This paper focuses on the modelling, simulation and analysis of the behaviour of the electromagnetic shaft synchronization system with two identical single-phase induction motors. Motors speed-control and their synchronization are achieved by this electromagnetic shaft. A mathematical model has been suggested to describe this synchronization system. The traditional electromagnetic shaft synchronization system has been modified by adding an adjustable air-gap within the core of the three-phase inductive rheostat element in the common rotor circuit. The length of this air-gap is adjustable. This makes the use of the electromagnetic shaft more flexible. This makes it possible to control the speeds of the motors and regulate the synchronization capability or the recovery time of the system response (quality indicators). The quality indicators of the proposed synchronization system have been analysed. The suggested system has been mathematically modelled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed system has been tested for various load conditions. Results of the steady state and dynamics of the electromagnetic shaft synchronization system have been illustrated.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS USING MATLAB SIMULINKIJARIIT
This paper presents a comparison between the Direct-On-Line (D.O.L.), and Soft Starter by using MATLAB Simulink .The purpose of this project is to find out the theoretical and actual characteristics of Induction motor. These three basic starting methods which different the irrespective wiring connection are the most applicable and widely-used starting method in the industrial area due to its economic reasons. This project is done by analyzing the characteristics during the motor starting by using the MATLAB Simulation to capture the waveforms of these events. After the Simulation, the three different starting method are being compared to conclude the most suitable and applicable starting method.
This document summarizes research on analyzing the stability of an electrical power system with a single machine using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The study examines the critical clearing angle and critical clearing time for a generator in a power plant system connecting to an infinite bus. Simulation results show the system is stable for fault clearing times of 0.25 and 0.35 seconds, as the disconnection angle is less than the critical clearing angle of 97.78 degrees. However, the system is unstable for clearing times of 0.4 and 0.6 seconds, as the disconnection angle exceeds the critical clearing angle. The research concludes the fourth order Runge-Kutta method can accurately determine stability limits in terms of critical clearing angle
This document summarizes research on using a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) to eliminate harmonics when a Singly Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) feeds single-phase or three-phase induction motor loads. The STATCOM is connected at the Point of Common Coupling to inject compensating currents and maintain sinusoidal source currents with less than 2% total harmonic distortion. Simulation results show the STATCOM successfully regulates the power factor near unity on the source side while reducing harmonics, even as the load draws non-sinusoidal currents with over 27% distortion. Both single-phase and three-phase induction motor loads were able to operate at constant speed and torque with the STATCOM compensation.
Mathematical Modelling of an 3 Phase Induction Motor Using MATLAB/Simulink IJMER
Mechanical energy is needed in the daily life use as well as in the industry. Induction motors
play a very important role in both worlds, because of low cost, reliable operation, robust operation and low
maintenance. To derive the mathematical model of a 3 phase Induction motor, the theory of reference
frames has been effectively used as an efficient approach. Dynamic models (mathematical models) are
employed in to better understand the behaviour of induction motor in both transient and steady state. The
dynamic modelling sets all the mechanical equations for the inertia, torque and speed versus time. It also
models all the differential voltage, currents and flux linkages between the stationary stator as well as the
moving rotor. This paper presents a step by step Matlab/Simulink implementation of an induction machine
using dq0 axis transformations of the stator and rotor variables in the arbitrary reference frame [1].
Induction motor modelling and applications reportUmesh Dadde
This document discusses induction motor modeling and applications. It begins with an introduction to electrical drives and induction motors, explaining how they are commonly used with control algorithms and power converters. It then discusses the derivation of induction motor equations and modeling approaches, including the constant voltage/frequency principle and transformation theory. The document covers steady state equations, inverter operation, and simulation results. It examines induction motor components, principles of operation, and developing dynamic equations to model and analyze induction motor behavior.
Distribution of traction return currentmanjeet-malav
This document discusses the distribution of traction return current in AT (autotransformer) electric railway systems. It presents a model to analyze how the return current from rolling stock divides between rails, overhead and underground return conductors, and earth. The model considers the electrical parameters of the system and how this impacts signaling interference. Sensitivity analyses are performed by varying parameters like rail-to-earth conductance and earth resistivity to determine their effects on return current distribution.
The document discusses electric traction systems used in India. It describes how a 25kV overhead line provides power to electric locomotives. Key components include the pantograph that collects current, transformers that step down the voltage, rectifiers that convert AC to DC for motors, and DC series traction motors that power the locomotive. Newer locomotives use an input converter, DC link, and drive converter with an inverter to produce 3-phase AC for induction motors, improving efficiency.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS USING MATLAB SIMULINKIJARIIT
This paper presents a comparison between the Direct-On-Line (D.O.L.), and Soft Starter by using MATLAB Simulink .The purpose of this project is to find out the theoretical and actual characteristics of Induction motor. These three basic starting methods which different the irrespective wiring connection are the most applicable and widely-used starting method in the industrial area due to its economic reasons. This project is done by analyzing the characteristics during the motor starting by using the MATLAB Simulation to capture the waveforms of these events. After the Simulation, the three different starting method are being compared to conclude the most suitable and applicable starting method.
This document summarizes research on analyzing the stability of an electrical power system with a single machine using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The study examines the critical clearing angle and critical clearing time for a generator in a power plant system connecting to an infinite bus. Simulation results show the system is stable for fault clearing times of 0.25 and 0.35 seconds, as the disconnection angle is less than the critical clearing angle of 97.78 degrees. However, the system is unstable for clearing times of 0.4 and 0.6 seconds, as the disconnection angle exceeds the critical clearing angle. The research concludes the fourth order Runge-Kutta method can accurately determine stability limits in terms of critical clearing angle
This document summarizes research on using a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) to eliminate harmonics when a Singly Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) feeds single-phase or three-phase induction motor loads. The STATCOM is connected at the Point of Common Coupling to inject compensating currents and maintain sinusoidal source currents with less than 2% total harmonic distortion. Simulation results show the STATCOM successfully regulates the power factor near unity on the source side while reducing harmonics, even as the load draws non-sinusoidal currents with over 27% distortion. Both single-phase and three-phase induction motor loads were able to operate at constant speed and torque with the STATCOM compensation.
Mathematical Modelling of an 3 Phase Induction Motor Using MATLAB/Simulink IJMER
Mechanical energy is needed in the daily life use as well as in the industry. Induction motors
play a very important role in both worlds, because of low cost, reliable operation, robust operation and low
maintenance. To derive the mathematical model of a 3 phase Induction motor, the theory of reference
frames has been effectively used as an efficient approach. Dynamic models (mathematical models) are
employed in to better understand the behaviour of induction motor in both transient and steady state. The
dynamic modelling sets all the mechanical equations for the inertia, torque and speed versus time. It also
models all the differential voltage, currents and flux linkages between the stationary stator as well as the
moving rotor. This paper presents a step by step Matlab/Simulink implementation of an induction machine
using dq0 axis transformations of the stator and rotor variables in the arbitrary reference frame [1].
