKd;om;nDvmcHatmifjrifa&; twkta,mif axmufcyrsm;udk wdi;f ESijhf ynfe,ftES@H (77)ae&mwGif usi;f ycJonf?84 xd@k jyif2005 ckEpf aemuf H JG k h S ydi;f umvrsm;rSpI 2007 ckEpumvrsm;txd jynfci+f zdK;toif;u OD;aqmifI rsm;jym;vS k S f kd aom twkta,mif vlxaxmufcyrsm;/ qef@usi&wcsyrsm;ESihf vlpva0;yGrsm;udk Ediiwpf k H JG f _ f JG k l J kfH 0Sr;f usi;f yjyKvkyconf? f hJ 35
  • 36.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;taejzihf ,if;twkta,mifaxmufcyrsm;ESihf vlpva0; kd kf H JG k l yGrsm;od@k jynfovxtm; rnfo@kdrnfyHk zdtm;ay;I wufa&mufapcJonfukd qufvuf avhvm J l l k h =urnfjzpfonf? 2003 ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif ppftpd;k &. vrf;jyajryktm; axmufcqENjy&ef S H H +rdwc&kitwGi;f &Sfd jynforsm;udk wpftraxmifv#if 2 a,mufEe;f jr{&mabmvk;H uGi;f wGif f df l d f _ vma&mufp&;Hk &ef urf&;dk wef;wdi;f ppfXmecsKyfwi;f rSL;u trde@f ay;cJonf? wufa&muf&ef ysuf k k dk h uGuygu '%fa=u;aiG (500)usyf ay;aqmif&onf? ,if;vlpva0;yGrsm;od@k ppfwyfrom;pkt f k l J d odi;f t0di;f rsm;ygrusef wufa&muf&ef apcdi;f jcif;cH&onf? 2003 ckEp/f pufwifbmvtwGi;f Y k k k S etzppf&;kH csKyf tajrmufwyfz@JG !$e=f um;a&;rSL; AdvrLS ;csKyfjr0if;onf weoFm&Dwi;f / xm;0,f k f kd +rdK@Eihf +rdw+f rdK@rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI tajrmufwyf&if; trSwf (201)/ (301)/ (302)/ (304)/ S (306)/ (307)/ (309)/ (501)ESihf (401)wd@k rS rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; AdvcsKyf k f 85 cif!e@f . tcsu(7)csuyg vrf;jyajrykukd axmufcqENjy&ef pnf;&k;H v_@H aqmfconf? $ f f H H hJ 2007 ckEp/f pufwifbmv ucsijf ynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@ axmufcyrsm;twGuf S H JG jynfovxukd wpftrwpfa,mufEe;f wufa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? wufa&muf&ef l l k d f _ h ysuuuf ygu jyif;xef;pGmta&;,lrnf[k ajrmufyi;f wdi;f ppfXmecsKywi;f rSL; AdvcsKyte;f jrifu f G kd k f kd k f f k h 86 trde@f xkwconf? Aef;armf+rdK@&dS Xmeqdi&maygi;f pkrS 0efxrf;rsm;/ jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf f hJ kf H kd pGr;f tm; &Sif pkpaygi;f tiftm; 200 cef@ukd Aef;armf-rE av; ajy;qGaeonfh rSevbwfpum; k W J f Hk f 5 pD;jzifh jzpf}uD;em;od@k ac:aqmifvmI twkta,mif axmufcyrsm;udk usi;f ycJonf?87 H JG h xdaxmufcH yGrsm;wGif autditkd ac: ucsivwajrmufa&;tzG@J vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf? k J kf f G f od@k aomf ucsivi,f (200)ausmcef@onf ppftpd;k &.axmufcyrsm;tay: autdit. f l f H JG k f kd &yfwnfcsuEiywf owfI tcsu(7)csuuawmif;qdum qef@usi&wcsconf? awmif;qdk f S hf f f kd k f _ f hJ csu(7)csuwif ppfreonfh 'Drua&pDEiiawmf/ wef;wltcGita&;/ ucsivrsK;d pkrsm;tm;vk;H f f G Sf kd kd f H hf f l tjrefpnf;vH;k nD!wr&&da&;/ etzppftpd;k &. trsK;d om;nDvmcH }udKqdaxmufcrukd qef@ $ f_ S k H_ usi+f y;D axmufcaeonfh ucsivrsK;d rsm;tm;vk;H udvnf; rvdvm;a=umif;/ trsK;d om;nDvm H f l k k cHukd }udKqdaxmufcjH cif;tm;jzifh urBmtjrif/ trsm;tjrifwif us&;H_ oGm;onfh *k%oumudk k h G f d Q jyefvnf&yor;f &efEihf trsm;.,k=H unfr&&Sa&; jyKvy&ef tcsejf zpfonf[k azmfjyyg&conf?88 kf d S _ d kf d dS hJ jynfci+f zdK;onf ppftpd;k &ESihf ‚if;wd@k . ay:vpDrsm;udk axmufctm;ay;onfh twk kd H ta,mifaxmufcyrsm;udk usi;f yjyKvkyconftjyif twkutcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk qef@usif H JG f hJ h d f &_wcsonfh vlpva0;yGrsm;udvnf; usi;f ycJonf? ,if;onf jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;. f k l J k h kd kf &nf&,csursm;xJrS wpfctygt0ifjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh tm%mydirsm;. txl;ypfrwxm; G f f k kf S f wducuc&onfh tzG@J tpnf;wpfcrm +idr;f csr;f a&; Edb,fvq&if a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD; k f kd f H k S k f k S aqmifaom jrefrmEdiiwif t}uD;rm;qk;H twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;wpfcjk zpfonfh 1990 a&G; kfH G k f 36
  • 37.
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  • 38.
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  • 39.
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  • 40.
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  • 42.
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  • 43.
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  • 44.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tm%mydirsm;u pDpOfxm;aom aºuG;a=umforsm;udk vufo;D vufarmif;wef;I atmf[pf kf H aºuG;a=umfrnforsm;r&Sojzifh tqifoifh oGi;f xm;+yD;aom toHrsm;udk avmfpyDumrsm;jzifh h l d zGiI vSnvnfc&onftaetxm;od@k a&mufconf? ,if;jzpfpOfonf rE av;wdi;f / awmif hf hf hJ h hJ W k 122 wGi;f }uD;+rdK@wif usi;f ycJaom t"rRvpva0;yGwif jzpfym;cJonf? G h l k l J G G h tusif h y suf v mbf p m;r_ r sm; jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf jrefrmEdiitwGi;f &Sd vkyief;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk vuf0g}uD; kd kfH f tkyum toif;twGuf &HyaiGrsm;udk vdrvnfpaqmif;cJonftjyif vmbfpm;r_rsm;udyg usL; f Hk f k h h k vGeconf? 2002 ckEptwGi;f weoFm&Dwi;f twGi;f &Sd tm%mydirsm;u rlvwef;pmoif f hJ S f kd kf ausmif;rsm;/ use;f rma&;taxmuftulypPn;f rsm;/ pduysKd ;arG;jrLa&;ESihf a&t&if;tjrpfrsm; k f tygt0if e,fpyfa'ozG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;pDrcsursm;twGu[k ta=umif;jyum &HyaiGrsm;udk H f f kH jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k ay;tyfconf? cGijhf yKcsur&SbJ ydieufusL;ausmI cd;k ,lzrf;qD;xm;aom kd hJ f d kf f ig;rsm;udk odr;f ,la&mif;csjcif;/ w&m;r0if e,fpyfu;l oef;oGm;vma&;ESihf c&D;onfrwywifjcif; S f kH udprsm;wGivnf; tcGeaiGrsm;aumufcjHcif; ponfenf;vrf;rsm;jzifvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif; P f f h h kd 123 twGuf &HyaiGrsm;pkaqmif;cJonf? kH h jynfci+f zKd ;toif;twGuf tvm;wl &efyaiG&mazGa&;}uKd ;yrf;r_rsm;wGif &cdijf ynfe,f/ dk kH S k oHw+JG rKd @wif ig;ajcmufo,f,y@kd aqmifa&; pufavSt}u;D wpfp;D v#if wpfaomif;usyEihf tao; G l fS wpfp;D v#if ig;axmifusy[I toD;oD;owfrwum tvSLaiGrsm;tjzpf aumufcconf? xdo@kd f l S f H hJ k ay;aqmif&ef jiif;qeforsm;tm; rSwywifjyKvkyray;bJ ‚if;wk@d .vkyief;rsm;udvnf; w&m; l f kH f f k r0if vkyief;rsm;tjzpf a=unmcJonf?124 tvm;wlpm rE av;wki;f / rwW&m +rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd f h G W d aus;&Gmrsm;wGivnf; aus;&Gmtm%mydirsm;ESihf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm; yl;aygi;f +y;D enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh f kf kd aiGa=u;rsm;aumufcconf? Oyrmtm;jzihf trsK;d orD;a&;&mtzG@J 0ifrsm;twGuf t0wftpm; H hJ zd;k [kqum wpftrv#if jrefrmaiG usy(300) aumufcconf? xd@k jyif ,l&dk 2004 abmvk;H yGukd kd df f H hJ J 125 ta=umif;jyI wpftrv#if usyaiG (300) twif;t"rR aumufcconf? d f f H hJ tm%mydirsm;onf aus;vufp;D yGm;a&; tqifjh riwifa&;ESiywfoufI v,f,m kf S hf hf pduysK;d a&;rsm; azmfxwvyaqmifay;cJjh cif;/ v,f,mpduysK;d a&;twGuf "gwajr=oZmESihf k f k f k f k f f yd;k owfaq;rsm; jzef@jzL;&mwGif ulnay;jcif;rsm;udk vkyaqmifay;Ediconf[k qdonf?126 od@k D f k f hJ k aomfvnf; rauG;wdi;f +rKd @e,ftoD;oD;&Sd jrefrmhpuysK;d a&;t&m&Srsm;/ oufqi&m r,u OuUX k kd f d kd f rsm;ESihf jynfaxmifp}k u@H cia&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif;0ifrsm;ud,wif e,fqif;+y;D awmifov,fo kd f k f kd l rm;rsm;udk =unf;/av/a& !SdE_dif;uGyfuJa&;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;.om; atmifoufref; ydiqiaom {&ma&$0gur%xwf "gwajr=oZmtwkrsm;udk r0,frae& twif;t"rR a&mif;cs k f dk f k` D k f cJonf? xda&mufrr&Saom "gwajr=oZmtwkrsm;a=umifh pyg;yifrsm;txGuw;kd r_ avsmenf; h _ d f f h 44
  • 45.
