OECD Green Growth Policy Review of Indonesia 2019 - Launch presentationOECD Environment
On 10 July 2019, the OECD released the first Green Growth Policy Review of Indonesia. It examines progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a special emphasis on the nexus of land use, ecosystems and climate change.
Migration & Global Environmental Change: One Year Reviewbis_foresight
The Foresight Migration and Global Environmental Change (MGEC) Project (the Project) published its findings as the report Migration and Global Environmental Change: Future Challenges and Opportunities (the Report) in October 2011. This One-Year Review (the Review) sets out the Report’s impact in government and other and on the work of the research and academic communities.
Bioplastics are regarded as a potential solution to address
environmental and economic challenges. They represent the
fastest-growing product line for bio-based products. Several
countries have taken action and significantly increased awareness of the use of bioplastics.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
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Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
4. PREFACE
Under the Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act B.E. 2535,
the mandate of the Pollution Control Committee is to prepare an annual report on
the state of pollution, and to publish to the public. The report presents situation of pollution,
impacts, and pollution management occurring during the year in order to raise awareness
of environmental protection, and enable relevant agencies to effectively implement
the framework of the 20-year Nation Strategy (2018-2037), the Master Plan of National Strategy
(2018-2037), and the National Reform Plan on Natural Resources and Environment.
The Thailand State of Pollution Report 2021 reflected an overall picture of environmental
quality such as surface and ground water quality, coastal water quality, air quality, and
its future trend. In addition, pollution status such as noise pollution, municipal solid waste,
hazardous waste and hazardous substances, as well as recommendations for further actions
were presented. The report also underlined the efforts of the Environment Protection Unit
(EPU) in collaboration with relevant agencies, to deal with pollution disaster and emergency
incidents response involving pollutions and chemical or hazardous substances. In the midst
of ongoing global pandemic, the reviews of environmental effects, New Normal behavior,
and adaptation to pollution associated with COVID-19 have also been included in the report.
As the Chair of the Pollution Control committee, I would like to express my appreciation
to all agencies and experts who support and provide information and recommendations.
I also gratefully acknowledge the valuable contributions of the Pollution Control Committee,
and the working group for the preparation of the report on the Thailand State of Pollution.
I confident that the report will be a useful tool for managing pollution problems, and
protecting both environment and human health.
(Mr. Jatuporn Burutphat)
Permanent Secretary Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Chairman of the Pollution Control Committee
10. สถานการณ์มลพิษ
ของประเทศไทย ปี 2564
ปี 2564 สถานการณ์มลพิษของประเทศไทยทั้งด้านอากาศ
ขยะมูลฝอย และน�้ำเสีย มีแนวโน้มไปในทิศทางที่ดีขึ้น
เมื่อเทียบกับปีที่ผ่านมา ทั้งนี้ เป็นผลมาจากหน่วยงานต่างๆ
และทุกภาคส่วนได้ร่วมกันขับเคลื่อนการด�ำเนินงาน
ตามยุทธศาสตร์ชาติและนโยบายส�ำคัญที่มุ่งป้องกัน แก้ไข
และลดปัญหามลพิษ เช่น การแก้ไขปัญหาฝุ่นละออง PM2.5
ภายใต้การปฏิบัติงานของศูนย์แก้ไขปัญหามลพิษ
ทางอากาศ (ศกพ.) โดยบูรณาการขับเคลื่อนการด�ำเนินงาน
การแก้ไขปัญหาร่วมกันระหว่างหน่วยงานที่เกี่ยวข้องภายใต้
แผนปฏิบัติการขับเคลื่อนวาระแห่งชาติการแก้ไขปัญหา
มลพิษด้านฝุ่นละอองและแผนเฉพาะกิจเพื่อการแก้ไขปัญหา
