Downloaded 311 times
![Readthecluesanddothecrossword.
Across
1 willingtoacceptbehaviourthatisdifferentfromyourown:
--minded
2 petrifying:--raising
3 calm,abletomakesensibledecisionsindifficult
situations:--headed
4 havingconfidenceinyourself:self--
5 notcarryinganything:empty--
7 abletothinkquickly,inteltigent:quick--
8 oversensitiveto criticismorinsults:thin--
Down
1 showingnofeelingsorpityforotherpeople:cold--
2 caringandgenerous:kind--
5 fullofexcitingeventsandactivity:--packed
CompletethesentenceswithwordsfromAandthepresent
orpastparticipleformofwordsfromB.
Stepbrothersisa- filmabouttwofull-grown
menthatactlikekids.
Everydayshemanagesto loseorforgetsomething.
She'sso
Thechildrenwatchedthecircustricksin
amazement.
InNewSouthWales(Australia) peopleare
prohibitedfromusingsolariums.
A
absent
fair
tight
rong
time
wide
Sompoundadjective
B
consume
eye
heart
last
mind
skin
I cavLtalk aboat
varLow aspectsof storLes.
1 Thetortewasdeliciousbutrather- to make.
2 lt'sworthinvestinginsome energy-efficient
lightbulbs.
Choosethecorrectwordsto comptetethesentences.
1 Thechildrenwerepromisedthatiftheywerewell-behaved
/ welt-behavingtheycouldhaveanicecream.
2 Theterroristattackwillhavefar-reaching/ far-fetching
implications.
3 Thereweresomestrange-sounded/ strange-sounding
dishesonthemenu.
4 lt'simportantfora companyto haveaneye-catching
/ sight-catchinglogo.
5 Thestarting/ openingsequencewasawesomebut
thefilmwentdownhillfromthenon.
6 Thefilmwasmadeonastdngtight/ shoe-stringbudget.
7 ThenewfilmstarsMexicanheart-throb/ heartbeat
GaelGarciaBerna[.
8 Menin Blackwasoneofthebiggestblockbreakers/
blockbustersofthe1990s.
-
blurb [bb:b]
noun a shortdescription ofa book, a new product, etc.,
written by the peoplewho haveproduced it, that is intended
to attract your attention and make you want to buy it
Inventthestoryofa filmandwritetheblurbforit using
asmanyofthewordsintheboxasyoucan.Alternatively,
writeoneforafilmyouknow.
Unit2r Stories](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solutionsadvancedwb-150104211232-conversion-gate02/85/Solutions-advanced-wb-11-320.jpg)
![LORD oFrHEF'I,IES
I S.t cluring the Cold War, the story of fuird ol'the Flies
takes place on an isolated tropical island. A plane evacuatinga
group of British schoolboys frorn a war zone has crashed and
it soon lrccornes evident that there iue no adult sun'ivors. Two
ol'thc boys, Ralph and Piggy,stumble upon a conch shell and
Pigg' suggeststJratRalph use it asa hom to summon any other
sun'ivors rl,ho might be nearby. 1 As the holcler
ol'tlte conch, which is perceived asa syrnbol of authoriry, Ralph
is appointed to this role. Their new chiefappoints iurother older
lxrl',Jack, to lrc in chargeof the boys rvlxr u,ill hunt for Ibod lirr
tlrc entiregroup.
@ Rr. a tiure the boys revel in their adult-liee lil'e, splashing
itr the water and playing garnesuntil Ralph urges everyone
to rr'ork togedrer towards buikling a shelter and attracting dre
attentiou of passingships by creating a constant fire sigral, lit
lx'fcrcussing sunlight through Piggy'sglasses.How.ever,the fire
gctscorrstiurtlvoverlooked assome o[the boys,led byJack,
lbcus t]reir energy on hunting the wild pigs on the island.
@ Ut"" a ship passesby on the horizon one day, Ralph iurd
I'ig6n'are furious to discover that the signiil fire, which has been
Iack's and the hunters' responsibility to maintain, has burned
out. Ralph cor.rfronts.fack, but he hasjust returned q'ith his hrst
kill, ;urd all the hunters seem possessedby a strangefrenz.v,re-
enacting the chasein a kind of wild dance. Piggycriticises.fack,
n lto responds by slapping hirn acrossthe [ace.