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  • 46.
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  • 48.
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  • 49.
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  • 50.
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  • 51.
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  • 52.
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  • 53.
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  • 54.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tm%mykirsm;. rwufrae&trde@f jzihf tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;udk ESppOfusi;f ycJonf? 2006 df f h ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif csi;f jynfe,fawmifyi;f / rwly+D rKd @wif aus;&Gm(10)&GmrS a'ocH&mom; (200) S f kd G G ausmcef@ukd tm%mydirsm;u rwufrae&trde@f jzihf tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf? wuf f kf hJ a&muf&ef ysuuuygu jyif;xefpm tjypfay;ta&;,lrnf[k tm%mydirsm;u trde@f xwchJ f G f G kf k f onf? qd;k &Gm;onftcsurm oifwef;om;rsm;twGuf pm;eyf&umrsm;udk tdraxmifpk (1)pk h fS d Q f v#if qef(2)uDvEihf usyaiG(1000)udk pm;0wfaea&; =uyfwnf;onf=h um;u wpfywfv#if kd S f (1) }udrf axmufyay;&onf?156 hH 2007 ckEpf arvtwGi;f ppfui;f wdi;f / rk&mc&dif t&mawmf+rdK@e,fwif wpf&mv#if S kd k H G k G G wpfa,mufEe;f rwufrae& ppfoifwef;wuf&ef tm%mydirsm;u trde@f xwconf? oif _ kf k f hJ wef;om;rsm;twGuf pm;p&dwtygt0if taxGaxGueuspm;&dwrsm;twGuf wpftraxmif f kf f df v#if 1000 usyf aumufcconf? wcsewnf;Yyif rE av;wdi;f / rdwvm/ rv_i/f ompnf/ H hJ d f W k Dˆ d 0rf;wGi;f &Sd +rKd @rsm;wGivnf; jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifvi,frsm;udk ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf?157 2003 f dk l hJ ckEp/f ZlvivtwGi;f rauG;wdi;f Yvnf; &JEihf ppfwyfrom;pk0ifrsm;udk rwufrae& ppfoif S d_ f k S d wef;ay;&ef !$e=f um;cJ+h y;D jynfo@l ppfoifwef;twGuf wpf&yfuuv#if vl(30)OD; pkaqmif;ay;&ef G f 158 jynfci+f zdK; +rdK@e,ftm%mydirsm;u !$e=f um;cJonf? kd kf h xd@k jyif 2005 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f yJc;l wdi;f / jzL;+rdK@e,fwif +rdK@e,fv;Hk u|wf jynfo@l S k G ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf? xdtcseu +rdK@e,ftwGi;f &Sd vli,frsm;udk jynfo@l ppfoifwef; hJ k d f rwufrae& trde@f jzifh a'ocHtajcpduppfwyf cr& 306 wyf&if;rS OD;aqmifI jyKvkyconf? k f f hJ wufa&muf&ef ysuuuorsm;udk '%faiG&urnf[k tm%mydirsm;u !$e=f um;cJonf? f G f l kd f kf h oifwef;rsm;onf tenf;qk;Hk wpfywfcef@=umjrifaoma=umifh ud,yivyief;&Sorsm;twGuf h k f kd f k f d l tcuftcJrsm; awG@c=hJ u&onf? tvm;wl yJc;l wdi;f wGif +rdK@e,faygi;f 28 +rdK@e,f&+dS yD; tjcm;+rdK@ k e,frsm;wGivnf; tvm;wl jynfo@l ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf?159 f hJ EdiitwGi;f Y jynfovxtm; enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh pnf;&k;H I jynfo@l ppfrsm; zG@J pnf; kfH l l k aejcif;onf ppftm%m&Sirsm;. tusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,ay;&ef jzpfonf? 2006 ckEp/f f f S =o*kwvY &cdijf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd &rf;+AJ/ ausmufjzL/ rmefatmif+rKd@e,frsm;wGif taemufyi;f f k kd wdi;f rS 'kAvrLS ;}u;D armifarmifvif OD;pD;+y;D tkyptvduf a'ocHjynforsm;tm; jynfo@l ppftzG@J k kd f G fk k l rsm; zG@J pnf;ay;cJonf? txl;ojzifh &cdijf ynfe,fonf w&kwEiitygt0if EdiijH cm; ukr%D h k f kd f H kf ` trsm;tjym;rS a&eHEihf obm0"gwaiG@rsm; &SmazGaeaom t"duae&mwck jzpfonf? ppftpd;k S f &. 0ifaiG&&S&m ae&mjzpfaoma=umifh vk+H cKHa&;t& txl;ta&;}uD;onf? xd@k a=umifh jynf d wGi;f / jynfyrS ppftpd;k &qef@usia&;orm;rsm;u enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh tE &m,fay;vmrnfukd pd;k &drf f W ojzifh jynfovxtm; pnf;&k;H I jynfo@l ppfrsm; zG@J pnf;cJjh cif; jzpfonf?160 xd@k jyif 2005 ckEpf l l k S umvwGi;f vnf; &ckiurf;vGeyifv,fjyifwif *wf(pf)wl;azmfa&;vkyief;rsm;udk umuG,apmifh df f G f f 54
  • 55.
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  • 56.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tzG@J onf jynforsm;. ppftpd;k &tay: oabmxm;tajctae/ pm;0wfaea&;ESiywfoufI l hf &ifqiae &onftajctae/ ukeaps;E_e;f owif; ponfrsm;udk axmufvr;f +y;D ae@pOf txuf kd f h f S tqifhqifhudk tpD&ifcHwifjy&onf? ppftpdk;&. axmufvSrf;a&;Xmersm;wGif a,bl,s tm;jzifh vufeufuityprsm;ESihf vk+H cHKa&;qdi&m axmufvr;f a&;udprsm;udk ppfzufqi&m kd f k f k kf S P kd f vk+H cKH a&;tzG@J u aqmif&u+f y;D Ediia&;qdi&m/ 0efxrf;a&;&mESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdi&m axmufvr;f G kfH kf kf S a&;udprsm;udk p ok;H vk;H tzG@J uaqmif&uI jynfovxtwGi;f axmufvr;f a&;vkyief;rsm;udk P G f l l k S f jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif; (ac: ) jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J u aqmif&uconf?165 kd f kd G f hJ rGejf ynfe,f/ aygi+f rKd @e,f&/dS +rKd @e,f&wyfz@JG rS &Jt&m&SwpfO;D u 2002ckEp/f 'DZifbmv J d S wGif xkwa0onfh “0g'jzef@csa&;ppfybmom&yf”trnf&dS pmwrf;wpfcwif pdw"mwfppfqif f d JG k G f a&;ESihf 'Drua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tm; xdywu&ifqiwucua&; enf;vrf;rsm;udk tao;pdwf kd f kd f kd f kd f kd f 166 xnfoi;f azmfjycJonf? 2000 ckEpwivnf; tvm;wl +rdK@e,f&wyfz@JG rS vufaxmuf&J h G h S f Gf J t&m&SwpfO;D jzpfol usioe;f u jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; oifwef;wpfco@kd wufa&mufci;f d f d kd k kd cJonf? xdoifwef;onf pdw"gwppfqifa&;udk txl;tav;teufxm;+yD; ppfwyfEihf a'o h k f f S pnf;&k;H v_@aqmforsm;twGuf owif;ay;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&u&ef toif;0ifvi,frsm;udk H l G f l 167 pkaqmif;xm;aom oifwef;jzpfonf? 2005 ckEp/f ZGevwGif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jyifyurBmod@k owif;aygu=f um; S f kd r_ r&Sap&ef apmif=h uyf&rnf[k !$e=f um;csuwpfapmifxwjf yefI owday;cJonf? jynfyEdiiH d f k h kf rsm;rS owif;xkwjf yefrrsm;tm; pepfwusw@kH jyef&efEihf 0g'jzef@csa&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif&ef _ S D f f twGuf owif;ESijhf yef=um;a&;tzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;I xd@k !e=f um;csutm; taumiftxnfazmfchJ $ f onf?168 2007 ckEp/f {+yvydi;f wGivnf; &efuewi;f +rKd @e,frsm;&Sd &yfuursm;rS wpf&yfuuf S D k f k f kd G f G v#if (3)OD;E_e;f v#K@d 0ua&G;cs,I owif;yd@k / owif;,loifwef;ESihf vk+H cKa&;oifwef;rsm;udk yd@k cs&ef S f f H jyifqifconf? hJ 2006 ckEp/f arvtapmydi;f Y jynfci+f zdK;twGuf owif;pmoifwef;rsm; usi;f ycJh S k kd onf? oifwef;zGiytcrf;tem;wGivnf; jynfci+f zKd ;wGbuftwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;aZmfrif;u enf; hf JG f dk J ynmuGm[r_ukd tcGiaumif;,l+y;D jynfwi;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpuzufaeonfh jynfyrD',mrsm; hf G G f D udk wefjyefwucu&mwGif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J u OD;pm;ay;vkyaqmifom;&rnf[k ajymqdchJ kd f kd f kd f G k 169 onf? xd@k jyif2006 ckEp/f atmufwbmv (24)ae@&uf/ t*F gae@xwf jrefrmhtvif;owif; S kd k pmwGif rD;&xm;0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf jynfci+f zdK;A[dtvkytr_aqmifvnf;jzpfol OD;atmifrif;u kd k f etzppftpd;k &ESihf ‚if;wd@k .tpDtpOfrsm;udk axmufyay;&efz@JG pnf;xm;onfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif; hH kd . 0g'jzef@csa&;vkyief; owif;ESijhf yef=um;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif xdxa&mufa&mufaqmif&uf d f f d G Edi&ef &nf&,+f y;D jynfci+f zKd ;toif;twGuf owif;pmoifwef;zGihf vSp&jcif;jzpfonf[k ajymqdchJ kf G kd f k 170 onf? jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk yd@k csaeaom owif;pmoifwef;rsm;onf jynfyrD',mrsm; kd D 56
  • 57.