ด้านฝุ่นละออง การด�ำเนินงานตามแผนปฏิบัติการ
ด้านการจัดการขยะพลาสติก ระยะที่ 1 (พ.ศ. 2563-2565)
การจัดท�ำมาตรการลด และคัดแยกขยะมูลฝอย
ในหน่วยงานภาครัฐ การก�ำหนดอัตราค่าบริการก�ำจัด
ขยะมูลฝอยและอัตราค่าบริการบ�ำบัดน�้ำเสียขององค์กร
ปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น การขับเคลื่อนการด�ำเนินงาน
ตามแผนปฏิบัติการเพื่อลดการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจก
จากภาคของเสียชุมชน การขับเคลื่อนแผนปฏิบัติการ
เพื่อยกระดับคุณภาพน�้ำในพื้นที่เป้าหมาย การควบคุม
การระบายน�้ำเสียจากแหล่งก�ำเนิด การเร่งสร้างระบบ
บ�ำบัดน�้ำเสียรวมชุมชน การตรวจสอบและการบังคับ
ใช้กฎหมายกับแหล่งก�ำเนิดมลพิษ เป็นต้น ในช่วง
ปี2564 สถานการณ์การแพร่ระบาดของโรคติดเชื้อไวรัส
โคโรนา 2019 (COVID-19) ยังคงมีอยู่อย่างต่อเนื่อง
และส่งผลกระทบต่อด้านเศรษฐกิจ สังคม สิ่งแวดล้อม
สาธารณสุขและสุขภาพอนามัยของประชาชน รวมทั้ง
การเปลี่ยนแปลงพฤติกรรมไปสู่การด�ำเนินชีวิตแบบวิถีใหม่
(NewNormal)ทั้งในส่วนของการมีมาตรการขอความร่วมมือ
ให้หน่วยงานส่งเสริมให้บุคลากรปฏิบัติงาน ณ สถานที่พัก
(Work From Home) การลดการเดินทางทั้งภายใน
Thailand State of Pollution in 2021
In 2021, Thailand state of pollution in terms of air,
solidwaste,andwastewatertendedtobeinabetter
directioncomparedtothepreviousyear.Itistheresult
ofthejointcollaborationindrivingtheimplementation
ofnationalstrategiesandimportantpoliciesaimedat
preventing,solving,andreducingpollutionproblems,
such as solving PM2.5 problem under the operation
of the Center for Air Pollution Mitigation (CAPM)
by integrating operational drives to solve problems
jointly among relevant agencies under the National
AgendaActionPlanonSolvingthePollutionProblem
of Particulate Matter and the Hoc Plan an Solving
Particulate Matter Problems, as well as the
implementationoftheActionPlanonPlasticWaste
Management, Phase 1 (2020-2022). Besides, there
are also other measures namely the measure on
reducingandsegregatingsolidwasteingovernment
agencies,thedeterminationofwastedisposalservice
rates and wastewater treatment service rates of
local administrative organizations, driving the
implementation of the Action Plan on Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emission from Municipal Waste
Sector, driving of the Action Plans on Improving
Water Quality in the Targeted Areas, the control
of effluent release from sources, accelerating the
construction of municipal wastewater treatment
plants, the inspection and law enforcement with
pollution sources, etc. The pandemic situation of
coronavirusdisease2019(COVID-19)hasstillexisted
continuously in 2021, and affected the economy,
society, environment, public health and people’s
10
11. และระหว่างประเทศ การจัดรูปแบบการจัดกิจกรรม การน�ำ
เทคโนโลยีและนวัตกรรมต่างๆมาใช้เพื่ออ�ำนวยความสะดวก
เพิ่มขึ้น ผลกระทบจากสถานการณ์การแพร่ระบาด
ของโรคติดเชื้อไวรัสโคโรนา2019(COVID-19)ส่งผลกระทบ
ในเชิงบวกต่อสถานการณ์คุณภาพอากาศ สถานการณ์
คุณภาพน�้ำในแหล่งน�้ำผิวดิน แต่ในขณะเดียวกันส่งผลต่อ
ปริมาณขยะติดเชื้อโดยเฉพาะหน้ากากอนามัยที่ใช้แล้ว
ชุดทดสอบแอนติเจน (ATK) ที่เพิ่มขึ้น และขยะพลาสติก
มีปริมาณเพิ่มขึ้นจากการสั่งอาหารผ่านระบบบริการส่งอาหาร
(Food Delivery) ที่เพิ่มขึ้นอย่างมาก อย่างไรก็ตาม
หน่วยงานที่เกี่ยวข้องได้มีการด�ำเนินงานเพื่อแก้ไขปัญหา
ดังกล่าว เช่น จัดท�ำ “โครงการเปลี่ยนพลาสติกเป็นบุญ
(เมื่อคุณหมุนเวียน)” การจัดท�ำมาตรการแนวทางเพื่อลด
เลิกการใช้พลาสติกใช้ครั้งเดียวภายใต้แผนปฏิบัติการ
ด้านการจัดการขยะพลาสติก ระยะที่ 1 (พ.ศ. 2563-2565)
การออกกฎ ระเบียบ และข้อบังคับในส่วนที่เกี่ยวข้อง
เพื่อให้สถานประกอบกิจการประเภทโรงงานก�ำจัด
ของเสียเฉพาะที่ก�ำจัดโดยกระบวนการเผา โรงงาน
ที่ประกอบกิจการผลิตไฟฟ้าจากขยะชุมชน และโรงงาน
ที่ประกอบกิจการผลิตปูนซีเมนต์ สามารถรับมูลฝอยติดเชื้อ
มาเป็นเชื้อเพลิงในเตาเผาของโรงงานได้เป็นการชั่วคราว
เป็นต้น ส�ำหรับสถานการณ์มลพิษของประเทศไทย ปี 2564
สรุปได้ดังนี้
health. The impact has also included changing
behavior toward a New Normal in terms of having
measures to ask for cooperation from agencies to
encourage personnel to Work from Home, reducing