@ ' At the rneeting, it soon becomes clear that
sorne of the younger boys are troubled by the belief that there
is sorne sort of beastlurking on the island. The children begin
to split into two separatetribes, based on the existence of the
lleast.'l'he rational Ralph attempts to disprove its existence.
3
@ Str,rtrJvafterwards, Simon, from Ralph's tribe, comes
acrossa pig's head buzzing with flies, whilst he is wandering
tlrr<>ughthe forest. 4
He begins to hallucinate
about the head, which he seesas'The l-ord of the Flies', and
believes that it is communicating with him, telling him that the
lxrvs have created the beast,and that the real beastis inside
thenr all. Simon returns to the beach to report to the others
u'hat he has seen,but finds them in the midst of a lienzied
litual f'east.5
On seeingSimon's shadowyfigure
ernerge fiorn the jungle, they attack him and kill him with
their bare hands and teeth.
lQl Ralph's tribe has now du'indleclto just hinrselt, Piggy,and
twins Sarnand Eric. They go toJack's tribal stronghold with
the dual airn of tr_vingto persuade.]ack to see reas<>nand to
retrieve Pigg-v'sglasses,which rnernbers of.fack's tribe have
stolen and without which Piggl' can't see. Hou'ever, a battle
ensues,during which a large rock is thrown by a bo1',Roger,
knocking Piggy over the cliff to his death and shattering the
conch into rnillions of pieces.Eric and Sam are kidnapped
into.fack's tribe, and Ralph is n<>wleft by himself.
E ttr the final sequenceof the book,.fack and his friend
Roger lead the tribe on a hunt for Ralph. They set the entire
island on lire in order to smoke hirn out of his hiding place,
which attractsthe attention of a nearby wzrship, Driven out of
the hrning forest onto the beach, Ralph is on tJrepoint of being
attacked by the savageswhen a British naval offrcer appears.
E
5
Stunned by the savageand bloorlthirsty
spectacle,the officer asksRalph to explain. Overwhelmed by
the loss of Piggy,Sirnon, and of his own innocence, he breaks
down and cries.
E
7
The officer hrrns his back so that they
may regain their composure. In the hnal line of the book, the
ofticer looks out to seaat his 'trim cruiser in the distance', an
ironic reminder that while the boys may have been savedfrom
savageryby the adults, the world is still at war.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solutionsadvancedwb-150104211232-conversion-gate02/85/Solutions-advanced-wb-15-320.jpg)
!['l{w,*
B
an honest
a blazing
a Keen
ctose
a Iasting
3 Comptetethesentenceswith
I cantaLkaboutdffireW
ktndsof relattowLtLps.
Relationships
Readthesentencesandcompletethepuzzlewithaverbor
adiective.
'1
z
Hedoesn'tfindit easyto closerelationships.
(across)Couldyouhelpmewiththishomework?|
promiseto - thefavoursometimel
(down)Didtheymanageto theirdispute?
Somebodyneedsto controlof thesituation.
Thecompanysuffereda - setbacklastyear.
Pupilsweregivenan opportunityto their
opinionsaboutthe newtimetab[9.
Tofuttyappreciatethesong,youhaveto pay
attentionto the lyrics.
She'snotafraidto -, hermind.
z
3
4
q
CombinewordsfromA, B andCto formverb+ adjective
+ nouncollocations.
fromexercise2.
1 Justgiveme . I won'tbeoffended.
2 WhenI walkedin theywerehaving
3
4
I ontymetheroncebutshemade
Wemetat primaryschoolandwe
eversince.
5 Heshowed intheplayIwasperformingin.
],.,,]:,,,,,:i:,,r,]],,CXAtimGil
Correcttheerrorsinthewordsinbold.
1 Thatrypresentergetsonmynerve.
2 We'tlhavetocallthepoticeifthingsgetoutofourhands.
''3 Theyweresittingsidetosideona parkbench.
4 Wehavea mutuallysupportingrelationship.
I triedto givehim someconstructiveadvicebut hesawit
the wrongway.