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  • 58.
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  • 61.
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  • 62.
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  • 64.
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  • 66.
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  • 67.
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  • 68.
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  • 69.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk rsm;udk tm%myditzG@JrvI rnfonfEiia&;ygwrsm;udrS jyKvkyciray;cJay?218 kf S JG h kd f H D k f G hf h ZGev 19 onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. arG;ae@jzpf+yD; ESppOf jynfwi;f jynfyae&m f f G tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif arG;ae@tcrf;tem;rsm; usi;f yjyKvky=f uonf? jynfyae&mrsm;wGif tcrf; tem;rsm;udk vGwvyfpm usi;f ycGi&&daomfvnf; jynfwi;f Y xduo@kd usi;f ycGir&yJ ppftpd;k & f G hf S G k hJ hf vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm;udk &ifqiae&qJ jzpfonf? kd f k kd S f_ kd f Oyrmtm;jzifh rauG;wdi;f / atmifv+H rdK@e,fwif a':atmifqef;pk=unfarG;ae@ usi;f ycJaom k G h trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J rsm;u avmufav;*Grsm;jzifh ypfcwf kd kd wducuconf? xd@k jyif tzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;. armfawmfqiu,fb;D rsm;udvnf; azmufypfchJ k f kd f hJ kd f k onf? tvm;wlpm ppfui;f wdi;f / a&$b+kd rdK@wif tifet,fv'tzG@J 0ifrsm; tcrf;tem;usi;f y G kd k G f fD aeonftrukd ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J rsm;u avmufav;*Grsm;jzifh ypfcwf h d f kd f k dk wducuconf? tcrf;tem; +yD;pD;onftcgwivnf; NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;oGm;&m vrf;w k f kd f hJ h Gf av#mufwif oHrrsm;ypfcsI qdiu,fb;D rsm; aygu+f yJatmifjyKvkyI aESmuf,uconf? G d_ kf f S f hJ &efuewi;f +rKd @e,ftcsK@d tygt0if tjcm;+rKd @e,ftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tvm;wl &rf;um;aESmuf k f kd ,Surrsm; jyKvkyc=hJ uonf?219 f_ f jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf bmoma&;tcef;tem;rsm;/ 0wfjyKqkawmif;yGrsm;wGif kd J vlrsm;udim;&rf;I tpDtpOfwus qufwuaESmuf,urrsm; jyKvyconf? &efuewi;f trsK;d kS kd f S f_ k f hJ k f kd om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf jrefrmh'rua&pDacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf kd D kd tygt0if Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;vGwajrmufa&;twGuf 2004 ckEp/f Zlviv 13 &uf ae@rS kfH f S kd f pI tygwpOf t*F gae@ 0wfjyKqawmif;yGrsm;udk &efue+f rKd @wif jyKvyconf? jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if f k J k G k f hJ kd rsm;onf 0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm;udk bk&m;ay:od@k wufcir&atmif wm;qD;ydwyifjcif;/ tr# G hf f a0aomtcg atmf[pfaESmuf,ujf cif;rsm;/ wefjyefqawmif;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? xd@k jyif S k f hJ 0wfjyKqawmif;olrsm;udk ud,xvufa&muf usL;vGeonftxd taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? k k f d f f h bk&m;ay:wGif 0wfjyKqawmif;olrsm;udk aESmuf,u&mwGif ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf k S f kd f k jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J onf txl;ojzifh w&m;r0iftESycef;rsm;rS tESyorrsm;/ &yfuutwGi;f dk d f d f G f vdipifrhJ t&ufa&mif;olrsm;/ csxa&mif;olrsm; pojzifh w&m;r0ifvyief;rsm;jzihf toufarG; kf J D kf 0rf;a=umif;jyKaeolrsm;udk tvSnus ac:,ltok;H jyKcJonf? bk&m;ay:od@k wufvmoltcsK@d ukd hf h vdtyfv#if wm;qD;&rnfjzpf+y;D !$e=f um;xm;onftwdi;f vkyaqmif&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ ud,hf k h k f k ud,ukd jynfo[ajymqd&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ owif;aygu=f um;ygu jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,ljcif; k f l k k cH&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ ‚if;wd@k tm; }uD;=uyfonfh jynfci+f zdK;wm0efcrsm;u rSm=um;cJonf?220 kd H h 2007 ckEp/f Zefe0g&vtwGi;f a&$w*b&m;ay:wGif tygwpOft*F gae@ 0wfjyKqk S D d Hk k f awmif;olrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf bk&m;wm0efus &Jrsm;u t=urf;zuf&uEurrsm;/ kd dk f S f _ bk&m;ajcawmf&if;wGif atmf[pfaESmuf,urrsm; jyKvkyconf? 0wfjyKqkawmif;ol tzG@J 0if S f_ f hJ 69
  • 70.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; vli,fwOD;udvnf; t=urf;zuf &duEuconf?221 arvydi;f wGivnf; &efue+f rKd @ ajcmufxyf}u;D k k f S f hJ k f k bk&m;od@k tifet,fv'tzG@J 0ifrsm; oGm;a&muf0wfjyK qkawmif;aepOf ppftpd;k & vufuif f f D kd wkwrsm;u wefjyefqawmif;r_rsm;jyKvyum taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? ,if;vufuiwwf f k kf f h kd f k rsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf olr.cifye;f rkuu,ft&pfw@kd . ESpa,mufwyyg wD&yf S G d f J f JG Hk S rsm;0wfqif+y;D tifet,fv'tzG@J 0if 0wfjyKqkawmif;aeolrsm;ab;Y xdiI “jynfytm;ud;k f fD kf ykqe&;dk tvdr&S/d jrefrmjynfukd jrefrmwdi;f &if;om;awGom tkycsKyf&ygv./ jrefrmjynfrm d f k k f kd S tqd;k jrif0g'awG uif;&Si;f &ygv.”pojzifh toHus,avmifpm atmf[pfI wefjyef taESmuf D kd f G t,Suay;cJonf? xdr#omru 0wfjyKqawmif;t+y;D bk&m;ay:rSjyefqif;csewivnf; bk&m; f h k k df Gf apmif;wef;wGif xdvtyprsm;u tifet,fv'tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk t"rRqac:ojzifh &ke;f &if; k l k f k f f D JG qefcwf jzpfym;cJonftxd tajctaeqd;k &Gm;cJonf?222 tvm;wlpm rE av;wdi;f / jyifO;D vGif G h h G W k +rdK@e,f tifet,fv'D pnf;&k;H a&;aumfrwDtzG@J 0ifrsm; aemifcrf;}uD;aus;&Gm&Sd aemifcrf;}uD; f f bk&m;ay:wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf qkawmif;aecsewivnf; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;u wHjrufpnf;rsm;jzifh eH&H df Gf kd f rsm;ESihf =urf;cif;rsm;udk &duEuI ,kwrm=urf;wrf;pGm aESmuf,uconf?223 k fS f f S f hJ 1996 ckEp/f azazmf0g&vY jrefrmEdii. yxrOD;qk;H 'Drua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,f S D kfH kd wifajrSmufjcif;cHc&aom 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek uG,veonfh (1)ESpjf ynfajrmuf txdr;f hJ f G f h trSwf tcrf;tem;wpfcukd usi;f yjyKvkyconf? xdtcrf;tem;od@k wufa&mufvmaom k f hJ k vlxtwGi;f od@k teDa&mifvufarmif;ywfrsm; 0wfqifxm;aom jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk k kd pdr@f 0if xd;k azguap+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf rde@f ce;f ajym=um;onftcg c&rf;csOo;D rsm;jzifh f G h f ypfaygu&ef tm%mydirsm;u !$e=f um;cJonf? 1996 ckEpf {+yDv jrefrmhEpopfu;l ae@wif f kf h S S f G vnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf.aetdro@kd oGm;&mvrf;rsm;tm; wm;qD;ydwq@kd xm;cJ+h yD;/ vrf; f f ay:&Sd twm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmjf zwfvmonfh NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; ¶duEurnf[k jynfci+f zKd ; D k fS f dk tzG@J 0ifrsm;u +cr;f ajcmufc=hJ uonf? xdEptwGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf yJc;l +rKd @&dS emrnf d kSf }uD; bk&m;wpfqltm; oGm;a&mufz;l ar#mrnf[k owif;rsm;xGuay:cJ&m/ tm%mydirsm;u f f h kf a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vrf;rSapmif}h udKwducu&ef jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;udk wm0efay; k f kd f kd apv$wconf? od@k aomfvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf xdb&m;od@k om;a&mufcjhJ cif; r&Sd f hJ k k G 224 ojzifh tpDtpOf ysuc&onf? f hJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@csKyf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_ rsm; etzppftm%mykirsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J rsm;udk tok;H jyK df kd f k kd I NLD ygwEihf ygwtaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; taESmift,Suay; DS D h f 70
