In the future, fisheries management must not be based on biomass measure only, but must use an integrated ecosystem approach. This study was aimed to discover the species diversity level of demersal fish resources in spatial distribution and its relation to the environment. The study was conducted in May and June 2015 by operating a trawl in the assigned stations. The spatial distribution was based on the Bray-Curtis index which divided the distribution of demersal fish resources into three clusters. Inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) was dominated by Leognathidae, inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) was dominated by Lutjanidae, and offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) was dominated by Nemipteridae. Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) had a much better community stability level than that of inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI). This study also demonstrated that environmental factors such as depth, sediment type, salinity, and temperature, affect the distribution and species diversity of demersal fish communities in the southern of South China Sea.
3 ijfaf jul-2017-1-evaluation of the ichthyofaunalAI Publications
Fish constitute more than half of the total number of all the aquatic vertebrates in the world; thus, a study was carried out for six months from January-June, 2016 to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, composition, abundance and diversity of ichthyofauna present in some sections of Omambala, Ezu and Ahommiri Rivers in Anambra state, Nigeria. Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis and fish samples were also collected with the assistance of artisanal fishermen using different types of traditional fishing gears namely - gill nets, cast nets, hook and line, local traps (baited) and bag nets to evaluate fish species composition and abundance. The result of the physico-chemical analysis showed uniform values for temperature (25±0.16oC-30±0.48oC), dissolved oxygen (3.65±0.78-5.65±0.11mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (13±0.03-16±0.08mg/l) which favoured the distribution of fishes present in different sections of the three Rivers. A total catch of 11,031 fishes were recorded from the three Rivers which comprised 11 orders, 29 families, 43 genera and 69 species. Umuoba-Anam section had 9691 catches, Ebenebe section (702) and Awa section (638). Monthly composition showed highest in March (1,909) and June (2,294) for dry and rainy seasons respectively. Seasonal composition showed highest during the rainy season with a total number of 5922 fishes while 5109 fishes was recorded for the dry season. The diversity indices of the three Rivers indicated diverse communities with ten common species variety and Shannon Weiner (H’) diversity index of 2.755-3.682. Tilapia zilli (22.2%) was the most common and abundant species followed by Clarias anguillaris (21.4%), Malapterus electricus (18.9%), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (15.4%), Xenomystis nigri (14.6%), Heterotis niloticus (13.0%), Auchenoglanis monkei (11.0%), Tilapia dageti (10.2%), Hepsetus odoe (8.1%) and Bagrus filamentosus (7.2%). The study revealed that taxa richness and species diversity increase with increased water level and uniform physico-chemical changes. Further survey of fish species diversity and abundance should be carried out continuously for a longer period on a larger scale for a thorough assessment of the water bodies and their fishery potentials.
A preliminary study of Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel stream and Meherdy s...Innspub Net
Based on the importance and crucial role in biosphere, studying fish is a debatable issue. Among animal research its study is as prominent as bright day light. Biodiversity refers to the number of different species living in an ecosystem. The current study was carried out from May 2016 to August 2016 to find out Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream at Dargai District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The fish specimens were then identified by studying various morphometric measurements and meristic counts. This study included eight species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola, Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Acanthocobitis botia, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda belonging to four orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Mastacembeliformes, Siluriformes) and five Families (Cyprinidae, Channidae, Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae, Siluridae). Cyprinidae was the most dominant family comprised of three species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola and Crossocheilus diplocheilus. The family Channidae included two species i.e. Channa punctate and Channa gachua while Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae and Siluridae were represented by only one species each, Acanthocobitis botia, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda respectively. It was concluded that Ompok pabda is strictly endangered in River Swat and especially in Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream. It is strongly recommended to conserve this species (Ompok pabda).
Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environme...ijtsrd
The number of freshwater species in the world is quite small when compared with the vast number of marine species. There are several marine forms which are penetrated brackish and freshwater but remain unable to breed there while others have adapted sufficiently to remain for their entire life span. Polychaetes are commonly found in Indian estuaries, among 152 species recorded, 119 species from the east coast, 10 species from both east and west coasts. A total of 8 species were identified along Thenkasi District. Macro benthic polychaetes highlighted the presence of indicator species at all stations. Most of the benthic studies explored that Nereididae is the dominant species. The polychaetes observed throughout this study were a similar size and this is a clear indication of extreme disturbance imposed on the sediment. The present findings show macrobenthic polychaete diversity rich all along the Thenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. S. Balasubramanian | T. Citarasu | S. Lazarus | A. Renu "Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environment of Thenkasi District, Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26516.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/26516/species-diversity-of-polychaete-worms-from-some-selected-freshwater-environment-of-thenkasi-district-tamil-nadu/s-balasubramanian
ABSTRACT- Order siluriformes, Bagridae family of four number of catfish species provides information on the diets of
Mystus bleekeri, Mystus cavasius, Mystus tengara, Mystus vittatus in Lower Manair reservoir. The total of 1021 fish
species examined and their stomach content was analyzed. The frequency of occurrence and numerical methods were
employed in this study. In the numerical analysis, crustaceans and insect parts (85.91%) constituted the most important
diet of Mystus bleekeri followed by fish remains (78.40%), plant materials (69.01%), algae/ protozoan (64.79%), molluscs
(63.38%), detritus (56.81%) and sand grains (33.80%). The number of food items were enumerated for the crustaceans
and insect parts in Mystus bleekeri have been contained the maximum percentage (34.84%) of the content under
frequency of occurrence method followed by algae and protozoan with 20.76%, Molluscs with 18.37%, plant materials
with 15.60% and sand grains with 10.44%. The result of the analysis showed that Mystus cavasius, Mystus tengara,
Mystus vittatus fed on similar food items. These were mainly crustaceans, molluscans, fish remains and macrophytes.
Other food items include algae, detritus, sand grains. These four species are omnivorous and occupy the same ecological
niche.