Induction motor modelling and applications reportUmesh Dadde
This document discusses induction motor modeling and applications. It begins with an introduction to electrical drives and induction motors, explaining how they are commonly used with control algorithms and power converters. It then discusses the derivation of induction motor equations and modeling approaches, including the constant voltage/frequency principle and transformation theory. The document covers steady state equations, inverter operation, and simulation results. It examines induction motor components, principles of operation, and developing dynamic equations to model and analyze induction motor behavior.
Distribution of traction return currentmanjeet-malav
This document discusses the distribution of traction return current in AT (autotransformer) electric railway systems. It presents a model to analyze how the return current from rolling stock divides between rails, overhead and underground return conductors, and earth. The model considers the electrical parameters of the system and how this impacts signaling interference. Sensitivity analyses are performed by varying parameters like rail-to-earth conductance and earth resistivity to determine their effects on return current distribution.
The document discusses electric traction systems used in India. It describes how a 25kV overhead line provides power to electric locomotives. Key components include the pantograph that collects current, transformers that step down the voltage, rectifiers that convert AC to DC for motors, and DC series traction motors that power the locomotive. Newer locomotives use an input converter, DC link, and drive converter with an inverter to produce 3-phase AC for induction motors, improving efficiency.
Regenerative braking energy recovery (diesel trucks) details v2Surojit Mukerji
This document describes a regenerative braking system for diesel trucks that captures braking energy using an alternator connected to the drive wheels. The captured energy is stored in onboard supercapacitor banks and can be offloaded to a microgrid for storage and use. Key points:
- Braking energy from 10-ton diesel trucks is captured using an alternator powered by the drive wheels through a power takeoff device.
- The captured energy is stored in onboard supercapacitor banks for later offloading.
- The supercapacitor banks can be offloaded to a microgrid storage system through a controlled rectifier and inverter to regulate the voltage and frequency.
- This system allows for recovery of
Average dynamical frequency behaviour for multi-area islanded micro-grid netw...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A micro-grid is a part of power system which able to operates in grid or islanding mode. The most important variable that able to give us information about the stability in islanded micro-grid network is the frequency dynamical responses. The frequency analysis for multi-area micro-grid network model may involve a complicated of mathematical equations. This makes the researcher intending to omit several unnecessary parameters in order to simplify the equations. The purpose of this paper is to show an approach to derive the mathematical equations to represent the average behavior of frequency dynamical responses for two different micro-grid areas. Both of networks are assumed to have non-identical distributed generator behavior with different parameters. The prime mover and speed governor systems are augmented with the general swing equation. The tie line model and the information of rotor angle was considered. Then, in the last section, the comparison between this technique with the conventional approach using centre of inertia (COI) technique was defined.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
Recently, LCL has become amongst the most attractive filter used for grid-connected flyback inverters. Nonetheless, the switching of power devices in the inverter configuration creates harmonics that affect the end application behavior and might shorten its lifetime. Furthermore, the resonance frequencies produced by the LCL network contribute to the system instability. This paper proposes a step-by-step guide to designing an LCL filter by considering several key aspects such as the resonance frequency and maximum current ripple. A single-phase grid-connected flyback microinverter with an LCL filter was designed then constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Several different parameter variations and damping solutions were used to analyze the performance of the circuit. The simulation result shows a promising total harmonic distortion (THD) value below 5% and harmonic suppression up to 14%.
Traction motors are electric motors that provide rotational torque, usually to convert to linear motion for traction. Traditionally DC series-wound motors were used on rail vehicles running at 600 volts, but newer AC induction motors known as asynchronous traction motors powered by semiconductors like thyristors and IGBTs are now more common due to simplicity and reliability. The TGV high-speed trains use a streamlined nose shape compared to earlier models.
1) The document discusses simulation and transient stability analysis of the Kotri Gas Turbine Power Station. It aims to develop a simulation model of the power station in MATLAB and analyze the effects of faults at different locations.
2) The research methodology involves collecting data on equipment ratings, reviewing literature on transient stability, and using MATLAB tools like SimPowerSystems and Power System Blockset to model the power station and simulate faults.
3) The analysis will identify stability problems, determine critical clearing times, and suggest remedies to minimize issues and improve stability of power supplied from the important 174MW power plant.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Controller for Standalone PV SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The depletion of conventional energy sources and global warming has raised worldwide
awareness on the usage of renewable energy sources particularly solar photovoltaic (PV). Renewable
energy sources are non-polluting sources which can meet energy demands without causing any
environmental issues. For standalone PV systems, a low conversion efficiency of the solar panel and high
installation cost due to storage elements are the two primary constraints that limit the wide spread use of
this system. As the size of the system increases, the demand for a highly efficient tracking and charging
system is very crucial. Direct charging of battery with PV module will results in loss of capacity or
premature battery degradation. Furthermore, most of the available energy generated by the PV module or
array will be wasted if proper tracking technique is not employed. As a result, more PV panels need to be
installed to provide the same output power capacity. This paper presents selection, design and simulation
of maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and battery charge controller for standalone Photovoltaic (PV)
system. Contributions are made in several aspects of the whole system, including selection of suitable
converter, converter design, system simulation, and MPPT algorithm. The proposed system utilizes direct
duty cycle technique thus simplifying its control structure. MPPT algorithm based on scanning approach
has been applied by sweeping the duty cycle throughout the I -V curve to ensure continuous tracking of the
maximum power irrespective of any environmental circumstances. For energy storage, lead acid battery is
employed in this work. MATLAB/Simulink® was utilized for simulation studies. Results show that the
propose strategy can track the MPPs and charge the battery effectively.
Modeling analysis of transient stability of thermal power station jamshoro us...sunny katyara
This document summarizes a study that modeled and analyzed the transient stability of the Jamshoro Thermal Power Station in Pakistan using MATLAB Simulink software. A Simulink model of the power system was created and a three-phase fault was simulated at one bus to assess transient stability. Simulation results showed the system responses before, during, and after the fault. The study found that the rotor angles increased after the fault was removed, indicating a loss of synchronism and stability within 5 seconds.
This paper presents the review of design variables optimization and control strategies of a Linear Switched Reluctance Actuator (LSRA). The introduction of various type of linear electromagnetic actuators (LEA) are compared and the advantages of LSRA over other LEA are discussed together with the type of actuator configurations and topologies. The SRA provides an overall efficiency similar to induction actuator of the similar rating, subsequently the friction and windage losses are comparable but force density is better. LSRA has the advantage of low cost, simple construction and high reliability compare to the actuator with permanent magnet. However, LSRA also has some obvious defects which will influence the performance of the actuator such as ripples and acoustic noise which are caused by the highly nonlinear characteristics of the actuator. By researching the design variables of the actuator, the influences of those design variables are introduced and the detail comparisons are analyzed in this paper. In addition, this paper also reviews on the control strategies in order to overcome the weaknesses of LSRA.
