This document summarizes a study that assessed fish community structure at coral reefs around Pramuka Island, Indonesia at depths of 3 meters and 10 meters. The researchers surveyed hard coral cover and counted fish species at the two depths. They found that hard coral cover was generally higher at 3 meters compared to 10 meters. A total of 2620 individual fish from 58 species were counted belonging to 13 families. Pomacentridae was the most abundant family. Fish abundance, species richness, and diversity did not significantly differ between depths but did differ between study sites. The fish communities at both depths were dominated by omnivorous fish. Multivariate analysis showed clustering of fish communities between the two depths.
This document analyzes sea turtle strandings in Louisiana over an eight year period from 2002 to 2009. A total of 163 sea turtles from 5 different species were recorded as strandings, with concentrations primarily in the Lake Charles area and along Grande Isle and Grand Terre. Strandings peaked in late April through early June and again in early October through mid-November, overlapping with periods of recreational boating and open fisheries seasons for menhaden and shrimp. About 23% of turtles showed obvious strike marks. A chi-squared test found a statistically significant association between strandings and open fisheries seasons, though this does not imply fishing caused the observed morbidity and mortality.
Re-Colonizing Soft Corals on the Degraded Coral Reefs of Gulf Of Kachchh Mari...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other three major coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.
First report on the use of gastropod shells by hermit crabs from the eastern ...debojyotyGhosh
This document reports on a study of hermit crab shell use along the coast of India. Researchers sampled gastropod shells and hermit crabs from intertidal zones in Bakkhali and Frazerganj, India over one year. They found two species of hermit crabs, Clibnarius padavensis and Clibnarius infraspinatus, used 21 different species of gastropod shells as habitats. Clibnarius padavensis showed a preference for Telescopium telescopium shells. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between crab weight and shell weight. The study provides insight into the factors that influence hermit crabs' selection of gastropod shells as microhabitats
Population dynamics of tinfoil barb, barbonymus schwanenfeldii (bleeker, 1853...Alexander Decker
1. Tinfoil barb (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii) was the dominant fish species found in Pedu Reservoir, comprising 38.9% of total catch.
2. Analysis of the length-frequency data showed B. schwanenfeldii could attain a maximum length (L∞) of 30.95 cm with a growth rate (K) of 0.66 yr-1.
3. Estimates of total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M), and fishing mortality (F) for B. schwanenfeldii were 2.01, 1.37, and 0.64 yr-1 respectively, indicating potential for a slight increase
A study on the biodiversity of snake island in South Andaman - JBESInnspub Net
Snake Island is an uninhabited small rocky islet off Carbyn’s Cove in Port Blair, Andaman. The biodiversity of this rocky island is its distinctive feature as it becomes a small habitat for various organisms close to the open sea. During this present study a total no. of 217 species were recorded out of which 205 has been identified. Pisces was the dominant group, followed by cnidarians, molluscs, arthropods etc. The island is highly influenced by sea water as during high tides nearly 75 % of the island is submerged by seawater. This is the reason of dominance of marine organisms (94 %) over terrestrial organisms (6 %) in the island. Another characteristic feature of the island is the formation of numerous rocky and sandy water channels and the presence of a ‘coral pool’ at the end of one such channel on the north-eastern part of the island. During high tide these channels are filled with water and exchange of seawater takes place in the coral pool, where highest diversity of species was observed. Lack of intertidal species in the island is evident due to the high action of waves from the open sea and lack of hiding areas other than rocky crevices. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Mangrove Woods Damage Based On Time of Water Absorption Rate of Woodsinventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
Interface change of seawater and freshwater on Asam – Asam Watersheds, South ...Innspub Net
Temporal change of seawater and fresh water interface in the watershed area needs scientific study on dynamics of ecosystem parameters in different seasons and analysis of satellite imagery. This research aims to assess the change of interface seawater and freshwater from the temporal estuary upstream. The study used four methods: (1) Interviews with local community respondents; determined with snowball method. (2) Secondary data obtained from the Report of Environmental Monitoring Result of Power Plant Operations of Asam – Asam in 2014 (3) Observed parameters include pH, salinity, electrical conductivity in the dry season (August), transition (October) and rainy season (December). (4) Temporal observations with the use of satellite imagery analysis with Nipah (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) as indicator. According to the respondent, seawater intrusion has occurred extremely from the estuary of Asam-Asam river to the upstream. Secondary data shows significant differences in the intake value of DHL Asam-Asam power plant (546 μ mhos/cm) with upstream intake (231 μ mhos/cm) which means the intrusion of sea water is moderate to high level. Field observations show the dry season (August 2013) interface was 12.86 miles from the estuary, whereas in transitional season (October 2013) was 12.53 miles from estuary, and rainy season (December 2013) is 5.24 km from the estuary. Satellite imagery showed the interface in 1991 was 8.13 miles from the estuary and increase upstream from 0.03 to 1.86 per year. In 2014, the interface becomes 12.88 miles from the estuary. This shows that the sea water increasingly moving toward the river. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document analyzes sea turtle strandings in Louisiana over an eight year period from 2002 to 2009. A total of 163 sea turtles from 5 different species were recorded as strandings, with concentrations primarily in the Lake Charles area and along Grande Isle and Grand Terre. Strandings peaked in late April through early June and again in early October through mid-November, overlapping with periods of recreational boating and open fisheries seasons for menhaden and shrimp. About 23% of turtles showed obvious strike marks. A chi-squared test found a statistically significant association between strandings and open fisheries seasons, though this does not imply fishing caused the observed morbidity and mortality.
Re-Colonizing Soft Corals on the Degraded Coral Reefs of Gulf Of Kachchh Mari...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other three major coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.
First report on the use of gastropod shells by hermit crabs from the eastern ...debojyotyGhosh
This document reports on a study of hermit crab shell use along the coast of India. Researchers sampled gastropod shells and hermit crabs from intertidal zones in Bakkhali and Frazerganj, India over one year. They found two species of hermit crabs, Clibnarius padavensis and Clibnarius infraspinatus, used 21 different species of gastropod shells as habitats. Clibnarius padavensis showed a preference for Telescopium telescopium shells. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between crab weight and shell weight. The study provides insight into the factors that influence hermit crabs' selection of gastropod shells as microhabitats
Population dynamics of tinfoil barb, barbonymus schwanenfeldii (bleeker, 1853...Alexander Decker
1. Tinfoil barb (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii) was the dominant fish species found in Pedu Reservoir, comprising 38.9% of total catch.
2. Analysis of the length-frequency data showed B. schwanenfeldii could attain a maximum length (L∞) of 30.95 cm with a growth rate (K) of 0.66 yr-1.
3. Estimates of total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M), and fishing mortality (F) for B. schwanenfeldii were 2.01, 1.37, and 0.64 yr-1 respectively, indicating potential for a slight increase
A study on the biodiversity of snake island in South Andaman - JBESInnspub Net
Snake Island is an uninhabited small rocky islet off Carbyn’s Cove in Port Blair, Andaman. The biodiversity of this rocky island is its distinctive feature as it becomes a small habitat for various organisms close to the open sea. During this present study a total no. of 217 species were recorded out of which 205 has been identified. Pisces was the dominant group, followed by cnidarians, molluscs, arthropods etc. The island is highly influenced by sea water as during high tides nearly 75 % of the island is submerged by seawater. This is the reason of dominance of marine organisms (94 %) over terrestrial organisms (6 %) in the island. Another characteristic feature of the island is the formation of numerous rocky and sandy water channels and the presence of a ‘coral pool’ at the end of one such channel on the north-eastern part of the island. During high tide these channels are filled with water and exchange of seawater takes place in the coral pool, where highest diversity of species was observed. Lack of intertidal species in the island is evident due to the high action of waves from the open sea and lack of hiding areas other than rocky crevices. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Mangrove Woods Damage Based On Time of Water Absorption Rate of Woodsinventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
Interface change of seawater and freshwater on Asam – Asam Watersheds, South ...Innspub Net
Temporal change of seawater and fresh water interface in the watershed area needs scientific study on dynamics of ecosystem parameters in different seasons and analysis of satellite imagery. This research aims to assess the change of interface seawater and freshwater from the temporal estuary upstream. The study used four methods: (1) Interviews with local community respondents; determined with snowball method. (2) Secondary data obtained from the Report of Environmental Monitoring Result of Power Plant Operations of Asam – Asam in 2014 (3) Observed parameters include pH, salinity, electrical conductivity in the dry season (August), transition (October) and rainy season (December). (4) Temporal observations with the use of satellite imagery analysis with Nipah (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) as indicator. According to the respondent, seawater intrusion has occurred extremely from the estuary of Asam-Asam river to the upstream. Secondary data shows significant differences in the intake value of DHL Asam-Asam power plant (546 μ mhos/cm) with upstream intake (231 μ mhos/cm) which means the intrusion of sea water is moderate to high level. Field observations show the dry season (August 2013) interface was 12.86 miles from the estuary, whereas in transitional season (October 2013) was 12.53 miles from estuary, and rainy season (December 2013) is 5.24 km from the estuary. Satellite imagery showed the interface in 1991 was 8.13 miles from the estuary and increase upstream from 0.03 to 1.86 per year. In 2014, the interface becomes 12.88 miles from the estuary. This shows that the sea water increasingly moving toward the river. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Sustainable Design Through Oyster Reef RestorationKayla Kernich
Oyster reefs are important for coastal ecosystems but have declined globally by 85% due to overharvesting. This document details a project that designed and tested biologically compatible structures made of crab trap wire to provide substrate for oyster spat attachment and reef restoration. The objectives were to design configurations of crab trap wire, implement prototypes, and study their ecological compatibility and stability. Prototypes included cylinders, mobius strips, sloped rectangles, and permeable pavement treatments. The structures aim to rebuild oyster reef populations and protect coastal shorelines in the ACE Basin region.