Key-words- Cat fish, Food and feeding, Frequency, Numerical method
Aspects of the Geomorphology and Limnology of some molluscinhabited freshwate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
3 ijfaf jul-2017-1-evaluation of the ichthyofaunalAI Publications
Fish constitute more than half of the total number of all the aquatic vertebrates in the world; thus, a study was carried out for six months from January-June, 2016 to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, composition, abundance and diversity of ichthyofauna present in some sections of Omambala, Ezu and Ahommiri Rivers in Anambra state, Nigeria. Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis and fish samples were also collected with the assistance of artisanal fishermen using different types of traditional fishing gears namely - gill nets, cast nets, hook and line, local traps (baited) and bag nets to evaluate fish species composition and abundance. The result of the physico-chemical analysis showed uniform values for temperature (25±0.16oC-30±0.48oC), dissolved oxygen (3.65±0.78-5.65±0.11mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (13±0.03-16±0.08mg/l) which favoured the distribution of fishes present in different sections of the three Rivers. A total catch of 11,031 fishes were recorded from the three Rivers which comprised 11 orders, 29 families, 43 genera and 69 species. Umuoba-Anam section had 9691 catches, Ebenebe section (702) and Awa section (638). Monthly composition showed highest in March (1,909) and June (2,294) for dry and rainy seasons respectively. Seasonal composition showed highest during the rainy season with a total number of 5922 fishes while 5109 fishes was recorded for the dry season. The diversity indices of the three Rivers indicated diverse communities with ten common species variety and Shannon Weiner (H’) diversity index of 2.755-3.682. Tilapia zilli (22.2%) was the most common and abundant species followed by Clarias anguillaris (21.4%), Malapterus electricus (18.9%), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (15.4%), Xenomystis nigri (14.6%), Heterotis niloticus (13.0%), Auchenoglanis monkei (11.0%), Tilapia dageti (10.2%), Hepsetus odoe (8.1%) and Bagrus filamentosus (7.2%). The study revealed that taxa richness and species diversity increase with increased water level and uniform physico-chemical changes. Further survey of fish species diversity and abundance should be carried out continuously for a longer period on a larger scale for a thorough assessment of the water bodies and their fishery potentials.
A preliminary study of Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel stream and Meherdy s...Innspub Net
Based on the importance and crucial role in biosphere, studying fish is a debatable issue. Among animal research its study is as prominent as bright day light. Biodiversity refers to the number of different species living in an ecosystem. The current study was carried out from May 2016 to August 2016 to find out Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream at Dargai District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The fish specimens were then identified by studying various morphometric measurements and meristic counts. This study included eight species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola, Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Acanthocobitis botia, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda belonging to four orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Mastacembeliformes, Siluriformes) and five Families (Cyprinidae, Channidae, Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae, Siluridae). Cyprinidae was the most dominant family comprised of three species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola and Crossocheilus diplocheilus. The family Channidae included two species i.e. Channa punctate and Channa gachua while Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae and Siluridae were represented by only one species each, Acanthocobitis botia, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda respectively. It was concluded that Ompok pabda is strictly endangered in River Swat and especially in Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream. It is strongly recommended to conserve this species (Ompok pabda).
Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environme...ijtsrd
The number of freshwater species in the world is quite small when compared with the vast number of marine species. There are several marine forms which are penetrated brackish and freshwater but remain unable to breed there while others have adapted sufficiently to remain for their entire life span. Polychaetes are commonly found in Indian estuaries, among 152 species recorded, 119 species from the east coast, 10 species from both east and west coasts. A total of 8 species were identified along Thenkasi District. Macro benthic polychaetes highlighted the presence of indicator species at all stations. Most of the benthic studies explored that Nereididae is the dominant species. The polychaetes observed throughout this study were a similar size and this is a clear indication of extreme disturbance imposed on the sediment. The present findings show macrobenthic polychaete diversity rich all along the Thenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. S. Balasubramanian | T. Citarasu | S. Lazarus | A. Renu "Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environment of Thenkasi District, Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26516.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/26516/species-diversity-of-polychaete-worms-from-some-selected-freshwater-environment-of-thenkasi-district-tamil-nadu/s-balasubramanian
ABSTRACT- Order siluriformes, Bagridae family of four number of catfish species provides information on the diets of
Mystus bleekeri, Mystus cavasius, Mystus tengara, Mystus vittatus in Lower Manair reservoir. The total of 1021 fish
species examined and their stomach content was analyzed. The frequency of occurrence and numerical methods were
employed in this study. In the numerical analysis, crustaceans and insect parts (85.91%) constituted the most important
diet of Mystus bleekeri followed by fish remains (78.40%), plant materials (69.01%), algae/ protozoan (64.79%), molluscs
(63.38%), detritus (56.81%) and sand grains (33.80%). The number of food items were enumerated for the crustaceans
and insect parts in Mystus bleekeri have been contained the maximum percentage (34.84%) of the content under
frequency of occurrence method followed by algae and protozoan with 20.76%, Molluscs with 18.37%, plant materials
with 15.60% and sand grains with 10.44%. The result of the analysis showed that Mystus cavasius, Mystus tengara,
Mystus vittatus fed on similar food items. These were mainly crustaceans, molluscans, fish remains and macrophytes.
Other food items include algae, detritus, sand grains. These four species are omnivorous and occupy the same ecological
niche.
Key-words- Cat fish, Food and feeding, Frequency, Numerical method
Aspects of the Geomorphology and Limnology of some molluscinhabited freshwate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
This study is an attempt to understand the population characteristics such as Length-weight relationships, age, growth, mortality, length at age and exploitation rate of Frigate tuna, Auxis thazard occurring in the North west coast of India. The data collected from various fish landing centers from 2008 to 2012 were considered for this study. The mean fork length and weight 32.35 cm and 1.040 kg were observed respectively. The length-weight relationship W=2.4321x10-1 FL 2.27658, and r2 0.9576 was obtained. The value of ‘b’ found to be less than 3 and hence this species is showing negative allometric growth. The growth parameters on von Bertalanffy for L∞ estimated as 47.03, K was 1.30 and to was -0.23. The Phi-prime value (⏀) of 3.33 was derived. The length at age observed at the end of 1 to 4 years was 27.0, 42.0, 50.0 and 55.0 cm year-1 respectively. The natural mortality (M) 1.00 year-1, total mortality (Z) of 4.43 year-1 and fishing mortality (F) 3.43 year-1 were derived with the mean temperature of 27°C. The exploitation ratio(E) and exploitation rate(U) was 0.77. The results derived in the present study with regard to population characteristics of frigate tuna in the coastal waters of North west coast of India indicate catching of this species in the area to be minimized Key-words- Length-weight relationships, Mortality, Length at age, Exploitation ratio, Exploitation rate
Population structure, fecundity and morphological characteristics of M. vollenhovenii were studied around Lower Volta River, Ghana subject to dirt of information on this prawn species around the study location. The most prominent morphological characteristics already documented for identification of this species was rostrum bearing 13-15 continuous teeth dorsally and 4-5 teeth on its ventral part. These morphological traits formed the principal components for identification in this study. Results showed that morphological traits on second pereiopods such as presence of spines, spinules, teeth borne within the fingers, and dense projections of setae-like features on telson and uropod were observed relevant for identification purposes. Other results revealed that maximum total length recorded in this study (150-155mm) was higher than total length ranges (≤125mm) documented for this species in earlier studies. Consequently, two adult’s classes of prawns were identified (old adult class 81-120mm; and young adults 31-80mm) and older class was observed to be more in catches than the younger prawns. Absolute fecundity revealed that oocytes estimation varied with respect to seasons, ages of prawns and body sizes of specimens examined. In conclusion, this study observed that M. vollenhovenii fishery is operating in a sustainable manner at the time of this study around the study location.
