Stylistic Classification of English VocabularyIrina K
The document discusses the classification and development of English vocabulary. It covers:
- Common words, literary words, colloquial words, slang words, and technical words can be classified by level of usage.
- The historical development of English vocabulary from Old English, Middle English to Modern English, with influences from Latin, French, and other languages.
- After WWII, rapid growth in vocabulary was driven by advances in science/technology, socio-economic changes, and influence from other cultures and languages. New words emerged in many domains like space, computers, social movements, education and more.
Stylistic Classification of English VocabularyIrina K
The document discusses the classification and development of English vocabulary. It covers:
- Common words, literary words, colloquial words, slang words, and technical words can be classified by level of usage.
- The historical development of English vocabulary from Old English, Middle English to Modern English, with influences from Latin, French, and other languages.
- After WWII, rapid growth in vocabulary was driven by advances in science/technology, socio-economic changes, and influence from other cultures and languages. New words emerged in many domains like space, computers, social movements, education and more.
New Zealand English is the dialect of English spoken in New Zealand that developed from colonists in the 19th century. It has been influenced primarily by Australian English, southern English, Irish English, Scottish English, and the Māori language. New Zealand English shares similarities with Australian English in pronunciation but has some distinct variations in vowels. It has incorporated many words from Māori, especially for local flora, fauna, and place names.
The document discusses borrowing in the English language from other languages. Words may be adopted from one language into another through a process called borrowing. There are several reasons for borrowing words, including the need for a term to describe something unfamiliar, prestige, and the introduction of new concepts without a word for them in the native language. Direct borrowing involves adopting a word unchanged, while indirect borrowing involves passing a word through multiple languages with changes along the way. Loanwords are words imported from another language, which may undergo phonological or orthographical changes, while loanshifts involve translating the meaning of a word rather than adopting the word itself.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics and language variation and change. It discusses key topics in sociolinguistics including real time and apparent time studies, the critical period of language acquisition, and generational change. Phenomena studied in sociolinguistics include regional variations and social factors that influence language use such as social relationships between speakers. The document also examines how language variation can be studied diachronically over time or synchronically at a single point in time to understand language change.
Scandinavian languages (The North Germanic languages)Marina Malaki
The North Germanic languages, also called Scandinavian languages, are spoken by about 20 million people in Scandinavia. They include Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faroese. These languages share several distinctive grammatical features like adding definite articles as suffixes to nouns. While they derive from a common Proto-Germanic ancestor and share many sound changes, political and cultural developments over time have led to some differences in vocabulary between the languages. The oldest written records that show features of Scandinavian languages are runic inscriptions from the 8th to 11th centuries, while manuscripts in Latin script from the 12th century on provide more materials in Old Norse, the main representative of the older forms of these languages.
This document discusses language variation and regional dialects. It defines key linguistic concepts such as accent, dialect, isoglosses, dialect boundaries, dialect continuum, bilingualism, diglossia, pidgins, and creoles. Government and educational organizations must determine which language varieties to use for official business. The document provides information on linguistic geography and how an idealized language variety is not associated with any specific region.
Created by Camille Ann C. Tambal from University of Southeastern Philippines taking Bachelor of Arts in English Major in Language.
In cross cultural communication subject.
This document discusses the nature of language, dialect, and accent. It defines language and dialect, noting that dialects are varieties of a language that are mutually intelligible. Dialects differ based on region or social factors rather than linguistic ones. Accent refers to differences in pronunciation between varieties. Dialect continuum is used to show how dialects gradually change between geographic areas. Linguistic variables are linguistic items that have variant forms based on non-linguistic factors like age, status, or situation.
New Zealand English is the dialect of English spoken in New Zealand that developed from colonists in the 19th century. It has been influenced primarily by Australian English, southern English, Irish English, Scottish English, and the Māori language. New Zealand English shares similarities with Australian English in pronunciation but has some distinct variations in vowels. It has incorporated many words from Māori, especially for local flora, fauna, and place names.
The document discusses borrowing in the English language from other languages. Words may be adopted from one language into another through a process called borrowing. There are several reasons for borrowing words, including the need for a term to describe something unfamiliar, prestige, and the introduction of new concepts without a word for them in the native language. Direct borrowing involves adopting a word unchanged, while indirect borrowing involves passing a word through multiple languages with changes along the way. Loanwords are words imported from another language, which may undergo phonological or orthographical changes, while loanshifts involve translating the meaning of a word rather than adopting the word itself.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics and language variation and change. It discusses key topics in sociolinguistics including real time and apparent time studies, the critical period of language acquisition, and generational change. Phenomena studied in sociolinguistics include regional variations and social factors that influence language use such as social relationships between speakers. The document also examines how language variation can be studied diachronically over time or synchronically at a single point in time to understand language change.
Scandinavian languages (The North Germanic languages)Marina Malaki
The North Germanic languages, also called Scandinavian languages, are spoken by about 20 million people in Scandinavia. They include Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faroese. These languages share several distinctive grammatical features like adding definite articles as suffixes to nouns. While they derive from a common Proto-Germanic ancestor and share many sound changes, political and cultural developments over time have led to some differences in vocabulary between the languages. The oldest written records that show features of Scandinavian languages are runic inscriptions from the 8th to 11th centuries, while manuscripts in Latin script from the 12th century on provide more materials in Old Norse, the main representative of the older forms of these languages.