This document discusses different types of power driver circuits used for stepper motors, including resistance drive, dual voltage drive, and chopper drive. It also covers applications of stepper motors such as in floppy disc drives, cameras, printers, and robotics. The document provides references for further reading on stepper motors and electric machines.
The permanent magnet synchronous generator uses permanent magnets on the rotor instead of an external excitation source. It has a simpler design without slip rings or brushes. These generators are commonly used with wind turbines, gas turbines, and hydro turbines. They have higher efficiency than generators with electromagnetic excitation due to not having excitation losses. However, large high power permanent magnet synchronous generators can be more expensive than other types.
Design of Electric Drive for Vehicular Application Using Vector ControlIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of an electric drive system for a vehicular application using vector control. It proposes an induction motor fed by a three-phase voltage source inverter whose input comes from a boost converter. Indirect vector control is chosen as the control scheme due to its ability to provide fast and accurate torque control without needing rotor position sensors. Simulation results show the motor is able to achieve speed control within 2.5 seconds with less than 4% deviation from the reference speed.
Basics of electric traction system .
Covering technologies used and their use in Indian railway.
Types of traction systems.
Working basics of various types.
Historical analysis to some extent.
This document presents a sliding mode control based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for solar PV systems. It discusses modeling of the PV system using a single diode model and the components of the system including the PV array, DC-DC boost converter, and sliding mode controller (SMC). The SMC algorithm tracks the maximum power point by adjusting the duty cycle of the boost converter based on a switching function defined as the slope of the PV characteristics. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the SMC MPPT approach under varying irradiance conditions.
Electric trains use electric power to operate. There are two main types - those that use electric power to drive electric motors, and those that use it to generate a magnetic field for traction. Electric traction is more efficient than steam or diesel locomotives. Railways typically use either direct current or alternating current systems, transmitted through overhead lines or a third rail. Locomotives receive power, regulate voltage, convert current type if needed, and use motors to convert electrical power to mechanical motion. Braking methods include electrical, regenerative, and mechanical braking of trains.
1) The document discusses using a sliding mode controller for speed control of a two phase induction motor.
2) Sliding mode control is an efficient technique for speed control due to its robustness and insensitivity to parameter variations.
3) A sliding mode controller is designed for the speed control of a two phase induction motor. The controller design involves choosing a sliding surface, establishing convergence conditions, and determining the control law. Chattering reduction is also addressed.
Electric traction in India uses two main systems - 25kV AC overhead lines and 1.5kV DC third rail or overhead lines. The history of electric traction in India began in 1925 with a 9.5 mile line in Mumbai using 1.5kV DC. Electrification expanded gradually across different regions until the 1950s when India began converting lines to 25kV AC. Today most major lines use 25kV AC while some commuter lines around Mumbai still use 1.5kV DC and the Kolkata metro uses 750V DC third rail.
A comparative study of performance of AC and DC electric drive control system...journalBEEI
In electric drive control systems, the main goal is to maintain the driving motor speed to meet the mechanism’s requirements. In some practical industrial applications the mechanically-coupled load to the motor shaft has a varying mass during the system operation. Therefore, the change of mass changes the value of the moment of inertia of the system. The moment of inertia impacts the system operation, particularly the transient performance. Therefore, the variation of moment of inertia on the motor shaft during its operation creates additional challenges to accomplish a high-quality speed control. The main purpose of the current work is to study the impact of the variation of moment of inertia on the performance of both AC and DC electric drive control systems and to make a comparison between them. A mathematical analysis and simulations of the control system models had been presented; one time with three-phase induction motor and another time with DC motor, both with variable moment of inertia. A simulation of both systems had been accomplished using the Simulink software in MATLAB. The simulation results of operation of these systems have been analysed in order to get useful conclusions and recommendations for the electric drive control system designer.
IRJET- Speed Control of Three Phase Motor using Fuzzy Logic ControllerIRJET Journal
This document discusses speed control of a three phase induction motor using a fuzzy logic controller. It proposes implementing a fuzzy logic controller based speed control system in MATLAB Simulink. The controller aims to reduce errors between the rotor speed and reference speed as quickly as possible. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controller improves the dynamic performance of the induction motor compared to a conventional PI controller. The motor is also able to better withstand load disturbances with less effect on stability. The fuzzy logic control scheme does not require a complex mathematical model of the motor.
This document proposes a novel method for calculating and optimizing the electromechanical characteristics of switched reluctance motors (SRMs). The method combines electric circuit theory and electromagnetic field theory approaches. It establishes a relationship between stator coil inductance and rotor angle that is incorporated into differential equations describing the electromechanical process in SRMs. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink software validate the accuracy of the proposed model for an 8/6 SRM. The method provides a way to simultaneously calculate varying magnetic field characteristics and electrical circuit properties during simulation, overcoming a key challenge for SRM modeling.
special electrical motor(switched reluctance motor)Srihari Datta
Switched reluctance motors have several advantages over traditional motors, including a simple and robust structure without windings or permanent magnets on the rotor. Torque is produced through the tendency of the rotor poles to align with excited stator poles. The motor has a doubly salient pole structure and nonlinear magnetic characteristics, which can cause torque ripple problems. The motor consists of concentrated stator coils and no coils or magnets on the rotor. Multiple stator/rotor pole combinations are possible. Torque is produced by controlling the timing of current pulses in the stator phases using power electronics. The motor can operate over a wide speed range at high efficiency using various control strategies to regulate the current pulses.
This document summarizes the key aspects of three phase synchronous motors. It discusses the working principle, construction, features, principle of operation, methods of starting, excitation, phasor diagram, applications, and disadvantages. Synchronous motors operate at a constant synchronous speed determined by supply frequency. They require an external starting mechanism and DC excitation of the rotor. The motor can operate at lagging, unity, or leading power factors depending on the level of excitation. Main applications are in machine tools and industrial machinery due to their constant speed characteristic. Disadvantages include higher cost and need for auxiliary starting components compared to induction motors.
Regenerative braking energy recovery (diesel trucks) details v2Surojit Mukerji
This document describes a regenerative braking system for diesel trucks that captures braking energy using an alternator connected to the drive wheels. The captured energy is stored in onboard supercapacitor banks and can be offloaded to a microgrid for storage and use. Key points:
- Braking energy from 10-ton diesel trucks is captured using an alternator powered by the drive wheels through a power takeoff device.
- The captured energy is stored in onboard supercapacitor banks for later offloading.
- The supercapacitor banks can be offloaded to a microgrid storage system through a controlled rectifier and inverter to regulate the voltage and frequency.
