Human spermatozoa can tolerate a range of temperature. They are not very sensitive to damage caused by cooling possibly because of high membrane fluidity which is used as a technique to preserve spermatozoa in adverse conditions. cryopreservation technology has been a boon in every aspect of infertility & ART practice.
process of preserving an embryo at sub-zero temperatures, generally at an embryogenesis stage corresponding to pre-implantation.this presentation will clear you about slow freezing rapid freezing and vitrification method of embryo freezing.
process of preserving an embryo at sub-zero temperatures, generally at an embryogenesis stage corresponding to pre-implantation.this presentation will clear you about slow freezing rapid freezing and vitrification method of embryo freezing.
ICSI as it is presently performed is far from an ideal solution because the selection of sperm is based on the judgement of an embryologist, who is looking for the most normal appearing sperm available.
INTRACYTOPLASMIC MORPHOLOGICALLY SELECTED SPERM INJECTION is a technique used in IVF treatment to examine and select sperm using a high-magnification digital imaging microscope for microinjection into the egg.
ICSI as it is presently performed is far from an ideal solution because the selection of sperm is based on the judgement of an embryologist, who is looking for the most normal appearing sperm available.
INTRACYTOPLASMIC MORPHOLOGICALLY SELECTED SPERM INJECTION is a technique used in IVF treatment to examine and select sperm using a high-magnification digital imaging microscope for microinjection into the egg.
We discuss here all essential principles of cryoperservation in assisted reproductive techniques:
1. Oocye cryoperservation
2. Embryo cryopersevration
3. Sperm cryopersevration
Cryopreservation and its application to aquaculture.pptxNarsingh Kashyap
What is Cryopreservation ?
Cryopreservation is a process where biological materials such as cells and tissues are preserved by cooling to very low temperatures, usually at -196°C (the temperature of liquid nitrogen), yet remain viable after later warming to temperatures above 0°C.
Cryopreservation in aquatic species goes back 65 years and began about the same time as similar research was performed in livestock (Blaxter 2011).
In India, NBFGR & CIFA are the primary organization carrying out fish sperm cryopreservation for long term gene banking (J. K. Jena 2012)
Introduction
Reason for cryopreservation
Selection of part of plant for cryopreservation
Technique of cryopreservation
Application
Limitation
Conclusion
ADVANCED SPERM PREPARATION TECHNIQUES.pptxRahul Sen
IN IVF SPERM PREPARATION PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS EMBRYO OUTCOMES IS 50% DEPENDENT ON ONE OF THE MAJOR GAMETE THAT IS SPERM. SPERMS POST EJACULATE SHOULD BE HANDLED PROPERLY AND MUST BE SEPARATED FROM SEMINAL PLASMA WELL ENOUGH THAT ONLY MORPHOLOGICALLY MOTILE HEALTHY SPERMS ARE AVAILABLE FOR FERTILIZATION. OVER MANY YEARS CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF SPERM PREPARATIONS WERE CONSIDERED IN ROUTINE, MANY ADVANCED METHODS ARE STILL NOT EXPLORED WHICH HOLDS MORE EFFICACY OVER CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF SPERM PREPARATION.
HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF IVF CULTURE MEDIA SINCE IVF IS A 44 YEAR OLD TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE MEDIA BEING THE MOST OVERLOOKED AND CONCEPTUAL PORTION IN IN VITRO FERTILIZATION TECHNOLOGY. THIS PRESENTATION COVERS HOW IVF CULTURE MEDIA SEEN ORIGINATION FROM PAST TILL AT PRESENT ERA.
'GENETICS OF MALE & FEMALE INFERTILITY.pptxRahul Sen
This presentation briefs about an important aspect of infertility which deals about genes and its occurrence in future progeny. Genetics of Male & Female infertility which is not always discussed usually until unless a couple doesn't exhibit pregnancy losses or a major cause of infertility. lets read about Genetics of male and female infertility. Happy Reading <3
Fertilization is a process where male and female gametes fuse to create zygote and further leads to embryonic development. During in vitro there happens the conditions when male and female gametes unable to fuse and fails to produce zygote, which is a very painful condition for Reproductive Scientists working inside IVF lab. this presentation highlights brief about how this incidence occurs and ways to reduces it. HAVE A HAPPY READ <3
EMBRYO QUALITY ASSESSMENT, WHICH TO SELECT? Rahul Sen
Traditional embryo evaluation systems are simple, non-invasive, cost-effective & mainstay in majority of IVF laboratories. Embryo selection based on combinations of morphology scores at different stages of embryonic development with time may be more effective
Sperm Function Tests are the keystones of evaluating functional condition of sperms. The fertility potential of a sperm will be decided not only with the number & motility but with the functional competence which is of utmost importance.