The length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) was investigated using 496 specimens between June, 2012 to January, 2013 and these specimens were obtained from the artisanal catches landed at Itu Head Brigde, Cross River System. The highest frequency distribution occurrence 38 (Number) throughout the study period was recorded in the month of September, 2012. The length-frequency distribution throughout the study period shows a prominent peak with a preponderance total length range of 40-49cm over others except for January, 2013 which the prominent peak with a prepondence total length range of 50-59cm over others. During the study period, it was observed that the length distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) could have management implication for resource sustainability. However, further research is needed in this area using selective gears to determine and establish the true picture of the length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) in Itu Head Bridge, Cross River system.
Seasonal diversity of diving birds in the Periyakulam Lake, Tiruchirappalli, ...cormorantmohanraj
S. Mohanraj and J. Pandiyan*
PG Research Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, AVC College Mannampandal, Mayiladuthuari - 609 305.
Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Wetlands are the major feeding habitats for water birds. The water birds were estimated weekly by using total count
method during 06.00 am to 06.00 pm. Totally seven species of diving birds were observed from Junuary-2011 to December2012. The overall diving bird density was recorded maximum during the monsoon period of Year I and Year II i.e.
261.33±41.345/ha and 428.72±49.388/ha respectively. The density, diversity and species richness varied significantly
between the years and among the seasons (P<0.05). The present study proves the Periyakulam lake is one of the viable
habitats for the diving bird population.
Recruitment, mortality and exploitation rates estimate and stock assessment o...sarmodou
SARR Serigne Modou1,
*KABRE Tinkoudgou Jean-André1 and CECCHI Philippe2
1 Laboratoire de Recherche et de Formation en Pêche et Faune (LaRFPF/ IDR), Université de Bobo-Dioulasso, BP. 1091 Bobo 01, Burkina Faso.
2 Institut de Recherche et Développement (France).
*Corresponding author.
E-mail: ankab226@yahoo.fr
Tel: +22670231734.
The overfishing is the central problem of the Mugil cephalus fisheries in the estuary of the Senegal River. This species lives in the sea during its adult stage but returns in the Senegal River to reproduce and to spend its larval and juvenile stages. This study is aimed to pinpoint the state of exploitation dynamic and to assess the M. cephalus stock. The FISAT II software was used to perform the estimate of recruitment, mortality and exploitation rates. Meanwhile, a virtual population analysis using VIT4 software estimated yield per recruit (Y/R). The analysis yielded exploitation rates E of 0.44 and 0.23 respectively for adult fish and juveniles; therefore the adult stock is overfished during the M. cephalus life stage in sea. In addition, natural mortality (M=1.20 year-1) and total mortality (Z=1.5 year-1) are remarkably high for fish mature age groups III, IV and V. However, in the river the maximum sustainable exploitation (0.50) is not exceeded for juveniles age groups 0+, I and II. In conclusion, management policies should be introduced to safeguard the M. cephalus fishery in the estuary of the Senegal River.
Evaluation of the oyster farming potential of the Cintra bay (southern Morocco)Origins publication
The bay of Cintra is a marine ecosystem located in the southern Moroccan Atlantic known for its
biological richness and therefore for its high fishery productivity. This bay was chosen as a new destination for the
development of aquaculture in the southern regions of Morocco. To highlight its potential in terms of oyster
farming, a first rearing trial of triploid cupped oysters (Crassostrea gigas) as well as parallel monitoring of the
phytoplankton population and ecological parameters were undertaken. The results obtained showed that the oysters
adapt well to the conditions of the new environment where mortality was negligible, or even absent after a month
of launching. In terms of biological performance, the growth of individuals is continuous during the annual cycle
and after eight months the weight could reach 30.5 g which is a minimum weight for marketing. The AFNOR and
Lawrence and Scott indices showed a good physiological state and a better commercial quality of the oysters. The
filling rate of these oysters, with an average weight of 39.7g when lifting, is very high according to the Lawrence and
Scott index (126.3) and the average AFNOR index (around 21.8) rank them in the “Special” category.
The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of the copepod community in
Hendijan harbor was studied through zooplankton samples collected seasonally in
summer 2010 (July- August), autumn 2010 (October), winter 2011 (December-
February) and spring 2011(April). The copepods community was represented by 27
species, belonging to calanoida (16 species), cyclopoida (5 species), Poecilostomatoida
(3 species) and harpacticoida (3 species). The highest abundance of copepods was in
summer (14402±3352 Ind/m3) while the lowest was in winter (852±155 ind/m3). Of
the adult forms, Acartiella faoensis was the most abundant species, forming 19% of
the total copepods, followed by Paracalanus parvus (17%), Corycaeus andrewsi (13%)
and Clausocalanus arcuicornis (8%). Most of copepod species displayed distinct
seasonal occurrence relative to environmental conditions. The spearman’s correlation
revealed that temperature and salinity were the most important factor controlling the
size of copepods density in Hendijan harbor. The cluster analysis demonstrated
different types of association between copepods species. The highest value of
Shannon’s diversity index, Margalef index and Pielou’s evenness was noticed in
summer. These results revealed that the summer is different from other seasons of
the year and in this season the ecological situation is better and more stable than
other seasons in Hendijan shores waters.
Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Keralapaperpublications3
Abstract: The fishes are one of the most important, vertebrate, provided rich protein sources for human and several animals and important elements in the economy of many countries. Fish diversity essentially represents the fish faunal diversity. The survey was undertaken during the period from February 2016 to july 2016 in the region of Vettathukadavu, in Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. The major objective of this study was to find out the biodiversity status of fishes in the Vettathukadavu region of Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. Conservation status of fishes was assessed by IUCN Conservation status. The Survey of the studied stretch of backwater were resulted in recording of 25 fish species belonging to 6 orders and 15 familes. Of the 25 species reported during the study, 15 are least concern, 1 is critically endangered, 1 is vulnerable, 6 species are not evaluated and 2 species are not reported in IUCN Red.
Keywords: Icthyofauna, Biodiversity, IUCN, Endangered.