domesticandinternationaltravel,organizingactivities
patterns and bringing technology and innovations
to provide additional convenience. The impact of
the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic
scenario has been good on Air quality and water
quality in surface water resources. However, it has
an impact on the amount of generated infectious
wastes,particularlyusedmasks,aswellasanincrease
in antigen testing kits (ATK) and plastic garbages
generated by food delivery systems. However,
relevant agencies have worked to address such
issues, such as organizing a project to convert
plastics to merit (when you rotate), developing
measures and guidelines to reduce and eliminate
single-use plastics under the Plastic Waste
Management Action Plan, Phase 1 (2020-2022), and
issuing rules and regulations in the related section
for factory-type businesses to dispose of specific
waste through the incineration process. Factories
that operate the business of generating electricity
from community waste and factories that operate
the business of producing cement are able to
receive infectious wastes as fuel in the factory’s
incinerator temporarily, etc. Thailand state of
pollution in 2021 can be concluded as follows.
11
13. State of Water Quality
Surface water sources
Figure 1. State of water quality of surface water sources nationwide between 2012-2021
Futureoperationswillrequirethedevelopment
of a pollutant load calculation system for water
pollution and drive the adoption of a permit
system to reduce the amount of dirt released
into water sources; strengthening and
accelerating the construction of municipal
wastewater treatment plants; driving more
wastewater into the wastewater treatment
system; encouraging local administrative
organizationstoimproveefficiencyofwastewater
treatment system management; promoting the
use of high-efficiency prefabricated wastewater
treatment tanks (Tank No. 5); driving local
administrativeorganizationstohavecommunity-
based wastewater treatment system; collecting
service fees for wastewater treatment; and
allowing local administrative organizations to
control management of wastewater from the
process of obtaining permission to operate a
business.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
very Good Good Fair Poor Very Poor
Percentage
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
18
23
48
49
34
28 29
49 41
34 34
28
55
17
46
45
9
34
46
18 18 14
44
43
39
40
46
20
22 25
2 2
Year
In 2021, 65 major water sources across the country
(divided into 59 water sources and 6 standing water
sources) were rated in very good criteria with 2%,
increase. The good criteria increased to 40%,
fair criteria increased to 44%, and poor criteria
increasedto14%.Therewasnowatersourcewhose
water quality was rated in very poor criteria. This is
primarily due to wastewater drainage generated by
communities,tourism,andindustrialmanufacturing
operations that need water. Some municipal
wastewater treatment plants are inefficient and
unable to adequately serve service areas.
13
15. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
6
1
3
1
5
1
3
2 2 3
1 2
4
13 13 8
7 7 7
72
16
60
30
35
61 58
35 34 27
59
60
47
40
23
52
11
78
35
36
15 16
1 1 2 4 3
Percentage
very Good Good Fair Poor Very Poor
Year
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Coastal waters Future operations will involve strict
supervision and control of pollution
sources in problem and risk areas,
as well as strict enforcement of
pollution and environmental laws and
measures. Therewillalsobecontinuous
monitoring of unsafe and concerned
areas, the development of a system
to detect the source of oil in the
event of an oil spill at sea, as well as
raising awareness, providing support,
and strengthening various incentives
forcommunitiestoreducetheamount
of wastewater discharged into natural
water sources.