  • 71.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk +cr;f ajcmufjcif;ESihft=urf;zufwucujf cif;rsm;udk jyKvky&ef tqufrjywf }uKd ;yrf;aecJonf? d f kd f kd f h D 1988 ckEprS tpjyKI a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ygwrEwxuay;&efEihf NLD ygwtm; S f D S _ f G f S zsuor;f ay;&ef ppftpd;k &rS wdu&uf zdtm;ay; awmif;qdrrsm; jyKvkyconf? od@k aomfvnf; f d k f dk k_ f hJ ppftpd;k &onf xdtwdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk wkucuEreif;&mwGif ‚if;wd@k OD;aqmifO;D &Guf k k f d f kd f dS f jyKaeaom jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk vufuiwwtjzpf tok;H jyKconf? Tod@k jzifh NLD ygwtm; kd kd f k f hJ D wdu±uwucuaeoltjzpfrS ajz;!Si;f pGm aysmufu,om;atmif }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? rnfo@kd yif k f kd f kd f dk f G f G h jzpfapumrl ppftpd;k &onf jzpfay:vmonfh t=urf;zufwucurrsm;twGuf t"du}uKd ;udif kd f kd f _ k pDpOf!e=f um;aeol jzpfonftwGua=umifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;rS a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ NLD $ h f dk ygw/D tjcm;aomtwkutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf 'Drua&pDa&; axmufctm;ay;olrsm;tay: d f kd H usL;vGeaom jypfrtm;vk;H onf etzppftpd;k &. usL;vGerrsm;omjzpfayonf? f _ f _ etzppftpd;k &rS twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;tay: t=urf;zufwucurrsm; quf k f kd f kd f _ wkuf usL;vGeaejcif;. &nf&,csuonf tqdygtiftm;pkrsm;rS tvm;wl t=urf;zufaom d f G f f k enf;jzifh wH@k jyefru&&S&efyif jzpfonf? tu,fI NLD ygwrS tvm;wl t=urf;zufw@kH jyefrrsm; _ kd d D _ jyKvkyvmygu ppftpd;k &onf wdi;f jynfrwnfr+irjf zpfjcif;rS umuG,&ef[qum NLD ygwD f k d f k kd tm; tjrpfjzwfacsre;f &eftwGuf ta=umif;jycsuwpfck &&Svmrnfjzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; _ f d twdutcHtzG@J rsm;taejzifh t=urf;rzuf ESv;Hk &nfwuyrsm;udom t"duxm; qifEvm k f kd f JG k JG onftwGua=umifh ppftpd;k &ar#mvifxm;onfh tjrpfjywfacsrea&; enf;AsL[monf r h f f h _ f atmifjrifcJhay? 1996 ckEp/f Ek0ifbmvwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf tjcm; NLD ygw0ifrsm; pD; S d S D eif;vkuygvmaom armfawmf,mOfwef;tm; oHacsmif;rsm;/ tkwcrsm;jzifh wducu&eft d f fJ k f kd f wGuf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if wpfO;D pDv#if aiGusyf (5000)pD ay;cJonf? xdwucur_ rwdiru dk h k kd f dk f kf D tpd;k &0ef}uD;wpfO;D jzpfol &xm;yd@k aqmifa&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; OD;0if;pdeu a':atmifqef; f pk=unftm; owfypfoifonf[k jynfci+f zKd ;tpnf;ta0;yGwpfcwif toif;0ifrsm;tm; ajym h dk J k G =um;cJonf? ‚if;u “Ediia&;qlytºkH uGrawGukd zefw;D aewJh atmifqef;pk=unfukd &Si;f ypf h kfH l _ &r,f? ‘&Si;f ypf&r,f’qdwhJ t"dyg` ,ukd rif;wd@k em;vnf=uvm;? ol@ukd owfypf&r,fv@kd ajym k f wm? rif;wd@k ol@uowfypfz@kd owWa&m&S&@J vm;?”[k tqdygtpnf;a0;wGif }ur;f 0g;cJonf?225 kd d d k d h trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unf 2002 kd ckEp/f arv(6) &ufae@wif (19)v=um aetdrtus,csKyrS vGwajrmufvmcJ+h y;D aemuf wdi;f ESihf S G f f f f k jynfe,f (12)ck&dS pkpaygi;f (125)+rdK@e,fo@kd pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm; oGm;a&mufconf? oGm; k hJ a&mufvonfae&mod@k c|i;f csur&dS vGwvyfpmoGm;vmEdici&a=umif; etzppftpd;k &rS kd h f f G k f G hf dS oabmwlxm;cJaomfvnf; vufawG@wir_ tm%mydirsm;. enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aESmuf,uf h Gf kf S 226 [ef@wm;r_rsm;rSm wpxufwp wk;d wufrsm;jym;vmonfukd awG@}uKH c&onf? a':atmifqef; hJ 71
  • 72.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; pk=unfEihf tzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf 2003 ckEp/f arv(6)&ufae@rS arv (30)&ufae@txd S S rE av;wdi;f / ppfui;f wdi;f / ucsijf ynfe,fEihf &Sr;f jynfe,f pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;twGi;f jynf W k kd k S cdi+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. wm;qD; aESmuf,urrsm;pGmudk &ifqic&onf? k S f _ kd f hJ pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;xGuaeonfh a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J ukd aESmuf,u&mwGif f S hf S f yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& apmfum;wducuf a&;om;xm;aom pm&Gupmwrf;rsm;ESihf tzG@J csKyfEihf olrudk k f kd f S oa&mfavSmifajymifxm;onfh umwGe;f ykrsm;udvnf; tm%mydirsm;u }udKwifjzef@a0r_rsm; H k kf jyKvkyconf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf vduygvmaom armfawmf,Ofwef; c&D;rqufEiap&ef f hJ k f kd f um;vrf;rsm;wGif oHq;l }uKd ;rsm;/ opfv;kH rsm;/ ausmufw;Hk rsm;/ ukewifum;}u;D rsm;jzifh ydwq@kd f f xm;jcif;/ wHwm;rsm;wGif um;oGm;&mbD;vrf;ysOcsyrsm;udk cGmxm;+y;D wHwm;udk opfom;wef; f f rsm;&kuI ydwq@kd xm;jcif;/ um;vrf;ay: jzwfI ajrmif;wl;ydwq@kd xm;jcif;/ a':atmifqef; d f f f pk=unfEivxk awG@q&mteD;w0duwif w&m;ra[mEdiatmif taESmuft,Suay;onfh S hf l Hk k f G kf f taejzifh tm;aumif;aom toHcs@J pufrsm;ok;H +yD; oDcsi;f rsm;/ y&dww&m;rsm;udk qlnpm f H G zGi@f jcif;/ vltyxo@kd armfawmfum;armif;0ifjcif;rsm; jyKvy+f y;D jynfci+f zKd ; tzG@J rsm;u taESmuf kf J k kd t,SutrsK;d rsK;d ay;cJonf? f h tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if a'ocHvxukd a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; r}udKqd&ef l k k +cr;f ajcmufrrsm;vnf; jyKvyconf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vufc}H uKd qaom tpd;k &0efxrf; d _ k f hJ kd rsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u xda&mufpm tjypfay;ta&;,lconf? Oyrmtm;jzihf csi;f jynfe,f kf G hJ c&D;pOftwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk }udKqdkE_wfqufcJhonfh ynma&;0efxrf;wpfOD;udk tm%mydirsm;u tvkyrxwypfconf? rauG;wdi;f / uHr+rdK@e,ftwGi;f &Sd tru ausmif; kf f S k f hJ k q&mrwpfO;D jzpfol a':cifr;kd 0if;udvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; }udKqdconftwGuf k k hJ h +rKd @e,fynma&;rSL;u tvkyrxwypf&ef jyifqifc+hJ y;D ausmif;qufrwuf&ef wm;jrpfconf?227 fS k f hJ 2007 ckEp/f Zefe0g&vtwGi;f Y jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;jyKaumfrwD twGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf &ckif S D G f kd f d 'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf twGi;f a&;rSL; ODat;omatmif. &cdijf ynfe,fc&D;pOftwGi;f Y axmufcH kd k tm;ay;cJol jynfci+f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL;wpfO;D ESihf +rdK@e,f rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&;tzJ@G h kd S hf h OuUXwpfO;D udk tm%mydirsm;u &mxl;rS jzKwfypfvuonfom"uvnf; &Sconf?228 kf kd f h d hJ xd@k jyif a':atmifqef;pk=unf vma&mufpOfumvtwGi;f pmoifausmif;rsm;ESihf aps;qdirsm;tm;vk;H udk ydwxm;&ef/ bke;f awmf}u;D ausmif;rsm;/ bk&m;apwDrsm;udk ydwxm;&ef kf f f tm%mydirsm;u +cdr;f ajcmufrrsm; jyKvkyconf? 2003 ckEp/f {+yDvydi;f u a':atmifqef; kf _ f hJ S k pk=unfEitzG@J rauG;wdi;f / ausmufxo@kd a&mufvmcsewif ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u S hf k k d f G }uKd qdrnfukd pd;k &dronftwGuf pmoifausmif;rsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u ydwypfconf? xd@k jyif k f h kf f hJ uav;+rKd @tvGef xkrm&Gm ta&mufwivnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J a&mufvmcge;D rS H Gf S hf tm%mydirsm;u ausmif;0if;wHcg;}u;D udk ydwcser[kwyJ ydwypfconf?229 vrf;wav#muf&dS kf f df f f hJ 72
  • 73.