Title: Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Kerala
Author: Remya.R, Dr. S.Amina
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
This study is an attempt to understand the population characteristics such as Length-weight relationships, age, growth, mortality, length at age and exploitation rate of Frigate tuna, Auxis thazard occurring in the North west coast of India. The data collected from various fish landing centers from 2008 to 2012 were considered for this study. The mean fork length and weight 32.35 cm and 1.040 kg were observed respectively. The length-weight relationship W=2.4321x10-1 FL 2.27658, and r2 0.9576 was obtained. The value of ‘b’ found to be less than 3 and hence this species is showing negative allometric growth. The growth parameters on von Bertalanffy for L∞ estimated as 47.03, K was 1.30 and to was -0.23. The Phi-prime value (⏀) of 3.33 was derived. The length at age observed at the end of 1 to 4 years was 27.0, 42.0, 50.0 and 55.0 cm year-1 respectively. The natural mortality (M) 1.00 year-1, total mortality (Z) of 4.43 year-1 and fishing mortality (F) 3.43 year-1 were derived with the mean temperature of 27°C. The exploitation ratio(E) and exploitation rate(U) was 0.77. The results derived in the present study with regard to population characteristics of frigate tuna in the coastal waters of North west coast of India indicate catching of this species in the area to be minimized Key-words- Length-weight relationships, Mortality, Length at age, Exploitation ratio, Exploitation rate
Population structure, fecundity and morphological characteristics of M. vollenhovenii were studied around Lower Volta River, Ghana subject to dirt of information on this prawn species around the study location. The most prominent morphological characteristics already documented for identification of this species was rostrum bearing 13-15 continuous teeth dorsally and 4-5 teeth on its ventral part. These morphological traits formed the principal components for identification in this study. Results showed that morphological traits on second pereiopods such as presence of spines, spinules, teeth borne within the fingers, and dense projections of setae-like features on telson and uropod were observed relevant for identification purposes. Other results revealed that maximum total length recorded in this study (150-155mm) was higher than total length ranges (≤125mm) documented for this species in earlier studies. Consequently, two adult’s classes of prawns were identified (old adult class 81-120mm; and young adults 31-80mm) and older class was observed to be more in catches than the younger prawns. Absolute fecundity revealed that oocytes estimation varied with respect to seasons, ages of prawns and body sizes of specimens examined. In conclusion, this study observed that M. vollenhovenii fishery is operating in a sustainable manner at the time of this study around the study location.
The length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) was investigated using 496 specimens between June, 2012 to January, 2013 and these specimens were obtained from the artisanal catches landed at Itu Head Brigde, Cross River System. The highest frequency distribution occurrence 38 (Number) throughout the study period was recorded in the month of September, 2012. The length-frequency distribution throughout the study period shows a prominent peak with a preponderance total length range of 40-49cm over others except for January, 2013 which the prominent peak with a prepondence total length range of 50-59cm over others. During the study period, it was observed that the length distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) could have management implication for resource sustainability. However, further research is needed in this area using selective gears to determine and establish the true picture of the length frequency distribution of (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) in Itu Head Bridge, Cross River system.
Seasonal diversity of diving birds in the Periyakulam Lake, Tiruchirappalli, ...cormorantmohanraj
S. Mohanraj and J. Pandiyan*
PG Research Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, AVC College Mannampandal, Mayiladuthuari - 609 305.
Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Wetlands are the major feeding habitats for water birds. The water birds were estimated weekly by using total count
method during 06.00 am to 06.00 pm. Totally seven species of diving birds were observed from Junuary-2011 to December2012. The overall diving bird density was recorded maximum during the monsoon period of Year I and Year II i.e.
261.33±41.345/ha and 428.72±49.388/ha respectively. The density, diversity and species richness varied significantly
between the years and among the seasons (P<0.05). The present study proves the Periyakulam lake is one of the viable
habitats for the diving bird population.
Recruitment, mortality and exploitation rates estimate and stock assessment o...sarmodou
SARR Serigne Modou1,
*KABRE Tinkoudgou Jean-André1 and CECCHI Philippe2
1 Laboratoire de Recherche et de Formation en Pêche et Faune (LaRFPF/ IDR), Université de Bobo-Dioulasso, BP. 1091 Bobo 01, Burkina Faso.
2 Institut de Recherche et Développement (France).
*Corresponding author.
E-mail: ankab226@yahoo.fr
Tel: +22670231734.
The overfishing is the central problem of the Mugil cephalus fisheries in the estuary of the Senegal River. This species lives in the sea during its adult stage but returns in the Senegal River to reproduce and to spend its larval and juvenile stages. This study is aimed to pinpoint the state of exploitation dynamic and to assess the M. cephalus stock. The FISAT II software was used to perform the estimate of recruitment, mortality and exploitation rates. Meanwhile, a virtual population analysis using VIT4 software estimated yield per recruit (Y/R). The analysis yielded exploitation rates E of 0.44 and 0.23 respectively for adult fish and juveniles; therefore the adult stock is overfished during the M. cephalus life stage in sea. In addition, natural mortality (M=1.20 year-1) and total mortality (Z=1.5 year-1) are remarkably high for fish mature age groups III, IV and V. However, in the river the maximum sustainable exploitation (0.50) is not exceeded for juveniles age groups 0+, I and II. In conclusion, management policies should be introduced to safeguard the M. cephalus fishery in the estuary of the Senegal River.
Evaluation of the oyster farming potential of the Cintra bay (southern Morocco)Origins publication
The bay of Cintra is a marine ecosystem located in the southern Moroccan Atlantic known for its
biological richness and therefore for its high fishery productivity. This bay was chosen as a new destination for the
development of aquaculture in the southern regions of Morocco. To highlight its potential in terms of oyster
farming, a first rearing trial of triploid cupped oysters (Crassostrea gigas) as well as parallel monitoring of the
phytoplankton population and ecological parameters were undertaken. The results obtained showed that the oysters
adapt well to the conditions of the new environment where mortality was negligible, or even absent after a month
of launching. In terms of biological performance, the growth of individuals is continuous during the annual cycle
and after eight months the weight could reach 30.5 g which is a minimum weight for marketing. The AFNOR and
Lawrence and Scott indices showed a good physiological state and a better commercial quality of the oysters. The
filling rate of these oysters, with an average weight of 39.7g when lifting, is very high according to the Lawrence and
Scott index (126.3) and the average AFNOR index (around 21.8) rank them in the “Special” category.
The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of the copepod community in
Hendijan harbor was studied through zooplankton samples collected seasonally in
summer 2010 (July- August), autumn 2010 (October), winter 2011 (December-
February) and spring 2011(April). The copepods community was represented by 27
species, belonging to calanoida (16 species), cyclopoida (5 species), Poecilostomatoida
(3 species) and harpacticoida (3 species). The highest abundance of copepods was in
summer (14402±3352 Ind/m3) while the lowest was in winter (852±155 ind/m3). Of
the adult forms, Acartiella faoensis was the most abundant species, forming 19% of
the total copepods, followed by Paracalanus parvus (17%), Corycaeus andrewsi (13%)
and Clausocalanus arcuicornis (8%). Most of copepod species displayed distinct
seasonal occurrence relative to environmental conditions. The spearman’s correlation
revealed that temperature and salinity were the most important factor controlling the
size of copepods density in Hendijan harbor. The cluster analysis demonstrated
different types of association between copepods species. The highest value of
Shannon’s diversity index, Margalef index and Pielou’s evenness was noticed in
summer. These results revealed that the summer is different from other seasons of
the year and in this season the ecological situation is better and more stable than
other seasons in Hendijan shores waters.
Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Keralapaperpublications3
Abstract: The fishes are one of the most important, vertebrate, provided rich protein sources for human and several animals and important elements in the economy of many countries. Fish diversity essentially represents the fish faunal diversity. The survey was undertaken during the period from February 2016 to july 2016 in the region of Vettathukadavu, in Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. The major objective of this study was to find out the biodiversity status of fishes in the Vettathukadavu region of Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. Conservation status of fishes was assessed by IUCN Conservation status. The Survey of the studied stretch of backwater were resulted in recording of 25 fish species belonging to 6 orders and 15 familes. Of the 25 species reported during the study, 15 are least concern, 1 is critically endangered, 1 is vulnerable, 6 species are not evaluated and 2 species are not reported in IUCN Red.
Keywords: Icthyofauna, Biodiversity, IUCN, Endangered.
Title: Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Kerala
Author: Remya.R, Dr. S.Amina
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
ABSTRACT- Lizardfishes are commercially important group of species contributing to the fishery in the Indian EEZ. Information on predation, prey-predator relationship and their assessments in respect of Saurida tumbil and Saurida undosquamis have been derived in this study. A total number of 1630 specimens of S. tumbil and 926 of S. undosquamis were used for stomach content analysis. The specimens of S. tumbil examined in the study ranged between 13.0-53.0 cm (TL) and of S. undosquamis 13.0-41.0 cm. Qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed that the species S. tumbil prefers food in order of abundance as a teleost fishes (41%), molluscs (9.16%), shrimps (3.64%), crabs (1.41%) and squilla (0.37%) and S. undosquamis prefers teleost fishes (49%), molluscs (11%) and shrimps (3%). In S. tumbil, the highest feeding intensity observed in July (50%) and in S. undosquamis, in October (41%) and the lowest intensity recorded in the month of June for both the species. Monthly Gonado Somatic Index (GSI) shown that the highest feeding was observed in January (10.55%) and July (10.76%) for S. tumbil whereas, in case of S. undosquamis, the GSI was highest in August (16.58% for males and 17.80% for females). The pieces of sand granules, detritus and benthic organisms in the stomachs of the species indicating the benthic nature at the sea bottom in the search of food. Occurrence of juvenile lizardfishes in gut contents of both the species indicates that the lizardfishes are cannibalistic in nature.
Key-words- Lizardfish, feeding intensity, Gonado Somatic Index (GSI), Cannibalism
Benthic macrofaunal assemblage in seagrass-mangrove complex and adjacent ecos...AbdullaAlAsif1
Present study dealt with the on faunal and in faunal assemblage from seagrass bed, mangrove area, and adjacent non-mangrove and seagrass (NMS) in Punang-Sari estuary, Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia. Samples were collected from June to July 2019 using quadrates and handpicking from the outside the sampling area to know the real checklist of surface macrofauna in this area. A ten-meter transect line was settled in three habitat areas where sampling was performed by putting three quadrates (0.35m×0.35m). Epifauna and infauna samples were collected from inside the quadrate and sieved using 0.4 mm mesh size sieve. A total of 111 species of gastropod (87 species from 30 families), bivalve (18 species from 9 families), Polychaeta (2 species), echinoderms (1 species), and crustacean (3 species) were recorded during the study period. Seagrass meadows comprised most diverse and abundant faunal (50 species) assemblage followed by mangrove habitats (48 species), and NMS (20 species). The dendrogram revealed two significant habitats in the sampling site. PCA analysis revealed, seagrass habitat sheltered a higher number of species followed by mangrove and NMS area. Jaccard similarity index revealed seagrass and mangrove habitats (0.42) contains the highest similar species amongst all habitats compared to mangrove and non-seagrass-mangrove area (0.26). Out of total species recorded (101), only ten species were reported as least concern, and 2 species hold deficient data status, and the rest are not evaluated. Bio-assemblage in seagrass habitat was found rich compared to other habitats, which could be useful for future ecological investigation and marine ranching.
Length Frequency Distribution, Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Facto...paperpublications3
Abstract: Length –Frequency Distribution, Length – Weight relationship and condition factor of Pomadasys jubelini from the Lagos lagoon were investigated for 6months in order to study the growth pattern and wellbeing of P.jubelini. A total of 305 specimens of P.jubelini were purchased from local fisher-folks on landing sites at different locations within the Lagos lagoon ( Majidun, Makoko, Ibese, Bayeiku) from January 2012 to June 2012 and used for this study. Their Total length ranging from 12cm to 29.5cm and body weight ranged from 21.3g to 367g. The frequency distribution showed a polymodal distribution of P.jubelini. The size class of 18.0cm to 20.9cm (TL) was more abundant. The length weight relationship was determined by regression coefficient equation Log W= -1.8357+2.9628LogL (n =305, r = 0.9213). P.jubelini showed negative allometric growth (b= 2.96). The mean condition factor 1.31, indicates that P.jubelini were in good condition in the lagoon. The result from this study is relevant for fishery management and stock assessment studies of P.jubelini from the Lagos lagoon.
Zooplankton species composition and diversity in the seagrass habitat of Lawa...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seagrass habitats are considered to be some of the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet and safeguard some ecologically and economically important fauna, amongst which are some globally threatened species, including dugong. Malaysian seagrass ecosystems are not widespread, but their existence supports some significant marine fauna. A rigorous zooplankton study was conducted from May 2016 to February 2017, in the seagrass habitat of Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia, to examine their temporal composition and diversity, together with their ecological influences. A total of 45 zooplankton species from 13 significant groups were recorded in the seagrass habitat. The population density of zooplankton ranged between 2,482 ind/m³ and 22,670 ind/m³ over three different seasons. A single zooplankton copepod was found to be dominant (47.40%), while bivalves were the second largest (31.8%) group in terms of total abundance. It was also noticed that the average relative abundance (0.62) and important species index (62.08) of copepods were higher than for other groups that exist in the seagrass meadow, whereas copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris showed both the highest average relative abundance (0.41) and the highest important species index (41.15). The diversity (H') and richness index of the intermediate season were found to be highest due to favourable physico-chemical conditions. Within the referred seasonal cluster, the wet and dry seasons were almost similar in terms of species abundance, while the intermediate season was distinct, with high species diversity backed by ANOSIM analysis results. Copepod and bivalves formed one group with a common similarity level of 0.80. The CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) model established that abiotic factors, especially turbidity, NO , rainfall, dissolved oxygen and pH were significantly correlated with abundance of individual groups of zooplankton. Zooplankton assemblage and abundance in Lawas were found to be very rich in multiple seasons, indicating that the productivity of uninterrupted seagrass habitat might be high and the system rich in biodiversity.
