Weimar Germany - zag
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This page examines the way that the new government of Germany operated, including the role that different groups had in governing Germany.
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This document summarizes the rise of trade unions and labor movements in the 19th and 20th centuries in the United States. It describes how early unions like the National Labor Union organized skilled and unskilled workers but excluded some groups. Later organizations like the Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor focused on specific types of workers. The document also outlines key legislation and events that both supported and weakened labor unions over time, including the National Labor Relations Act and Taft-Hartley Act.
The international labor movement
The document traces the history of international labor movements from the 19th century to present day. It discusses the establishment of the First International in 1864 by Marx to unite various socialist and labor groups. This was followed by the Second International in 1889 and later divisions during World War I. After the war, the Communist and social democratic unions split, leading to new international organizations like today's International Trade Union Confederation, which was formed in 2006 through a merger and represents over 176 million workers globally.
German depth study IGCSE
The document summarizes key events in Germany between 1918 and 1945:
1) After World War 1, Germany transitioned to a democratic Weimar Republic but struggled with instability, extremism, and economic crisis in the 1920s.
2) The Great Depression devastated Germany's economy in the early 1930s and led to rising support for the Nazi party.
3) Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power, establishing a Nazi dictatorship by 1934 and abolishing democracy.
Labour laws
Labour law governs the legal rights of workers and their organizations. It addresses issues like the right to organize unions, protections from discrimination, wages and hours, and health and safety. Labour law has evolved from the industrial revolutions of the 18th century onward. Early landmarks included laws protecting child labourers in the early 19th century. The International Labour Organization was formed in 1919 to promote social justice and workers' rights globally. It establishes labour standards and conventions. May 1st became an international workers' day to commemorate the fight for an eight hour workday.
Trade union and its classifications,types,policies and condition in different...
Trade union, also called labour union , association of labourers in a particular trade,industry, or company, created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining. Generally, its membership consists of worlers and union leaders, united to protect and promote their common interests.
In each country, there is a trade union legislation(usually a Trade Union Act) gives a legal definition of a trade union, and sets out its objectives.A labor union of workers in related crafts, as distinguished from general workers or a union including all workers industry.
Trade union, also called labourunion , association of laborers in a particular trade, industry, or company, created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining. (Schumpeter j 2008)
Labor unions or trade unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for the common interest of its members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of work and benefits. They represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between the management and workers.(Rein chard 1974)
The history of trade union dates back to the guild system that started in Europe, this system aimed to protect selected professions by controlling of advancement and skill mastery. This is how unions came into existence, and is the first example of how numerous workers join together to create their own rules instead of following those set by their employers.
Weimar Crisis
Geschiedenis: Weimar Crisis
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His 122 ch 28 the second world war part 1
The document provides an overview of World War 2 and the rise of totalitarian regimes in the Soviet Union, Italy, and Germany in the early 20th century. It summarizes that Stalin consolidated power in the Soviet Union through collectivization, industrialization, and the Great Terror. Mussolini rose to power in Italy amid economic and political instability after WWI. Hitler and the Nazis capitalized on Germany's defeat in WWI and economic depression to gain popular support and consolidate power, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and establishing a fascist dictatorship.
Communism and its effects on the German Democratic Republic
The document discusses how communism transformed East Germany (German Democratic Republic) after World War 2. It established a one-party communist state led by Walter Ulbricht and the Socialist Unity Party (SED). While ostensibly a multi-party democracy, the SED maintained control over political decisions and suppressed opposition. The economy focused on heavy industry and collectivization of agriculture caused unrest until concessions were made. Tensions with the West led to the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop mass emigration to West Germany. Life in the GDR centered around state-controlled mass organizations and upward social mobility depended on political loyalty to the SED.
How Was A Dictatorship Set Up In Post
The document provides background information on the establishment of Hitler's dictatorship in Germany after World War 1. It describes how the weak Weimar Republic struggled with economic problems and new political parties emerged. Adolf Hitler joined the Nazi party in 1920 and wrote Mein Kampf while in prison. After being released the Nazis used propaganda and blamed enemies to gain support. In 1933, after the Reichstag fire, the Nazis passed the Enabling Act allowing Hitler to assume full dictatorial control over Germany. Hitler then banned other parties, created the SS and Gestapo, increased the military, and passed laws persecuting Jews.
The Rise Of The Nazi Party
The rise of the Nazi party and Hitler's path to power in Germany involved several key steps and events. Hitler joined the German Workers' Party in 1919 and transformed it into the Nazi party. He attempted a failed coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, for which he served time in prison where he wrote Mein Kampf. The economic crisis in Germany and weaknesses of the Weimar Republic allowed the Nazi party to gain popularity and electoral success, culminating in Hitler becoming Chancellor in 1933 after Hindenburg's death.
Ariel ch 15
This document summarizes the major opposition groups and labor movements in European society from 1871-1914. It discusses opponents of liberalism like the Chartists and Marx, the formation of unions and the Labor Party in Britain, socialist parties and the International Workingmen's Association, and the growth of revisionist and parliamentary forms of socialism on the continent. Key events mentioned include the Paris Commune, the Taff Vale decision that unified British unions, and the rise of suffragette movements seeking women's right to vote.
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Trade union and its classifications,types,policies and condition in different...