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  • 74.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 2003 ckEp/f arv(12)&ufae@n (8)em&Dccef@wif ucsijf ynfe,f/ rd;k aumif;+rdK@e,f/ S JG G ref&uaus;&Gm t0ifvrf;xdywif tiftm;(100)cef@&dS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. aESmuf,urEihf G f f G kd S f_S }uKH awG@c&onf? arv(13) &ufae@ zm;uef@+rKd @o@kd ra&mufrD erfrppf aus;&Gmt0ifwif jynfcif hJ h G kd +zdK; tzG@J 0ifrsm;u “jynfytm;ud;k ykqe&;dk / tqdtjrif0g'rsm;tm; qef@usi=f u” pmom;rsm; df k D yg&onfh qdi;f bkwrsm;uduiaqmifI toHwwf qENjyaESmuf,uconf? arv(15)&uf dS k f k kd f d S f hJ ae@ eHeuf (4)em&Dccef@wif erRw;D vrf;twdi;f xGucmvm&m aumif;&m&Gm ta&mufwif JG G k fG G jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u“ jynfytm;ud;k ykqe&;dk -tvdr&S” “tqd;k jrif0g'rsm;tm;-tvdr&d” kd df k d D k S “wdk;wufr_zsufqD;ol-tvdkr&Sd” “wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;udkzsufqD;ol-tvdkr&Sd” ponfh qdi;f bkwrsm;udk udiaqmifI qENjyaESmuf,uc=hJ uonf? k f kf S f f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J onf 2003 ckEp/f arv(16)&ufae@wif ucsijf ynfe,f/ S hf S G jrpf}u;D em;+rKd @o@kd qufvufxucmcJonf? jrpf}u;D em;+rKd @t0if eef;auG@ wHwm;teD;wGif jynfcif G fG h kd +zdK;tzG@J 0if (300) cef@u vrf;ab;0J,mrS “jynfytm;ud;k ykqe&;dk / jynfe,f at;csr;f om d f ,ma&;udk aESmuf,uzsuq;D olrsm;tm;-qef@usi=f u/” “trsK;d omoem cd;k ,lzsuq;D olrsm; S f f f tm;-qef@usi=f u/ acsre;f =u” pojzifh a&;om;xm;aom ydpwmrsm;ESihf t0wfezl;pnf;rsm;udk _ k udiaqmifv#uf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf tzG@J csKyom;rnfvrf;Y ydwq@kd [ef@wm; qlyl aESmuf kf S f G h f ,Suconf? arv(18)&ufae@wif 0di;f armf+rdK@o@kd c&D;qufvufxucmcJ&m 0di;f armf+rdK@t0if f hJ G k G fG h k aemifwmav&Gm ewfpifteD;wGif jynfci+f zdK; tiftm;(20)cef@u wm;qD;aESmuf,uconf? kd S f hJ 2003 ckEpf arv (20)&ufae@ Aef;armf+rdK@t0if ok;H rdif &Gmod@k a&muf&vmcsewivnf; wkw/f S k Sd df Gf "g;rsm; udiaqmifxm;ol jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if (300) ausmcef@u vdipifeygwjf ym; rygaom kf kd f kf H um;rsm;ESihf qdiu,frsm;udk tok;H jyK+yD;/ Oya'udk ajAmifususcsK;d azmufI uef@uuqENjy kf G f 233 aESmuf,uconf? S f hJ xd@k tjyif ucsijf ynfe,f/ a&$u+l rKd@t0ifwivnf; jynfci+f zdK;tiftm; 300 cef@u Gf kd ydpwmrsm;/ a=uG;a=umforsm;jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,uconf? xduo@kd qef@usiaESmuf,uf k H S f hJ k hJ f S ol trsm;pkonf &yfuux&dS qif;&JEr;f yg;olrsm;jzpf+y;D jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;u xrif;au|; G f J G kd kf arG;jcif;/ aiG;a=u;tenfi,fay;jcif;rsm; vkyaqmifI ac:,lvmcJaom qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpf=u f h onf? xl;jcm;csutaejzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ucsijf ynfe,fpnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;wGif f [ef@wm;aESmuf,ucaom tkyprsm;onf wzG@J wnf;rSjzpfaea=umif; awG@&&onf? Oyrm S f hJ f k Sd tm;jzihf rd;k aumif;wGif aESmuf,ucorsm;onf jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@t0if qef@usiaESmuf,uyJG S f hJ l f S f rsm;wGif jyefvnfyg0if cJonfukd awG@&&onf?234 h Sd 2003 ckEp/f arv(25)&ufae@wif rE av;wki;f / rd;k ukw+f rKd @rS =uyfjyif+rKd @rod@k 0ifa&muf S G W d +yD; qufvufxucmcJ&m uoJtyp/k bdue;f &yf ta&mufwif tiftm; (400) ausmcef@&dS G fG h k f k k G f jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J rsm;. uef@uuqENjN yjcif;udk cHc&onf? nae (&)em&Dcef@wif pOfu;l +rdK@teD; kd G f hJ G h 74
  • 75.
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  • 76.
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  • 77.
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  • 78.
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  • 79.
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    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk vnfywfconf?248 hJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;.zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufyonf tif'e;D &Sm;EdiiY orRwql[mwdk kd kH kd kfH vufxufwif zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifcaom *dumygw(Golkar Party)ESihf tvm;o¾mef wlonf? G hJ k D *dumygwtm; pwifz@JG pnf;pOftcseuvnf; vlrzva&;toif;tzG@J wpfctjzpf tr$r;f wifchJ k D df l l kH k =uonf? od@k aomfvnf; 1971 ckEpf tif'e;D &Sm;a&G;aumufywif *dumygwtaejzihf 0ifa&muf S kd JG G k D 249 ,SO+f yKd ic&m ygvreftrwf ae&mtrsm;pkukd &&Sconf? jrefrmppftpd;k &onfvnf; ql[mwdk f hJ D d hJ vufxuf tif'e;D &Sm;Ediitm; twk,I ppftycsKyfa&; oufq;kd &Snap&ef }udK;yrf;cJonf? kd kfH l kf f h jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;onf tm&SEiirsm;ESihf tmqD,Eiirsm;od@k csp=f unfa&;ESihf dk kd f H H kd f H avhvma&;c&D;rsm; oGm;a&mufjcif;jzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf jynfyaxmufcrrsm; &&Satmif dk H_ d }uKd ;pm;cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;onf *syefEii/H wdusd L+rKd @wif usi;f yaom Ediiwum h kd kd f k G kfH vli,fz@+HG zKd ;wd;k wufr_ ES;D aESmzvS,a&; (Internationl Youth Development Exchange Programme) f od@k wufa&mufconf? xd@k jyif *syefEiionf 2006 ckEpwif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k *syef,ef;aiG hJ kd f H Sf G kd 250 S D Nd k f H 27 oef; axmufyay;cJonf? 2006 ckEp/f Zefe0g&vwGif tdE,EdiiY usi;f yaom wwd, Hh h t}udrfajrmuf tm&Sypdzwfa'o usL;bm;pnf;vHk;!$wfa&;nDvmcH (Third Asia Pacific Regional Cuba Solidarity Conference in India)od@k vnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rS ud,pm;vS,rsm; kd k f f 251 wufa&mufconf? hJ 2005 ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf yxrOD;pGm tmqD,Eiirsm;rS S dk H kd f H oH¶;kH wm0efcrsm;ESihf &efue+f rKd @wif awG@qaqG;aEG;cJonf? xd@k aemuf tjcm; EdiijH cm;oH¶;kH wm H k G kH h kf 0efcrsm;ESihf awG@qaqG;aEG;cJonf?2522006 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f rav;&Sm; EdiijH cm;a&;0ef}u;D H kH h S kf qm&uf[mrpf t,fvbm (Syed Hamid Albar)onf tmqD,owrefwpfO;D taejzifh jrefrm f H H Ekiio@kd vma&mufvnfywfpOfu jynfci+f zdK;toif;ESihf awG@qconf?253 dfH kd kH hJ trsd K ;om;nD v mcH ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k pwwi;f us zG@J pnf;tkycsKyfykH tajccHOya'wpf&yf a&;qG&efEihf d f kd f J S t&yfom;tpd;k &od@k tm%mv$ajymif;ay;&ef[qum 1993 ckEpwif trsKd ;om;nDvmcHtm; J k kd Sf G pwifusi;f ycJonf? xl;jcm;onfrm trsL;om;nDvmcHusi;f y&ef qH;k jzwfcsucs+yD; &ufowW h S d f yw (2)ywft=umwGif jynfci+f zKd ; ac: jynfaxmifp}k u@H cia&;ESifh zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif;tm; zG@J pnf; f kd kd f wnfaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? nDvmcHwivnf; ppftpd;k &u vufa&G;pOf a&G;cs,xm;aom Gf f jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if trsm;tjym; yg0ifwufa&mufconf?254 Tod@k jzifh ppftm%mydirsm;onf dk hJ kf trsK;d om;nDvmcH OD;wnfcsuf (6)&yfrS wpfcjk zpfonfh tem*wftrsK;d om;Ediia&;wGif wyfr kfH awmftaejzifh OD;aqmifrtcef;rS yg0ifEia&;qdonftcsuukd pwif taumiftxnfazmf _ kd f k h f aqmif&uconf? G f hJ 81
  • 82.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 2005 ckEpwif trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufvmaom wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm; Sf G k wGif ud,pm;vS,ta&twGuf (633)OD;rSm jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;jzpfI nDvmcHwufa&muf k f f kd d ol ud,pm;vS,O;D a& pkpaygi;f . (58)&mckiEe;f &Sconf?255 rauG;wki;f twGi;f &Sd +rKd @e,fwpfck k f f k d f _ d hJ wGif trsKd ;om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufou,pm;vS,f (3) OD;teuf (2)OD;rSm jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if l kd f dk rsm; jzpfonf? tvm;wlyif &cdijf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd +rKd @e,ftoD;oD;rS trsK;d om;nDvmcHu,pm; k kd f 256 vS,rsm;onfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfonf? ‚if;wd@k onf Oya'a&;&muír;f usif f dk olrsm; r[kwouJo@kd jynfovxu a&G;cs,wifa¹rSmufxm;onfh ud,pm;vS,rsm;vnf; f h l l k f k f f 257 kd k f f r[kway? xd@k tjyif trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufrnfh jynfci+f zKd ;ud,pm;vS,rsm;udk f vnf; ppftpd;k &u aiGa=u;taxmuftyHrsm; ay;cJonf?258 xdaiGa=u;taxmuftyHrsm; h h k h onf jrefrmjynf&dS tdraxmifptoD;oD;rS vduvaumufcxm;aom jynfovx. aiGa=u; f k k f H H l l k 259 rsm;om jzpfonf? Tod@k jzifh ppftpd;k &onf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if trsK;d om;nDvmcHu,pm; kd kd f vS,rsm;tm; aiGa=u;axmuftyHrsm;/ rufv;Hk rsm;ay;I nDvmcHwufa&muf&ef qGaqmif f h J pnf;&k;H cJonf? rufv;kH ay;qGaqmifrrsm;rygyJ jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm; pnf;¶H;k Edipr;f r&Say? h J _ dk kfG d tem*wfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ppftpdk;&. ausmaxmufaemufcHtzGJ@jzpfonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifu a&muf,O+f yKd ifEi&ef tqifoifjh zpfonftxd trsKd ;om;nDvmcHtm; dk S kd f (14)ESp=f umatmif tcseqJG usi;f yay;cJonf? ppftpd;k &u wzufoufa&;qGxm;aom zG@J pnf; df h J tkycsKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif wyfrawmf(ppfwyf)tm; v$wawmftrwfae&m (25)&mcdiEe;f udk f f kf_ tvdtavsmufay;xm;+y;D use&aomae&mrsm;udr_ a&G;aumufywif 0ifa&muf,O+f yKd i&rnfh k f dS k JG G S f Ekiia&;ygwrsm;twGuf csevyxm;cJonf? txl;ojzifh ppftpd;k &onf use&aom trwf dfH D f S f h f dS ae&mrsm;udk ‚if;wd@k .vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;tm; 0ifa&muf,O+f yKd iap&ef pDpOfxm;+y;D kd f k kd S f Ediiawmftm%mwpfcv;Hk udk jyefvnfcsKyfuiEi&ef tm;xkwconf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfcif kfH k kd f kd f f hJ kd +zdK;toif;wGif tajctaeta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh tzG@J 0if oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm&Saeaomfvnf; d a&G;aumufywif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKif&eftwGuf Ediia&;t&wufºuGr&onf@ tzG@J 0ifta& JG G S kfH _ dS twGurm tvGeenf;yg;vSonf? Ttcsuonf ppftm%mydirsm;tm; pd;k &drruif;jzpfapcJh fS f f kf f 260 onf? tem*gwa&G;aumufyrsm;wGif jynfci+f zdK;toif;u tEdi&&Sygu jrefrmhEiia&; f JG kd kf d kd f H onf wpfygwtm%m&Sipepfo@kd jyefvnfa&muf&vm+yD; jynfovx. ae@pOfb0rsm;onf D f dS l l k vnf; ydrq;kd &Gm;vmrnf jzpfonf? xd@k jyif wpfygwtm%m&Sitjzpf jyefvnfay:xGuvmrnfh k kd D f f etzppftpd;k &onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;.tcef;u¾udk jriwifay;&ef}uKd ;yrf;+y;D wcsewnf;Y kd S hf df NLD ygwtm; tjrpfjzwfacsre;&ef }udK;yrf;rnfjzpfayonf? D _ f ---------------------------- 82