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
Abundance Plankton and Analysis Stomach Content and Trophic Level in Makassar...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research aims to know the condition of environmental parameters both from biological factors and physical factors of the Makassar Strait during the East season. The usability of the research ie can be to build and simulate dynamic models of fisheries systems. Data Collection has been carried since May 2019 to November 2019. Data collection on environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, flow velocity) and nutrients (nitrates and phosphates), phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance, , and gastric contents analysis were carried out, Method for analysing was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare environmental parameters, nutrients and abundance of plankton between the three districts observed. The relationship between the abundance of plankton with environmental parameters was analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. Determination of trophic level is based on analysis of gastric contents using the TrophLab 2K program. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) between observation stations grouped in 6 months of observation showed that salinity was significantly different between locations and months of observation, temperature and pH were significantly different between months but did not differ according to location of observation, whereas DO levels did not show differences either between locations. The results of identification of phytoplankton types obtained during this research were dominated by diatoms. The type of zooplankton obtained is generally dominated by copepods. The result of gastric surgery is 10 dominant and economically valuable fish's species belonging to planktivor, omnivor and carnivor fish, and based on ecosystems including pelagic and demersal fish.
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
Puffer fish belonging to the family tetraodontidae are usually distributed in the shallow waters. During investigation in stations viz. Marina Park, Chidiyatapu and Burmanullah, around Andaman, five species from genus Arothron and two from Canthigaster have been recorded and were mostly found to prefer coral reefs and rock crevices, with the exception of Arothron immaculatus, which was found to be present in the open waters and it confined to sandy bottom substrate with patches of sea grasses around them. These fishes were found to be most diverse and abundant in Chidiyatapu with the Margelef’s Richness Index of 2.49, Shannon-Wiener index of 1.05 and Pielou’s evenness index of 0.96. Biometric analysis results demonstrate that they have shown an isometric growth. The individuals collected were mostly lying in the length group of 120-160 mm. Gut content analysis of A. Immaculatus reveals that the fish feed mainly on molluscs and sea urchin and the other food items were shrimps, crabs, sponges, micro algae, foraminiferans etc. gastro-somatic index, hepato-somatic index and gonado-somatic indices were also calculated to throw light upon the feeding behavior and reproductive maturity of the fishes. Most of the individuals were found to be in the developing stage of maturity.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in culture pond of Noa...AbdullaAlAsif1
A study was conducted on qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in cultured ponds of two fish farms of Noakhali district, Bangladesh from 15 September to 15 November 2012 to identify and estimate the abundance of phytoplankton in various culture ponds of two fish farms. Analyses of phytoplankton samples recorded a total of 4 classes phytoplankton viz.; Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae. Out of 21 phytoplankton genera identified, 5 belong to Cyanophyceae, 7 to Chlorophyceae, 5 to Bacillariophyceae and 4 to Euglenophyceae. Among the identified genera, Euglena, Microcystis, Eurolena were found to be dominant genera. Total phytoplankton abundance was varied from 36×105 cells/L to 94.92×105 cells/L in the experimental ponds. Among all experimental ponds, Chlorophyceae was found dominant (44.4×105 cells/L). Second dominant group was Euglenophyceae (39.6×105 cells/L) observed in pond-1 of Bismillah Agro Production (BAP). Total phytoplankton densities were recorded 47.82×105cells/L and 51×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 of Subarna Agro Based Initiative (SABI) respectively. In BAP, total phytoplankton densities were recorded 94.92×105cells/L and 36×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 respectively. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period namely water temperature, conductivity, salinity, transparency, dissolve oxygen and pH. The present study reveals that phytoplankton species are variable among the culture ponds and their density is also variable. The information provides for more research to compare water quality and pond phytoplankton characteristics in earthen aquaculture systems with and without fish stocking. Further studies on the seasonal changes of water quality parameters and its effects on phytoplankton production in the fish ponds and all year extended monitoring is recommended in future studies.
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Introduction
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Spatial Mapping: Diversity and Distribution of Demersal Fish in the Southern of South China Sea (Indonesia Fisheries Management Zone 711)
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320161246
Spatial Mapping: Diversity and Distribution of Demersal Fish in the Southern
of South China Sea (Indonesia Fisheries Management Zone 711)
Article in International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) · July 2016
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21
Spatial Mapping: Diversity and Distribution of Demersal
Fish in the Southern of South China Sea (Indonesia
Fisheries Management Zone 711)
Robet Perangin Angina*
, Sulistionob
, Rahmat Kurniac
, Achmad Fahrudind
, Ali
Sumane
a
Doctoral Program of Management of Coastal and Marine Resources, Postgraduate School, Bogor Agricultural
University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
b,c,d
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor
Agricultural Institute, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
e
Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, DKI
Jakarta, Indonesia
a
Email: robert.peranginangin@gmail.com
b
Email: onosulistiono@gmail.com
c
Email: kurniarahmat2024@gmail.com
d
Email: fahrudina@yahoo.com
e
Email: alisuman_62@yahoo.com
Abstract
In the future, fisheries management must not be based on biomass measure only, but must use an integrated
ecosystem approach. This study was aimed to discover the species diversity level of demersal fish resources in
spatial distribution and its relation to the environment. The study was conducted in May and June 2015 by
operating a trawl in the assigned stations.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Corresponding author.
3. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 28, No 2, pp 21-33
22
The spatial distribution was based on the Bray-Curtis index which divided the distribution of demersal fish
resources into three clusters. Inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) was dominated by
Leognathidae, inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) was dominated by Lutjanidae, and
offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) was dominated by Nemipteridae. Offshore sites of the
southern of South China Sea (SSCS) had a much better community stability level than that of inshore sites of
Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI). This study
also demonstrated that environmental factors such as depth, sediment type, salinity, and temperature, affect the
distribution and species diversity of demersal fish communities in the southern of South China Sea.
Keywords: diversity; demersal fish; South China Sea.
1. Introduction
When considering the basic structure of a biological system such as a community or an ecosystem, the two
fundamental parameters are the number of species and the number of individuals in each of the species [1]. The
community structure is usually described by the number of species (richness), the diversity index, the evenness
index, and the domination index [2,3,4,5].
According to [6], there is a connection between species distribution and physical factors such as depth, salinity
and sediment type, whereas [7] stated that the distribution of demersal fish is related to depth but not related to
sediment type, salinity, temperature and turbidity. Generally, fish adapt to changes in the environment by
migrating, both horizontally and vertically [8].
In the future, fisheries management must not be based on biomass measure only, but must use an integrated
ecosystem approach [1,8,9,10]. Information of the distribution, biomass density and community structure of
demersal fish is of utmost importance as input for the success of the management of fishery potential [7,11].
This study was aimed to discover the diversity of demersal fish in spatial distribution, and its relation to the
environment. The results of this study are expected to used as consideration in the management of demersal fish
resources in the southern of South China Sea (Indonesia Fisheries Management Zone/IFMZ 711).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
This study was conducted in May and June 2015 using Research Vessel (R/V) of Madidihang 02. The study
location was the southern of South China Sea with the positions of the trawling stations as depicted in Figure 1.
2.2. Data Collection
Collection of catch data was conducted by using a trawl operated in pre-determined stations, whereas
oceanographical data were collected using a CTD that was sunk in the pre-determined stations moments before
the trawl was operated.
4. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 28, No 2, pp 21-33
23
Figure 1: The location map of the research, cruising track, and trawling positions in the southern of South
China Sea (Indonesia Fisheries Management Zone 711), the period of May – June 2015.
2.3. Data Analysis
Analysis of the demersal fish diversity used a number of ecological indices, namely the Shannon-Wiener’s
diversity index[12,13,14,15,16,17], the Pielou’s evenness index[3,18], the Simpson’s dominance index [19,20],
and the Berger-Parker’s index.
The Shannon-Wiener’s index H′
= − ∑(pi ln(pi)) ………………………………….. (1)
The Pielou’s index J’ = (H’ / ln (S)) …………………………………………………… (2)
The Simpson’s index Ds = 1 - D = 1 − ∑�(ni(ni − 1)) /�N(N − 1)��………………… (3)
The Berger-Parker’s index Db = Nmax/N ……………………………………………….. (4)
Note: H’ = species diversity index, pi = ratio between the number of individuals in the i-th species and the total
number of individuals (ni/N), S = the number of species, N = the number of individuals, ni = the number of i-th
individual.
The ecological index value was then related to environmental conditions and analyzed using the principal
component analysis (PCA). Therefore, the level of influence of the environmental factors to the existing
community structure could be discovered.
5. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 28, No 2, pp 21-33
24
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Result
1). Spatial distribution
Demersal fishes were evenly distributed throughout the southern of South China Sea (IFMA 711). The largest
distribution of species was found in station 4, station 3, station 5, and station 12, repectively. While the largest
number of families was found in station 3, station 5, station 9, station 12, and station 4, respectively (Figure 2).
2). Cluster and Multi-Dimensional Scalling (MDS) Analysis
Figure 2: Spatial distribution of demersal fish resources in the southern of South China Sea.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Station
Famili
Spesies
Figure 3: The dendrogram of trawl station classifications based on the similarity index of the
demersal fish.
6. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 28, No 2, pp 21-33
25
To simplify the study, the species diversity was classified spatially [21]. The spatial classification of trawl
stations was done based on the species similarity index, and the result was 3 (three) trawl station classification
clusters (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Cluster 1 consisted of station 1, station 4, station 5, and station 8 which was
then referred to as inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR). Cluster 2 consisted of station 2, station
3, station 7, station 9, station 10, and station 12 which was then referred to as offshore sites of the southern of
South China Sea (SSCS). Finally, station 6 and station 11 in cluster 3 which were then referred to as inshore
sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI).
Figure 5 presents the dominant family in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR), Leognathidae,
with a weight composition of 65.4%, followed by Nemipteridae and Mullidae with weight compositions of 6.3%
and 3.9%, respectively. Inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) was dominated by the
Lutjanidae, Tetraodontidae, Haemulidae, and Nemipteridae families with weight compositions of 31.9%;
22.1%; 16.6%; and 4.5%, respectively, whereas offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) was
dominated by Nemipteridae, Mullidae, and Serranidae with weight compositions of 17.7%; 13.7%; and 10.0%,
respectively.
3). Diversity indices based clustering
In this study, it was discovered that the diversity index (H’) ranged between 1.06 - 2.85, the evenness index (J’)
ranged between 0.28 - 0.79, and the Simpson’s dominance index and the Berger-Parker’s index ranged between
0.09 - 0.64 and 0.19 - 0.80, respectively, in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR). Inshore sites
of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) had a biodiversity index (H’) ranging between 1.69 - 2.60, an
evenness index (J’) ranging between 0.49 - 0.80, and a Simpson’s dominance index and Berger-Parker’s index
ranging between 0.12 - 0.39 and 0.31 - 0.61, respectively. Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea
Figure 4: The MDS diagram of trawl station classifications based on the similarity index of the
demersal fish.
7. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 28, No 2, pp 21-33
26
(SSCS) had the highest diversity index (H’) and evenness index (J’), between 2.19 - 3.10 and 0.65 - 0.88, and
the lowest Simpson’s dominance index and Berger-Parker index ranging between 0.05 - 0.20 and 0.12 - 0.41
(Figure 6).
Figure 5: The composition of the dominant families based on spatial distribution : (a) Inshore sites of
Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR), (b) Inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters
(KPRI), (c) Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS).
4). The Analysis of the Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Ecological index
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0 10 20 30 40
CompotitionofWeight(%)
Family
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
CompotitionofWeight(%)
Family
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
0 10 20 30 40 50
CompotitionofWeight(%)
Family
1. LEIOGNATHIDAE
2. NEMIPTERIDAE
3. MULLIDAE
4. PLATYCEPHALIDAE
5. ARIIDAE
6. SERRANIDAE
7. HAEMULIDAE
8. TERAPONIDAE
9. HARPODONTIDAE
10. SCIANIDAE
11. PSETODIDAE
12. APOGONIDAE
13. CARANGIDAE
14. CYNOGLOSSIDAE
15. PARALICHTYIDAE
1. LUTJANIDAE
2. TETRAODONTIDAE
3. HAEMULIDAE
4. NEMIPTERIDAE
5. SERRANIDAE
6. MULLIDAE
7. DIODONTIDAE
8. HARPODONTIDAE
9. BALISTIDAE
10. SIGANIDAE
11. LETHRINIDAE
12. CARANGIDAE
13. MONACANTHIDAE
14. PARALICHTYIDAE
15. SYNODONTIDAE
1. NEMIPTERIDAE
2. MULLIDAE
3. SERRANIDAE
4. GERREIDAE
5. TETRAODONTIDAE
6. PRIACANTHIDAE
7. LUTJANIDAE
8. DIODONTIDAE
9. HARPODONTIDAE
10. BALISTIDAE
11. PARALICHTYIDAE
12. LETHRINIDAE
14. HAEMULIDAE
15. PLATYCEPHALIDAE
8. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 28, No 2, pp 21-33
27
The Shannon’s diversity index (H’) was significant (p < 0.05) and had a negative correlation to temperature and
a positive correlation to salinity at a confidence level of p < 0.1. Pielou’s evenness index (J’) had a negative
correlation to temperature and a positive correlation to salinity at a confidence level of p < 0.1. The Simpons’s
dominance index (Ds) had a positive correlation to depth and salinity and a negative correlation to temperature
at a confidence level of p < 0.1, whereas the Berger-Parker’s index (Db) had a positive correlation to
temperature at a confidence level of p < 0.1 (Figure 7 and Table 1).
Table 1: Pearson correlation coefficients and significance levels between the diversity index
and environmental factors.
De Te Sa pH DO Su
S -0.177 0.112 -0.395 -0.161 -0.242 0.353
H' 0.415 -0.608** 0.473* 0.279 -0.108 -0.115
J' 0.428 -0.562* 0.515* 0.272 -0.027 -0.227
Ds 0.452* -0.562* 0.453* 0.295 -0.021 -0.208
Db -0.406 0.554* -0.434 -0.270 0.152 0.038
S: richness, H’: Shannon-Weiner’s index, J’: Pielou’s evenness index, Ds: Simpson’s index,
Db: Berger-Parker’s index, De: Depth, Te: Temperature, Sa: Salinity, DO: dissolved
oxygen, Su: Substrate.