Dr Camille Mellin presents the topic ‘Predicting coral reef biodiversity patterns for conservation: A confederacy of ecological scales’. For a short synopsis of her seminar read on.
Coral reefs are currently undergoing an unprecedented and world-wide decline. Rapid climate change, increased ocean temperature and changes to ocean currents are expected to reduce dispersal distances and the spatial scale of population connectivity. Connectivity may also be compromised by the increased fragmentation of reef habitat due to the effect of coral bleaching and ocean acidification. Species distribution models can provide an essential tool in support of management and coral reef conservation, provided they successfully incorporate the spatial scales of connectivity, and how they are likely to change in the near future.
Aspects of Population Dynamics of the Mangrove Oyster, Cassostrea gasar Dautz...Premier Publishers
The study aimed to estimate population parameters of the mangrove oyster, Cassostrea gasar Dautzenberg (1891), such as asymptotic length (L∞), growth coefficient (K), and recruitment pattern and their relationship to environmental factors. 420 samples were measured for standard length and analyzed using FISAT II. Frequency histograms showed the existence of two recruitments per year with a single spawning event occurring at the study sites in May-June at the start of the rainy season when the salinity levels ranged between 10 and 18 ‰. Best growth performances were observed at Lake Zowla with the asymptotic length and growth coefficient reaching 85.10 mm and 10.86g yr-1, respectively. Growth model showed negative allometric growth (b <3), with an asymptotic weight (W∞) of approximately 10.86 g. Oyster reaches an average length of 8.17 cm after 8 months. Results also reveals that the presence of C. gasar in the Zalivé channel and in Lake Zowla is seasonal; indeed, by the end of the little rainy season (end of November), all oyster settlements at both sampling stations were eliminated, and only a few scattered individuals remained. The cycle begins again in December-January the following year with the recruitment of larvae from nearby Aného Lagoon.
Research Proposal - Are the Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, populations w...ElizabethHowarth1
Rational - The focus on this study is to evaluate how the population size and health of Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, colonies at Cape Royds, Cape Bird and Cape Crozier have changed over time, especially in relation to the Ross Sea region Marine Protected Area, MPA, established in 2017 and considering major environmental and biological factors that could have an effect on these populations. We will continue to collect new data annually to look at any affects the Ross Sea region MPA is having on these populations. Using data about population sizes of colonies and health of individuals from within the colonies, we will evaluate the overall health of the colonies and predict how we expect them to change in the near future. This is an important study as P. adeliae are an indicator species for their local ecosystem – the health of the penguin colonies reflects the health of the local ecosystem.
1) The document examines the feeding ecology and role in carbon transport of three myctophid fish species (Benthosema glaciale, Protomyctophum arcticum, Hygophum hygomii) along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
2) It finds the fish primarily eat copepods and euphausiids, though B. glaciale also eats gelatinous zooplankton. Ridge section and time of day influence B. glaciale's diet, while depth influences P. arcticum's diet.
3) The fish consume less than 1% of their body weight daily and remove less than 1% of zooplankton biom
This dissertation examines reef fish communities associated with mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) between 40-70 meters deep off La Parguera, Puerto Rico. 103 fish species from 6 locations were identified through surveys. The MCE fish assemblage differed from shallow reefs with varying composition, abundance, and trophic guild proportions with depth. Most fishes were shallow species, but some were restricted to mesophotic depths. Abundance and species richness were high within MCEs. Zooplanktivores dominated MCEs while herbivores dominated shallow reefs. Connectivity between shallow and deep habitats was significant in both directions for some species. Topographic complexity was found to be an important factor
2007 -- Fabricius et al_Octocorals Palau - MonogrPhil Alderslade
This document summarizes a study on octocorallia (soft corals and sea fans) in Palau, Micronesia. It finds that Palau's octocoral fauna is somewhat reduced compared to areas in the Coral Triangle due to open water barriers. Species richness at a site is affected by biogeography, environmental conditions, and disturbance history. The study provides a taxonomic inventory of octocoral genera in Palau between 0-300m depth and examines how communities change along environmental gradients in different habitat types.
Report on Field Trip of Marine Ecology and Marine Resources Md.Alamgir Hossain
The document reports on a field trip conducted by oceanography students from Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University to observe marine ecology and resources in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The students visited mangrove forests, estuaries, Chittagong Port, and a ship breaking yard to conduct hands-on study, collect samples, and gain practical knowledge on these marine environments and industries. The field trip activities are described in detail over two days, including the species observed in the mangrove forest and the objectives and findings of visits to different locations.
Brown, Courtney - Biology 831F Manuscript Final DraftCourtney Brown
This document is a student paper that examines the influence of human populations on the common starfish (Asterias rubens). The paper introduces the topic, reviews previous research showing how human disturbance can damage starfish habitats and physically harm starfish. This causes starfish to expend energy regenerating limbs rather than feeding and reproducing. The study aims to compare the average arm lengths of A. rubens between two beaches that differ in human traffic, to determine if more humans negatively impact starfish size. Methods describe collecting 65 starfish across both beaches and measuring arm lengths to make the comparison.
University Of Glasgow Iceland Expedition 2008Skalanes
The document summarizes research conducted by the University of Glasgow Iceland Expedition at Skalanes Nature Reserve in 2008. The expedition aimed to study the reserve's flora and fauna to support sustainable tourism and education. Projects included creating bird guides, monitoring seabird populations like Arctic terns, and investigating vegetation like Arctic lupine. Methodologies were tested to routinely survey bird populations and monitor changes over time. The research helped develop the reserve's management plan and provided educational materials for visitors.
Summary of latter papers
Yamakita, T. and Miyashita, T. (2014). Landscape mosaicness in the ocean: its significance for biodiversity patterns in benthic organisms and fish. In Nakano, S.-I.et al., editors, Integrative Observations and Assessments (Ecological Research Monographs), pages 131-148. Springer Japan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54783-9_7
Yamakita T. 2016 Coastal biodiversity at the landscape level. Aquabiology Vol. 38, No. 6. 681-686 (海洋と生物227号2016年12月) http://aquabiology.blog93.fc2.com/blog-entry-196.html
PhD confirmation - ecology of estuarine sharks & rayssharonle
This is a ppt that was used in my confirmation for candidature. It describes how I will use stable isotope and fatty acid analysis to determine what estuarine sharks and rays eat and which areas of the South Alligator River, (NT, Aus) they utilise. This will then inform environmental managers of which areas are critical to the survival of these species.
Bacterial associations with the hydromedusa Nemopsis bachei and scyphomedusa ...Meaghan Daley
This document describes a study comparing the bacterial communities associated with two jellyfish species, Nemopsis bachei and Aurelia aurita, collected from coastal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial communities associated with each jellyfish species were distinct from surrounding seawater communities and from each other. N. bachei hosted Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria, including potential symbionts like Tenacibaculum sp. A. aurita hosted potential symbionts from the order Mycoplasmatales and more unclassified bacteria and Cyanobacteria. The results suggest different jellyfish species in the North Atlantic promote growth of distinct microbial communities and could differentially impact bioge
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
This study investigated how the overgrowth of the hydrocoral Millepora complanata by the crustose alga Ramicrusta sp. impacted reef fish assemblages in Lac Bay, Bonaire. The author observed 170 M. complanata heads and found 88% were covered by Ramicrusta to varying degrees. Fish abundance was significantly higher on M. complanata with low (0-25%) Ramicrusta coverage compared to high (26-100%) coverage. However, fish diversity did not significantly differ along the Ramicrusta gradient. Additionally, larger M. complanata heads tended to have higher Ramicrusta coverage but similar structural complexity, suggesting fishes could
This study examined the relationship between seagrass coverage and invertebrate abundance on the island of South Caicos. Researchers measured seagrass coverage using transects and quadrats at six sites and recorded observed invertebrate species. The data analysis found no significant correlations between seagrass density and invertebrate abundance. While previous studies found such correlations, the researchers believe methodological issues and environmental conditions affected their results. Further research with improved methods is needed to better understand these relationships and inform plans to remove seagrass beds.