Figure 2 State of coastal seawater quality situation nationwide between 2012-2021
In 2021, coastal water quality across most countries was
in the criteria between good to average. The very good
criteria decreased to 3%, good criteria decreased to 47%,
faircriteriaincreasedto27%,poorcriteriaincreasedto7%,
and very poor criteria increased to 3%. There were
28 incidents of oil spills in the 17 sea and coastal oil spill
incidentsandcoralbleachingintheGulfofThailand.Corals
began to fade and was found to have bleaching in some
areas at the end of May especially in areas where coral
reefsemergedfromthewaterduringlowtide.Coralswhich
were constantly submerged had little bleaching. The ONI
(Oceanic Nino Index) was used to assess the severity of
coralreefbleachingin2021,basedontheconditionofthe
El Nino Southern Oscillation. The arrival into the La Nina
phenomena, as indicated by the ONI index value of -1.1, may cause water temperatures, particularly in
the Andaman Sea, to be lower than typical during the summer. As a result, coral bleaching is unlikely to
occur in Thai waters, or if it does, it will be minor. Climate change is the primary cause.
15
17. Groundwater
According to the monitoring and measurement of changes
ingroundwaterqualityandgroundwaterlevelsfrom1,944ponds,
1,164 stations in 74 provinces in 2021, the total use of
groundwater was 14,741 million m3
/year. It was found that
generally groundwater was of good quality within the standard
ofediblegroundwater.Duringthedryseasonfrom2019to2021,
the use of groundwater for consumption, business and
agriculture increased in volume. As a result, the demand for
groundwater in some areas was increased. In 2021, there were
areas that need to be closely monitored, namely, landfill
sites, industrial waste disposal site and industrial estates with
heavy metal contamination and volatile organic compounds
in 6 areas: namely 1) Mueang District Samut Prakan Province
2) Tha Than Subdistrict and Ban Song Subdistrict, Phanom
In the future, it will be necessary
to increase the frequency of close
monitoringofgroundwaterqualityin
vulnerableareas,thedevelopment
and implementation of spatial
groundwater development and
conservation measures, as well as
theimplementationofgovernment’s
urgentpolicytopreparefordrought.
Furthermore, in the event of
groundwater contamination, it is
necessarytoexpeditegroundwater
quality improvement to edible
groundwater standards.
Sarakham District, Chachoengsao Province 3) Khlong Krachang Subdistrict, Si Thep District, Phetchabun
Province 4) Khao Hin Son Subdistrict, Phanom Sarakham District, Chachoengsao Province 5) Bang Phli Yai
Subdistrict, Bang Phli District, Samut Prakan Province and 6) Tha Lang Subdistrict, Tha Yang District,
Phetchaburi Province
State of Air Quality and Noise Level
Air quality in general areas
In 2021, there are 77 automatic air quality monitoring stations in
46 provinces. As a result of the integration of driving operations of
relevant agencies according to the National Agenda Action Plan on
“SolvingthePollutionProblemsofParticulateMatter”togetherwith
Work From Home due to the pandemic situation of the coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), the amount of annual average of PM2.5
nationwide was 22 µg/m3
(4% decrease from those in 2020). While
the amount of annual average of PM10 nationwide was 40 µg/m3
(7% decrease from those in 2020). The highest 8-hour average level
for ozone gas nationwide was 86 µg/m3
(5% decrease from those
in 2020). The major pollutions which were still a problem in the
same areas were PM2.5 (Bangkok and its vicinity and northern areas)
and PM10 Na Phra Lan Subdistrict, Saraburi Province) and ozone gas
(Bangkok and its vicinity and the entral region).
