Songhay and Islamic empires
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The Songhay Empire rose in the 15th century in West Africa and controlled trade in the western Sahara desert. While many urban elites converted to Islam, most people maintained traditional African beliefs. The Songhay Empire established control under leaders called "Caliphs of the land of the Blacks" and created a large administration dominated by Arab bureaucrats. However, the empire eventually declined as a result of the growing transatlantic slave trade.
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You have switched to DITA and your first localisation project is coming up. Ask your LSP whether it can manage DITA content. If the answer is, "DITA is simple; it’s just another XML", you might have to teach your LSP what DITA is and how to deal with it (in addition to training your staff).
At first glance, DITA adds complexity to localisation: extensive reuse, multiplication of files, numerous cross references, conditional text, and specialisation, among other things. It also provides features, such as UIcontrol, key term index, and the Open tool kit, which optimise localization.
As customers' content needs mature, DITA localisation paves the way for multilingual dynamic publishing and convergence of DITA outputs, with Marketing and Training.
In this presentation, you will learn how to piggy-back localisation onto your CMS, and how your content management teams will benefit from it, both for their morale and your bottom line.
Do More with Less! Increase Your ROC!
By Abhishek Jain, Adobe
Documentation teams are constantly asked to increase efficiency in content development, translation, and maintenance.
We all know that budgets are not increasing. In fact, more than 70% of our survey respondents said that they are not. Many of us have to face a reduction in headcount as well. At the same time, Technical Communicator of today face increasing demands for improving productivity and quality.
On an average, a tech comm professional works with more than four languages and caters to a plethora of devices and formats. So, there is extreme pressure on us to do our jobs more efficiently.
This session emphasizes three aspects of Technical Communication which, if exercised in tandem, can bring huge benefits to the business:
--Creating lean content: Data-driven prioritization can help content authors to do more with less.
--Closing the feedback loop: Follow the Create - Measure - Learn cycle and fix the burning issues to enjoy higher ratings.
--Engaging the end users: Showing some empathy toward the most important participant in the value chain works wonders.
Blurring the Lines between ECM and CCMS
By Abhishek Jain, Adobe
Traditionally, Marketing and Technical Communication departments have scuffled over the word “content,” approaching it with different personalities, tools, budgets, departments, and sometimes perceived goals. Today, organisations can no longer afford this interdepartmental stand-off.
Discrepancies between marketing and technical content can undermine both departments’ efforts to achieve their goals. In order to serve customers’ best interests, a high level of consistency is required between marketing and technical content.
A company’s content management system (CMS) should allow seamless access of assets, templates and other corporate standards across Marketing, Technical Communication, and other departments. All department creating “content” should use limited resources wisely.
In this session, see how your organisation’s Marketing and Technical Communication departments can both use Structured FrameMaker and Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) to author and manage structured content, and to leverage the powerful workflows, translation capabilities, versioning, search, publishing, and other features of AEM.
Where to Go Next: Strategy for Global Content Localization
By Brian Coyle, KantanMT
Where to Go Next: Your Strategy for Global Content Localization
Brian Coyle, KantanMT
The increase in software solutions and internet connectivity has made international markets more accessible to companies interested in growing or implementing diversification strategies. Access to these new markets brings a greater demand for multilingual content translation. However, creating content for new target locales requires an enterprise-wide content strategy that will circumvent language and cultural issues, fit seamlessly into existing content production workflows, and not break the bank.
This session will discuss how to develop an enterprise-wide, multilingual content strategy that will be cost effective and easy to implement within any global enterprise.
Learning outcomes:
--How to develop an enterprise-wide multilingual content strategy for your organisation
--Localization workflow design
--Selecting a localization partner.
Coastal Processes and Landforms
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It describes how waves, currents, erosion and deposition shape coastlines. Key points include:
- Waves erode cliffs and platforms while deposition builds beaches, spits and bars.
- Longshore drift transports sediment parallel to the shore, while rip currents carry it seaward.
- Refraction of waves around headlands forms bays. Erosion of headlands produces arches, stacks and tunnels.
- Coral reefs develop in warm, tropical waters where calcium carbonate precipitation exceeds dissolution. Atolls form as islands submerge, leaving ring-shaped reef structures.
