This document summarizes the key differences between API CI-4 and CJ-4 oils. API CI-4 oils are designed for 2004 emission standard diesel engines, while API CJ-4 oils are designed for 2007 emission standard diesel engines and provide improved protection of emission control systems. Both specifications provide protection against soot-related wear and require oils to keep soot particles suspended between 0.002-1.5 microns. However, CJ-4 oils have new chemical limits to ensure protection of aftertreatment devices from poisoning or blocking.

1. SOOT HANDLING CAPACITY
API CI-4 vs CJ-4
BPPT Thamrin
Jakarta, 27 Mei 2008

2. Trend performance pelumas mesin diesel
• Perkembangan teknologi pelumas mesin
diesel secara global dipicu tiga faktor
utama yaitu :
– Memperpanjang masa ganti oli
– Keekonomian bahan bakar
– Standar Emisi

7. Dampak penggunaan EGR
• Penggunaan EGR berdampak negatip :
– Sebagian besar soot kembali masuk keruang bakar
dan bisa masuk kedalam karter (bulk pelumas)
– Gas Sulfur Oksida yang korosif dapat kembali masuk
kedalam mesin
– Pendinginan gas buang yang diresirkulasi
mengurangi effisiensi pendinginan yang dapat
meningkatkan suhu pelumas yang dapat
meningkatkan oksidasi

8. Impact of Emissions Strategies
• The 2007 engines will cost more, Diesel Particulate
Filters (DPF) and related hardware are projected to
increase the price of a new truck by $6,000 to $10,000.
• DPF service which may be required every 150,000 miles,
is expected to cost $150 or less each time.
• Ultra sulfur diesel fuel (15 ppm S) will cost more :
– have a lower heat (BTU) content resulting in increased fuel
consumption,
– could cause premature injector failure due to its lack of lubricity

10. API CH-4 : Peningkatan dalam Soot Handling
Capability
% Soot
M API
AC C 6%
K H-4
Increasing Performance
EO /
-M
API CH-4 5%
AP
I CG 4%
-4
3%
AP
IC
F- 2%
4
MACK T-8 TESTING
Note : Mack T-8A menggantikan Mack T-7 dalam API

11. The Dangers of Soot
• The combustion process in diesel engines creates soot.
• After fuel is injected, combustion occurs with soot as a
by-product of the process, and the combustion
particulates become trapped on the exposed oil film. The
rings wipe the particulates into the oil and the fine
particulates aggregate, increasing levels of soot in the
oil.
• Oil with dispersant additives will generally keep soot in
the range of 0.002 to 0.5 microns in suspension;
• Detergent additives prevent the build-up of sludge and
act as an acid neutralizer, keeping soot in the range of
0.5 to 1.5 microns in suspension.

12. Soot Causes Wear
• Today’s oil manufacturers are extending
oil life by holding higher concentrations of
contaminants, including soot, in
suspension in the oil.
• They are also increasing fuel economy by
reducing oil viscosity and oil film thickness,
therefore reducing the critical contaminant
size.

13. API CI-4
• API Service Category CI-4 is oils for use in :
– high-speed four-stroke cycle diesel engines designed
to meet 2004 exhaust emission standards
implemented in 2002.
– Use diesel fuels ranging in sulfur content up to 0.5%
weight.
– It is specifically formulated to sustain engine durability
where Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is used and
the impact of these oils on other supplemental
exhaust emission devices has not been determined.

14. Detergent/Dispersant
• Detergent mempunyai senyawa polar
yang mengandung logam (Ca,Mg,)
• Dispersant tidak mengandung unsur
logam dan kepolaran dibentuk oleh unsur
Oksigen dan atau Nitrogen,

15. Aktivitas Detergent
• Molekul detergen juga mengandung gugus polar
dan hidrokarbon tail.
• Detergen mungkin senyawa neutral atau mungkin
kombinasi dengan material overbased (mis. :
Carbonate) untuk menetralisir senyawa asam
produk oksidasi. Nilai overbase bervariasi dari
(TBN 1-400).
Contoh : - Metal phenates, Sulfonate, Salicylates
- Sulfonate detergent membentuk micelles

16. Polaritas metal detergent > kontaminan
Detergent yang lebih polar akan menempel lebih
kuat dipermukaan dan menggeser kontaminan dari
permukaan logam

17. 5b. Dispersant
Fungsi dispersant adalah :
• Menekan pembentukan sludge, deposit dan
furnish khususnya pada kondisi temperatur
relatif rendah, (operasi stop and go atau opeasi
jarak pendek)
• Mengendalikan kontaminan :
– Produk oksidasi
– Carbon (soot)
– Debu
– Air

18. Aktivitas Dispersant
Molekul dispersant terdiri dari polar head (oksigen
atau nitrogen) dan hidrokarbon tail (i.e-polybutane)
Gugus polar dari beberapa molekul dispersant akan
melingkari produk yang terdegredasi dan
mencegahnya untuk membentuk Agglomerate

19. Dispersant
Kondisi :
• Produk oksidasi membentuk agglomerate, ukuran
bertambah besar dan menjadi insolube
Gejala :
• Sludge
• Clogging
Additive :
• Alkanyl Succinimide (PIB-maleic anhydride)
• Ester high MW (succinamic anhydride de-glycol)
• Mannich base (alkyl phenol-alkylene polyamine-
formaldehyde condensation product

20. API CI-4
• Optimum protection is provided against :
– corrosive and soot-related wear tendencies
– Korosi, keausan dan sifat viscometric terkait
kandungan soot tinggi
– piston deposits
– Degradasi pada temperatur rendah maupun
tinggi
– oxidative thickening
– viscosity loss akibat shearing

21. API CJ-4
• API Service Category CJ-4 designed :
– For high-speed four-stroke cycle diesel engines
• designed to meet 2007 model year on-highway exhaust
emission standards as well as for previous model years.
– Spesifically use in all applications with diesel fuels
ranging in sulfur content up to 500 ppm (0.05% by
weight).
• However, the use of these oils with greater than 15 ppm
(0.0015% wt) may impact
– exhaust aftertreatment system durability
– and/or oil drain interval.

22. API CJ-4
• Will effective of sustaining emission control system
durability where particulate filters and other advanced
aftertreatment systems are used.
• Optimum protection is provided for :
– control of catalyst poisoning,
– particulate filter blocking
– engine wear
– piston deposits
– low- and high-temperature stability
– soot handling properties
– oxidative thickening
– and viscosity loss due to shear.

23. • Oil with dispersant additives will generally
keep soot in the range of 0.002 to 0.5
microns in suspension;
• detergent additives prevent the build-up of
sludge and act as an acid neutralizer,
keeping soot in the range of 0.5 to 1.5
microns in suspension.

24. Tantangan CJ-4
• To ensure protection of the after treatment
devices, chemical limits were set for the first
time ever for heavy-duty diesel engine oils.
• The chemical limits for API CJ-4 target the
engine oil's commonly referred to as LOW SAPS
are :
• 1.00 percent maximum sulfated ash (per ASTM D874)
• 0.12 percent maximum phosphorus (per ASTM D4951)
• 0.40 percent maximum sulfur (per ASTM D4951 or ASTM
D2622)

25. THANK YOU
Ir. A. Sanusi Wiradimaja
Ketua Umum MASPI
sanusi_wiradimaja@yahoo.com
+6281314390435