- This system allows for recovery of
Average dynamical frequency behaviour for multi-area islanded micro-grid netw...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A micro-grid is a part of power system which able to operates in grid or islanding mode. The most important variable that able to give us information about the stability in islanded micro-grid network is the frequency dynamical responses. The frequency analysis for multi-area micro-grid network model may involve a complicated of mathematical equations. This makes the researcher intending to omit several unnecessary parameters in order to simplify the equations. The purpose of this paper is to show an approach to derive the mathematical equations to represent the average behavior of frequency dynamical responses for two different micro-grid areas. Both of networks are assumed to have non-identical distributed generator behavior with different parameters. The prime mover and speed governor systems are augmented with the general swing equation. The tie line model and the information of rotor angle was considered. Then, in the last section, the comparison between this technique with the conventional approach using centre of inertia (COI) technique was defined.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
Recently, LCL has become amongst the most attractive filter used for grid-connected flyback inverters. Nonetheless, the switching of power devices in the inverter configuration creates harmonics that affect the end application behavior and might shorten its lifetime. Furthermore, the resonance frequencies produced by the LCL network contribute to the system instability. This paper proposes a step-by-step guide to designing an LCL filter by considering several key aspects such as the resonance frequency and maximum current ripple. A single-phase grid-connected flyback microinverter with an LCL filter was designed then constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Several different parameter variations and damping solutions were used to analyze the performance of the circuit. The simulation result shows a promising total harmonic distortion (THD) value below 5% and harmonic suppression up to 14%.
Traction motors are electric motors that provide rotational torque, usually to convert to linear motion for traction. Traditionally DC series-wound motors were used on rail vehicles running at 600 volts, but newer AC induction motors known as asynchronous traction motors powered by semiconductors like thyristors and IGBTs are now more common due to simplicity and reliability. The TGV high-speed trains use a streamlined nose shape compared to earlier models.
1) The document discusses simulation and transient stability analysis of the Kotri Gas Turbine Power Station. It aims to develop a simulation model of the power station in MATLAB and analyze the effects of faults at different locations.
2) The research methodology involves collecting data on equipment ratings, reviewing literature on transient stability, and using MATLAB tools like SimPowerSystems and Power System Blockset to model the power station and simulate faults.
3) The analysis will identify stability problems, determine critical clearing times, and suggest remedies to minimize issues and improve stability of power supplied from the important 174MW power plant.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Controller for Standalone PV SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The depletion of conventional energy sources and global warming has raised worldwide
awareness on the usage of renewable energy sources particularly solar photovoltaic (PV). Renewable
energy sources are non-polluting sources which can meet energy demands without causing any
environmental issues. For standalone PV systems, a low conversion efficiency of the solar panel and high
installation cost due to storage elements are the two primary constraints that limit the wide spread use of
this system. As the size of the system increases, the demand for a highly efficient tracking and charging
system is very crucial. Direct charging of battery with PV module will results in loss of capacity or
premature battery degradation. Furthermore, most of the available energy generated by the PV module or
array will be wasted if proper tracking technique is not employed. As a result, more PV panels need to be
installed to provide the same output power capacity. This paper presents selection, design and simulation
of maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and battery charge controller for standalone Photovoltaic (PV)
system. Contributions are made in several aspects of the whole system, including selection of suitable
converter, converter design, system simulation, and MPPT algorithm. The proposed system utilizes direct
duty cycle technique thus simplifying its control structure. MPPT algorithm based on scanning approach
has been applied by sweeping the duty cycle throughout the I -V curve to ensure continuous tracking of the
maximum power irrespective of any environmental circumstances. For energy storage, lead acid battery is
employed in this work. MATLAB/Simulink® was utilized for simulation studies. Results show that the
propose strategy can track the MPPs and charge the battery effectively.
Modeling analysis of transient stability of thermal power station jamshoro us...sunny katyara
This document summarizes a study that modeled and analyzed the transient stability of the Jamshoro Thermal Power Station in Pakistan using MATLAB Simulink software. A Simulink model of the power system was created and a three-phase fault was simulated at one bus to assess transient stability. Simulation results showed the system responses before, during, and after the fault. The study found that the rotor angles increased after the fault was removed, indicating a loss of synchronism and stability within 5 seconds.
This paper presents the review of design variables optimization and control strategies of a Linear Switched Reluctance Actuator (LSRA). The introduction of various type of linear electromagnetic actuators (LEA) are compared and the advantages of LSRA over other LEA are discussed together with the type of actuator configurations and topologies. The SRA provides an overall efficiency similar to induction actuator of the similar rating, subsequently the friction and windage losses are comparable but force density is better. LSRA has the advantage of low cost, simple construction and high reliability compare to the actuator with permanent magnet. However, LSRA also has some obvious defects which will influence the performance of the actuator such as ripples and acoustic noise which are caused by the highly nonlinear characteristics of the actuator. By researching the design variables of the actuator, the influences of those design variables are introduced and the detail comparisons are analyzed in this paper. In addition, this paper also reviews on the control strategies in order to overcome the weaknesses of LSRA.
This document discusses different types of power driver circuits used for stepper motors, including resistance drive, dual voltage drive, and chopper drive. It also covers applications of stepper motors such as in floppy disc drives, cameras, printers, and robotics. The document provides references for further reading on stepper motors and electric machines.
The permanent magnet synchronous generator uses permanent magnets on the rotor instead of an external excitation source. It has a simpler design without slip rings or brushes. These generators are commonly used with wind turbines, gas turbines, and hydro turbines. They have higher efficiency than generators with electromagnetic excitation due to not having excitation losses. However, large high power permanent magnet synchronous generators can be more expensive than other types.
Design of Electric Drive for Vehicular Application Using Vector ControlIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of an electric drive system for a vehicular application using vector control. It proposes an induction motor fed by a three-phase voltage source inverter whose input comes from a boost converter. Indirect vector control is chosen as the control scheme due to its ability to provide fast and accurate torque control without needing rotor position sensors. Simulation results show the motor is able to achieve speed control within 2.5 seconds with less than 4% deviation from the reference speed.
Basics of electric traction system .
Covering technologies used and their use in Indian railway.
Types of traction systems.
Working basics of various types.
Historical analysis to some extent.
This document presents a sliding mode control based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for solar PV systems. It discusses modeling of the PV system using a single diode model and the components of the system including the PV array, DC-DC boost converter, and sliding mode controller (SMC). The SMC algorithm tracks the maximum power point by adjusting the duty cycle of the boost converter based on a switching function defined as the slope of the PV characteristics. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the SMC MPPT approach under varying irradiance conditions.
Electric trains use electric power to operate. There are two main types - those that use electric power to drive electric motors, and those that use it to generate a magnetic field for traction. Electric traction is more efficient than steam or diesel locomotives. Railways typically use either direct current or alternating current systems, transmitted through overhead lines or a third rail. Locomotives receive power, regulate voltage, convert current type if needed, and use motors to convert electrical power to mechanical motion. Braking methods include electrical, regenerative, and mechanical braking of trains.
1) The document discusses using a sliding mode controller for speed control of a two phase induction motor.