5 | lovebeingan actor.lt'sa greatwayto makea life.
on me.
haveremained
--t,^td Nc
remaln
nave
show
grve
c
impression
friends
answer
row
interest
adjective+ nouncollocations
Makethesentencesmoregraphicbyreplacingthe
wordsinbold.Thefirstletterhasbeengiven.
1 | droppedmycameraina puddleanditgotverywet.
S
2 | triedtowakehimupbuthewasdeeptyasleep.
f_
3 Therewasnota starinthesky.ltwastotallyblack.
o
4 | burnedmytongueonthesoupbecauseitwas
extremelyhot.b
5 Mygrandfather'sninety-fiveandreallyfit!
6 | don'tfeeIreadytogotobedyet.I'mstillverymuch
AWAKC.W
7 TheproblemwithBenis hehardlydoesanywork-
he'sincrediblyidte.b
8 | can'tbelievethesesunglasseshavebrokenalready.
They'recompletelynew.b
Unit3 . Partners](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solutionsadvancedwb-150104211232-conversion-gate02/85/Solutions-advanced-wb-21-320.jpg)
![I cavLducws the rnzouivg
and Lvnportaweoffrtendshtp.
1 O,oa Listentofourpeopledescribingafriend.Which
categoryoffriendshipdoeseachonefallinto?Choosefrom
thewordsinthebox.
1 Jordan
2 Ruth
3 Jacob
4 Gitt
2 $OS tistenagainandcompletetheseexcerptsfromthe
e
t
Withfororsince,describinghowlonganactionhasbeen
in progress
Withfororsince,whentheverbisnotcommonlyusedin
thecontinuousform
Describinga recentactionwhichisnowcomplete
Describinga recentactionwhichisongoing
5 Completethee-mailwiththepresentperfectorpresent
continuousformoftheverbin brackets.
descriptions.
1 Sherealty
2 She'stheonethatI'llalways
allthat.
ofneed.
3 Sheknowsshe
4 Hewouldhelome duringthistime.
5 | canalwaysrelyonher
Rewritethesentencesusingthewordsin brackets.Youmay
needto changetheformofthewordinbrackets.
1 TimandFionahavehadsomegoodtimesandbad
times.(ups)
2 Jennaknowseverythingaboutme.(inside)
SteveandJesshavehadanargumentandaren't
speakingtoeachother.(falD
MattandI havefaceda lotofdifficultsituationstogether.
Go)
5 BeckyandI havebeenfriendsforeightyearsorso.(back)
6 I'veconfidedin hera lotovertheyears.(open)
Underlinetheperfectstructuresinsentences1-6.Thenmatch
eachsentencewithusesa-f.
1 I'vejusteatenawholechillil
2 He'sdrivenvansbefore.
3 She'shadavirusforthelastfewdays.
4 I'vebeenwaitingoveranhourfora bus.I'mgoingtowalk.
5 I'vebeenrevisingforthelasttwohours.
6 He'sbeenspendingmoretimewithhisfamilylately.
a Describingsomethingwhichhasbeenhappening
repeatedlyintheveryrecentpast
b Describingsomethingwhichhashappenedonseveral
occasionsandmayhappenagain
tn prUfuRcplyAtlcf,rorvaro. * I I 1A'
HiSophia,
| 1- (try)to ringyoubut| 2- (notbe)
abletogetthroughsoIthoughtI'de-mailinstead.I
r-
Get)mysetfintoa slightlytrickysituation
andIwashopingthatI couldturntoyoufora bitof
advice.
| 4- (share)myflatwithagirlcalledHannah.
Basically,she'safriendofafriendofmyboss's.She
s-only recently (arrive)inLondon
soI offeredto letherstaywithmeforashorttimejust
whileshefindsherownaccommodation.Wetl,she
6-(stay) hereforovera monthnowandshe
7
- (notshow)anysignsofmovingout!She's
reallyfriendlyandeasytogetonwith,butshejust
8- (notshow)muchinitiativewhenit comesto
findingsomewhereto live.
Theotherthingisthatshehardlyeverleavestheflatso
shee- (notmade)manyfriends,whichmeans
thatshe (hang)outwithmeandmyfriends
a [ot.That'sallverywellbutasa resu]t|11-
(have)verylittle'qualitytime'withmyfriendsrecently.