Semen Analysis being one of the basic test and gold standard for male infertility evaluation. Guidelines by World Health Organization published in 2010 remain the most discussed and currently worldwide accepted in interpretation of semen examination.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. INTRODUCTION
• the idea of freezing human male gametes has been
experimented since the late 1700s,
• The first reported observations of the effects of low
temperatures on spermatozoa were performed by Lazaro
Spallanzani in 1776,
• the first to discuss the possible uses of sperm banks was the
Italian Paolo Mantegazza, who wrote the following sentence
in 1866: “It might even be that a husband who has died on a
battle field can fecundate his own wife after he has been red
uced to a corpse”
• However, sperm cryopreservation did not become a realistic
until the discovery potent Cryoprotectant's
3. LEARNINGOBJECTIVES
• Concept of sperm cryopreservation
• Different procedures, storage devices,
advantages & disadvantages for each
procedure
• Effect of cryopreservation upon semen
quality & outcomes
4. THE SPERM CELL
The term sperm is derived from the Greek meaning "seed" and
refers to the male reproductive cells.
5. SPERM FREEZING
Cryopreservation of semen enables it to conserve at
low or ultra-low temperatures for future use and later
thawed for fertility purpose.
6. SPERM FREEZING…
• Human spermatozoa can tolerate a range of
temperature. They are not very sensitive to damage
caused by cooling (cold shock), possibly because of
high membrane fluidity (Clarke et al., 2003).
• They may also be more resistant than other cells in
cryopreservation damage because of their low water
content (about 50%)
• However, cryopreservation does have an adverse effect
on human sperm function, particularly motility.
• On average, only about 50% of the motile spermatozoa
survive freezing and thawing (Keel & Webster, 1993).
• Optimizing the cryopreservation process will minimize
this damage and may increase pregnancy rates (Woods
et al., 2004).
7. INDICATIONS OF SPERM FREEZING
• Inability to produce ejaculate on demand.
• man may be absent on the day of procedure.
• decreased sperm count and sperm functions
• Exposed to Gonadotoxic medication or treatment
• Sperm Donation
• Social Fertility Preservation
8. GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR SPERM FREEZING
• Semen Collection- Ejaculate or surgical
• Post liquefaction perform semen analysis
• Dilution with cryoprotectant
• Balancing & cooling
• Freezing and maintenance at low temperature
• Thawing and assessment before use
9. CRYOPROTECTANTS
• In 1949 Glycerol was identified as a potent agent
showing cryoprotective properties and can be used as a
major CPA for sperm cryopreservation
• The first human birth resulting from artificial insemination
of cryopreserved semen were reported by Bunge and She
rman in 1953
• Theoretical considerations suggested that long-term cryo
storage would require the use of temperatures lower than
−130°C, the glassy-transition temperature, below which ic
e-crystal growth is inhibited.
• Consequently, liquid nitrogen (−196°C) storage became th
e standard very early in the history of sperm banking
10. CRYOPROTECTANTSTYPES
• There are two types of Cryoprotectant's -
• Permeating & Non-Permeating Type
Permeating Type:
• Low Molecular
Weight
• Can enters into the
cell easily
• Affect both intracellul
ar & extracellular
environment
• Main permeating typ
e cryoprotectant inclu
des Glycerol, DMSO,
Ethylene Glycol, For
mamide, Propanediol,
Butanediol, Propylene
Glycol
Non-Permeating Type:
• Two groups- Low and
High Molecular
weight
• Cannot penetrate into
cell
• Act on extracellular
environment
• Function by incorporati
ng into membrane &
reduce freezing point
• Main CPA includes-
Mono, Di, Trisacharride
sugars, Polyethylene
glycol, PEO, PVA, PVP,
Ficoll-70
13. Semen freezing media components
CaCl2,
Gentamicin,
glucose,
glycerol,
HEPES
human albumin solution,
Milli Rx water,
MgSO4,
Phenol red,
KCl,
NaHCO3,
NaCl,
Sodium L- lactate,
Na3PO4,
SSR (synthetic serum
replacement),
Sucrose
Commercial semen freezing media contains:
14. SPERM FREEZING METHODS
• MANUAL
• SOFTWARE BASED
SLOW
FREEZING
• FAST COOLING
• VITRIFICATION
RAPID
FREEZING
15. SLOW FREEZING METHOD
• Thaw the cryoprotectant, warm to room temperature and
mix. Initial warming to 37 °C may be beneficial.
