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Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arteries where plaque builds up in the arterial wall. The plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the blood. This plaque hardens and narrows the arteries. The major risk factors are hypertension and hyperlipidemia which can damage the endothelial lining of arteries. Damaged endothelial cells allow lipids and immune cells to accumulate in the artery wall forming plaque lesions. Over time, plaque growth can significantly reduce blood flow causing complications like heart attack or stroke.
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Atherosclerosis is the hardening and thickening of arteries due to plaque buildup within the arterial wall. It is the primary cause of heart attacks and strokes. The major risk factors for atherosclerosis are age, sex, genetics, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, and C-reactive protein levels. Atherosclerosis risk increases dramatically in individuals between the ages of 40-60. Men and postmenopausal women have higher risk than premenopausal women. Family history and certain genetic conditions can also increase one's risk for atherosclerosis.
Lung adenocarcinoma and pet scanning a case study
This case study describes a 49-year-old male smoker who presented with symptoms of lung cancer including weight loss, coughing, and chest pain. Imaging showed a large lung mass and fluid in his right lung. A biopsy revealed stage 3B lung adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the pleura. He underwent a procedure to drain fluid from his lung and insert drains. Treatment with chemotherapy and radiation was planned but could not be started due to the development of an empyema (infected fluid collection) in his lung. PET scanning was useful for detecting the pleural metastasis which signifies an advanced, difficult to treat stage of lung cancer.
Atherosclerosis
1) This document discusses risk factors for atherosclerosis and their role in the pathogenesis of the disease. It identifies both controllable factors like hypertension, smoking, obesity, and uncontrollable factors like age, sex, and family history.
2) The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves four main stages: chronic endothelial injury, accumulation of lipoproteins in the arteries, resultant inflammation and release of factors, and smooth muscle cell proliferation that narrows arteries.
3) Clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis can include leg pain with exercise, absent pulses, bruits over arteries, dry skin, and coldness in affected limbs. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help regulate controllable risk factors.
Atherosclerosis
Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerois, monkeberg medical calcific sclerosis, arteriolosclerosis
PATHOLOGY - Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup. The three main types are arteriolosclerosis (small arteries), Monckeberg medial sclerosis (calcification of muscular arteries), and atherosclerosis (most common). Atherosclerosis features atheromas that protrude into the vessel lumen. Risk factors like age, gender, genetics, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes accelerate atherosclerosis. Inflammation and infection also contribute to plaque formation and rupture, which can cause acute issues like heart attack or stroke.
Case study adenocarcinoma of the lung
Adenocarcinoma is a type of non-small cell lung cancer that originates in glandular tissues. It is the most common type of lung cancer seen in non-smokers and women. Adenocarcinoma progresses through four stages as it spreads from the lung to other organs. Diagnosis is made through biopsy and scans. While smoking is a major risk factor, 15% of lung cancers occur in non-smokers, often due to radon exposure, family history or lung diseases. Symptoms vary from early fatigue to later cough and weight loss. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, with nursing care focused on managing side effects and complications from each treatment. Prognosis depends on stage,
QPR-Atherosclerosis
Quick Review of Pathology for clinicians and senior students.
Atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up in the arteries, making them harder and narrower. It is caused by inflammation over time from risk factors like age, family history, obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Doctors use tests like angiograms to see blockages. Treatment focuses on managing contributing conditions with drugs or procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery to reopen arteries. Prevention emphasizes lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, quitting smoking, and stress reduction.
Atherosclerosis - Pathogenesis
A brief powerpoint presentation on one of the most talked about health concerns today- Atherosclerosis
Aterosclerosis
La aterosclerosis es una alteración patológica de las arterias caracterizada por el depósito anormal de lípidos y tejido fibroso en la pared arterial, que desorganiza la arquitectura y reduce el flujo sanguíneo. Es causada principalmente por factores de riesgo como la hipertensión, la diabetes, el tabaquismo, la dislipidemia, la obesidad y el sedentarismo. La aterosclerosis sigue siendo la principal causa de muerte prematura en las sociedades desarrolladas.