  • 83.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk rS wf p k r sm; 1 jynfaxmifpk+uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh &HykHaiG &Smjcif;/ vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)/ 1996 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (19)&uf? 2 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;/ tajccHpnf;rsOf;/ 1993 ckESpf pufwifbmv (15)&uf? 3 Mobilization of the Mass: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. Burma Issues. 2003. 4 Politics of Stability: Co-opting Burma’s Civil Society Through the USDA. V Coakley. Burma Issues Newsletter Vol. 8, No.10. October 1998. 5 USDA Serving National Interests as it Represents the People. Eint Dail. The Golden Land. 4 November 2005. 6 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate. Vol. 4. Jan-Feb 1997. 7 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (10)&uf? jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ 1994 ckESpf/ pm 75? 9 tm%mydkifawG a'ocHawGudk }uH@zGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SifxJ t"rRxnfhoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (6)&uf? 10 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 8 11 SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin Districe. An Independent Report by the Karen Human Rights Group. 22 February 1994. 12 Demoratic Voice of Burma. 180302. 13 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 14 USDA Membership on the Increase. KAO WAO News No. 76. 9-24 September 2004. 15 Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB. 16 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 11/01/2005 &ufae@ a&$[oFmcef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom jynfcdkif+zdK;toif; vpOfykHrSef tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rS aumufEkwfcsuf? 18 EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@. aqmif&Gufcsuf ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;/ wdkif;usKd; jynfjyK/ wwd,wGJ/ 1995 {+yDv (1) rS 1997 Ekd0ifbm v (14)? 17 19 New Light of Myanmar. 12 February 2005. 20 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 21 Burma’s Myinggyan college students forced to join USDA. Democratic Voice of Burma. 15 August 2006) 22 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 83
  • 84.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 23 Mandalay Students Tricked into Joining USDA Member. Democratic Voice of Burma. 2004. 24 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckeSpf azazmf0g&D 1 &uf? 25 USDA Rises Again. SHAN. 11 October 2003. 26 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wf tpnf;ta0;odk@ wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm (1995)/ jynfaxmif pk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;? 27 28 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate. Vol. 4, No.1. Jan-Feb. 1997. 29 AB-NA 960429. NDD Chronology 1996. 30 Human Rights Year Book 1996: Burma. NCGUB.Page-651. 31 Mobilization of the Masses: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L.Hancock. Burma Issues.2003. 32 ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wf tpnf;ta0;odk@ wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm/ 1995 ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;? 33 AB-NA 960317. NDD Chronology 1996. 34 USDA HQ’s Business and Fundraising. Inside Source. NDD. 2005. 35 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@ ADG'D,dkxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifvm/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 16 &uf? 36 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckeSpf arv? 37 USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News. 24 November 2003. 38 Oppression on NLD Members Continue in Rangoon Thone Gwa. Democratic Voice of Burma. 10 December 2005. 39 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf pufwifbmv 8 &uf? 40 Burma Pokokku USDA Secretary Uses Thugs to Cow People. Democratic Voice of Burma. 5 November 2005. 41 42 43 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/ 2007 ckESpf? USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News. 24 November 2004. 44 Burmese Civil Servants Sacked for Signing NLD Petition. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 August 2004. 45 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pnf;&kH;a&;pDrHcsuf/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f/ 2003 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 31 &uf? 84
  • 85.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 46 tzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm; E_wfxGuf&ef}uH@zGH@tzGJ@ rufvkH;ay;pnf;&kH;/ 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv 28 &uf? 47 Burma’s Forced Registration-the Final Onslaught? The Irrawaddy. 01 December 1998. 48 Opposition Resignations Cited in Myanmar. The Associated Press. 6 May 2006. 49 Inside Source. NDD. 17 May 2006. 50 PDC News commentary. the Political Defiance Committee (PDC) of the National Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB). July 2007. 51 USDA Members Enticing NLD Members to Quit Party at Shwebo. Democratic Voice of Burma. 22 August 2006. 52 Burma Junta’s USDA Members Pressure NLD Members to Quit Party. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 November 2005 53 Another NLD leader forced to resign by pressures from Burma junta. Democratic Voice of Burma. 27 April 2006. 54 Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. p. 247. 55 Burma junta’s USDA members pressure NLD members to quit party. Democratic Voice of Burma. 04 November 2005. 56 NLD Members Forced to Join USDA in Eastern Burma. 19 August 2004. 57 NLD Member Refused Teaching Job in Southern Burma. Democractic Voice of Burma. 20 August 2004. 58 NLD Member Pressured to Quit NLD in Mandalay Division, Burma. 24 August 2004. 59 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv? 60 Voice of Burma. Issue No. 568. AUGUST 27, 2006 61 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv? 62 USDA: The Organization Strengthening the Military Rule in Burma (Myanmar). The Mon Forum. April 2005. 63 USDA Distrubs Formation of NLD Social Support Group. Burma News International. 26 April 2004. 64 NLD Probihited from Donating Rice to Flood-Hit Areas in Burma. Democratic Voice of Burma. 21 August 2004. 65 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (11)&uf? tm%m&_;ppftkyfpku ema&;tzGJ@udk }uH@zGwfvufatmuf oGwfoGif;&ef }udK;yrf;/ Voice of Burma /2006 ckESpf =o*kwfv (22)&uf? 66 85
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    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 67 atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (11)&uf? 68 atmifjrifaeonfh acsmuf+rdK@rS ema&;ulnDr_vkyfief;udk }uH@cdkifzGH@+zdK;a&; 0ifcs,fvS,f/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 25 &uf? 69 apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef;wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 17 &uf? 70 jynfaxmifpk}uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0; (2005) rS aumufE_wfazmfjycsuf? 71 apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef; wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 17 &uf? 72 Burma USDA members told to take control of local activities. 9 September 2005. 73 }uH@zGH@u tusOf;om;rsm;udk "gwfykH&kduf+yD; rdom;pkudk aiGaxmufyHh/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (6)&uf? 74 EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rdom;pkrsm;udk tm%mykdifrsm;u +cdrf;ajcmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (23)&uf? 75 USDA Members Told to Take Control of Local Activities. Democratic Voice of Burma. 9 September 2005. 76 Red Cross Hopes to be Left Alone. The Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006. 77 e,fjcm;rJhq&m0efrsm;tzGJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv (30)&uf? 78 Red Cross Hopes to Be Left Alone. Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006. jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g; jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv (4)&uf? EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppftkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ (27)&uf? RFA/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 79 ICRC Might Be Allowed to Inspect Burmese Prisons Freely Again. Democratic Voice of Burma. 12 January 2006. 80 EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppf tkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ RFA/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (27)&uf? 81 tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceD&kH;rsm; jyefzGifhcGifh&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (15)&uf? 82 jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g;jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv (4)&uf? 86
  • 87.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 83 /2006 ckESpfarv 24 &uf? jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005 ckESpf? Voice of Burma 84 85 Monthly Human Rights Situation Report. Mergui-Tavoy Information Department. KNU. October 2003. 86 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13 &uf? 87 jrpf}uD;em;wGif wefjyefoydwfarSmuf&ef e,frS 0efxrf;/ }uH@zGH@awG ac:,lvlpk/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 29 &uf? 88 etznDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudk ucsifvli,frsm;uef@uGuf/ rZdÆlrowif;Xme/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 8 &uf? 89 trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. 2004ckESpf/ ar (27)&ufae@&ufpGJyg a=ujimcsuftrSwf-6 (5§03)? 90 jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unff/ 2003 ckESpf/ arv (29)&ufae@n/ rkH&Gm+rdK@qdkif;bkwfwifyGJwGif ajym=um;cJhaomrdef@cGef;rS? 91 Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. p. 247. 248. 92 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv? bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (2)/ 1994 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (21)&uf? 94 awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdk bm 2 &uf? 95 rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvky/f MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf? 96 yckuULoHCmawmfrsm;u arwWmydk@ vrf;av#mufqENjyyGJudk jyefvnfpwif+yD/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 31 &uf? 97 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf? 98 rauG;+rdK@nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf? 99 bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (1)/ 1994 ckESpf az azmf0g&Dv (21) &uf? 100 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpfpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf? 93 87