Upcomingoperationswillrequire
the development of an Annual
AdHocPlananSolvingthePollution
ProblemofParticulateMatterin
an appropriate and situational
manner; the improvement of
new vehicle exhaust emission
standards and fuel quality; the
limitation of engine life; the
control of open burning during
high dust levels; the promotion
of fresh sugarcane cutting and
the reduction of sugarcane
burning, the promotion of
Work From Home during high
PM2.5 dust levels; and the
increase of green areas
17
19. 0
10
20
30
40
50
PM
2.5
Yearly
average
(µg/m
3
)
Year
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Max - Min range
Bangkok and its vicinity
Saraburi (in front of Pralan)
North
Northeast
All over the country
Standard value
PM
10
Yearly
average
(µg/m
3
)
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Saraburi (in front of Pralan)
North
Northeast
All over the country
Standard value
Max - Min range
Bangkok and its vicinity
Year
0
25
50
75
100
125
Figure 3 The amount of annual average of PM2.5 between 2012-2021
Figure 4 The amount of annual average of PM10 between 2012-2021
Air quality in critical areas
Haze in 9 Northern Provinces in 2021: It was found
that the average level of PM2.5 was 40 µg/m3
(13% decrease from those in 2020, an average level
in 2020 was 46 µg/m3
). There were 103 days that
PM2.5 levelexceededthestandard(8%decreasefrom
thosein2020,therewere112daysin2020). Andthe
hotspots decreased to 52%. These were the result
of the operations driving in monitoring area to
preventandsolvehazeproblemsatthelocallevel;
the availability of surveillance technologies and
innovation such as space technology, weather
forecasting, Line chatbot: Firemanth; commanding
forest fire surveillance and fire suppression;
comprehensive fuel management (snatching,
reducing burning, and open burning management
applications); and the after action review meetings
to learn lessons on solving haze problems in the
North, etc.
19
21. Na Phra Lan Subdistrict, Chaloem Phrakiat District, Saraburi Province: The number of days that the
level of PM10 exceeded the standard were 101 days (10% increase from those in 2020). The average
annual level of PM10 was 98.6 µg/m3
(8% decrease from those in 2020.) These were caused by the
dispersion of dust from the stone crushing plants, cement plants, lime plants, quarry plants in the area
and nearby areas as well as the traffic, local transportation, and damaged public roads. Management
of PM10 problems was taken such as a meeting to discuss and drive policies and measures on
preventing and solving dust problems in Na Phra Lan sub-district into strict implementation and
enforcement,monitoringpollutionandotherairpollutantsinthegeneralatmospherefromtheautomatic
air quality monitoring station located in the area of Na Phra Lan Provincial Police Station; coordinating
with local agencies; inspecting and monitoring pollution problems by Spot Check; and detecting dust
exhaustion in the form of black soot from vehicles in Na Phra Lan areas.
Bangkok and its vicinity: The overall image of the area tended to be improved. The days that PM2.5
level exceeded the standard were 64 days which decreased from the previous year (9% in 2020 which
exceeded the standard of 70 days). This was partly due to the implementation driving of the National
Agenda Action Plan on “Solving the Pollution Problems of Particulate Matter” and stricter measures
such as proactive in inspections, increasing of the frequency of notifications, communication to increase
awarenessamongpeople,integrationandpromotionofparticipationfromallsectors,theuseofacademic
information to prevent and solve air pollution problems, and the success in integrating problem solving
between agencies.
Map Ta Phut and nearby areas: Volatile organic compounds such as benzene and 1,3 - butadiene
tended to increase from the previous year, while 1,2 - dichloroethane tended to decrease from the
previous year. This was due to the main pollution sources in the area were chemical industrial factories
that released VOCs into the atmosphere. The VOCs incidence in Rayong province has been monitored
and communicated for continuous measurements to the provinces and related agencies to perform
surveillance, control and supervise business establishments in the area to be practical. The Department
of Industrial Works has prepared a draft law and manual on practice for the refinery industry, natural gas
separation plant and petrochemical plants and review of troubleshooting operations and launched an
action plan to solve VOCs in Map Ta Phut and nearby Rayong provinces.
Southern haze and transboundary haze: During July-September in every year, it is the dry season of
the lower ASEAN region. There is a chance of forest fires in the peat swamp forest area both domestically
and around the island of Sumatra. The situation of such forest fires triggers haze problems affecting the
southern region of Thailand and the lower ASEAN region. In general, haze situation in the south has
developed from last year. A small number of hotspots were found in the peat swamp forest area. There
was no exceeding standard of PM2.5 during the period of 1 July - 31 October 2021. The results of the
measurement of PM2.5 found that the 24-hour average level had the highest value at 33 µg/m3
21
23. Noise level
55.9
2021
69.2
2020
69
56.7
2021
62.4
55.1
2020
62.8
56
Bangkok and its vicinity Bangkok and its vicinity
General areas (dBA) Roadside areas (dBA)
Provincial
areas
Provincial
areas
Bangkok and its vicinity in 2021: It was found that the annual
average noise level in the general area was 55.9 decibels for the
wholearea(thatIn2020was56.7decibels)Fortheroadsideareas,
the annual average noise level was 69.2 decibels for the whole
area (that In 2020 was 69.0 decibels).