A field trip report on the academic work in the Nijhum Dwip, Hatiya IslandAzad Uddin (Sojib Ahmed)
The document summarizes a field trip report from a study conducted in Nijhum Dwip island, Bangladesh. The study involved collecting and analyzing samples of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, and plant communities to understand the biodiversity and environmental conditions. Water quality parameters like temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were also measured. The team identified 4 phytoplankton species, 5 zooplankton species, 4 benthos species, and 7 plant species. They found most local residents depend on the forest and fishery resources for livelihood. The report documents the field work methodology, activities, results and conclusions.
Sharks are top predators, but little was known about bonnethead sharks' feeding ecology in Tampa Bay. The author studied the diets of 13 bonnethead sharks captured in Tampa Bay. The study found the main dietary components were blue crab, common spider crab, and seagrass, with seagrass having the highest index of relative importance. While seagrass made up most of the diets numerically, it is unclear if bonnetheads actively forage seagrass. More research with larger sample sizes is needed to better understand bonnethead feeding ecology in Tampa Bay and determine if environmental changes have impacted their diets.
Status of seagrass ecosystem in Kauswagan, Lanao Del Norte and Laguindingan, ...Innspub Net
The study was conducted to determine the present status of seagrass resources of Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental and Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte and compared this through time with secondary data. It employed the transect-quadrat methods. Perpendicular to the shoreline, three (3) 100-m transect lines at 200-m interval between each transect were laid. Seven seagrass species were recorded comprising 38.6% of the total number (19) of seagrass species found in the Philippines. The seagrass community in all sites surveyed showed that it is highly dominated by Thalassia hemprichii species. However, there were no significant differences in species richness and diversity based on single-factor ANOVA statistical analysis (p>0.5). The abundance of T. hemprichii could probably be due to the prominent characteristic of this species where it could grow well in different types of habitat with various environmental conditions. The condition of seagrass beds in both areas were fair and the low Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index of seagrass in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte (H’=0.76±0.22) and in Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental respectively (H’=0.40±0.35) indicate low stability in the community, which means that the condition of the seagrass ecosystem could be under threat, both from natural and anthropogenic activities. Over time, a fluctuating trend in species composition and a notable decline in seagrass species diversity and abundance have been observed in both areas. This present status calls an immediate response from the decision makers concerned for the sustainable management and conservation of the seagrass resources.
Benthic macrofaunal assemblage in seagrass-mangrove complex and adjacent ecos...AbdullaAlAsif1
Present study dealt with the on faunal and in faunal assemblage from seagrass bed, mangrove area, and adjacent non-mangrove and seagrass (NMS) in Punang-Sari estuary, Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia. Samples were collected from June to July 2019 using quadrates and handpicking from the outside the sampling area to know the real checklist of surface macrofauna in this area. A ten-meter transect line was settled in three habitat areas where sampling was performed by putting three quadrates (0.35m×0.35m). Epifauna and infauna samples were collected from inside the quadrate and sieved using 0.4 mm mesh size sieve. A total of 111 species of gastropod (87 species from 30 families), bivalve (18 species from 9 families), Polychaeta (2 species), echinoderms (1 species), and crustacean (3 species) were recorded during the study period. Seagrass meadows comprised most diverse and abundant faunal (50 species) assemblage followed by mangrove habitats (48 species), and NMS (20 species). The dendrogram revealed two significant habitats in the sampling site. PCA analysis revealed, seagrass habitat sheltered a higher number of species followed by mangrove and NMS area. Jaccard similarity index revealed seagrass and mangrove habitats (0.42) contains the highest similar species amongst all habitats compared to mangrove and non-seagrass-mangrove area (0.26). Out of total species recorded (101), only ten species were reported as least concern, and 2 species hold deficient data status, and the rest are not evaluated. Bio-assemblage in seagrass habitat was found rich compared to other habitats, which could be useful for future ecological investigation and marine ranching.
Sustainable Design Through Oyster Reef RestorationKayla Kernich
Oyster reefs are important for coastal ecosystems but have declined globally by 85% due to overharvesting. This document details a project that designed and tested biologically compatible structures made of crab trap wire to provide substrate for oyster spat attachment and reef restoration. The objectives were to design configurations of crab trap wire, implement prototypes, and study their ecological compatibility and stability. Prototypes included cylinders, mobius strips, sloped rectangles, and permeable pavement treatments. The structures aim to rebuild oyster reef populations and protect coastal shorelines in the ACE Basin region.
Dr Camille Mellin presents the topic ‘Predicting coral reef biodiversity patterns for conservation: A confederacy of ecological scales’. For a short synopsis of her seminar read on.
Coral reefs are currently undergoing an unprecedented and world-wide decline. Rapid climate change, increased ocean temperature and changes to ocean currents are expected to reduce dispersal distances and the spatial scale of population connectivity. Connectivity may also be compromised by the increased fragmentation of reef habitat due to the effect of coral bleaching and ocean acidification. Species distribution models can provide an essential tool in support of management and coral reef conservation, provided they successfully incorporate the spatial scales of connectivity, and how they are likely to change in the near future.
Aspects of Population Dynamics of the Mangrove Oyster, Cassostrea gasar Dautz...Premier Publishers
The study aimed to estimate population parameters of the mangrove oyster, Cassostrea gasar Dautzenberg (1891), such as asymptotic length (L∞), growth coefficient (K), and recruitment pattern and their relationship to environmental factors. 420 samples were measured for standard length and analyzed using FISAT II. Frequency histograms showed the existence of two recruitments per year with a single spawning event occurring at the study sites in May-June at the start of the rainy season when the salinity levels ranged between 10 and 18 ‰. Best growth performances were observed at Lake Zowla with the asymptotic length and growth coefficient reaching 85.10 mm and 10.86g yr-1, respectively. Growth model showed negative allometric growth (b <3), with an asymptotic weight (W∞) of approximately 10.86 g. Oyster reaches an average length of 8.17 cm after 8 months. Results also reveals that the presence of C. gasar in the Zalivé channel and in Lake Zowla is seasonal; indeed, by the end of the little rainy season (end of November), all oyster settlements at both sampling stations were eliminated, and only a few scattered individuals remained. The cycle begins again in December-January the following year with the recruitment of larvae from nearby Aného Lagoon.
Research Proposal - Are the Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, populations w...ElizabethHowarth1
Rational - The focus on this study is to evaluate how the population size and health of Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, colonies at Cape Royds, Cape Bird and Cape Crozier have changed over time, especially in relation to the Ross Sea region Marine Protected Area, MPA, established in 2017 and considering major environmental and biological factors that could have an effect on these populations. We will continue to collect new data annually to look at any affects the Ross Sea region MPA is having on these populations. Using data about population sizes of colonies and health of individuals from within the colonies, we will evaluate the overall health of the colonies and predict how we expect them to change in the near future. This is an important study as P. adeliae are an indicator species for their local ecosystem – the health of the penguin colonies reflects the health of the local ecosystem.
1) The document examines the feeding ecology and role in carbon transport of three myctophid fish species (Benthosema glaciale, Protomyctophum arcticum, Hygophum hygomii) along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
2) It finds the fish primarily eat copepods and euphausiids, though B. glaciale also eats gelatinous zooplankton. Ridge section and time of day influence B. glaciale's diet, while depth influences P. arcticum's diet.