  • 88.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 101 ppftpdk;&nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJrSm ausmif;om;vli,frsm; rdk;rd+yD;zsm;em/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 10 &uf? 102 Human Rights Year Book 1994: Burma. NCGUB. Page-124. 103 The Burmese Generals are Lying to the World. Rhododendron News. Volume VI. No. V. September-October 2003. Chin Human Rights Organization. 20 October 2003. 104 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13 &uf? 105 rauG;+rdK@nDvmcH axmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf? 106 erfhcrf;qENazmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf? 107 etz&J@ EdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajrykHaxmufcHyGJawG jynfe,feJ@wdkif;toD;oD;rSm qufwdkufjyKvkyf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 21 &uf? 108 SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin District. An Independent Report by the Karen Human Rights Group. 22 February 1994. 109 rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvkyf/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf? MIZZIMA news / 110 Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. 1994. 111 Forced Backing for Road Map. Irrawaddy. 22 September 2003. 112 Sieg Heli, SPDC: Burma Junta Thugs Hold Mass Rallies for Military Rule. Democratic Voice of Burma. 12 January 2006. 113 Adkvfcif!Gef@udk axmufcH&ef vmbfxdk;jrLqG,f/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf? 114 yJcl;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wtdrfwa,muf t"rRwufa&mufcdkif;/ aps;qdkif;rsm;vnf; ydwf&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (16)&uf? 115 twkta,mifaxmufcHyGJ bdkuav;ESif jr0wDwGifjyKvkyf/ &kd;r 3/ 2007 ckESpf atmuf wdkbm 25 &uf? 116 aiGusyf 3000 &I qENjy/ Radio Free Aasia /2007 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 2 &uf? 117 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 1 &uf? 118 erfhcrf;qEN azmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf? 88
  • 89.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 119 tar&dueftm;udk; ykqdef&kd;qdkifbkwfrsm;udkpD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimrsm;tay: Y wifxm;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 5 &uf? 120 anmifESpfyifaxmufcHyGJrsm; usif;y&efpDpOf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 2 &uf? 121 oef;a&$ema&;ydk@a&; 'dk@ta&; atmfcJhol 3 OD; tzrf;cH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 4 &uf? 122 awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdk bmv 2 &uf? 123 Report Card, Burma. 1 December 2001-31 March 2002. Altsean Burma. July 2002. 124 The Burmese Military Intelligence Extorts Money from the Fish Boats for NGOs. Narinjara News. 125 a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22)&uf? 126 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;ESpfywfvnf oif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005 ckESpf? 127 a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22) &uf? 128 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (30)&uf? 129 People’s Land Confisc-ated for Sale in USDA Fund Drive. BNI Weekly News. 15 December 2003. 130 Burmese Authorities Misappropriates Money for Children’s Education. Demoratic Voice of Burma. 11 April 2005. 131 tezwdk@ avab;tultnDay;r_udk jzwfpm;/ rauseyfI 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfcif!$ef@xH wdkif=um;olrsm;tm; zrf;qD;/ Narinjara News /2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (9)&uf? 132 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@u ausmif;&HykHaiGudk tvGJokH;pm;vkyf/ &kd;r-3/ 2007 ckESpf Zlv_difv 6 &uf? 133 &kH;aqmuf&ef aiGodef;(50)udk acsmuf}uH@zGH@pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;ESifhtzGJ@ udk,fusKd;okH;/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 24 atmufwdkbm 2006? 134 Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of the Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar. 18 June 2004. 135 EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;&ef rGefjynfe,f/ rk'kH+rdK@e,fwGif oifwef; ay;/ Voice of Burma /2003 ckESpf rwfv 20 &uf?) 89
  • 90.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 136 jynfaxmifpk+uH@ckdifa&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoifvkH; u|wftpnf;ta0; (2007) wGif ajym=um;cJhaom AdkvfcsKyfrSL;=uD;oef;a&$rdef@cGef;rS aumufE_wfcsuf/ jrefrmhtvif;owif; pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 17 &uf? 137 jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;. 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pGJyg awmifOuUvmypDrHcsufrS aumufEkwfcsuf? 138 etzu tzGJ@csKyf+zdKcGJa&; enf;AsL[mopfrsm;csrSwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2005 ckESpf {+yDv 20 &uf? 139 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifh ta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 18 &uf?) 140 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (7 §2006)/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 2 &uf/ jrefrmhtvif;o wif;pm? 141 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;? 142 pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm v 11 &uf? 143 pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm v 11 &uf? 144 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate. Vol.4, No.1. Jan-Feb. 1997. Quote from Gen. Than Shwe, 1996. 145 Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB. The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian Wing of the Military Junta Must not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6. July 2003. 146 147 jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf? jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH;twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf? 149 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/26-3-2007? 150 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH; twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf? 151 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef 0efxrf;rsm;tm; ppfoifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 13 &uf? 148 152 Police deliver military training to civilians. Democractic Voice of Burma. 30 October 2007. 153 Mon State PDC Ordered Chaungzon USDA to Form USDA Battalion in Town. Burma News International. 15 October 2004. 90
  • 91.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 154 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/21-3-2007? 155 Recruiting Civilians in Village Communities to Attend Short-Term Basic Military Training. Independent Mon News Agency. 18 June 2003. 156 SPDC trains over 200 Chin people. Khonumthung News. 12 September 2006. 157 &Gmomrsm; ppfoifwef;wuf&ef tm%mydkifrsm;u trdef@xkwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf arv 7 &uf? 158 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEkdifiHvkH;twdkif;twmESifh etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf? 159 jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf? 160 &cdkifjynfe,fY t&HwyfzGJ@tm; jynfol@ppfESifh rD;owfrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;rnf[kqdk/ ed&OP&m owif;/ 2006 ckESpf =o*kwf v 12 &uf? 161 &ckdifurf;vGefwGif; etzu ppfpcef;rsm;wdk;csJ@/ Mizzima News/ 2005 ckESpf pufwifbm v 8 &uf? 162 Burmese Army forms people’s militias in border area. Narinjara News. 14 February 2007. 163 Two Militia Trainings Held in Maungdaw inquire. Narinjara News. 30 October 2007. 164 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. 165 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efyg xrf;aqmif/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpf 'DZifbm 29 &uf? 166 Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on Hands of Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar. 18 June 2003. Monland. 167 USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30. November 1-13, 2002. 168 Moles on Moles: Burma USDA Warns Members against News Leak. Democratic Voice of Burma. 29 June 2005. 169 jynfyrD'D,mawGudk etzu tD;enf;eJ@ wdkufrnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf arv 4 &uf? 170 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 24 &uf? 171 Burma USDA members to be given military intelligence courses. Democratic Voice of Burma. 13 September 2006. 172 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 173 USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30. November 1-13, 2002. 174 Confidential News of the USDA. Inside Source. NDD. 15 January 2005. 91
  • 92.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 175 ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk w&m;pGJ&ef tezu tcsuftvuf&SmazG/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf? 176 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 177 Inside Source. NDD. 1 May 2006. 178 udkoufEdkifOD;tr_tm; +rdK@awmfowif;pmrSm vdrfvnfIazmfjy/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv 23 &uf? 179 jynfwGif;owif;oHk;oyfcsuf-trSwfpOf (292)/ tifef'D'D/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 28 &uf? tm%mydkifrsm;. 0kdif;0ef;&kdufESufjcif;cH&olwOD;tygt0if &Gmom; 6 OD; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;cH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2007 ckESpf {+yDv 27 &uf? 180 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 23 &uf? 181 ajrmufOuUvmy &,u&kH;Y zrf;qD;cHxm;&pOf vlwOD; aoqkH;r_jzpf/ {&m0wDtifwmeuf r*~Zif;/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 19 &uf? 182 t&yfom;wpfOD; aoqkH;r_Y oufaoxGufqdkrnfholudk }uH@zGH@rsm;u vdkufvHzrf;qD;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 21 &uf? 183 =unfhjrifwdkifpcef;rSL; vuf&JZuf&J ESdyfpuf!Sif;yef;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &uf? 184 etz au|;arG;xm;wJh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; vlxkudk vuf&JZuf&JtEdkifusifh/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 6 &uf? 185 Rangoon Sanchaung NLD Youth Attacked by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 21 August 2005. 186 Burmese Local Authority on Trial in Rangoon Hlain Thaya. Democratic Voice of Burma. 30 August 2005.) 187 oHvufoD;jzihf txdk;cH&onfh vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;. tr_udkqufvufppfaq;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwfv 14 &uf? 188 jynf+rdK@wGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;wpfOD; }uH@zGH@tzGJ@wcsKd@. &dkufESufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf pufwifbm 1 &uf? 189 Prome University Students Beaten Up By Free-Range Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 15 March 2004. 190 Burma Arakan Muslin Student Killed by ‘Unknown’ Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 September 2005. 191 Car Victim Told to Drop Charge Against Burma Junta Official. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 July 2004. 192 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@.0dkif;0ef;&dkufESufr_a=umifh rE Wav;rS vli,fwOD; aq;&kHa&muf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 12 &uf? 92