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Recent developments in the treatment of atherosclerosis
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Atherosclerosis Slideshare Pathology Ppt Notes
This document summarizes atherosclerosis and its pathogenesis. It defines key terms like arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and atherogenesis. It describes the major locations where atherosclerosis occurs and risk factors like dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, age, and family history. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. The pathogenesis involves two main hypotheses: 1) the reaction-to-injury hypothesis where endothelial injury leads to intimal proliferation and foam cell formation, and 2) the monoclonal hypothesis where smooth muscle cell proliferation is the primary event. Overall it provides an overview of atherosclerosis, its terminology, risk factors, symptoms, and pathogenic mechanisms.
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis .pdf
1. Atherosclerosis is the accumulation of inflammatory cells, lipids, and connective tissue in the intima of large and medium arteries, forming fibroinflammatory plaques known as atheromas.
2. It develops over decades as a response to endothelial injury from risk factors like hypercholesterolemia and hypertension.
3. Complicated plaques can rupture, causing thrombosis, embolism, and occlusion of vessels, leading to complications like myocardial infarction.
Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.pptx
Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation of an injured intima.
The term atherosclerosis is derived from
athero-(meaning porridge) referring to the soft lipid-rich material in the centre of atheroma, and
sclerosis (scarring) referring to connective tissue in the plaques.
This term describes the cholesterol deposits and scarred portion in an arterial plaque or atheroma.
Atherosclerosis is the commonest and the most important of the arterial diseases.
Atherosclerosis pathophysiology
Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of arteries caused by plaque buildup within the arterial wall. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows the arteries. There are three main types of atherosclerotic lesions: fatty streaks consisting of lipid-filled foam cells, fibrous plaques made of extracellular lipid and connective tissue, and complicated lesions with features like hemorrhage and ulceration. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and hypertension. Genetic factors can also influence a person's risk by impacting lipid metabolism, coagulation, blood pressure regulation, and other
Diseases of vessels
Vascular disorders can affect arteries and veins in various ways. The document discusses several types of vascular disorders including:
1. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of plaque in the arteries which can restrict blood flow and cause complications like heart attacks and strokes.
2. Vasculitis refers to inflammation of blood vessels which has various immune-mediated forms that can affect large, medium, or small vessels.
3. Aneurysms are abnormal dilations of blood vessels or the heart that can be true or pseudo in nature and occur in different locations.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS.ppt
This document discusses atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. It defines atherosclerosis as a chronic disease affecting primarily the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, characterized by fibrolipid plaques. It identifies major risk factors such as age, sex, genetics, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. It describes the pathogenesis and progression from early lesions of intimal thickening and fatty streaks to more advanced fibrotic plaques and complicated plaques. The clinical effects of atherosclerosis in various organs are outlined, including myocardial infarction, stroke, gangrene, and aneurysm formation.
atherosclerosis ppt for education purpose
Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting the cardiovascular system where plaque builds up in the arteries. It is caused by endothelial dysfunction, lipid deposition, and inflammatory cell recruitment in the arterial wall. As plaque grows, it can narrow or block arteries. The key events are damage to the endothelium allowing lipoproteins like LDL to enter the arterial wall where they undergo oxidation. This triggers an inflammatory response as immune cells are recruited and macrophages engulf the oxidized LDL, forming foam cells. Over time, a fatty plaque develops which can rupture, causing blood clots and restricting blood flow. Risk factors include high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
Cardiac pathology
Ischemic heart disease, resulting from impaired blood supply to the heart, is currently the leading cause of cardiovascular disease death worldwide. It refers to conditions including angina, heart attack, chronic heart disease, heart failure and sudden cardiac death. The most common cause is coronary artery atherosclerosis and thrombosis, usually resulting from plaque rupture or erosion in the arteries. Vulnerable plaques are prone to rupture due to characteristics like a thin fibrous cap and large lipid core, exposing thrombogenic materials and narrowing the artery. Timely reopening of the blocked artery is crucial to limiting heart muscle damage from lack of blood flow.
disorders of veins.pptx
This document discusses common disorders of arteries and veins, focusing on hypertensive vascular disease and atherosclerosis. It defines hypertension and outlines the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Complications include stroke, heart disease, and renal failure. The document describes hyaline and hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis seen in hypertension. It also summarizes the risk factors, pathogenesis, and morphology of atherosclerosis, noting its role in cardiovascular diseases.