3) The fish consume less than 1% of their body weight daily and remove less than 1% of zooplankton biom
This dissertation examines reef fish communities associated with mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) between 40-70 meters deep off La Parguera, Puerto Rico. 103 fish species from 6 locations were identified through surveys. The MCE fish assemblage differed from shallow reefs with varying composition, abundance, and trophic guild proportions with depth. Most fishes were shallow species, but some were restricted to mesophotic depths. Abundance and species richness were high within MCEs. Zooplanktivores dominated MCEs while herbivores dominated shallow reefs. Connectivity between shallow and deep habitats was significant in both directions for some species. Topographic complexity was found to be an important factor
2007 -- Fabricius et al_Octocorals Palau - MonogrPhil Alderslade
This document summarizes a study on octocorallia (soft corals and sea fans) in Palau, Micronesia. It finds that Palau's octocoral fauna is somewhat reduced compared to areas in the Coral Triangle due to open water barriers. Species richness at a site is affected by biogeography, environmental conditions, and disturbance history. The study provides a taxonomic inventory of octocoral genera in Palau between 0-300m depth and examines how communities change along environmental gradients in different habitat types.
Report on Field Trip of Marine Ecology and Marine Resources Md.Alamgir Hossain
The document reports on a field trip conducted by oceanography students from Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University to observe marine ecology and resources in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The students visited mangrove forests, estuaries, Chittagong Port, and a ship breaking yard to conduct hands-on study, collect samples, and gain practical knowledge on these marine environments and industries. The field trip activities are described in detail over two days, including the species observed in the mangrove forest and the objectives and findings of visits to different locations.
Brown, Courtney - Biology 831F Manuscript Final DraftCourtney Brown
This document is a student paper that examines the influence of human populations on the common starfish (Asterias rubens). The paper introduces the topic, reviews previous research showing how human disturbance can damage starfish habitats and physically harm starfish. This causes starfish to expend energy regenerating limbs rather than feeding and reproducing. The study aims to compare the average arm lengths of A. rubens between two beaches that differ in human traffic, to determine if more humans negatively impact starfish size. Methods describe collecting 65 starfish across both beaches and measuring arm lengths to make the comparison.
University Of Glasgow Iceland Expedition 2008Skalanes
The document summarizes research conducted by the University of Glasgow Iceland Expedition at Skalanes Nature Reserve in 2008. The expedition aimed to study the reserve's flora and fauna to support sustainable tourism and education. Projects included creating bird guides, monitoring seabird populations like Arctic terns, and investigating vegetation like Arctic lupine. Methodologies were tested to routinely survey bird populations and monitor changes over time. The research helped develop the reserve's management plan and provided educational materials for visitors.
Summary of latter papers
Yamakita, T. and Miyashita, T. (2014). Landscape mosaicness in the ocean: its significance for biodiversity patterns in benthic organisms and fish. In Nakano, S.-I.et al., editors, Integrative Observations and Assessments (Ecological Research Monographs), pages 131-148. Springer Japan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54783-9_7
Yamakita T. 2016 Coastal biodiversity at the landscape level. Aquabiology Vol. 38, No. 6. 681-686 (海洋と生物227号2016年12月) http://aquabiology.blog93.fc2.com/blog-entry-196.html
PhD confirmation - ecology of estuarine sharks & rayssharonle
This is a ppt that was used in my confirmation for candidature. It describes how I will use stable isotope and fatty acid analysis to determine what estuarine sharks and rays eat and which areas of the South Alligator River, (NT, Aus) they utilise. This will then inform environmental managers of which areas are critical to the survival of these species.
Bacterial associations with the hydromedusa Nemopsis bachei and scyphomedusa ...Meaghan Daley
This document describes a study comparing the bacterial communities associated with two jellyfish species, Nemopsis bachei and Aurelia aurita, collected from coastal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial communities associated with each jellyfish species were distinct from surrounding seawater communities and from each other. N. bachei hosted Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria, including potential symbionts like Tenacibaculum sp. A. aurita hosted potential symbionts from the order Mycoplasmatales and more unclassified bacteria and Cyanobacteria. The results suggest different jellyfish species in the North Atlantic promote growth of distinct microbial communities and could differentially impact bioge
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
This study investigated how the overgrowth of the hydrocoral Millepora complanata by the crustose alga Ramicrusta sp. impacted reef fish assemblages in Lac Bay, Bonaire. The author observed 170 M. complanata heads and found 88% were covered by Ramicrusta to varying degrees. Fish abundance was significantly higher on M. complanata with low (0-25%) Ramicrusta coverage compared to high (26-100%) coverage. However, fish diversity did not significantly differ along the Ramicrusta gradient. Additionally, larger M. complanata heads tended to have higher Ramicrusta coverage but similar structural complexity, suggesting fishes could
This study examined the relationship between seagrass coverage and invertebrate abundance on the island of South Caicos. Researchers measured seagrass coverage using transects and quadrats at six sites and recorded observed invertebrate species. The data analysis found no significant correlations between seagrass density and invertebrate abundance. While previous studies found such correlations, the researchers believe methodological issues and environmental conditions affected their results. Further research with improved methods is needed to better understand these relationships and inform plans to remove seagrass beds.
A field trip report on the academic work in the Nijhum Dwip, Hatiya IslandAzad Uddin (Sojib Ahmed)
The document summarizes a field trip report from a study conducted in Nijhum Dwip island, Bangladesh. The study involved collecting and analyzing samples of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, and plant communities to understand the biodiversity and environmental conditions. Water quality parameters like temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were also measured. The team identified 4 phytoplankton species, 5 zooplankton species, 4 benthos species, and 7 plant species. They found most local residents depend on the forest and fishery resources for livelihood. The report documents the field work methodology, activities, results and conclusions.
Sharks are top predators, but little was known about bonnethead sharks' feeding ecology in Tampa Bay. The author studied the diets of 13 bonnethead sharks captured in Tampa Bay. The study found the main dietary components were blue crab, common spider crab, and seagrass, with seagrass having the highest index of relative importance. While seagrass made up most of the diets numerically, it is unclear if bonnetheads actively forage seagrass. More research with larger sample sizes is needed to better understand bonnethead feeding ecology in Tampa Bay and determine if environmental changes have impacted their diets.
Status of seagrass ecosystem in Kauswagan, Lanao Del Norte and Laguindingan, ...Innspub Net
The study was conducted to determine the present status of seagrass resources of Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental and Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte and compared this through time with secondary data. It employed the transect-quadrat methods. Perpendicular to the shoreline, three (3) 100-m transect lines at 200-m interval between each transect were laid. Seven seagrass species were recorded comprising 38.6% of the total number (19) of seagrass species found in the Philippines. The seagrass community in all sites surveyed showed that it is highly dominated by Thalassia hemprichii species. However, there were no significant differences in species richness and diversity based on single-factor ANOVA statistical analysis (p>0.5). The abundance of T. hemprichii could probably be due to the prominent characteristic of this species where it could grow well in different types of habitat with various environmental conditions. The condition of seagrass beds in both areas were fair and the low Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index of seagrass in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte (H’=0.76±0.22) and in Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental respectively (H’=0.40±0.35) indicate low stability in the community, which means that the condition of the seagrass ecosystem could be under threat, both from natural and anthropogenic activities. Over time, a fluctuating trend in species composition and a notable decline in seagrass species diversity and abundance have been observed in both areas. This present status calls an immediate response from the decision makers concerned for the sustainable management and conservation of the seagrass resources.
Benthic macrofaunal assemblage in seagrass-mangrove complex and adjacent ecos...AbdullaAlAsif1
Present study dealt with the on faunal and in faunal assemblage from seagrass bed, mangrove area, and adjacent non-mangrove and seagrass (NMS) in Punang-Sari estuary, Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia. Samples were collected from June to July 2019 using quadrates and handpicking from the outside the sampling area to know the real checklist of surface macrofauna in this area. A ten-meter transect line was settled in three habitat areas where sampling was performed by putting three quadrates (0.35m×0.35m). Epifauna and infauna samples were collected from inside the quadrate and sieved using 0.4 mm mesh size sieve. A total of 111 species of gastropod (87 species from 30 families), bivalve (18 species from 9 families), Polychaeta (2 species), echinoderms (1 species), and crustacean (3 species) were recorded during the study period. Seagrass meadows comprised most diverse and abundant faunal (50 species) assemblage followed by mangrove habitats (48 species), and NMS (20 species). The dendrogram revealed two significant habitats in the sampling site. PCA analysis revealed, seagrass habitat sheltered a higher number of species followed by mangrove and NMS area. Jaccard similarity index revealed seagrass and mangrove habitats (0.42) contains the highest similar species amongst all habitats compared to mangrove and non-seagrass-mangrove area (0.26). Out of total species recorded (101), only ten species were reported as least concern, and 2 species hold deficient data status, and the rest are not evaluated. Bio-assemblage in seagrass habitat was found rich compared to other habitats, which could be useful for future ecological investigation and marine ranching.