This document discusses language variation and regional dialects. It defines key linguistic concepts such as accent, dialect, isoglosses, dialect boundaries, dialect continuum, bilingualism, diglossia, pidgins, and creoles. Government and educational organizations must determine which language varieties to use for official business. The document provides information on linguistic geography and how an idealized language variety is not associated with any specific region.
Created by Camille Ann C. Tambal from University of Southeastern Philippines taking Bachelor of Arts in English Major in Language.
In cross cultural communication subject.
This document discusses the nature of language, dialect, and accent. It defines language and dialect, noting that dialects are varieties of a language that are mutually intelligible. Dialects differ based on region or social factors rather than linguistic ones. Accent refers to differences in pronunciation between varieties. Dialect continuum is used to show how dialects gradually change between geographic areas. Linguistic variables are linguistic items that have variant forms based on non-linguistic factors like age, status, or situation.
Myter om flerspråkighet. Anna Flyman Mattssonpedagogmalmo
Presentation från föreläsning med språkforskaren Anna Flyman Mattsson, Lunds Universitet.
Språkdag för pedagoger i Malmö stad den 14 oktober 2014. Arrangör: FoU Malmö Utveckling / Pedagogisk Inspiration Malmö, Malmö stad
Åhörarkopior från Gudrun Svenssons presentation på Symposium 2105:
http://www.andrasprak.su.se/konferenser-och-symposier/symposium-2015/program/translanguaging-f%C3%B6r-elevernas-kunskaps-spr%C3%A5k-och-identitetsutveckling-1.250842
1. Språksociologi
Skillnader i språkbruk mellan
sociala grupper
Ålder, kön, social bakgrund.
Förhållandet mellan språk och
samhälle och språk och makt
2. Språklig variation
Dialekt: Språkvariant inom ett visst geografiskt område
Sociolekt: Språkvariant som talas av en viss social grupp
Kronolekt: Språkbruk hos en viss åldersgrupp
Sexolekt: Manligt – kvinnligt språk
4. DIALEKTER
Språkvariant som talas inom
ett visst geografiskt område
Relativt stora dialektområden
i dagens Sverige
5. DIALEKTER
Dialektgränserna inte knivskarpa
Kan spänna över stora eller små områden
Isogloss: utbredningen av ett visst
språkdrag, såsom uttalet av r-ljudet (skorrande
eller främre).
6. Varför har vi dialekter?
Urnordiskan splittrades upp och började utvecklades
till de nordiska språken (900-talet)
Isolering
Naturliga hinder
Inga massmedier
7. Dialekter
Vad skiljer dialekterna åt?
o Ordförrådet
o Ordens böjning: sola istället för
solen.
o Satsmelodin, d.v.s. uttal, betoning
och intonation: En skåning säger
skiur om det man har på fötterna.
En räv blir rev för stockholmaren.
8. Så kan det låta…
Hocken = vem (Blekinge)
Bamba=matsal (Bohuslän)
Sårk=pojke (Gotland)
Påg=pojke (skåne)
Sprallevann=brännvin (listerländska)
10. DIALEKTOMRÅDEN
1. Sydsvenska mål
2. Götamål
3. Sveamål
4. Norrländska mål
5. Gotländska mål
6. Östsvenska mål
11. DIALEKTOMRÅDEN
1. Sydsvenska mål
Skåne, Blekinge, Halland.
södra Småland.
Några utmärkande drag:
o Diftonger (dubbelvokaler:
gåo (gå), fau (få), maula
(måla).
o b, d, g i stället för p, t, k:
köba (köpa), prada
(prata), kaga (kaka).
12.
13. Är dialekterna på utdöende?
Nej, men de har jämnas ut
Massmedia, skola och ökad
rörlighet har bidragit
Blivit populärt med dialekter
de senaste åren – högre
status
14. Språk eller dialekt?
Språkliga varianter blir ofta kallade dialekter istället för
språk därför att de:
inte har ett etablerat skriftspråk med grammatik och
ordböcker
inte har en egen "stat"
inte används i officiella dokument
inte används som undervisningsspråk i skolorna, i varje fall inte
skriftligt
saknar "prestige"
16. SOCIOLEKT
Social bakgrund/social
grupp
Ekonomi, utbildning,
sociala kontakter
Ordval, ordförråd,
graden av dialekt
17. Sexolekter
- Manliga och kvinnliga
drag i språket
- Vokabulär, samtalsstil,
samtalsämnen
- Forskarna har svårt att peka
på säkra skillnader
18. Sexolekter
En liten pojke hade magont och undersöktes därför
av en läkare. Pojken var läkarens son – men läkaren
var inte pojkens far. Hur hängde detta ihop?
Svar: Givetvis var läkaren
pojkens mamma
19. Samhörighet och avstånd
Statusprincipen
Vi väljer talspråk utifrån vad som är status för oss
Kan påverka hur vi ser på andras talspråk
Hur ser vi på politikers sätt att tala?
Vad förknippas huvudstadsdialekten med?
20. Samhörighet och avstånd
Solidaritetsprincipen
Vi pratar som människor vi tycker om
Ungdomar som lever i tätt sammanhållna kompisgäng
kommer att behålla sin ungdomsslang – oavsett hur
slarvigt deras lärare tycker att det är.
21. Samhörighet och avstånd
Nabo-opposition
Man vill inte tala som
”grannen”
Man ser ner på ”grannens”
dialekt