IHD ema_2020.pdf
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle due to narrowed coronary arteries. The most common cause is atherosclerosis which develops over many years and is worsened by risk factors like smoking, high cholesterol, and hypertension. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath during physical exertion. Diagnosis involves tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment aims to improve symptoms, prevent heart attacks, and includes risk factor modification, medications like nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, and revascularization procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up inside arteries. It is the leading cause of heart attacks and strokes. The plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the blood. Over time, the plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, limiting blood flow. The major risk factors for atherosclerosis are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. The disease process involves injury to the artery lining, invasion by immune cells, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and accumulation of cholesterol and other fats that form plaque lesions within the artery wall. Complications arise when plaque ruptures, forms clots, or restricts blood flow, potentially leading to heart attack, stroke or other
Vascular system
Hypertension leads to damage of small arteries and arterioles. It is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Primary causes are genetic factors and environmental influences like stress, obesity, and high salt intake. Sustained high blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg can lead to accelerated hypertension with complications like renal failure and retinal damage within 1-2 years if untreated. The pathogenesis involves an imbalance between cardiac output and peripheral resistance resulting from increased blood volume or vasoconstriction. Over time, structural changes in vessel walls occur with thickened walls and narrowed lumens.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease that causes chest pain, heart attacks, and strokes, and leads to more deaths than cancer. The traditional view of how it develops is wrong. It begins when excess LDL particles in the blood accumulate in the artery wall and undergo changes that cause inflammation. Immune cells are drawn to the area, where they release inflammatory molecules. Macrophages ingest the modified LDL, becoming foam cells that constitute early fatty streaks. Further growth of the plaque involves smooth muscle cells building a fibrous cap. However, enzymes and cytokines released by foam cells can weaken the cap, possibly causing it to rupture and form dangerous blood clots.
Artherosclerosis
This document provides an overview of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It discusses the epidemiology, including that it is a leading cause of death worldwide. It describes the structure of the arterial wall and defines atherosclerosis. It discusses the hypothesis of atherogenesis including the lipid, response to injury, and monoclonal hypotheses. It covers risk factors, classification, common sites, clinical syndromes, complications, prevention, and treatment of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.
INFLAMMATION PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Inflammation is the body's response to eliminate injurious agents and damaged tissue. The four cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Inflammation can be classified as acute, chronic, or subacute based on its duration and the host's defense capacity. Acute inflammation involves fluid accumulation, platelet activation, and neutrophil infiltration within 2 weeks to repair tissue. Chronic inflammation lasts a long time and involves lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages with granulation tissue formation. The inflammatory response involves vascular changes like vasodilation, increased permeability and leukocyte migration, as well as cellular events like phagocytosis to remove pathogens and debris.
Thrombosis and Embolism
The document discusses various types of embolism and thrombosis. It describes the Virschow triad of factors that can lead to thrombosis - endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. It then examines different causes and outcomes of thrombosis and embolism in various parts of the body, such as pulmonary embolism from deep vein thrombosis, systemic embolism from cardiac sources, and amniotic fluid embolism during childbirth.
INFLAMMATION.pptx
This document summarizes a seminar on the cascade of inflammation. It discusses the signs of inflammation, inflammatory cells and mediators, types of inflammation including acute and chronic, and the mechanisms and cellular events of acute inflammation. Specifically, it outlines the vascular events of acute inflammation including changes in blood flow and vascular permeability, as well as the cellular events of leucocyte exudation and phagocytosis.
Atherosclerosis
This document discusses atherosclerosis, defined as a disease of arteries characterized by atheromatous plaques composed of lipid cores and fibrous caps. Risk factors include age, gender, genetics, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and inactivity. The response-to-injury hypothesis views it as a chronic inflammatory response to endothelial injury, involving modified lipoproteins, macrophages, and T-cells interacting with artery walls. Plaques can rupture, causing thrombosis. Unstable plaques with large lipid cores and thin fibrous caps are more vulnerable to rupture. Advanced lesions can rupture, bleed, aneurysm, or form fatty streaks composed of foam cells.
Introduction to Stroke Pathophysiology And Atherosclerosis Prepared By Arlyn ...
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The document outlines a PowerPoint presentation on stroke. It covers:
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Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
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Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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