This study examined abiotic and biotic factors in mangrove creeks on Eleuthera, Bahamas to determine ideal nursery habitats for inclusion in marine protected areas. Fish abundance and diversity were used to assess nursery quality. Larger creek mouth widths correlated with higher fish diversity but lower abundance, possibly due to increased predation. Contrary to hypotheses, prop root density did not affect nursery quality. All creeks provided similar nursery functions due to limited disturbances. Protecting these critical habitats is important for sustaining fish populations.
Spatial Mapping: Diversity and Distribution of Demersal Fish in the Southern ...robert peranginangin
In the future, fisheries management must not be based on biomass measure only, but must use an integrated ecosystem approach. This study was aimed to discover the species diversity level of demersal fish resources in spatial distribution and its relation to the environment. The study was conducted in May and June 2015 by operating a trawl in the assigned stations. The spatial distribution was based on the Bray-Curtis index which divided the distribution of demersal fish resources into three clusters. Inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) was dominated by Leognathidae, inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) was dominated by Lutjanidae, and offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) was dominated by Nemipteridae. Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) had a much better community stability level than that of inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI). This study also demonstrated that environmental factors such as depth, sediment type, salinity, and temperature, affect the distribution and species diversity of demersal fish communities in the southern of South China Sea.
This study used acoustic telemetry to track the vertical movement patterns and site fidelity of grey reef sharks at aggregation sites in Palau over two years. The key findings were:
1) Sharks displayed strong inter-annual residency at monitored sites, with greater attendance in summer than winter months.
2) Mean depths increased from 35m in winter to 60m in spring, correlating with increases in water temperature at 60m. Sharks descended deeper and used a wider depth range around full moons.
3) There were crepuscular cycles in mean depth, with sharks moving into shallower waters at dawn and dusk daily.
4) Cyclical vertical movement patterns appeared to optimize energetic budgets
OSJ 2019 : Practical Resilience Index for Coral Reef Assessmentanbiocore
This document proposes a new index for assessing coral reef resilience based on data collected from line-intercept transects. The index was modified from an existing soil resilience index. Six variables were statistically selected as resilience indicators: coral functional group, coral habitat quality, sand-silt cover, coral cover, coral small-size number, and algae-other-fauna cover. Maximum values of five variables were determined as the best state, while the maximum value of coral small-size number was determined from 1240 data sets of Indonesian reefs. The resilience index performed well in relation to changes in coral cover, algae-other-fauna cover, and sand-silt cover. Managers can use this tool to
Zooplankton species composition and diversity in the seagrass habitat of Lawa...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seagrass habitats are considered to be some of the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet and safeguard some ecologically and economically important fauna, amongst which are some globally threatened species, including dugong. Malaysian seagrass ecosystems are not widespread, but their existence supports some significant marine fauna. A rigorous zooplankton study was conducted from May 2016 to February 2017, in the seagrass habitat of Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia, to examine their temporal composition and diversity, together with their ecological influences. A total of 45 zooplankton species from 13 significant groups were recorded in the seagrass habitat. The population density of zooplankton ranged between 2,482 ind/m³ and 22,670 ind/m³ over three different seasons. A single zooplankton copepod was found to be dominant (47.40%), while bivalves were the second largest (31.8%) group in terms of total abundance. It was also noticed that the average relative abundance (0.62) and important species index (62.08) of copepods were higher than for other groups that exist in the seagrass meadow, whereas copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris showed both the highest average relative abundance (0.41) and the highest important species index (41.15). The diversity (H') and richness index of the intermediate season were found to be highest due to favourable physico-chemical conditions. Within the referred seasonal cluster, the wet and dry seasons were almost similar in terms of species abundance, while the intermediate season was distinct, with high species diversity backed by ANOSIM analysis results. Copepod and bivalves formed one group with a common similarity level of 0.80. The CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) model established that abiotic factors, especially turbidity, NO , rainfall, dissolved oxygen and pH were significantly correlated with abundance of individual groups of zooplankton. Zooplankton assemblage and abundance in Lawas were found to be very rich in multiple seasons, indicating that the productivity of uninterrupted seagrass habitat might be high and the system rich in biodiversity.
UNVEILING MEIOFAUNA DIVERSITY: A STUDY OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ABUNDANCE I...indexPub
Serangan Island is a small island that administratively located in South Denpasar District, Town of Denpasar, and Province of Bali. All of Serangan Island region stated as a village that named Serangan Village which have 4435 peoples. Because Serangan Island is tourist destination, so Serangan Island certainly exposed by tourism development process. As a part of tourism development process is shore reclamation process, an effort to widening Land of Serangan Island which has occured in 1997.
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Factors Contributing to the Decline of the Anchovy Fisheries in Krueng Raya B...Zulhamsyah Imran
This document summarizes a study on factors contributing to the decline of anchovy fisheries in Krueng Raya Bay, Indonesia. The study found that anchovy production peaked at 2,072 tons in 1999 but declined sharply to 171 tons after the 2004 tsunami. While production fluctuated between 126-279 tons from 2006-2012, it remained well below pre-tsunami and predicted maximum sustainable yield levels. The decline is attributed to increasing fishing effort through more lift net boats, destructive fishing gears, and degradation of coral reefs and mangroves from pollution and other human impacts. The tsunami exacerbated the decline but other anthropogenic factors likely had a greater long-term impact on depleting the anchovy stocks.
2011 nutrient enrichment caused by marine cageearambulm3
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the influence of marine cage aquaculture on coral reef communities in turbid waters near Penghu Islands, Taiwan. The study found that levels of ammonium, nitrite, and chlorophyll a released from fish cages distinguished the area closest to the cages (Impact Zone 1) from areas further away (Impact Zone 2 and the reference zone). Coral communities closest to the cages were dominated by stress-tolerant coral species while areas further away supported more diverse coral morphologies. The results suggest that nutrient enrichment from the fish cages is deteriorating suitable habitat for coral reef organisms at the study site.
11.[8 17]length-weight relationships of some important estuarine fish species...Alexander Decker
This document presents a study on the length-weight relationships of 23 fish species found in the Merbok estuary in northern Peninsular Malaysia. The study found:
- The b values for the length-weight relationships varied between 2.7928 and 3.6001, indicating 9 species exhibited positive allometric growth, 10 negative allometric growth, 3 isometric growth, and 1 Gompertz form of growth.
- Condition factors ranged from 0.5769 to 3.4994, showing most species were in good condition.
- This study provides the first published length-weight relationships for species from the Merbok estuary. Most fish specimens were juveniles, indicating the estuary
A Rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs in morales Beach, B...Innspub Net
Morales beach is one of the beaches located in the coastal town of Glan, Sarangani Province and noted for its quite enormous coral reef which is continuously degrading. This study was conducted to assess the health status of coral reef ecosystem and to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters of the area. Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method was used to monitor live coral condition and the supporting fauna at a coral reef ecosystem. Physico-chemical parameters were obtained in situ using a thermometer, refractometer, and a pH meter. The result of the study showed a very low percentage cover of hard corals, no cover percentage of soft corals and high cover percentage of other biota or substrate. The reef areas exhibited poor coral cover with an average of 15 percent live hard corals having family Acropora as the most dominant species (Shannon diversity index of 1.653). Water samples obtained were within the DENR (1990) standards suitable for the optimum growth of coral reefs. The health status of the coral reefs in Morales beach showed a partially disturbed reef due to human intervention. It is greatly recommended to constantly monitor the coral conditions in order to effectively manage and protect the increasing number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA).
First report on the use of gastropod shells by hermit crabs from the eastern ...debojyotyGhosh
This document reports on a study of hermit crab shell use along the coast of India. Researchers sampled gastropod shells and hermit crabs from intertidal zones in Bakkhali and Frazerganj, India over one year. They found two species of hermit crabs, Clibnarius padavensis and Clibnarius infraspinatus, used 21 different species of gastropod shells as habitats. Clibnarius padavensis showed a preference for Telescopium telescopium shells. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between crab weight and shell weight. The study provides insight into the factors that influence hermit crabs' selection of gastropod shells as microhabitats
Population Dynamics of the Annular Seabream Diplodus annularis (Linnaeus, 197...Premier Publishers
Age, growth, length-weight relationship (LWR), condition factor (K) and relative condition factor (Kn) were investigated for the annular seabream Diplodus annularis collected from non-commercial catches around the Maltese Islands between July 2012 and December 2017 (N=1661). The age distribution of the specimens was found to range between 0+ and 17+ years with a positive allometric growth. Average Kn was found to be 1.03 in males and 0.99 in females. The growth parameters of the von Bertalanffy equation were: L∞=21.38, K=0.123year-1 and tₒ = -5.40year for all individuals (males, females, hermaphrodites and unsexed). This study is the first reference for D. annularis on the length weight equation parameters, condition factor, relative condition factor and age around the Maltese Islands and establishes a new maximum of 17 years.