Provincial areas: in 2021, the annual average noise level in general areas was 55.1 decibels for the
whole area (that In 2020 was 56.0 decibels). For the roadside areas, the annual average noise level was
62.4 decibels for the whole area (that In 2020 was 62.8 decibels).
Figure 5. State of noise level in Bangkok and its vicinity and provincial areas
between 2020-2021
23
25. The State of Municipal Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste,
and Hazardous Substances
Municipal solid waste
In 2021, the amount of municipal solid waste was 24.98 million
tons(1%decreasedfromthatin2020,25.37milliontonsin2020).
The7.89milliontonsofsolidwasteweresortedatthesourceand
put back to use, (32% of the amount of solid waste generated)
(6% decrease from that in 2020, 8.36 million tons in 2020).
As the result, the 9.28 million tons of municipal solid waste were
properly disposed (37% of the amount of solid waste generated)
(7% increase from that in 2020, 8.67 million tons in 2020) by sanitary
landfill, semi-aerobic landfill, power generation incinerator,
incinerator with air pollution treatment system, composting, and
RefuseDerivedFuel:(RDF)production).The7.81milliontonswere
To reduce the amount of solid
waste disposal at the destination,
future operations will develop
specific laws to promote Product
Life Cycle Management, such
as plastic waste management,
packaging waste, food waste,
electronic waste, waste from
construction and building
destruction, and so on.
improperly disposed (31% of solid waste generated) (6% decrease from that in 2020, 8.34 million tons
in 2020) such as bulking, open burning, and incinerator without air pollution treatment system. For solid
waste and plastic waste management according to Section 88 of the Enhancement and Conservation of
National Environmental Quality Act B.E. 2535, there was the implementation under the Action Plan on
Plastic Waste Management, Phase 1 (2020-2022) such as Converting the Plastic Merit Project (When you
Rotate) aiming at bringing at least 50% of the targeted plastic to be used; and determining the rate of
waste disposal service in accordance with section 88 of the Enhancement and Conservation of National
Environmental Quality Act B.E. 2535.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
27.37 27.93 28.71
25.37 24.98
8.51
9.76
12.52
10.23 9.87
8.63 8.3
6.84
8.34
7.81
9.35
8.67
9.28
8.36 7.89
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
Solid waste (million tons)
Proper disposal (million tons) Improper disposal (million tons)
Reusable (million tons)
Year
Million tons
Figure 6 The amount of solid waste generated and its management in 2017-2021
25
27. Hazardous waste
In 2021, the amount of community hazardous
waste was 669,518 tons (1.6% increase from
that in 2020, 658,651 tons in 2020). There were
mostly 435,187 tons of electrical and electronic
waste products (65%) and other types of
hazardous waste such as batteries, chemical
containers, aerosol cans with approximately
234,331 tons (35%). These were due to more
demands and preference of people in using
electrical appliances and electronic devices,
the rapid advancement of technology and
accelerated change of electronic equipment,
the import of poor quality and short shelf life
products, a lack of enough hazardous waste
sorting at sources, a lack of private sector
cooperation in terms of taking responsibility
for managing their waste products. Moreover,
these were also due to a lack of enough and
extensive community hazardous waste disposal
sites of local administrative organizations,
and the overlap of relevant authorized
agencies in responsibility of community
hazardous waste management.
In the future, relevant agencies must establish
the format, criteria, and standards for the
management of hazardous waste from the
community to be clear and consistent with the
pattern of local administrative organizations and
other types of present waste management, in
order that the local administrative organizations
can operate community hazardous waste
management properly according to academic
principles from sorting, collection, containment
and delivery to disposal. Moreover it will require
public relations campaign for the separation of
hazardous waste from the community at the
sources according to the prescribed policy, and
also encourage the private sector to be more
involved in the management both recycling
or disposal covering all regions by using the
principle of expanding the responsibility of
entrepreneurs. There is also a consideration of
establishment of Regional E-waste Management
Centerwithhazardouswastecontentfromalarge
numberofcommunitiestoreducetheburdenof
government expenditures in the long term and
the elimination of legal and regulatory obstacles
for local administrative organizations to have full
management authority.