  • 93.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 193 “New” StrategiesDreamt Up by the Burma Junta to Destroy the NLD. Democratic Voice of Burma. 22 June 2005. 194 Human Rights Year Book 2001-2002: Burma. NCGUB. 195 USDA Sets Village on Fire and Kidnap 32 Muslim Students in Burma. Muslim Information Center of Burma. News Story 097. February 4, 2003. 196 Hindu Temple Burnt Down in Central Burma by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 2 July 2005. 197 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf? 198 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf? 199 jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;. a=ujimcsuf/ 1369 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynfh ausmf 12 &uf (9-9-2007) we*FaEGae@/ pmtrSwf (1§2007)? 200 jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;. a=ujimcsuf/ 1369 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynfh ausmf 12 &uf (9-9-2007) we*FaEGae@/ pmtrSwf (1§ 2007)? 201 oydwf+zdKcGif;&ef ppfwyfvkH;0rokH;a&;/ pGrf;tm;&Sif }uH@zGwfrsm;omokH;a&;/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 10 &uf? 202 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;? 203 Irrawaddy. 24.8.2007. 204 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (2§2007)/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 4 &uf? 205 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&; txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;.tpD&if cHpm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf?) 206 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (2§2007)/ jrefrmhtvif;/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 4 &uf? 207 aiG=um,Hq&mawmf ausmif;wdkufudk jyefvnfa&muf&Sd owif;okH;ae/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 17 &uf? 208 *sDwDtkdifwGif zrf;qD;xm;onfh oHCmawmfrsm;udk &dkufESufcJhonfh pGrf;tm;&Sifpm&if;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 7 &uf? 209 The Story About Poe Suu. Burma Update By PDC/NCUB. 29 November 2007. 210 atmif"rRygv bkef;}uD;ausmif;udk }uH@zGwfESifh r,u pD;eif; bkef;awmf}uDwpfyg;udk zrf;qD;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 16 &uf? 211 r*~ifausmif;wdkufydwf&jcif;ta=umif; &JcsKyfajym=um;csufrrSef/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 13 &uf? 93
  • 94.
    jynf c dk i f ò zd ; 212 od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; }uH@zGH@ESifhpGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@rsm; jynfolESifhyl;aygif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufwGef;/ acwf+ydKif *sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwf 27 &uf? 213 }uH@zGH@ESifhpGrf; tm;&SiftzGJ@rsm; jynfolESifhyl;aygif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufwGef;/ acwf+ydKif *sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwf 27 &uf? 214 etzu }uH@zGH@udk olaumif;jyKae+yD/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm v 16 &uf? 215 qENjyjynfolrsm;udk t=urf;zufcJhwJh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm;udk &efukefpnfyifrSm tvkyfcef@ae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 19 &uf? 216 qENjyoHCmawmfrsm;udk &dkufESuf&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf }uH@cdkifa&;rsm;udk ol&Jaumif;qkay; tyf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 20 &uf? 217 oHCmawmfrsm;udk apmfum;olrsm;tm; vlr_xl;c|efqkay;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2008 ckESpf? 218 'Drdkua&pDa&; qufvuf}udK;yrf;rnf[k EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;ajym/ {&m0wD/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf? 219 atmifvHY a':pkarG;ae@usif;yaom tzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk }uH@zHG@u av;cGESifhypf/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf ZGefv 19 &uf? 220 bk&m;ay:wufolrsm;udk wm;qD;&ef }uH@zGH@u tESdyforrsm;udk qifhac:/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 12 &uf? 221 t*F gae@0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm;udk }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0if 300 ausmfu aESmuf,Suf/ {&m0wDo wif;/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 16 &uf? a&$wd*kHbk&m;wuf qkawmif;olrsm; t=urf;zuf&kdufESufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 16 &uf? 222 a':pkvGwfajrmufa&; qkawmif;olrsm;udk wefjyefpkawmif;onfh vlwpku aESmuf,Suf/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf arv 25 &uf? 223 0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm; aESmuf,SufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf arv 28 &uf? 224 Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. 1996. 225 The Second Premilinary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre(Burma). The Ad hoc commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.20. 226 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif &Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 13-14? 94
  • 95.
    m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 227 rif;vS+rdK@e,f tifeft,fvf'DtzGJ@csKyfykHrSeftpnf;ta0; vkyfydkifcGifhydwf/ a':atmifqef; pk=unf }udKqdkol0efxrf; tvkyfjzKwfcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf arv 7 &uf? 228 OD;at;omatmif. &ckdifc&D;pOfrSm axmufcHolawGudk &mxl;rS xkwfypf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 7 &uf? 229 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@ uav;+rdK@uae qufvufxGufcGmvmcJh&m *ef@a*g+rdK@odk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sd/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 10 &uf? 230 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@ csif;jynfe,fygwDpnf;&kH;a&;c&D; pwifxGufcGm/ &efukef AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;.vufatmufcH a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;. aESmuf,Sufjcif;cH&/ vGwvyf f aomtm&StoH/ 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 3 &uf? 231 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,}udrfy%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27? 232 rkH&GmwGif aESmuf,Suf&ef apmifhaewJh }uH@zGH@vli,ftm;vkH;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk vuftkyfcsDuefawmh/ RFA /2003 ckESpf arv 29 &uf? 233 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,l aqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27? 234 ucsifjynfe,fc&D;pOfrSm aESmuf,SufwJh tiftm; 300 &Sd }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawG[m wzJG@wnf; jzpf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf arv 21 &uf? 235 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27? 236 rwW&mtzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;&kdufESuf&ef }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifrsm;}uHpnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 30 &uf? 237 trsKd;om;'Drdk ua&pDtzGJ@csKyf ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol OD;vGif. ajymqdkcsufrsm;ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 2002 'DZifbm(31) &ufae@ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;t&? 238 a':pkc&D;pOf armfawmf,OftultnDay;cJhol vdkifpiftydwfcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &uf? 239 The Second Preliminary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). The Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.144. 240 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf arv? 241 Voice of Burma. Issue No. 607 MAY 27, 2007. 242 The Second Preliminary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). The Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.197. 95
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    243 The Game Planof the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. 244 USDA is Ready to Be a Legal Political party. Independent Mon News Agency. 6 October 2003. 245 Crime Aganist Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar. 18 June 2003. Monland. 246 The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6. July 2003. 247 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. 248 The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6. July 2003. 249 Mobilization of the Masses: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. Burma Issues. 2003. 250 Letter to Japan Foreign Minister Koumura. Human Rights Watch. 15 January 2008. 251 USDA Members Attend Cuban Solidarity Meeting. Mizzima News. 25 January 2006. 252 UN Officials Concerned by USDA Briefing. Clive Parker. The Irrawaddy. 10 October 2005. 253 NLD Expresses Dismay over ASEAN Envoy’s Burma Visit. Democratic Voice of Burma. 25 March 2006. 254 anmifESpfyifnDvmcHudk azazmf0g&D 17 &ufrSm jyefpr,fvdk@ etza=ujim/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 12 &uf? 255 Interim Report Card: July 2004-February 2005. Altsean Burma. March 2005. 256 SPDC Picked USDA Members to Represent Arakan State at the National Convention. Narinjara News. 11 February 2003. 257 USDA Members Attend the National Convention. Democratic Voice of Burma. 10 May 2004. 258 Money for National Convention Delegates Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 June 2004. 259 Compulsory Collections for Convention Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 June 2004. 260 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. -------------------------------------------