You'reprobablywonderingwhy|12- (not
kick)herout,butsheisafriendofmyboss'ssothat
compromisesmeslightly.You'realwayssodiplomatic
inthesesituations.WhatdoyouthinkI shoulddo?
Speaksoon!
Phoebe
Unit3oPartners](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solutionsadvancedwb-150104211232-conversion-gate02/85/Solutions-advanced-wb-22-320.jpg)
![NATURALBORNWINNERS
EleanorSimmonds
@ I-rtceanyotlrcrfiveyearold
schoolglrl,EleanorSjmmonds
wdsnotbestpleasedatthe
ideaofnotbeingallowed
to moveupto the'next
{^/immirlo lpvpl rrrilh lrpr
classmatesEleanorsparents
tolcllrcrthatifshetrained
twrceaslrard,sherniglrtbe
ableto doit tleanoraccepted
thcchallengearrdnotonly
dlclslreimprorreherowrr
swrmmingte,cltnrque,buit
shestartedleavinghertaller
.choolfriendsin herwakeNotbadforagirlwhowasbonrwith
rclrondroplasla,amedlcalconditiontlratme'ansthatEleanorrs
iinlikelytogrowto morethan123cm
@ Eleanorsdesireto staywitlrherclassmatesrerrealedher
rrotentralto beagreatswimmeranclthefanrilymovedto Swansea
:rrWalessotlratEleanorcouldtrainintlrenrorecompetitive
.'nvironmentoftheBritishDisabilityHig,hPerformanceCentre
3eforelongElearlorwasputtingin nrnetwo-hourtrainilrgsessionsa
lr'eekbutallthehardworkstartedto payoffasslrebeganto notch
,ipvictoriesrninternationalcompetitiol'rsHowever,tlresevictories
'.raledinconlirarjsonwith hertwo Olynrpicgoldnredaltrlumphs
:t theParalymplcsin2008Thesuccesswhichsheearned1nBe;Jng
lxllredjatelyturnedEleanorintoa mediastarinBritdin,rdisjrlg
.rvarerlessandchangingalotofpeopleisattitudestowardsthe
Jrsabled
DavidWeir
@ Withtwoolderbrothers
whoweretrainingata
boxingclubit isperhalrsnot
surprlsingthatDavjclWeir
war,ltedto beasportsman
[)avic.lwashorrrwit]radefect
in hisspina)corcl,however,
andit mighthaveseemed
thatdestirryhadreserved
asedentarylifeforhim
Butthanksto hisparents,
Davldfeelsheisjustanother
menrberofthefamilyand
fromthestarthewas
:ncouragedto getoutandplaysport;ustlikehisbrothersTheonly
iorrcessionmadeto Davidisconditionwasthewideningofafew
.loorsto accommodatethewheelclrairsthatgotbrggeraslredrd
.sidefromthat,Davidwastreatedas'normal'andencouragedto get
.rnwrthhislife
@ Apartfronrtlrepracticalconstderatiol'ts,DavitiWeirhasnever
consideredhimselfdisabledandhecantunderstandtheneedto
makeadistinctionbetweenthetwogroupsHeremembersallother
disabledboyatschoolwhoseparentsnrollycoddledhimsomuch
thathewasn'tableto doanythingforhunselfThatwasn'ttheway
Dar,rdwasbroughtupancilookingatWeirspowerfularmsand
torsoitsharcito believethatanythingisbeyondhim Hesoneofthe
fewathletestlratconlpeteineverydlstancefromlO0metrestothe
marathonal'rdhedoesit exceptionallywellHesbeenvictoriousin
fourLondonmarathons,hasgainedfourParalymprcmedalsandis
tlteholderofrzariousworldrecordsfordifferentdistancesTlranksto
I)avidisrefusalto beseenasdifferent.hehashadtheconfidenceto
faceandoverconretheclrallengeofdisabilitSrAsfarashelsconcented,
it-ssocietyanditsoutdatedwayofdealingwiththedisableclthat
needstobeoverhaulecl
EsterVergeer
@ riglrtycaroldlsterVergeer
waslravutgasnnmtling
lessonwhenshefeltdizzy.