*p < 0.1.
**p < 0.05.
SSCSKPRIKLBR
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Shannon-Weiner's Diversity Index (H')
SSCSKPRIKLBR
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Pielou's Evenness Index (J')
SSCSKPRIKLBR
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Simpson's Dominance Index
SSCSKPRIKLBR
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Berger-Parker's Index
Figure 6: The ecological index based on spatial distribution.
9. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 28, No 2, pp 21-33
28
The analysis using the Principal component analysis (PCA) resulted in a PC1 which was strongly by indicated
the Shannon-Wiener’s index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), Simpson’s index (Ds), Berger-Parker’s index
(Db), and salinity. PC2 was indicated by the type of sediment (substrate), DO, and depth, and PC3 was indicated
by temperature, richness (S), and pH (Figure 8 and Table 2).
3.2. Discussion
The level of similarity that was assessed using the Bray-Curtis index divided the distribution of demersal fish
resources into three clusters. Demersal fish resources in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR)
were dominated by the Leiognathidae family, with a weight composition of 65.4% of the total catch. The fish
Leiognathus splendens (the splendid ponyfish) was distributed with a high sweeping weight on the mud-
Figure 7: Simple linear regressions of environmental factors versus Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index: (a)
temperature, and (b) salinity.
Sta 1
Sta 2
Sta 3
Sta 4Sta 5
Sta 6
Sta 7
Sta 8
Sta 9
Sta 10
Sta 11
Sta 12
y = -0.7393x + 24.156
R² = 0.3694
p = 0.036
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0
H'
Temperature (0C)
Temperature & diversity
a
Sta 1
Sta 2
Sta 3
Sta 4 Sta 5
Sta 6
Sta 7
Sta 8
Sta 9
Sta 10
Sta 11
Sta 12
y = 0.4927x - 13.913
R² = 0.2233
p = 0.121
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
31.00 31.50 32.00 32.50 33.00 33.50
H'
Salinity (‰)
Salinity & diversity
b
10. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 28, No 2, pp 21-33
29
substrate seabed near the beach of Kalimantan’s west coast. However, the Leiognathidae family was not found
in the observation stations along inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI), which was
dominated by a sand-substrate seabed. The coastal waters that had sand substrate were dominated by snappers
(Lutjanidae), Tetraodontidae, Haemulidae, and Nemipteridae, whereas offshore sites of the southern of South
China Sea (SSCS) was dominated by Nemipteridae, Mullidae, and Serranidae.
Figure 8: Principal component analysis (PCA) of ecological indices and environmental factors.
Reference [22] stated that community stability could be determined by observing the community structure and
the species distribution within the community. A stable community is demonstrated by having a stable species
composition and by having relatively little fluctuation in numbers. In addition, [23] stated that changes in
species composition could be viewed from dominance, diversity, and species heterogenicity. The high
dominance index, and the low diversity index (H’) and evenness index (J’) indicated disturbance in the stability
of the demersal fish community in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR). Inshore sites of the
eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) had a better demersal fish community stability than that of inshore sites of
Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR), demonstrated by the higher diversity index (H’) and evenness index (J’)
and the lower dominance index. On the other hand, offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS)
had much better community stability than the other two clusters. This condition was demonstrated by a higher
diversity index (H’) and evenness index (J’) and a lower dominance index (Simpson’s index and Berger-
Parker’s index) compared to the other two clusters. [24] who conducted a study in the East China Sea collected
results in the form of biological indices including richness (S), Shannon’s diversity index (H’) and Pielou’s
evenness index (J’) which demonstrated an increasing trend further to sea.
Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters
(KPRI) have sand and muddy-sand seabeds, whereas inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) has
a seabed with mud substrate which is an effect of sedimentation of sediments from land carried by the many
rivers flowing to Kalimantan’s west coast. The flow of river water to Kalimantan’s west coast carries nutrients
from land that affect the temperature and salinity of the waters, enabling only demersal fish, which are euryhalin
and eurythermal, to be able to survive these environmental conditions. This was why the Simpson’s index (Ds)
and Berger-Parker’s index (Db) in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) were higher than those
11. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 28, No 2, pp 21-33
30
of offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands
waters (KPRI).
Table 1 and Figure 7 demonstrate how temperature and salinity affect the ecological indices in the southern of
South China Sea, especially the Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), Simpson’s
dominance index (Ds), and Berger-Parker’s index (Db). This study also revealed that Berger-Parker’s index was
also affected by depth. The principal component analysis demonstrated a correlation between environmental
factors, especially salinity and temperature, and the ecological indices in the southern of South China Sea. This
study supports the statement that spatial variability of demersal fish resources in the southern of South China
Sea is affected by depth[25,26], seabed sediment type [27], and oceanographical physical factors which are
temperature and salinity [28,29].
Table 2: Summary of principal component analysis (PCA) of environmental variables
and ecological indices.
Principle component analysis
PC1 PC2 PC3
Cummulative percentage variance
Eigen Value 5.39 2.17 1.21
% Variation 49 19.7 11
% Cum. Variation 49 68.7 79.7
Factor-variable correlations (factor loadings)
De -0.300 0.366 0.341
S 0.204 -0.164 0.549
H’ -0.392 -0.233 -0.073
J’ -0.403 -0.157 -0.233
Ds -0.399 -0.176 -0.163
Db 0.381 0.262 0.071
Te 0.293 0.147 -0.412
Sa -0.315 0.260 0.283
pH -0.207 0.265 0.326
DO -0.048 0.545 -0.154
Su 0.135 -0.453 0.334
S: richness, H’: Shannon-Weiner’s index, J’: Pielou’s evenness index, Ds: Simpson’s
index, Db: Berger-Parker’s index, De: Depth, Te: Temperature, Sa: Salinity, DO:
dissolved oxygen, Su: Substrate.
4. Conclusion
Demersal fish resources were evenly distributed throughout the southern of South China Sea, and was signified
by the presence of marker species which divided the waters into three research clusters based on spatial
distribution. The community stability level of demersal fish resources in inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western
waters (KLBR) was lower than those that of the other clusters, whereas offshore sites of the southern of South
China Sea (SSCS) had a much better community stability level compared to inshore sites of Kalimantan’s
12. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2016) Volume 28, No 2, pp 21-33
31
western waters (KLBR) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI). This study also
demonstrated that environmental factors such as depth, sediment type, salinity, and temperature affected the
distribution of demersal fish diversity in the southern of South China Sea. `
Acknowledgement
This articel was a contribution of stock assessment research results in the southern of South China Sea (IFMA
711) using the R/V Madidihang 02, the period of 2015 in the Marine Fishery Research Station – Muara Baru,
Jakarta.
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