Resource management of coconut crab (Birgus latro) in liwo island, north malu...Innspub Net
Coconut crab (Birgus latro) has ecological and economical value that only found in the islands which influenced by the Pacific and Indian Ocean currents, including Liwo Island. The research was done to describe a resource management of coconut crab (Birgus latro) in Liwo island according to the distribution and biological analysis of coconut crab. Data sampling was conducted in February-September 2013, data collection consisted of littoral rainforest vegetation, microhabitat and biological condition of coconut crab (thoracic length, weight, sex and gonad maturity). The result showed that Liwo Island microhabitat condition support the presence of coconut crab. Species diversity of littoral forest vegetation was low. Vegetation was dominated by Calophyllum inophyllum, Erythrina variegata, Areca catechu, Maga (Magnoliopsida) and Pandanus tectorius. Coconut crab population size was 1153 crabs with population density 5 crabs/Ha. The range of thorax length 3-66.09 mm with average of thorax length 23.46 mm. Growth pattern was included in allometric minor. This population was dominated by adult coconut crab with developing reproduction organ followed by functionally mature reproduction organ. A smaller catchable amount of coconut crab indicated that the resource management sustainability was needed to regulate catchable amount and size that involved of local community and relevant institutions.
1. Reef shark populations in Palau's shark sanctuary showed large differences, with densities over 10 times higher in the Main Island Group compared to the remote Southwest Islands.
2. Shark densities were strongly negatively correlated with the density of derelict fishing gear on reefs, suggesting fishing impacts shark populations.
3. Sharks in the remote Southwest Islands were significantly smaller on average, further indicating fishing effects on these populations. Surveillance and enforcement are needed to effectively protect sharks within the sanctuary.
Changing patch dynamics of Cape eelgrass Zostera capensis: impacts of loss on...Joseph Galaske
The cape eelgrass Zostera capensis is an ecosystem engineer endemic to South Africa. Given its rapid decline in recent years, this study aimed to address the following: (1) Do total area and patch dynamics change over time? (2) Do these trends impact patch quality? (3) How does this affect epifaunal communities? Using satellite imagery, we discovered fragmentation and a net loss of 47% in seagrass beds from 2009 to 2015.
Mass bleaching of corals in 2010 seriously affected the corals in Andaman group of islands. Rise in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) was the primary reason due to less than normal rainfall during the bleaching period. Now three years after the bleaching episode the corals in South Andaman seems to recovering. The primary indicator of recovery being the new recruitment of corals especially Acropora spp. (branching corals) throughout the reef areas along with the increase in overall live coral cover. Multiple surveys were conducted in three stations viz. North Bay, Chidiyatapu and Marina Park along the eastern coast of South Andaman during this study and all the sites were found to have new recruitment of Acropora spp. which were severely affected during 2010 mass bleaching.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
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Assessing fish community structure at two different coral reef depths
around Seribu Islands, Jakarta
(Penilaian struktur komunitas ikan terumbu pada dua kedalaman terumbu karang
berbeda sekitar Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta)
Karizma Fahlevy1,2
, Firsta Kusuma Yudha1,3
, Wedi Andika1,2
, Ahmad Eko
Suprianto1,2
, Nadya Jeny Irianda1,2
,Mas Irfanto1,4
, Beginer Subhan2
, Hawis
Madduppa2
1
Fisheries Diving Club, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16880, Indonesia
2
Department of Marine Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor
16880, Indonesia
3
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor
16880, Indonesia
4
Department of Aquaculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16880, Indonesia
e-mail : karizmafahlevy@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Coral reefs structure play important roles for reef fish assemblages. Coral coverage
and reef fish abundance are associated with the positive relationship. However, the
relationship between reef fish abundance and composition and depth variation around
Pramuka Island is poorly known. This study was carried out to investigate the
biodiversity and the trophic level of fish communities between two different depths (3
and 10 m) around Pramuka Island regions (Pramuka Island and Sekati Island). The
hard coral at the depth of 10 m within both study sites in Pramuka island held
significantly higher percent cover than the depth of 3 m except in Dock 2 A total of
2620 individual fishes were counted, belonging to 58 species and 13 families. The fish
community in 3 and 10 depth was dominated by omnivorous fishes. The multivariate
analysis of fish abundance using the Bray Curtis similarity index and non-metric
multidimensional scaling (NMDS) clearly showed the clustering of two different depths.
The NMDS results showed that at the depth of 10 m are more clustered than 3 m depth.
The present study results showed that the biodiversity of reef fishes around Pramuka
Island seemed to be linked to the hard coral condition and depth.
Keywords: Coral, Depth, Reef fishes, Trophic level
I. Introduction
The complexity of coral reefs structure play important roles in reef fish
assemblages (Alvarez-Filip 2011) and contribute to a differences ecosystem services
that value to humans (Lane et al., 2013). Several studies have shown the relationships
between various coral and the species richness of fishes. Komyakova et al., (2010)
were reported positive correlations between coral and reef fish abundance. Corals are
threatened by local disturbances, coral disease (Subhan et al., 2011), coral mining
(Subhan et al., 2008) and environmental condition (Friedlander et al., 2017). Seribu
Islands located in front of Jakarta and belong to one of the marine national parks in
Indonesia (Fahlevy et al., 2017). However, the existences of coral reef in Seribu
Islands are threatened. Environmental pressures (e.g pollution) from Jakarta increases
the degradation of marine biodiversity in Seribu Islands (Baum et al., 2015).
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Degradation of coral structures giving a negative impact on reef fish
communities across Seribu Islands (Madduppa et al., 2013). The depletion of reef
fishes increased accordingly with the degradation of corals (Burgess et al., 2010) and
often associated with over or destructive fishing activities (Robinson et al., 2014).
Destructive fishing activities still occur in Seribu Islands (Santoso, 2010).
Management of Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park is still ineffective
(Fauzi and Buchary, 2002). Management and regulation of the area are needed for
marine biodiversity protection (Harter et al., 2009). A challenge for completing the
fishing regulation is to determine how topography and depth use interact to influence
the reef fish structures and ecosystem services (Luiz et al., 2015). The present study
aimed to assess reef fish community structures and examine the influence of depth on
the fish communities around Pramuka Island regions (Pramuka Island and Sekati
Island), Seribu Islands
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study sites
The study was conducted during 14-19 December 2014 around Pramuka
island regions (Figure 1). Two different depths (3 and 10 m) for each sampling site at
reef slope were selected. Pramuka island is one of the main islands located in
Kepulauan Seribu (Seribu Islands) Marine National Park, Jakarta (Baum et al., 2015).
2.2 Data collection
Coral structures were assessed and identified to genus level at each location
using three replicate 20 m line-intercept transects parallels with shoreline (English et al.,
1997) separated by at least 5 m. Fish community composition was assessed along the
same transects as corals structure using underwater visual census (English et al., 1997)
which are divided into two categories of fish count (real count and estimate). Major fish
counts were mostly done by estimation (semi-quantitative), while indicator and target
fishes were mostly done by real count. Reef fishes were counted and identified to
species and recorded within 2.5 m of each side of the transect line by slowly swimming
and wait for at least 5 minutes before the beginning of data recording along the line at a
constant speed (Madduppa et al., 2013). The censused fish were then classified into
three major groups (target, indicator, and major fish) according to English et al., (1997).
The trophic level for each species confirmed and classified using FishBase (Froese and
Pauly 2010).
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Figure 1. Location of the Pramuka Island regions, north of Jakarta, Java Island,
Indonesia. The map below shows the position of Pramuka Island regions
relative to Jakarta. The location within Indonesia is shown in the inset on the
lower left
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2.3 Data analysis
Percentage of the hard coral cover was estimated using English et al., (1997):
Percent Cover (%) =
𝐴
𝐵
𝑋 100 %
A = Length of category
B = Length of transect
Shannon-Wiener diversity index H’ (ln basis) were calculated (Magurran 1988)
𝑯′
= − ∑ 𝒑𝒊 𝒍𝒏 (𝒑𝒊)
H’ = Community Shannon-Wiener diversity index
pi = Proportion of individuals belonging to the ith
Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant
differences in abundance, species richness and community diversity among study sites
and two different depths using Ms. Excel 2013. Multivariate analysis of reef fish
community was conducted using PRIMER 7. Relative abundance was square root
transformed to reduce the disparity between the abundant and uncommon species
(Harter et al., 2009). Similarity matrix constructed using Bray-Curtis Similarity
(Benfield et al., 2008).