• High concentrations of glycerol are detrimental to sperma
tozoa. It is thus vital to take special care when adding an
d mixing the cryoprotectant with the semen.
• Add one volume of GEYC to two volumes of semen, eithe
r drop by drop with swirling, or by gentle pipetting up an
d down, or gradually in five additions with gentle mixing
over approximately 10 minutes at room temperature.
• incubate the mixture at 30–35 °C for 5 minutes.
• Loading into a proper labelled storage device
16. PROGRAMMABLE FREEZING METHOD
• Programmable freezers are available that control the
injection of liquid nitrogen vapor into the freezing
chamber.
• A common Programme is to cool the straws at 1.5 °C per
minute from 20 °C to –6 °C and then at 6 °C per minute
to –100 °C.
• This takes about 40 minutes. The machine will then hold
the chamber at –100 °C for 30 minutes to allow for delay
s before the straws are transferred to liquid nitrogen.
17. PROGRAMMABLE FREEZING METHOD
• more complicated, may be used depending on
experience in individual laboratories (Pérez-Sánchez et al.,
1994).
Method is as follows
• Place the straws in a refrigerator freezer (2-4 °C) for 20 m
inutes
• Then into the deep freezer (below freezing temperature)
for 20 minutes
• Before placing into the liquid nitrogen they can be placed
5-10cms above LN2 in a container, waiting till 5 minutes
• Then directly plunge into liquid nitrogen
Controlled freezing cannot be achieved in either slow or rapid freezing.
This can be overcome by using a programmable freezer where the
desired temperature is achieved.
18. RAPID FREEZING
• The aim of utilizing rapid freezing technique is to
minimize the toxicity caused by the cryoprotectant and to
lessen the osmotic membrane damage
• This is achieved by bringing the samples in direct contact
with nitrogen vapours (–80 °C) or directly into liquid
nitrogen (-196 °C).
19. RAPID FREEZING – VAPOR PHASE
• The entire volume of cryoprotectant with sample is added
drop by drop in a 1:1 freezing ratio.
• The mixture is then transferred to a cryo storage device.
• Static vapor exposure is performed directly by placing the
devices 3 cm above the liquid nitrogen surface or in speci
ally made refrigerator that can maintain (–80 °C) for a 30
min before plunging directly into liquid nitrogen.
20. SPERM VITRIFICATION
• Vitrification method does not require either the use of
specially devised cooling programs or CPAs and is much
faster, simpler and cheaper.
• The method is based on cooling of sperms by direct
immersion into LN2, thereby avoiding intracellular ice
crystal formation.
• Optimal cooling rates are obtained with the following
specifically designed packaging systems: Open pulled
straws, the Flexipet denuding pipette, micro-drops, electr
on microscope copper grids, the Hemi-straw system, Cryo
top, Cryoleaf, Cryotip and other carrier devices.
The vitrification protocols still require a lot of work and standardization
21. SPERM VITRIFICATION
• The basic principle underlying the vitrification technique
is to create high viscosity in the solution and produce a
glass like solidification without the formation of ice crysta
ls.
• Cryoprotectant free vitrification using sucrose is associate
d with better outcomes of post-thaw sperms motility,
plasma membrane integrity and acrosome integrity.
• Small volume of sperm suspension is mixed with sperm
wash media supplemented with 5% HSA and sucrose.
Cryoprotectant-free vitrification using sucrose is associate
d with better outcomes. (Isachenko V et al, Meth Mol Biol 2017;1568:79–84.)
22. Freezing Surgically Retrieved Sperms
• Patients with obstructive azoospermia can also freeze their specimen
obtained from the testis or epididymis.
• Micro-TESE has the highest sperm retrieval rate compared to multiple
fine-needle aspirate, and the success rates ranges from 50–60%.
• After mixing the aspirate with HEPES media, the mixture is centrifuge
d, pellet is resuspended. After mixing the suspension with an equal vo
lume of cryoprotectant, the sample aliquots can be loaded in the cryo
devices.
• In case TESA, tissue biopsies are obtained and shredded into small pi
eces using a sterile needle or fine scissor. Enzymatic digestion can als
o be used which will later allow cryoprotectant to fully penetrate testi
cular homogenate.
• Freezing can be done as per protocol of slow or rapid methods.
Conventional freezing of testicular sperm results in a sperm recovery rate of
only 1%-10%.