2) Sliding mode control is an efficient technique for speed control due to its robustness and insensitivity to parameter variations.
3) A sliding mode controller is designed for the speed control of a two phase induction motor. The controller design involves choosing a sliding surface, establishing convergence conditions, and determining the control law. Chattering reduction is also addressed.
Electric traction in India uses two main systems - 25kV AC overhead lines and 1.5kV DC third rail or overhead lines. The history of electric traction in India began in 1925 with a 9.5 mile line in Mumbai using 1.5kV DC. Electrification expanded gradually across different regions until the 1950s when India began converting lines to 25kV AC. Today most major lines use 25kV AC while some commuter lines around Mumbai still use 1.5kV DC and the Kolkata metro uses 750V DC third rail.
A comparative study of performance of AC and DC electric drive control system...journalBEEI
In electric drive control systems, the main goal is to maintain the driving motor speed to meet the mechanism’s requirements. In some practical industrial applications the mechanically-coupled load to the motor shaft has a varying mass during the system operation. Therefore, the change of mass changes the value of the moment of inertia of the system. The moment of inertia impacts the system operation, particularly the transient performance. Therefore, the variation of moment of inertia on the motor shaft during its operation creates additional challenges to accomplish a high-quality speed control. The main purpose of the current work is to study the impact of the variation of moment of inertia on the performance of both AC and DC electric drive control systems and to make a comparison between them. A mathematical analysis and simulations of the control system models had been presented; one time with three-phase induction motor and another time with DC motor, both with variable moment of inertia. A simulation of both systems had been accomplished using the Simulink software in MATLAB. The simulation results of operation of these systems have been analysed in order to get useful conclusions and recommendations for the electric drive control system designer.
IRJET- Speed Control of Three Phase Motor using Fuzzy Logic ControllerIRJET Journal
This document discusses speed control of a three phase induction motor using a fuzzy logic controller. It proposes implementing a fuzzy logic controller based speed control system in MATLAB Simulink. The controller aims to reduce errors between the rotor speed and reference speed as quickly as possible. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controller improves the dynamic performance of the induction motor compared to a conventional PI controller. The motor is also able to better withstand load disturbances with less effect on stability. The fuzzy logic control scheme does not require a complex mathematical model of the motor.
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special electrical motor(switched reluctance motor)Srihari Datta
Switched reluctance motors have several advantages over traditional motors, including a simple and robust structure without windings or permanent magnets on the rotor. Torque is produced through the tendency of the rotor poles to align with excited stator poles. The motor has a doubly salient pole structure and nonlinear magnetic characteristics, which can cause torque ripple problems. The motor consists of concentrated stator coils and no coils or magnets on the rotor. Multiple stator/rotor pole combinations are possible. Torque is produced by controlling the timing of current pulses in the stator phases using power electronics. The motor can operate over a wide speed range at high efficiency using various control strategies to regulate the current pulses.
This document summarizes the key aspects of three phase synchronous motors. It discusses the working principle, construction, features, principle of operation, methods of starting, excitation, phasor diagram, applications, and disadvantages. Synchronous motors operate at a constant synchronous speed determined by supply frequency. They require an external starting mechanism and DC excitation of the rotor. The motor can operate at lagging, unity, or leading power factors depending on the level of excitation. Main applications are in machine tools and industrial machinery due to their constant speed characteristic. Disadvantages include higher cost and need for auxiliary starting components compared to induction motors.
1) A new converter topology for closed loop speed control of a switched reluctance motor is proposed, consisting of half-bridge IGBT modules and SCRs.
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3) Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink validate the operation of the proposed converter topology in both open loop and closed loop configurations for driving a switched reluctance motor.
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synchronous motor (TLPMSM) containing two gas springs, is presented.
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multi-output (MIMO) system which is decoupled to some sub single-input
single-output (SISO) systems, then, the sub SISO systems are converted to
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Performance Analysis of Current Controlled Three Phase Switched Reluctance Motoridescitation
Switched Reluctance Motor is an old member of Electrical Machines Family.It’s
simple structures and ruggedness and inexpensive manufacturing capability make it more
attractive for industrial application. However these merits are overshadowed by inherent
high torque ripple, acoustic noise and difficulty to control. In proposed converter, the
hysteresis
current control technique is applied
for analysis of three phase 6/4
Switched Reluctance motor. Using this technique ,torque, current, and flux linkage speed
curves of SRM are obtained at no load and load condition by MATLAB /SIMULINK.
Index Terms—
Design, Modeling and Analysis of Linear Switched Reluctance Motor for Ground ...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes the design, modeling, and analysis of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) suitable for ground transit applications. LSRMs can generate linear motion without additional mechanical components, eliminating issues like backlash and elasticity in traditional belt or spindle drives. The paper presents the design and mathematical modeling of an LSRM, including its operating principle, longitudinal and transverse flux path configurations, inductance profile derivation based on machine dimensions, and applications in material handling and transport systems.
The document summarizes the design, modeling, and analysis of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) for ground transit applications. Key points:
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Bearingless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using Independent ControlIJPEDS-IAES
Bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (BPMSM) combines the
characteristic of the conventional permanent magent synchronous motor and
magnetic bearing in one electric motor. BPMSM is a kind of high
performance motor due to having both advantages of PMSM and magnetic
bearing with simple structure, high efficiency, and reasonable cost. The
research on BPMSM is to design and analyse BPMSM by using Maxwell 2-
Dimensional of ANSYS Finite Element Method (FEM). Independent
suspension force model and bearingless PMSM model are developed by
using the method of suspension force. Then, the mathematical model of
electromagnetic torque and radial suspension force has been developed by
using Matlab/Simulink. The relation between force, current, distance and
other parameter are determined. This research covered the principle of
suspension force, the mathematical model, FEM analysis and digital control
system of bearingless PMSM. This kind of motor is widely used in high
speed application such as compressors, pumps and turbines.
1) The document discusses the differences between DC and AC motors, explaining that DC motors have either a shunt or series configuration depending on whether the field winding is parallel or series with the armature.
2) AC motors include induction motors which have a rotating magnetic field generated by the stator that induces a signal in the rotor, causing it to rotate.
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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Speed Control in Electromagnetic Synchronization System with Two Single Phase Induction Motors by Rotor Flux Regulation
1. International Journal of Control Theory and Computer Modeling (IJCTCM) Vol.7, No.3/4, October 2017
DOI : 10.5121/ijctcm.2017.7401 1
SPEED CONTROL IN ELECTROMAGNETIC
SYNCHRONIZATION SYSTEM WITH TWO SINGLE-
PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS BY ROTOR FLUX
REGULATION
Ali S. Akayleh
Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics Faculty of Engineering,
Tafila Technical University Tafila, Jordan
ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on the modelling, simulation and analysis of the behaviour of the electromagnetic shaft
synchronization system with two identical single-phase induction motors. Motors speed-control and their
synchronization are achieved by this electromagnetic shaft. A mathematical model has been suggested to
describe this synchronization system. The traditional electromagnetic shaft synchronization system has
been modified by adding an adjustable air-gap within the core of the three-phase inductive rheostat
element in the common rotor circuit. The length of this air-gap is adjustable. This makes the use of the
electromagnetic shaft more flexible. This makes it possible to control the speeds of the motors and regulate
the synchronization capability or the recovery time of the system response (quality indicators). The quality
indicators of the proposed synchronization system have been analysed. The suggested system has been
mathematically modelled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed system has been tested for
various load conditions. Results of the steady state and dynamics of the electromagnetic shaft
synchronization system have been illustrated.