Multivariate analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) based on both the entire fish
community was used to determine differences between two depths (3 and 10 m).
SIMPER (similarity percentages) was used to examine reef fish assemblages that
contributed to 80% of the fish composition of each depth. Prior to analyses, species in
which found only in one transect were observed, species contributing <5% in SIMPER
analysis at both of depths, and species comprising <1% of the total abundance of fish
were deleted to minimize uncommon species disrupting the cluster analysis. Non-metric
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and similarity were used to visualize the differences
in fish communities of the two different habitats (3 and 10 m) (Madduppa et al., 2012a;
Madduppa et al., 2012b).
III. Results and Discussion
3. 1 Results
3.1.1 Hard coral cover
In all study sites except Dock 2, coral cover was usually the highest in the depth
of 3 m rather than the depth of 10 m (Table 1). Study site that showed signs of damage
and had less living hard coral cover (3.73 ± 1.43 %) was located in Dock 2 at the depth
of 10 m. The North Sekati exhibited the highest cover at the depth of 3 m (36.27 ±
16.30 %), followed by North Pramuka (18.07 ± 2.53 %), Dock 2 (11.90 ± 4.08 %), East
Pramuka (10.07 ± 4.89 %), and Dock 1 (8.47 ± 3.98 %). On the depth of 10 m around
Pramuka Island, the four consistently higher coral cover over all sites were East
Pramuka (24.57 ± 11.89 %), North Pramuka (22.98 ± 16.05 %), North Sekati (18.65 ±
3.43 %), and Dock 1 (12.02 ± 3.04 %).
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Table. 1 Relative percentage of hard coral cover (mean ± SE) in the different study sites
and depth
Study Site
Depth
3 m (% ± SE) 10 m (% ± SE)
Dock 1 8.47 ± 3.98 12.02 ± 3.04
Dock 2 11.90 ± 4.08 3.73 ± 1.43
East Pramuka 10.07 ± 4.89 24.57 ± 11.89
North Pramuka 18.07 ± 2.53 22.98 ± 16.05
North Sekati 36.27 ± 16.30 18.65 ± 3.43
3.1.2 Fish community structure
A total of 2620 individuals from 58 species of fish belonging to 13 families
were counted in this study (Table. 2). Pomacentridae was the most dominant family in
terms of abundance followed by Labridae. Pomacentrus alexanderae was the most
abundant species followed by Pomacentrus simsiang and Chromis viridis. Chromis
virdis were not widely found but when its found, they occurred in large schools of over
50 up to 125 individuals.
No significant differences in fish abundance and diversity were found between
the study sites and depths, while species richness significantly differed in the study
sites, and the effect of sites on abundance and species richness differed between depths
(Table 3). The average fish abundance, the average species richness, and the Shannon-
Wiener diversity indices of fish communities are shown in Figure 2. North Sekati had
the higher value of fish abundance, species richness, and species diversity. The lowest
fish abundance found in East Pramuka at the depth of 3 m, while North Sekati at the
depth of 3 m is the most abundant.
The fish abundance range from 35 ± 13.45 (East Pramuka) to 156.67 ± 11.72
ind/100 m2
(North Sekati). Similar pattern was also found for the species richness which
ranged between 7.67 ± 1.67 (East Pramuka) and 23 ± 2.64 species/100 m2
(North
Sekati). Among the five study sites, the value of diversity indices (H') of North Pramuka
at the depth of 10 m was the lowest, which ranged between 1.35 ± 0.11 (North
Pramuka) and 2.05 ± 0.25 (North Sekati).
Table 2. Total number and trophic level of fish species at each study sites (* means
estimated count)
Family
Category Trophic
Dock1
Dock2
EastPramuka
NorthPramuka
NorthSekati
Species
Apogonidae
Apogon compressus Major Carnivore 0 8 15 0 0
Balistidae 0 0 0 0 0
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Chromis amboinensis Major Omnivore 0 0 0 0 50
Chromis lepidolepis Major Planktivore 0 100* 0 0 0
Chromis viridis Major Omnivore 0 125* 0 0 50
Dascyllus trimaculatus Major Omnivore 12 0 0 0 0
Dischistodus perspicillatus Major Herbivore 0 17 10 0 0
Dischistodus prosopotaenia Major Herbivore 18 29 16 13 6
Neoglyphidodon melas Major Omnivore 2 6 3 12 19
Neoglyphidodon oxyodon Major Omnivore 0 0 0 0 11
Neoglyphidodon thoracotaeniatus Major Omnivore 0 0 0 0 10
Pomacentrus alexanderae Major Omnivore 204* 98 168* 122 58
Pomacentrus brachialis Major Omnivore 0 6 0 19 6
Pomacentrus burroughi Major Herbivore 11 0 0 10 6
Pomacentrus lepidogenys Major Planktivore 0 0 0 1 0
Pomacentrus moluccensis Major Omnivore 7 6 4 14 40
Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Major Omnivore 9 6 6 31 17
Pomacentrus philippinus Major Omnivore 2 4 0 54 31
Pomacentrus simsiang Major Omnivore 20 27 39 58 38
Pomacentrus smithi Major Omnivore 8 32 32 6 21
Scaridae
Chlorurus capistratoides Target Herbivore 1 4 0 2 4
Serranidae
Cephalopholis boenak Target Carnivore 2 1 1 1 3
Cephalopholis microprion Target Carnivore 0 0 0 0 3
Cephalopholis miniata Target Carnivore 0 0 0 0 1
Siganidae
Siganus guttatus Target Herbivore 0 8 0 0 0
Siganus virgatus Target Herbivore 11 0 0 0 0
The most trophic categories among the five study sites was omnivore at the
depth of 3 m. Similar things was found at the depth of 10 m, omnivorous fishes
dominated in all sites. Therefore, it could be attributed to the result of reef fish
abundance. Almost of the entire fish community composition differed significantly
between the study sites and a significant effect was found between the depths (Table 4).
The SIMPER analyses revealed that three species settled at the depth of 3 m,
Pomacentrus alexanderae, Pomacentrus simsiang, Dischistodus perspicillatus
(Pomacentridae), and the three species settled at the depth of 10 m, Pomacentrus
alexanderae, Dischistodus prosopotaenia, Pomacentrus simsiang (Pomacentridae) are
shown in Table 5.
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Table 3. Result of repeated-measures ANOVA for abundance, species richness
of reef fish (*p<0.05, n.s. not significant)
Variable Factor F F crit df p
Abundance Site 2.18 2.87 4 n.s
Depth 0.99 4.35 1 n.s
Site*Depth 4.52 2.87 4 *
Species Richness Site 7.99 2.87 4 *
Depth 0.18 4.35 1 n.s
Site*Depth 6.39 2.87 4 *
Shanon-Wiener index (H') Site 0.98 2.87 4 n.s
Depth 0.02 4.35 1 n.s
Site*Depth 1.59 2.87 4 n.s
The significant differences in fish communities between two depths in terms of
species abundance detected by the ANOSIM (Table 4). The clusters were visible in the
MDS plots (Figure 4). The community samples from the 3 m depth clearly separate,
while the 10 m depth are clustered more closely together.
3.2 Discussion
3.2.1 Hard coral cover
The results in Table 1 are shown the percentage of coral cover at the study sites.