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Communism and its effects on the German Democratic Republic
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National 5 History assignment - writing the conclusion
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1) Kenneth MacAlpin's conquest of Pictland in the mid-9th century was an important step towards the formation of the kingdom of Alba by 900, though interpretations differ on his contributions. Sources C and D reveal differing views, with Source C seeing MacAlpin's dynasty as giving "added posthumous glory" to his conquest, while Source D emphasizes local Pictish resistance and that the tradition of MacAlpin killing Pictish nobles is "likely fictitious."
2) Sources A and B provide context on pre-Roman and Roman Northern Britain. Source A describes the lifestyle and organization of Iron Age peoples, though its usefulness is limited by being an outside account.
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SQA Higher History exam (paper 1) - 2023
This document contains instructions and questions for a History exam on British, European and World History from 2023. It is divided into two sections, with Section 1 focusing on British history and Section 2 on European and World history. Each section contains multiple parts on different time periods and topics. Students must choose one part from Section 1 and one from Section 2, and answer one question from each of the two parts they chose. The questions range from short answers to longer essay questions assessing students' understanding of key historical developments, causes, consequences and interpretations.
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SQA Higher History exam (paper 2) - 2023
Sources A and B provide differing interpretations of the early growth of Protestantism in Scotland in the 1550s-1560s. Source A emphasizes that many Scots were dissatisfied with the Catholic Church and open to Protestant ideas due to works criticizing the Catholic Church. Source B stresses the impact of Protestant preachers like John Knox and the support of powerful lords and the passing of laws against Protestant literature.
Source C outlines the Second Book of Discipline's vision of an independent Kirk governed by presbyteries and assemblies rather than bishops or the Crown. It notes James VI's opposition to these plans in 1581, with Presbyterians believing the King should submit to the Kirk, while the King and nobility disagreed
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The document discusses reasons for the success of many emigrant Scots in building new lives in other parts of the British Empire from 1830-1939. It states that Scots often succeeded due to factors like their nationality, English language abilities, education levels, reputation for hard work, skills in demanded fields, establishment of businesses and communities, and support from the British government and other Scots abroad. However, not all emigrant Scots found success, as some faced problems like poverty, unemployment, and loneliness in their new homes.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Education
The 1944 Education Act aimed to improve education access and outcomes in Britain. It raised the compulsory school leaving age to 15, providing all children a minimum of secondary education. At age 11, children took an exam that determined if they attended an academic-focused senior secondary school or trades-focused junior secondary school. However, the exam system was criticized for penalizing poorer students and determining children's futures too early. Labour also introduced new school buildings to replace those damaged in war and accommodate growing student populations, though secondary schools remained outdated in many areas.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Health
The NHS was established in 1948 by the 1945-51 British government to provide universal healthcare access, treating all medical problems freely at the point of use based on need rather than ability to pay. It aimed to eliminate disease by offering healthcare to all British citizens, over half of whom previously lacked medical coverage. While popular, the NHS also proved very expensive to run and faced initial shortages of hospital facilities and medical staff that limited treatment effectiveness and access.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Housing
The New Towns Act of 1946 aimed to tackle overcrowding and improve housing conditions in Britain by building new towns with homes. 14 new towns were established by 1951, moving people from city slums to new communities built in the countryside. However, these new towns initially lacked jobs and local facilities, requiring long commutes. Additionally, while the government set targets to build over 1 million new homes by 1951, housing shortages remained an issue as only around 800,000 new houses were completed. Prefabricated housing provided a temporary solution to the shortage but was meant to last only 10 years though many prefab homes stood for decades.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Poverty
The Family Allowances Act of 1946 provided weekly payments to mothers with two or more children to help families struggling financially, especially those where fathers had died in war. However, it did not help families with only one child and payments stopped at age 18. The National Insurance Act of 1946 built on previous acts to provide benefits like sickness, unemployment, old age pensions and other benefits by requiring weekly contributions from working-age people. However, the poorest still struggled to pay and the National Assistance Act of 1948 provided additional financial help for these individuals. Studies in York in 1936 and 1950 showed poverty levels falling from 36% to only 2% due to these welfare programs but benefits did not always keep up with inflation.
Labour social reforms 1945-51 - Unemployment
The Labour government nationalized several key industries like coal mining, steel production, electricity, and railways between 1946-1948. This was done to ensure these important industries were controlled by the country rather than private companies. Owners were compensated for the nationalized industries. Nationalization allowed the government to use tax money to fund unprofitable businesses and increase apprenticeships to reduce unemployment. However, nationalization was very costly and this high cost reduced funds available for other issues. Labour also introduced policies aimed at improving working conditions for workers through measures like paid holidays and secure jobs at docks. While some workers saw higher wages and better conditions, it may have discouraged companies from hiring more employees as it increased costs. Labour's home
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Weimar Germany - zag
- 2. Ebert now setting about trying to run the country, balancing competing demands from different groups. On 15 November 1918, a zentralarbeitsgemeinschaft (ZAG or ‘central working committee’) was set up by trade unionists and industrialists to work together on issues.
- 3. ZAG introduced a series of changes which improved German workers’ rights, and industrialists hoped would stop further revolution. These included a maximum eight hour working day, trade union negotiating rights, workers’ committees and binding arbitration on disputes.
- 4. A new national government was set up, bringing together members of the SPD and the USPD (Independent Socialist Party), but the USPD soon left. Many Germans believed this new government was not radical enough, and soon Germany faced a violent Communist takeover.