KEYWORDS
Electromagnetic shaft, variable air-gap, multiple-motor synchronization system, single-phase induction
motor, recovery time, synchronization capability
I. INTRODUCTION
Multi-motor systems in different applications have become a very attractive in industries
replacing the traditional mechanical coupling between different motors. Multi-motor techniques
are used where matching the speeds is required between at least two motors during starting,
acceleration, deceleration and changes in loads [1]-[3]. Such systems may be found in textile
industry, paper machines, cranes, drug production lines, offset printing, reel machines, computer
numerical control machines and other applications [4]-[20]. The most popular among the
traditional speed synchronization systems are synchronization systems with electromagnetic shaft
[4], [5]. The electromagnetic shaft system consists mainly of two identical motors connected
together by a common additional external three-phase inductive rheostat element (RL-element) in
the rotor circuits as shown in Fig. 1.
2. International Journal of Control Theory and Computer
Fig. 1. Electromagnetic s
The operation of such synchronization systems is based on the principle of electromagnetic
transformation of energy. Each of the two motors, in this system, is connected to three
wounded coils on a soft-iron ferromagnetic cylindrical cores, which are very similar to the
transformer connection. One group of these coils (the primary coils) is connected to the rotor
circuit of one motor and the other group (the secondary coils) is connected to the rotor
other motor [2], [4] and [5].
When the currents in the rotor circuits flow towards both sides of the RL
coils fall under a correspondent and continuous influence of the power. Therefore, the change in
one rotor current of one motor leads to a change in the rotor current of the other motor. So, the
rotor currents flowing through the additional three
loads on both motors are equal. And the electromagnetic fields generated in this t
element are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, so the motors are operating as
individual induction motors. If the loads are different, then the rotor currents and the produced
electromagnetic fields will also change. Then the rotor
greater than the rotor current of the lightly loaded motor. Consequently, the produced
electromagnetic fields in the three
magnitude. In this case, the magnetic field of the motor with higher load will penetrate the RL
element side, connected to the lightly loaded motor, and will induce in it counter electro
force. This will slow down the lightly loaded motor until the speeds of both motors wi
In [11]-[13], speed synchronization of multi
paying attention to the application of adjustable speed induction motor drives for gantry cranes.
Solutions for load distribution in multi
elimination, are described. Authors in [12] described the speed synchronization of a DC multi
motor system, while the DC motors, in the recent years, are rarely used because of their
disadvantages compared to the in
systems using three-phase induction motors [1], [11], [14], [15].
Because of the random-like but limited nature, chaos has been positively used in many industrial
applications [16], [17]. In [16] authors studied the chaotic speed synchronization control of
multiple induction motors using stator flux regulation. In [17] attention is paid to permanent
magnet synchronous motors chaoization using stator
proposed control methods that use a hybrid system and fuzzy logic as a methods for analyzing
and managing of different applications of speed control [21]
found with single-phase induction motors [2], [3], [14], [18]
the attention will be paid to synchronization system with single
International Journal of Control Theory and Computer Modeling (IJCTCM) Vol.7, No.3/4, October 2017
Fig. 1. Electromagnetic shaft system with single-phase induction motors
The operation of such synchronization systems is based on the principle of electromagnetic
transformation of energy. Each of the two motors, in this system, is connected to three
iron ferromagnetic cylindrical cores, which are very similar to the
transformer connection. One group of these coils (the primary coils) is connected to the rotor
circuit of one motor and the other group (the secondary coils) is connected to the rotor
When the currents in the rotor circuits flow towards both sides of the RL-element, the main motor
coils fall under a correspondent and continuous influence of the power. Therefore, the change in
ne motor leads to a change in the rotor current of the other motor. So, the
rotor currents flowing through the additional three-phase RL-element will be equal in case if the
loads on both motors are equal. And the electromagnetic fields generated in this three
element are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, so the motors are operating as
individual induction motors. If the loads are different, then the rotor currents and the produced
electromagnetic fields will also change. Then the rotor current of the heavily loaded motor will be
greater than the rotor current of the lightly loaded motor. Consequently, the produced
electromagnetic fields in the three-phase RL-element will be opposite in direction and different in
the magnetic field of the motor with higher load will penetrate the RL
element side, connected to the lightly loaded motor, and will induce in it counter electro
force. This will slow down the lightly loaded motor until the speeds of both motors wi
[13], speed synchronization of multi-motor systems had been studied. In [13] author is
paying attention to the application of adjustable speed induction motor drives for gantry cranes.
Solutions for load distribution in multi-motor drive, as well as mode of gantry drive skew
elimination, are described. Authors in [12] described the speed synchronization of a DC multi
motor system, while the DC motors, in the recent years, are rarely used because of their
disadvantages compared to the induction motors. Many researchers studied such synchronization
phase induction motors [1], [11], [14], [15].
like but limited nature, chaos has been positively used in many industrial
[16] authors studied the chaotic speed synchronization control of
multiple induction motors using stator flux regulation. In [17] attention is paid to permanent
magnet synchronous motors chaoization using stator flux regulation. Some researchers have
ed control methods that use a hybrid system and fuzzy logic as a methods for analyzing
and managing of different applications of speed control [21]-[24]. Much less studies may be
phase induction motors [2], [3], [14], [18]-[20]. Therefore, in the current paper,
the attention will be paid to synchronization system with single-phase induction motors.
