Spearman's Intelligence Theory and Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory; Implications in Education

Presented By
Hamza Yousaf
M. Phil Education
University of Kotli, AJ&K
Presented by Hamza Yousaf


 Intelligence
According to Binet and Simon (1905) “The essence of
intelligence is to judge well, to comprehend well, and to
reason well.”
American Psychologist M. L. Terman (1921) “A person
is intelligent in proportion as he is able to carry on
abstract thinking.”
Introduction


According to Wechsler “Intelligence is a global
capacity of an individual to think rationally, to act
purposefully and to cope effectively with the
environment.”
According to Anstey (1966), “Capacity to utilize
past experiences to solve new problems.”
Conti…


 Charles Spearman
Charles Spearman was born in London on 10 September
1863, and died there on 17 September 1945. He served as
an officer in the British army (1883–97). He joined
the faculty of University College, London (1907), and
was professor there from 1911 to 1931.
Conti…


A lot of theories were developed by the scholars to
explain the nature of intelligence. Spearman in 1904
proposed his theory of intelligence called two-factor
theory. Spearman’s attempt to establish general,
fundamental laws of psychology was based on his
statistical work in determining correlations among
mental abilities.
Spearman’s two factor theory


Two factor theory comes under the Factorial theories of
intelligence, because it explains the nature and
organization of intelligence on the basis of factors.
According to him intellectual abilities are comprised of
two factors, namely; the general ability known as G-
factor and specific Abilities known as S-factors.
Conti…


The total intelligence of the individual is the sum total
of the G-factor and the S-factors. The performance of a
particular task depends on the ‘G’ factor or general
ability and the particular ‘S’ factor or specific ability
(Tourani, 2019).
Conti…


According to Spearman (1904) the structure of intelligence is
consists of two factors named as:
i. The general ability known as general factor (g factor)
ii. The specific ability known as specific factor(s factor)
Structure of Intelligence


It is referred as mental energy. According to Spearman in every
individual a general capacity is found which will help the
individual to perform all the mental or intellectual activity, this
capacity is called g-factor. According to Spearman higher the
magnitude of g factor within the individual, more the individual
will be efficient to perform the mental functioning, So, the
intellectual capacity of the individual will be mainly depend upon
the value of –g factor.
General Factor (g factor)


 It is universal inborn ability.
 It is general mental energy.
 It is constant.
 The amount of ‘g’ differs from individual to individual.
 It is used in every activity of life.
 Greater the ‘g’ in an individual, greater is his success in
life.
Characteristics of G Factor


According to spearman each mental activity requires some
specific characteristics or each mental activity have some
amount of uniqueness. This will be provided by the specific
factor.
There are a large number of specific abilities such as ability
to draw inferences, ability to complete sentences, ability to
code message etc.
Specific Factor(s factor)


Conti…
G
S2
S1
S4
S3
Two Factor Theory


Different individuals differed both in their ‘G’ as well as ‘S’
factors. For example an individual’s performance in
literature is partly due to his general intelligence and partly
due some specific aptitude for his language, i.e. G+S1. In
mathematics his performance may be the result of G+S2. In
drawing, it may be due to G+S3 and in social sciences; it
may be due to G+S4 and so on. Thus the factor ‘G’ is
present in all specific activities
Conti…


 It is learned and acquired in the environment.
 It varies from activity to activity in the same
individual.
 Individuals differ in the amount of ‘S’ ability
 It’s nature is changeable.
 It’s magnitude is not fixed within an individual for all
the time.
 It is affected by the learning and past experiences
Characteristics of ‘S’ Factor


 The theory gives a better insight to the teacher
about the nature of intelligence.
 The general ability differs from individual to
individual.
 The specific abilities also differ from individual to
individual.
 ‘S’ factor varies in degrees. Therefore, it can be
modified by learning or habitual training.
Implications in Education


 A child requires different amounts of ‘G’ and ‘S’
factors for achieving success in different Subjects.
 We require a high quality of ‘G’ factor for our success
in life.
 Both ‘G’ and ‘S’ have a high correlation.
 This theory could be used to guide, construction of a
set of ability test
Conti…


Thurstone,1938 and Guilford ,1967 opposed this theory on the
basis of number of factors. According to them intelligence is
made up of more than two factors.
A very strong criticism against the two factor theory has been
put forward by Thorndike. According to him, the inter
correlation studies by Spearman were too small to test the
question of a common factor. Therefore he opposed the
existence of a characteristics such as general intelligence.
Criticism


Howard Gardner
Howard Gardner (born July 11, 1943, Pennsylvania,
U.S), American cognitive psychologist and author, best
known for his theory of Multiple Intelligences. He
presented the Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple
Intelligences (1983).
Introduction


Howard Gardner in his book ‘‘Frames of Mind, The
Theory of Multiple Intelligence’’ (1983), puts forth a
new and different view of human intellectual
competencies.
According to Gardner (1983), an intelligence is the
ability to solve problems, or to create products, that are
valued within one or more cultural settings.
Conti…


Gardner challenged the traditional views of intelligence
and argued for the existence of discrete intelligences in
human beings. Ultimately, he described eight types of
intelligences: logical-mathematical, verbal-linguistic,
musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal,
intrapersonal, and naturalist/spiritualist.
Multiple Intelligences Theory