Coastal Processes And Landforms
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It begins with defining terms related to waves and wave action. It then explains processes of marine erosion and how they can shape cliff coastlines and form wave-cut platforms. It describes how waves can transport and deposit sediment. Landforms like spits, bars, and salt marshes are discussed along with their formation. Finally, it covers coral reef types and theories about their formation, and how sea level changes can impact coral reefs.
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Where to Go Next: Strategy for Global Content Localization
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Decolonization Overview
Between the 1920s and 1980s, many regions in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East gained independence from European imperial dominance through various processes. Decolonization occurred as Europeans withdrew from colonies, revolutions overthrew European rule, and non-violent independence movements succeeded. Factors like education, information, nationalism, and wars weakened European superiority and questioned colonialism, leading to new independent nation-states. However, problems from economic dependency to internal conflicts remained in some of the newly independent countries.
Test review world communism
The document contains summaries of similarities and differences between how communism rose to power in Russia and China in the 20th century. It lists key events like the Russian Revolution and Civil War that brought the communists to power in Russia, and the Chinese Civil War that allowed Mao and the communists to take control in China. It also notes how both communist governments made changes to Marxist theories to apply them to their local situations.
Communist USSR - Economy and Social Changes
The document summarizes key events and developments in Russia between 1917 and the 1950s, when it was known as the Soviet Union or USSR. It overviews the Russian Revolution, establishment of Communist Russia, and the USSR's economy and social changes under Stalin's rule. Major events included rapid industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, and changes to the social class system that removed the wealthy and destroyed the kulak class.
Communist China - Economy and Social Changes
The document summarizes key events and policies in China following the communist revolution, including the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution. The Great Leap Forward involved collectivization of farms, relocation of citizens, and failed industrialization plans that led to a famine killing over 20 million people. The Cultural Revolution saw Mao regain power by creating the Red Guard youth group to attack those who disagreed with him, imprisoning suspects and destroying traditional culture and education. Both events had disastrous consequences before the programs eventually ended.
Cold War Overview
The Cold War was a period of diplomatic hostility between communist nations led by the Soviet Union and capitalist nations led by the United States from 1945-1991. The rivalry between the two superpowers was expressed through military coalitions, propaganda, proxy wars, espionage, and a massive arms race. Ultimately, the Soviet Union's economy failed under the burden of military spending and a lack of individual freedoms, leading to its collapse and the end of the Cold War, with the United States emerging as the victor.
Strayer Comparing USSR and China
This document outlines 6 topics to compare the USSR and China in their early communist periods: 1) international position and support starting in 1938, 2) efforts to change the status of women, 3) efforts to build socialism in rural areas, 4) industrialization processes, 5) responses to social changes by Stalin/successors and Mao, and 6) how the leaderships dealt with enemies. The reader is assigned a comparison of these 6 aspects between the USSR and China to be completed by Friday.
World wars & Depression test review
This document provides a review of topics for a test on World Wars and the Depression. It asks the learner to compare the causes and results of World Wars I and II, discuss the changes outside of Europe from WWI including in the Ottomans, Middle East, East Asia, and US. It also asks about the causes and results of the Global Economic Depression, how WWII differed from WWI in its conduct, effects on civilians, government role, women, and the Holocaust. Additionally, it provides questions on the effect of WWII on European colonies and the three factors that led to Europe's quick recovery after WWII.
World wars compared results
Both World Wars resulted in massive death and destruction as well as redrawn maps with losing sides losing territory. They also changed political structures by expanding government power and creating international organizations. New powers emerged like the U.S. after both wars and the Soviet Union after WWII. Societies changed with women gaining more power and colonial subjects pushing for independence.
Global economic depression overview
The document provides an overview of the causes and results of the Great Depression between 1929-World War II. The key causes included the US economy's influence on world trade and loans which destabilized when the US stock market crashed in 1929. This led European economies to fail as they were unable to pay back loans to the US. As a result, unemployment rose to 30% in some nations, thousands of banks failed, global trade declined sharply, and agricultural and industrial production plummeted worldwide.
World wars compared warfare
Both World War I and II were massive global conflicts that mobilized entire nations and saw the development and use of new destructive weapons and technologies. Both wars involved the targeting of civilians, genocide including the Holocaust, and total mobilization of society and resources for war. While World War I featured stalemated trench warfare, World War II saw more mobile and surprise attacks across air, sea, and land.
World Wars Compared - Overview
The document provides an overview of World War I and World War II. It notes that WWI was from 1914-1918 with US involvement from 1917-1918. WWII lasted from 1937-1945 in Asia and 1939-1945 in Europe and Africa, with US involvement from 1941-1945. Both wars resulted in major economic, social, and political changes globally and impacted civilian populations, governments, and economies.