Modeling (IJCTCM) Vol.7, No.3/4, October 2017
2
The operation of such synchronization systems is based on the principle of electromagnetic
transformation of energy. Each of the two motors, in this system, is connected to three-phase
iron ferromagnetic cylindrical cores, which are very similar to the
transformer connection. One group of these coils (the primary coils) is connected to the rotor
circuit of one motor and the other group (the secondary coils) is connected to the rotor of the
element, the main motor
coils fall under a correspondent and continuous influence of the power. Therefore, the change in
ne motor leads to a change in the rotor current of the other motor. So, the
element will be equal in case if the
hree-phase RL-
element are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, so the motors are operating as
individual induction motors. If the loads are different, then the rotor currents and the produced
current of the heavily loaded motor will be
greater than the rotor current of the lightly loaded motor. Consequently, the produced
element will be opposite in direction and different in
the magnetic field of the motor with higher load will penetrate the RL-
element side, connected to the lightly loaded motor, and will induce in it counter electro-motive
force. This will slow down the lightly loaded motor until the speeds of both motors will be equal.
motor systems had been studied. In [13] author is
paying attention to the application of adjustable speed induction motor drives for gantry cranes.
ve, as well as mode of gantry drive skew
elimination, are described. Authors in [12] described the speed synchronization of a DC multi-
motor system, while the DC motors, in the recent years, are rarely used because of their
duction motors. Many researchers studied such synchronization
like but limited nature, chaos has been positively used in many industrial
[16] authors studied the chaotic speed synchronization control of
multiple induction motors using stator flux regulation. In [17] attention is paid to permanent-
flux regulation. Some researchers have
ed control methods that use a hybrid system and fuzzy logic as a methods for analyzing
[24]. Much less studies may be
e, in the current paper,
phase induction motors.
3. International Journal of Control Theory and Computer Modeling (IJCTCM) Vol.7, No.3/4, October 2017
3
In this paper, a mathematical model is suggested to describe the synchronization system with two
identical single-phase induction motors. It represents a synchronization drive with
electromagnetic system by using a three-phase inductive rheostat element (RL-element) with
variable air-gap within its core (Fig. 2). This air-gap will serve as a control element of the speed
in order to enhance the system performance. Therefore, by changing the length of this air gap, the
electromagnetic coupling between the two motors will be affected, and consequently, their speeds
also.
Fig. 2. Three-phase inductive rheostat element (RL-element)
Fig. 2 shows the three-phase inductive rheostat element (RL-element). The three cylindrical
ferromagnetic cores (three arms) are located at the same distance from each other (La). Therefore,
their base and top make a triangle shape, as shown in the lower part of the Fig. 2. These three
arms have a length of (Lc). Each arm is divided into two equal parts, each of (h0) length. The two
parts are separated by an air gap (dx). This air gap is variable and may be adjusted to get better
performance of the system. Two groups, Y-connected three-phase coils are wounded around the
ferromagnetic cylindrical cores, which are very similar to the transformer connections. One group
of these coils is connected to the rotor circuit of one motor and the other group is connected to the
other motor. These three-phase coils create the mutual inductance between the two motors. These
windings are responsible of the synchronization capability of the system.
II. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS AND SYSTEM MODELING
In order to analyze the suggested system, a mathematical model is proposed. The additional three-
phase RL-element in the common rotor circuit of both motors, the forward and backward
sequence circuits are considered in the proposed mathematical model [4], [5]. Considering the
first motor as master motor and the second motor as slave, the forward and backward equivalent
circuits can be designed as shown in Fig. 3, where: EF2, EB2 are the forward and backward
induced voltages in the rotors of the motors respectively; I11F, I21F are the forward currents in
the stator circuits; I21F, I22F are the forward currents in the rotor circuits; I11B, I12B are the
backward currents in the stator circuits; I21B, I22B are the backward currents in the rotor circuits;
R1, X1 are the resistance and inductive reactance of the stator winding of both motors; Rµ, Xµ
are the resistance and inductive reactance of the magnetization branch of the motors respectively;
RK, XK are the resistance and inductive reactance of the common rotor respectively; XC is the
capacitive reactance of the starting capacitor in the stator circuit; RM, XM are the resistance and
inductive reactance of the RL-element respectively; ∆α=α1-α2 is the angular position between the
stator and rotor winding of the motors respectively; S is the slip of the motor. In the given
4. International Journal of Control Theory and Computer Modeling (IJCTCM) Vol.7, No.3/4, October 2017
4
equivalent circuit of the system both reactances of the two groups of coils are considered as
XM=XM1±XM2, Where XM1 is a natural effect of the mutual inductance between the two coils
on the same rod and the XM2 is the mutual inductance effect, which is related with changes in the
value of dx.
Fig. 3. The equivalent circuits: a) forward sequence, b) backward sequence
The balance equations for the phase voltages of the rotor of forward equivalent circuit can be
calculated as follows:
µZIZIE FSFF 21112 −= (1)
µ
ααα
ZIZIE FSFF
∆∆∆
−= lll 22122
(2)
( ) ( ) 02221112121 =++−+ ∆
CFFFFRF ZIIZIIZI α
µ l (3)
( ) ( ) 02122112222 =++++ ∆∆∆∆∆
CFFFFRF
ZIIZIIZI αα
µ
ααα
lllll (4)
Where
( ) ( )( )µµ XXJRRZ S +++= 11
,
( )µµµ JXRZ +=
( )( )CKKR XXJRZ −+= , ( ) OKOK XXXSRRR +=+= 22 ,/
( ) ( )( )SXJSRZ MMC // +=
A difference in speeds of the syatem motors causes a difference in phase angles between the stator
and rotor windings (α1, α2). Therefore, it is possible to represent the difference in loads by the
differences in phase angles. At equal loads, the phase angles will be equal too (α1=α2), and ∆α=[2][3].
5. International Journal of Control Theory and Computer Modeling (IJCTCM) Vol.7, No.3/4, October 2017
5
If the first motor is considered as master and the second motor as slave, then:
211222221 ,,, αααα
−=∆=== ∆
SSeEEEE j
FFFF (5)
By considering R1=X1=0, according to [12], [15], [16] and after some mathematical
manipulations, the final value of the forward current of the first motor may be found as:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
+−+
+
∆
+
−
−+
∆
+
+−+
+
∆+
+−
+
−+
∆−−
−
−+
∆−
−
+−+
+
∆
+−
+
+−+
+
∆+
+
+
−+
∆−
=
2222
2222
2222
2222
2
21
22
sin
2
sin
22
2
cos1
2
cos1
sin
22
2
sin
2
22
cos1
2
cos1
2
S
X
XX
S
R
R
S
R
R
XXR
R
S
X
XX
S
R
R
S
X
XX
XXR
XX
J
XXR
XX
S
X
XX
S
R
R
S
X
XX
S
X
XX
S
R
R
S
R
R
XXR
R
E
I
M
CK
M
K
M
K
CKK
K
M
CK
M
K
M
CK
CKK
CK
CKK
CK
M
CK
M
K
M
CK
M
CK
M
K
M
K
CKK
K
F
F
α
α
α
α
α
α
α
α
(6)
Based on the backward equivalent circuit, if the first motor is considered as master and the
second motor as slave, the backward current of the first motor can be determined, similarly to the
first motor, as:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
−+
∆−
−
−
+−+
−
+
∆−
−
+
−
+−+
−
+
∆
−
+−
−
−+
∆+−
−
−
+−+
−
+
∆
−
+−
−
−+
∆−
+
−
+−+
−
+
∆−
−
+
+
−+
∆+
=
2222
2222
2222
2222
2
2
sin
2
2
2
2
cos1
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin
2
2
cos1
2
2
2
2
2
sin
2
2
sin
2
2
2
2
cos1
2
2
cos1
2
CKK
CK
M
CK
M
K
M
K
M
CK
M
K
M
CK
CKK
CK
M
CK
M
K
M
CK
CKK
CK
M
CK
M
K
M
K
CKK
K
B
B
XXR
XX
S
X
XX
S
R
R
S
R
R
S
X
XX
S
R
R
S
X
XX
XXR
XX
J
S
X
XX
S
R
R
S
X
XX
XXR
XX
S
X
XX
S
R
R
S
R
R
XXR
R
E
I
α
α
α
α
α
α
α
α
(7)
The total torque of the first motor may be calculated by the following formula [12], [13]:
[ ]BF
o
TT
E
T 11
2
1
2
−=
ω (8)
Where
)(2
2
1
2
actF
o
F I
E
T
ω
=
(9)
)(2
2
1
2
actB
o
B I
E
T
ω
=
(10)
I2F(act), I2B(act) are the active part of the forward and backward rotor currents respectively.