Shedragge'dherselfoutof
thepool,satdownonabenclr
andtotheconstenrationof
allthoscpresent,sucidenly
lostconsciousnessItwasthe
beglnningofanlghtnrare
thatsawherconstantlyin
hosprtal,undergolngtests
tofindthe'rootcauseofthe
problemFinally,doctorsdrscoveredthattlrcbloodcellsaroundher
spinewereweakandtheyneedc-dto olrcrateurgently.Theope'ratjoll
wouldentatlahighdegreeofrisk,huttlrerewasnoaltemativeIfthey
didn'toperateEstercouldsufferirreparablebrairrdamageAfternine
hoursofsurgerythedoctorswerepleasedwlththeoutcome,buttheir
olltimisticl'noodsoondisappearedwlrentheyrealisedthatEstcrhad
losttheuseofherlegs
@ nlthoughEsterretlrrnedhomein awhe'e'lclrair,shelnitially
thoughtit wasJustlrartoftherecoveryperiod,andthatsheclsoon
beruuningaroundwith herfriendsagainThewheelchair,however,
wasto becomeanlntegralpartofherlifeNotsurlrrisrngly,it took
Estertimeto adaptasit gyaduallydawnedonherthatherlifewould
neveFlretlresameShethenreahsedslrehadtwo options:shecould
eitherspendherlifelookingoutofthewjndoworshecouldgiveit
everythingshehadSheoptedforthelatter.
@ tt wassportthatcal11eto therescueandhelpedEsterto
changelierattjtudeto herwheelchairSportjsoftenusedto teach
wheelchajrusersmobilrtybutEsterlearntto bemorethanmobile
Shestoodoutasar1excellentsportswomanskilledatbothbasketball
andtennjs However,afterplayingfortheDutchnatlonalbasketball
team,shedecidedto focusexclusivelyontennisIt wasashrewd
movebecauseshehasbeentheworldsnumberoneplayereversrnce
andhasanimpressivehauJof Paralympicgoldmedalsprovingtlrat
shemadetherightchoicewhenshedecjdedr,rotto spendherlife
watchingtheworlcigoby.
Unit4 . Changes](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solutionsadvancedwb-150104211232-conversion-gate02/85/Solutions-advanced-wb-33-320.jpg)
![cawwe dewces
avoLdrepetLtLow.
Eltipsis
Match1-6 witha-f andcompletethesentenceswithan
auxiliaryormodalverb.
1 Doyouevermissyourcountry? I
2 HaveyoueverheardTheStreetsptaylive? tr
3 Don'tforgettofeedthecatthisevening. tr
4 Laurahasn'thandedinherbiotogycourseworkyet. []
5 Stevedidn'ttakeyourchequetothebank. I
5 Theshopsctoseearlytoday. tr
a Don'tworry,I
b Notnow,but|- when|firstgothere.
c Oh,that'ssoannoying.Hepromisedhe-.^
d No,butmysister-. Shetovedthem.
e Yes,I knowthey-.
f That'sstrange.Shetoldmeshe
Addthewordfotothesentenceswherenecessary.
1 Youcandeclinetheinvitationifyouprefer.
2 ShegotgradeA inallherexamsbutshedidn'texpect.
3 Youdon'thavetoopenthepresentnowifyoudon'twant.
4 Youcanmeetuslaterifyou'dtike.
5 | meantto buysomestampsbutI forgot.
6 Heaskedmetomakea speechathisbirthdaypartybutI
don'twant.
Completethedialogueswiththewordsinthebox.There
aretwothatyoudon'tneed.
1 'Givemeashoutifyouneedanyhelpputtingthatshelfup.'
'Thanks,I-.'
2 'A[[myfriends'parentsletthemcomehomeatwhatever
timethey[ike.'
'Perhapsthey-, butyou'renotgoingto.'
'l sawEddieintowntoday.'
'You-. He'sinMallorcawithhisfamily.'
'l wantyouto babysitforTrudythisevening.'
'Why- l?Abinevergetsaskedto babysit!'
'l haven'treceivedmyinvitationyet.'
'No-one .Theystillhaven'tbeensent.'
'l coutdgetFergusthisbookforhisbirthday.Doyouthink
he'sreadit?'