27
29. Industrial waste in 2021, there was a large amount of
industrial waste (hazardous industrial waste and non-
hazardous industrial waste) that have been notified of
transportation in the system and brought into the industrial
waste management system of the Department of Industrial
Works for a total of 18.57 million tons (3% increase from
that in 2020, 18.05 million tons in 2020). They included
17.07 million tons of non-hazardous industrial waste and
1.50 million tons of hazardous industrial waste. In 2021,
there were 63,668 factories entering the industrial waste
management system, an increase from 62,155 factories
in 2020. This is because the Department of Industrial Works
hasdevelopedandupgradedhazardouswastemanagement
operators in accordance with the Ministry of Industry’s
plans, which include promoting and building knowledge
and understanding for entrepreneurs to manage industrial
waste in accordance with the law, as well as promoting the
use of tools in accordance with the 3Rs principle within the
factory by setting a goal of zero waste to landfill. The East
had the most capacity to support and distribute industrial
waste treatment plants, followed by the Central Region,
theNortheast,theWest,theNorth,andtheSouth,respectively
(Department of Industrial Works, 2021).
Future operations must monitor
the. renewal of factories that lack of
industrial waste management to carry
out industrial waste management
systematically and legally. Also,
appointing expertsinindustrialwaste
management,consultingandsupporting
staff for factories across the country
as well as supporting the operation
of the officers in enforcing the law on
industrialfactoriesthathavenotbeen
legally entered into the industrial
waste management system.There
should be modification of production
technology that produces minimal
wasteandpromotingcleanproduction
supply chain. There should be an
investment in the establishment of
recycling plants and industrial waste
disposalsiteswithmoderntechnology
andenvironmentallyfriendlycovering
all regions.
Figure 7 Distribution proportion of industrial waste treatment plants and capacity on support and
distribution in each region in 2021
Source: Department of Industrial Works, 2021
Note :
WG = Waste Generator
WP = Waste Processor
North
WG 3,377
WP 38
Central Region
WG 32,192
WP 1,018 East
Northeast
WG 7,774
WP 148
South
WG 5,573
WP 48
West
WG 3,307
WP 62
52:1
WG 9,329
WP 802
12:1
12:1
32:1
53:1
89:1
WG 61,552
WP 2,116
29:1
The Whole Countries
29
31. The amount of infectious waste occurred
90,009.23 tons (87% increase from that in
2020,47,962tonsin2020),mostlyfromgovernment
hospitals, private hospitals, animal hospitals and
dangerous infectious disease laboratories.
From 2020 to 2021, due to the pandemic situation
of Coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19), there
were an increasing number of infections waste
sources including field hospitals, waiting
centers, community isolation centers, home
isolation, hospitels, quarantine facilities, and
vaccinate services units The 81,774.67 tons
(90.85%) of infection wastes were properly
managed mostly by using government and
incinerator and partly by steam sterilization
Future operations must plan for an adequate
infectious waste management system to be
implemented throughout the country. This
includes sorting, containment, collection,
transport, and disposal using efficient
technology, promoting hygienic infectious
waste segregation at source, controlling and
supervising the disposal system to meet
standards, as well as monitoring the dumping
in the environment, as well as increasing the
potential of the infectious waste elimination
system, and the construction of infectious
waste incinerators in areas where there is no
cluster disposal system.
method. As the increasing number of infectious waste generated, the amount of infectious waste
disposed of falls short of the amount generated. The Department of Health, in collaboration with other
agencies, has created rules and regulations allowing factory-type businesses to dispose of particular
wastes generated through incineration. Solid trash that is infected can be used temporarily as fuel in
manufacturing furnaces by businesses that generate power from community waste and manufacturers
that produce cement (Department of Health, 2021).
Figure 8. The amount of infectious waste generated and disposed in 2016-2021.
Source: Department of Health, 2021
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
Tons
Year
The amount of infectious weste disposed
The amount of infectious weste
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
55,646
57,954
55,497
53,173
47,962
90,009
49,056
51,300 49,898 49,462 47,440
81,774.67
31