The hard coral cover percentage was very low, it was ranged from 3% - 35%. Therefore,
it indicated the coral cover condition does not play a role in the reef fishes individual
abundances but more dominantly influenced by the form of coral growth in the study
sites. Considering the ship activities very intense in the docks, it has been observed
damaging (Dinsdale & Harriot, 2004) and affect the corals (McKenna & Etnoyer,
2010). Ship traffic in Pramuka is high. Local ship, dump ship, freighters, government
ship, cruise ships and yachts transit over the docks. Anchor damage are known to cause
extensive physical damage to coral. Several study sites having low hard coral cover,
human impacts are evident from habitation, tourism and fishing activity and have been
identified as local threats. Several anthropogenic factor cause damage to corals
(Dinsdale and Harriot, 2004) such as destructive fishing (Fenner, 2012) and coral
mining (Hariri, 2012). Local fishermen around Pramuka Island are still using muroami
to collect fish (Zamani et al., 2011) and Iskandar (2011) has reported several fishermen
in Seribu islands are still using muroami. Muroami is the destructive fishing tools
causing the damage on corals (Graham et al., 2011). The loss of coral cover in Indo-
Pacific have been underestimated (Bruno & Selig 2007). Coral reefs near human
habitation are relatively fragile with regards to impacts from local activities (Riegl et
al., 2012) and local dependence on coral is high (Pendleton et al., 2016). Baum et al.,
(2015) has assessed the local and regional pollution affected the benthic communities in
Seribu Islands. Other potential damages on corals also comes from recreational diving
activities around Pramuka island. Recreational and tourism activities physically damage
the coral (Lane et al., 2013). Environmental condition also threatened the corals
(Setyawan et al.,, 2011, Zamani and Madduppa, 2011), although several corals have
different resistant from the environmental stressors (McClanahan et al., 2004). There
are important roles of specific corals on reef fish existence (Madduppa et al., 2014) and
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
FishAbundance[Ind/100m²]
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
Speciesdiversity[(H'(ln)]
3 m
10 m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Speciesrichness[Species/100m²]
the corals influence reef fish assemblages (Benfield et al., 2008; Madduppa et al.,
2012b). The important things in the present study, the abundance of several species of
fish such as Pomacentrus alexanderae and several other species of Pomacentrus
sp./Chromis sp. are strongly affected by the presence of certain coral species such as the
Chromis viridis fish species associated with coral species of Porites cylindrica (Nanami
et al, 2005; Mesmer et All, 2011) and Pomacentrus alexaderae with Acropora spp
(Nanami et al, 2005; Randall et al, 1990).. The structure of coral reefs particularly
important for critical resources in their association with reef fishes (Komyakova et al.,,
2013; Madduppa et al., 2012b).
3.2.3 Fish community structure
Previous study also observed the most diverse families in Seribu islands were
Pomacentridae and Labridae (Estradivari et al., 2007; Madduppa et al., 2013), those
are the most dominantly found in reef fish community (Edrus & Abrar, 2016). Reef fish
community were observed at small island ecosystem in Kepulauan Seribu National Park
(TnKPS). Pomacentrus alexanderae, and Chromis viridis are classified as major reef
fish in functional group which is generally found in large quantities (Sjafrie, 2009;
Madduppa et al., 2012a) while Pomacentrus simsiang were significantly found at the
reefs where the island was present (Dixon et al.,, 2011). The corals influence reef fish
assemblages (Benfield et al., 2008; Madduppa et al., 2012b). Previous study in Japan,
the coral habitat held significantly higher species richness and abundance of reef fish
assemblages (Nakamura et al., 2013). Seasonal migration of reef fish also affect the
composition of some species (Madduppa et al., 2012b).
Study sites were influenced reef fish species richness. Each study sites have the
different percentage of hard coral cover (Table 1), indicating of how the study sites
affect the species richness. The previous study indicates positive correlations between
fish species richness and location with different of percentage coral cover (Gratwicke &
Speight, 2005). Pomacentridae (damselfishes) was the most dominant family in terms
of abundance. Litsios et al., (2012) were classified the damselfishes into three main
class, herbivorous benthic feeders, omnivorous group, and pelagic feeders mainly eat
planktonic prey, but damselfishes usually considered as omnivorous fishes. Therefore, it
causes the percentage of reef fishes among five study sites was dominated by
omnivorous fishes.
Figure 2. Average value of (a) fish abundance, (b) species richness and (c) species
diversity (ln basis) of reef fish assemblages at the study sites
A B C
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Reeffishtrophiccategories(%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Planktivore
Omnivore
Herbivore
Corallivore
Carnivore
Figure 3. Percentage of reef fishes at the sampling sites, and (a) depth of 3 m, (b) depth
of 10 m based on trophic categories
3.2.3 Spatial variation of the fish community from different depths
Both of the three species at the two different depths are from the Pomacentridae
family which were found at the depth of 3 m and 10 m in Seribu Islands (Madduppa et
al., 2013).
Table 4. Result of a crossed two-way ANOSIM within sites based on abundance of all
species (*p<0.05, n.s. not significant)
Relative Abundance
Test Factor Test pairs ρ p (ρ)
Global Pairwise Site Dock 1, Dock 2 0.5 *
Dock 1, East Pramuka 0.574 *
Dock 1, North Pramuka 0.63 *
Dock 1, North Sekati 0.796 *
Dock 2, East Pramuka 0.13 n.s
Dock 2, North Pramuka 0.704 *
Dock 2, North Sekati 0.778 *
East Pramuka, North Pramuka 0.87 *
East Pramuka, North Sekati 0.926 *
Global Pairwise Depth 3 m, 10 m 0.613 *
Although the result from the univariate community parameters could not
differentiate between the most of study sites and depths, the clear difference was shown
in the multivariate analysis of the reef fish community and able to detect the differences
between the composition of the coral reef fish community associated with the difference
of depth based on fish abundance.
A B
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Table 5. Composition of 10 most high species contribution within each sampling site
using SIMPER (Similarity Percentages – Species Contribution)
Species per depth
Av.
Abundance
Av.
Similarity
%Contribution %Cumulative
3 m, average similarity: 30,97
Pomacentrus alexanderae 1,93 4,36 14,07 14,07
Pomacentrus simsiang 1,80 3,10 10,01 24,08
Dischistodus perspicillatus 0,70 3,01 9,74 33,81
Pomacentrus philippinus 0,89 2,31 7,47 41,29
Pomacentrus moluccensis 1,20 2,13 6,86 48,15
Chaetodon octofasciatus 1,34 1,90 6,12 54,27
Amblyglyphidodon curacao 1,11 1,64 5,30 59,57
Neoglyphidodon melas 1,02 1,31 4,23 63,80
Thalassoma lunare 0,81 1,21 3,91 67,71
Chromis viridis 1,12 1,13 3,64 71,35
10 m, average similarity: 45,70
Pomacentrus alexanderae 5,01 12,72 27,84 27,84
Dischistodus prosopotaenia 1,51 4,18 9,14 36,97
Pomacentrus simsiang 1,20 3,17 6,93 43,90
Cheilinus fasciatus 1,59 2,79 6,10 50,00
Pomacentrus philippinus 1,01 2,65 5,80 55,80
Halichoeres melanurus 0,71 2,51 5,50 61,30
Thalassoma lunare 0,82 1,82 3,99 65,29
Pomacentrus nagasakiensis 1,10 1,70 3,73 69,02
Pomacentrus moluccensis 0,70 1,51 3,31 72,33
Chromis lepidolepis 0,94 1,51 3,30 75,63
Figure 4. MDS plot of fish communities at the Pramuka Island, showing among pattern
of association among 17 species based on abundance
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Several factors may have contributed to the reef fish distribution. Food sources
and various trophic categories distinguish the fish composition and related to behavior
and habitat (Fre´de´rich et al.,, 2009; Madduppa et al., 2012b). Vertical migration of
zooplankton and phytoplankton during the day influence the feeding behavior of reef
fish (Williamson et al., 2011). Zooplankton likely migrates to surface at afternoon and
descend to deeper water at dawn (van Haren & Compton, 2013) while the
phytoplankton likely migrates to surface at dawn and return back to deeper water at
dusk (Gerbersdorf & Schubert, 2011). Variation of coral communities across the depths
significantly affect reef fish density (Lison de Loma et al., 2011). However, the
percentage of hard coral cover at the depth of 3 m was dominantly low. According to
Macdonald et al., (2016), shallow water represents where the reef fish distribution
strongly related to the availability of live coral.
IV. Conclusion
The present study results showed that the abundance and species richness of reef
fishes around Pramuka Island were higher at 10 m depth and reef fish assemblages were
clustered in both of two depth, although several transects in 3 m were separated.
Pomacentridae and their member Pomacentrus alexanderae was the most dominant
family and the most abundant species, respectively. Omnivorous was dominant fish
trophic categories. Reef fish composition around Pramuka Island seems to be linked to
habitat condition such as coral reefs.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thanks the members of Fisheries Diving Club, Bogor
Agricultural University (FDC-IPB), in particular to the CORALATION III team
members (Karizma Fahlevy, Ahmad Eko Suprianto, Wedi Andika, Firsta Kusuma, Mas
Irfanto, Nadya Jeny) for their effort in field data collection and analysis, and to Dr. Ir.
Budhi Hascaryo Iskandar, M.Si. and Uus Abdul Kudus, S.Pi., M.Si as the instructor of
FDC-IPB for their advice in the survey design. This research supported by Bogor
Agricultural University, the Western fleet of Indonesian Republic (ARMABAR),
Kepulauan Seribu National Park (TnKPS), PKSPL-IPB, TERANGI Foundation,
Wildlife Conservation Society, Department of Marine, Agriculture, and Food Security,
Jakarta that are allowing the team to contribute to the management of Seribu Islands
National Park, Pramuka Island regions.
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