23. Cryopreservation of small number of
spermatozoa
• Conventional methods of sperm cryopreservation are not suitable for preservi
ng very small numbers of spermatozoa, such as epididymal or testicular sper
matozoa obtained after surgical sperm retrieval.
• Hence, various novel methods have been devised to store limited numbers of
such spermatozoa in a small volume.
• Though both biological and non-biological carriers have been used for this p
urpose, no prospective randomized trials have been conducted to show the s
uperiority of one technique over the other.
24. Special Sperm Cryopreservation
techniques
• Spermatozoa have been successfully cryopreserved using empty z
ona pellucida by various groups and this has the advantage of red
ucing the time in screening to locate motile sperm but carries a p
otential risk of biological contamination.
• Similarly, others have used microdroplets for freezing spermatozoa
. This method avoids sperm loss due to adherence to the vessel b
ut potentially carries the risk of cross contamination.
• Other methods used for storing a limited number of spermatozoa
include ICSI pipette, Volvox globator spheres, Alginate beads, Cryo
loop, Agarose microspheres, and straws.
25. Ideal Sperm Freezing Technique
• Good sperm survival rate post thawing
• Good clinical outcomes
• Cost and efficacy of the process
26. SPERM PREPRATION
• Normospermic samples can be prepared as easily with
available techniques like Swim-Up, Swim-Down, Density
Gradient Methods to eliminate the contaminating round
cells, leukocytes, dead cells.
• Semen specimens with poor sperm quality are washed
after rather than before freezing, to prevent sperm loss
during the wash procedure.
• If the TMS count is greater than 20 × 106, wash before
cryopreservation is recommended.
27. Sperm Storage
• After completion of the freezing process, store specimen
in liquid nitrogen containers safely.
• Viruses such as HIV , hepatitis B and C and other
microbial agents can survive in LN2 for a long period of
time.
• The loss rate of LN2 in the Dewar depends on the
static evaporation rate and the frequency of opening.
• Maintain detailed records including patient identification,
semen parameters, reason for storage etc
28. Sperm Thawing
• Remove the sample from the canister, where storage was done.
• Check that the donor data are correct
• Dry the cryotube with a sterile gauze.
• Gently unscrew the cap of the cryotube to release the pressure.
• Incubate the cryotube in a 37°C water bath for 5 minutes.
• Dry the cryotube with a sterile gauze.
• Proceed with semen analysis.
29. Damage due to sperm freezing
• Risks & Causes
• Evident damages: loss of motility, viability, variability
• Non-evident damages: Molecular alterations, ROS generation,
DNA damage
• Clinical Damage: Poor outcomes, lower ART Success
30. Risks and Causes
• Generally, sperms undergoing cryopreservation are
subjected to major factors that are responsible for
cryoinjury are
a) low temperature
b) crystallization of intracellular & extracellular water.
c) Cryopreservation toxicity
d) Osmotic or Oxidative shock
31. Evident damages
• Freezing significantly increases abnormally dead, immotile sper
matozoa
• sperm freezing can also result in apoptosis and necrotic cell d
eath. Most of these negative effects occur during thawing stag
e. After thawing, these factors are responsible for a 25–75% lo
ss of sperm motility, decrease in sperm cryosurvival.
• These factors have deleterious effects on the sperm plasm
a membrane are in turn responsible for cell leakage of many in
tracellular components.
32. Non-Evident damages
• Some of the negative effects of sperm freezing and thawi
ng resulting in cell injury, production of ROS which in tur
n has a negative effect on sperm motility, alteration in lipi
d phase, membrane integrity, mitochondrial function, DN
A integrity, cell signalling and metabolism.
• DNA fragmentation that varies with the sample.
• sperm proteome changes have been reported at every st
age of the cryopreservation process. This ultimately impai
rs the fertilizing ability of the sperm.
33. Disadvantages of sperm freezing
• Decrease in sperm quality i.e mainly reflected in quality of
spermatozoa with progressive motility
• High variability in survival of spermatozoa post thawing
• Inability to predict influential factors in cases of poor post
thaw survival
• ART success and outcomes. Cannot differential between p
oor and worst
34. CONCLUSION
• Nowadays, human semen cryopreservation is an extensively
performed as routine technique in fertility clinics worldwide.
With opportunity for future fertility in a variety of situations
• human spermatozoa have unusual cryobiological behavior, an
d improvements in their survival have been achieved
• Scientific literature shows conclusively that sperm motility, via
bility and morphology are not affected by proper long-term
cryopreservation.