Japan - Meiji 18th and 19th centuries
Under the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 1600s, Japan pursued a policy of isolationism, expelling foreigners and prohibiting the Japanese from leaving. However, in the 1800s, outside powers like Britain threatened Japan militarily. Japanese leaders opened the country to trade and Western influence to modernize. This led to the overthrow of the Tokugawa rulers and the start of the Meiji period. During the Meiji restoration from 1860 to 1900, Japan transformed rapidly into an industrial and military power by selectively adopting Western ideas while maintaining independence.
Imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries
In the 18th and 19th centuries, industrialized nations strengthened control over their colonies and established overseas empires throughout Asia, Africa, and the Pacific in order to gain access to raw materials, capture valuable trade routes, expand markets for their goods, and demonstrate their power in the international system. Nations justified their imperialism through beliefs of racial and cultural superiority as well as a desire to spread Christianity and civilization. They used military superiority provided by new technologies like steam power, strong navies, and wealth to influence local leaders and conquer territories to build their empires.
Industrial Revolution - some ideas
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other Western European countries, the United States, Russia, and Japan in the 19th century. It involved a transition from manual labor and animal or water power to machine production using steam power in factories. This led to increased production, specialization of labor, and a shift from rural home production to urban factory work. The Industrial Revolution brought both benefits like improved production but also social problems such as child labor and poor working conditions.
Atlantic Revolutions - Results
The document summarizes some of the results and impacts of the American Revolution, French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, and revolutions in Latin America between 1700-1850. It notes that the American Revolution led to a stable democratic government under the US Constitution, with continued economic and social freedoms. The French Revolution saw frequent government changes but the spread of revolutionary ideals. The Haitian Revolution led to the end of slavery and plantation agriculture in Haiti. Revolutions in Latin America resulted in regional conflicts and the splitting of Central and South America into nation-states.
Revolutions causes compared (2016)
The document discusses the political revolutions in the 18th and 19th centuries in North America, France, Haiti, and Latin America. It identifies several similarities in the causes of these Atlantic revolutions, including that they were influenced by the Enlightenment and ideas of natural rights and social contract. They also involved conflicts between social classes and economic problems like inflation and taxation that led the lower classes to rebel. Finally, the revolutions inspired and caused other revolutions, and European wars either directly or indirectly contributed to the revolutions.
DBQ grading & corrections
This document outlines how students can earn points on a DBQ essay grading rubric, including +50 for a good introduction, +20 for a clear thesis, and +15 each for addressing at least one social and economic effect from the documents, attempting to group the documents in topic sentences, and explaining the point of view of one document's author or speaker. It also provides instructions for students to write addition paragraphs on a separate sheet of paper by Tuesday to earn points for any parts of the rubric they did not receive originally, such as writing a thesis if one was not present.
Essay format review
This document provides instructions for two essay tests on Thursday. The first test asks students to compare the rise of the Mongols to the rise of one of several empires between 1200-1400 CE. Students are instructed to write a thesis with one similarity and difference, and two body paragraphs analyzing causes and providing evidence. The second test asks students to analyze changes and continuities in Mediterranean culture from 500-1200 CE, following a similar outline of writing a thesis and two body paragraphs.
Tokugawa Japan - Brief Look
Before the 1500s, Japan experienced political fragmentation and civil wars between feudal lords. When Europeans arrived in the 1500s, they introduced firearms and trade goods. Christian missionaries converted thousands of Japanese with support from some feudal lords. In the 1600s, the Tokugawa family gained power and unified most of Japan under a feudal shogunate that lasted into the 1800s. The Tokugawa shoguns severely limited European influence by banning Christianity, restricting trade, and isolating Japan from most foreign contact for over 200 years. During this period of isolation, Japan centralized its government, improved infrastructure, and experienced cultural and economic growth.
Silver Trade 140-1750
Global silver trade in the 16th-17th centuries fueled global commerce. The discovery of silver deposits in Japan, Mexico, and South America coincided with the Ming dynasty demanding payment in silver, establishing global trade routes like the Manila Galleons that exchanged American silver for Asian goods. This commercialization boosted economies worldwide but also led to the deaths of over 8 million native people mining silver and the bankruptcy of the Spanish government once silver values dropped.
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