Logical-mathematical intelligence is about
understanding complex problems and conceptualizing
relationships between symbols, processes, and actions.
This type of intelligence asks questions, finds solutions,
and reflects on the problem-solving process. You
probably like to conduct experiments, to solve puzzles
and other problems, to ask cosmic questions.
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence


 People with Logical-Mathematical Intelligence,
such as Albert Einstein and Bill Gates, have an
ability to develop equations and proofs, make
calculations and solve abstract problems.
 Examples: Educational Games, Experiments,
Complex Accounting, Budget Graphic of
Investments, Playing Musical Instruments.
Conti…


 Mathematician
 Engineer
 Accountant
 Scientists
Potential Careers Choices


Verbal-linguistic intelligence—along with logical-
mathematical intelligence—is often associated with doing
well in school. It involves the ability to use words effectively
for reading, writing, listening, and speaking. The poet has
been described as the epitome of verbal-linguistic
intelligence. Those that prefer to engage in public speaking,
debate type activities, or taking leadership type roles are often
strong in verbal-linguistic intelligence.
Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence


If this is a strong intelligence for you, you have highly
developed skills for reading, speaking, and writing and
you tend to think in words. You probably like various
kinds of literature, playing word games, making up poetry
and stories, engaging in involved discussions with other
people, debating, formal speaking, creative writing, and
telling jokes.
Conti…


 Lawyers
 Speaker/Host
 Author
 Journalist
Potential Career Choices


Musical intelligence is associated with enjoying music, singing,
making music, and playing an instrument. It involves sensitivity to
sounds as well as the emotions music conveys. There are many
people that may have a deep passion for music, yet do not have the
skill typically associated with this type of personality. To be
intelligent in this type of learning you need not be an accomplished
vocalist or instrumental genius, you just need to have synoptic
connections when engaging in musical activities.
Musical Intelligence


If you are strong in this intelligence area you likely have a
love of music and rhythmic patterns. You are probably very
sensitive to sounds in the environment; the chirp of cricket,
rain on the roof, varying traffic patterns. You may study and
work better with music in the background. You can often
reproduce a melody or rhythmic pattern after hearing it only
once. Various sounds, tones, and rhythms may have a
visible effect on you--others can often see a change in facial
expressions, body movement, or emotional responses. You
can recognize sounds of musical instruments.
Conti…


 Singer
 Musician
 Composer
 DJ


Visual-spatial intelligence allows one to see and modify things in
your mind. This kind of understanding of the visual world—and
its relation to physical items—is valuable in solving spatial
problems, designing, and doing crafts. People that are artistic and
can restructure items into new uses are typically very strong in
visual and spatial areas. This is often very creative types that can
see things that the average person does not recognize. The ability
to see new purposes for things are very often in this category.
Visual-Spatial Intelligence


We often say “A picture is worth a thousand words!”
This intelligence represents the knowing that occurs
through the shapes, images and textures that we see
with our external eyes. Many who are strong in visual-
spatial intelligence love to work jigsaw puzzles, read
maps and find their way around new places.
Conti…


 Graphic artist
 Surgeon
 Architect
 Pilot
 Interior Designer


Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence—is the ability to use one's
mental abilities to coordinate one's own bodily movements.
This intelligence challenges the popular belief that mental
and physical activity are unrelated. Bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence is about much more than physically moving. It is
about the learning that is associated with it. We often talk
about “learning by doing.”
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence


. The body “knows” many things that are not necessarily
known by the conscious, logical mind, such as how to ride
a bike, how to parallel park a car, dance the waltz, catch a
thrown object, maintain balance while walking, and where
the keys are on a computer keyboard. This way of
knowing happens through physical movement and through
the knowing of our physical body.
Conti…


You like physical movement, dancing, making and
inventing things with your hands, and roleplaying. You
probably communicate well through body language and
other physical gestures. You can often perform a task
much better after seeing someone else do it first and then
mimicking their actions.
Conti…


 Athlete
 Surgeon
 Physical Therapist
 Carpenters


Interpersonal intelligence is about social interaction
and understanding the people around us and their
motives, emotions, perspectives, and moods. This is
important in managing relationships, understanding
situations, and negotiating conflict. It is especially
applicable in careers that require insight and
sensitivity to what someone else is thinking or
feeling, such as teaching, psychology, or sales. If this
person-to-person way of knowing is more developed
in you, you learn through personal interactions.
Interpersonal Intelligence


 Teacher
 Psychologist
 Manager


Intrapersonal intelligence has been said to be the road to
achievement, learning, and personal satisfaction. It is
about being connected to who you are and how you feel,
and knowing your own limits and abilities. Intrapersonal
intelligence is involved in making decisions and setting
goals for yourself, self-management, and self-reflection.
Those that have strong intrapersonal skills are usually
confident in at least some areas and decisive in their
decision-making abilities.
Intrapersonal Intelligence


 Philosopher
 Writer
 Career Counselor
 Sales Person
 Politician


The naturalist intelligence involves the full range of
knowing that occurs in and through our encounters with
the natural world including our recognition,
appreciation, and understanding of the natural
environment. . If the naturalist intelligence is one of
your strengths you have a profound love for the
outdoors, animals, plants, and almost any natural object.
Naturalist Intelligence


 Gardener
 Farmer
 Animal Trainer
 Naturalist
 Scientist

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