If the second motor is considered as master and the first motor as slave, the forward and
backward currents of the second motor can be determined similarly to the first motor. The total
torque of the second motor will be:
122221222 ,,, αααα
−=∆=== ∆
SSeEEEE j
FFFF
(11)
[ ]BF
o
TT
E
T 22
2
2
2
−=
ω
6. International Journal of Control Theory and Computer Modeling (IJCTCM) Vol.7, No.3/4, October 2017
6
III. RESULTS AND ANALYSES
The proposed mathematical model has realized using MATLAB/Simulink. Fig. 4 illustrates the
speed curves of the motors of the electromagnetic synchronization system. These curves show the
system response with different values of the factor Km=0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 [2] and with chaotic
change in motors load of a maximum difference in loads of motors by 40%. This factor Km
depends on the value Rm, which is the main factor of determination of the electromagnetic
element (RL-element) dimensions. It is clear from these curves that the system goes into
synchronism in all the three cases. At Km=0.6 the system reached synchronism with short
transient time (recovery time) which is about 3.5s. At Km=0.7 the system reached synchronism
with shorter recovery time, which is about 2s only. At Km=0.8 the system reached synchronism
within about 4s, but in this case the speeds of the motors are oscillating about each other, as they
have some overshoots and undershoots. The last response is not desirable, especially in
applications with repetitive starting of the system. Therefore, if the value of factor Km exceeds the
optimum value for synchronization, it will have a negative effect on the system response. The
optimum value of the factor Km (and consequently, the dimensions of the RL-element) depends on
the maximum possible difference in loads of the two motors, which is in the studied case is 40%
with Km=0.7, and in general it depends on the application.
Fig. 4. Speed of the motors with L1=1.4L2: a) Km=0.6, b) Km=0.7 and c) Km=0.8
The next analyses and simulation are by considering the maximum possible difference in motor's
load to be 40% and by keeping the factor constant Km=0.7. Fig. 5 depicts the response of the
motors of the studied system with Km=0.7, L1=1.4L2 and dx=0, 0.5 and 0.75mm. From the curves
it is noticed that as the value of dx is increased as the recovery time is greater. This may be
explained by the physics of changing the value of dx. By increasing dx the continuous magnetic
coupling between the rotor circuits of the two motors becomes weaker. Because of this the
synchronization capability of the system becomes weaker and the system needs greater recovery
time to go into synchronism. Also, it is clear from the curves that the motors will operate with
lower speeds as the value of the dx is higher, regardless the other operational conditions. At the
same time this change in speed with dx change may be used to control the speed to get speeds
under the speed with dx=0.
7. International Journal of Control Theory and Computer Modeling (IJCTCM) Vol.7, No.3/4, October 2017
7
Fig. 5. Speed response of the motors with L1=1.4L2, Km=0.7: a) dx=0, b) dx=0.5 and c) dx=0.75mm
Curves in Fig. 6 show the starting of the motors with difference in loads of: a) L1=1.4L2, b)
L1=1.8L2 and c) L1=2.4L2. During the first four seconds the system goes into synchronism for all
three cases with dx=0. At t=4s, the value of dx started to change gradually from zero up to 0.75mm
by small steps each of 0.05mm. In Fig. 6a, the change of dx, with 40% difference in motor's loads,
leads to smooth slowing down the speeds of both motors synchronously. In Fig. 6b, this change
of dx, with 80% difference in motors loads, leads to slowing down the speeds of both motors, but
at first the motors lose synchronism for a short time (about 2s), then they go back into
synchronism at lower speed. This shows that the increase of dx decreases the synchronization
capability of the system. The oscillation in speeds and losing the synchronism for some interval
of time appear, in this case, because the difference in loads is bigger. Fig. 6c shows similar
response as in in Fig. 6b, but in a stronger manner, that because the difference in motors loads is
140%. From the curves in Fig. 6, it is noticed that this kind of adjustment of air gap in order to get
some speed regulation and control is suitable for such systems with difference in loads up to 40%.
While, for such systems with higher difference in loads, it will lead to some oscillations in motors
speeds. The speed control that may be achieved by the proposed technique is applicable for lower
speeds only.
Fig. 6. The speed response of the motors by changing the dx=0–0.75mm at t=4s: a) L1=1.4L2, b)
L1=1.8L2, and c) L1=2.4L2
8. International Journal of Control Theory and Computer Modeling (IJCTCM) Vol.7, No.3/4, October 2017
8
Fig. 7 shows starting of the motors with difference in loads of L1=1.38L2, Km=0.7, and dx=0. After
four seconds from starting as the system reached the steady-state conditions, the air gap dx has
been increased gradually from zero up to 0.75mm within four second. Then dx has been reduced
gradually back to zero. From Fig. 7, it is clear that for such systems with relatively low difference
in loads (up to 40%) the suggested technique is suitable. The system has no oscillations, the
motors stay in synchronism all the time and they operate at relatively high speed, which means
that the slip is low and consequently the efficiency is high.
Fig. 7. The speed response of the motors with L1=1.4L2 by increasing dx=0–0.75mm at t=4s then
decreasing it back to zero
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Speed synchronization system of multiple single-phase induction motors can be achieved by
using the traditional electromagnetic shaft synchronization system. The traditional
electromagnetic shaft synchronization system has been modified by adding an adjustable air-gap
within the core of the three-phase inductive rheostat element in the common rotor circuit. This
makes it possible to control the speeds of the motors and regulate the synchronization capability
or the recovery time of the system response (quality indicators). Analysis of the results shows that
the suggested technique is suitable for systems with relatively low difference in the two motors
loads. When the difference of the loads is up to 40%, the system has no oscillations, the motors
remain in synchronism all the time and they operate at relatively high speed, which means that
the slip is low and, consequently, high efficiency. While, for systems with higher difference in
motors’ load, the air gap will lead to undesirable oscillations in the motors speeds.
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