'No,he lt'sonlyiustcomeout.'
Completetheconversationbetweentwofriendsata
concert.Usea reducedinfinitiveandaverbfromtheboxin
thecorrectform.
Matt Watchit!You'vejustspittyourdrinka[[overme!
Jed Sorry,l1
Matt Didyoubuyanyofthemerchandisetheywere
sellingbytheentrance?
butitwas
ridiculouslyexpensive.
Comeon!Let'sgouptothestageatthefront.You
don'thavetostayinyourseat,youknow.
Matt Don'tworry,| 3 !
fed Shattweseeifwecangetthesinger'sautographa:
the end?
Matt No,I a- . I'mtooshy.
Matt They'reptayingat the Leedsfestivalnextmonth.
Whydon'twegoandwatchthemagain?
led 15
6
butunfortunately,I
becausewe'regoing
on holidaythedaybefore.
4
2
3
Jed
Jed
Unit5. Battles](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solutionsadvancedwb-150104211232-conversion-gate02/85/Solutions-advanced-wb-44-320.jpg)
![EarlymigrationtoAustralia
I Completethesentenceswiththewordsinthebox.
1 The- fortheeconomyispoorforthenextyear.
2 Hismistakesindefendingthecountryledtothe
president's
3 The- ofthepopulationinanycountryisusually
a mixtureofsuccessivegroupsofimmigrants.
4 The- ofthecompanywasachievedwiththe
bank'shelp.
5 Therewasa- innegotiationswhenbothsides
agreedto pullouttheirtroops.
6 Thelndian againstBritishruleledbyGandhi
wasmostlypeaceful.
7 Theformerpresidentishopingto makea- and
winthenextelection.
8 Withthe- offightingthousandsofpeopletried
to leavethecountry.
2 Readthetextquickly,ignoringthegaps.Whowerethefirst
immigrantstoAustraliaandwhatdidtheBritishexpect
themtodo?
Completethetext.Usethewordsin bracketsinthecorrect
form.
Readthetext.Answerthequestions.
1 WhyisAustraliaDayimportantforAustralians?
Whatwasdeportation?
WhywerepenalcoloniespopularwiththeBritish?
4 WhatdidCaptainPhitiprealiseaboutthelandingsite?
Whywas3 June7790animportantdatefortheconvicts
alreadyinAustralia?
Findwordsorphrasesinthetextwhichmatchthesedefinitions.
1 worryorfear(paragraph1)
2 difficulttolivein (paragraph2)
3 a placeagroupofpeoptehavebuitttolivein
(paragraph2)
4 establish(paragraph3)
5 cometoanend(paragraph3)
2
3
cawwnderstandand re.actto
avt,arttcle about rwgrattovt.
Eorlymigrofion to
Austrolio
26January1788isaveryimportantdateinthehistory
ofAustralia.ltis1- (know)asAustraliaDayand
commemoratesthe2- (anive)ofelevenshipstothe
stateofNewSouthWales,carryingthefirstimmigrantsfrom
GreatBritain.However,thepassengersonboarddidnot
experiencetheusualemotionsofexcitementand3-
(apprehend)ofnewimmigrantsastheyapproachedtheir
newhome.Infact,mostofthemhadgoodreasontobe
4-(worry) becausetheywerebeingsenttotheworld's
5- (big)prison.DeportationtoAustraliawastheprice
theyhadtopayforthecrimestheyhadcommitted
inBritain.
TheBritishhadalreadyusedpenalcoloniesinAmerica
butAmericanindependencemeanttheyneededa new
destinationforprisonersandAustralia6-(choose).
TheBritishconsidereddeportationtopenaIco]onies
7
- (use)fortworeasons:inthefirstplacetheywere
farawayandsituatedinharshterritory,therefore8-
(make)escapealmostimpossible.Secondly,theconvicts
providedfreelabourandwereforcedtosetaboutbuitding
settlementsthatcouldthenbeusedbylaterwavesof
immigrants.However,onthisoccasiontheBritishplans
nearlywentwrong.
Fromtheverye- (begin)thenewarrivalshad
problems.CaptainArthurPhitip,theofficerinchargeofthe
colony,soonrealisedthatthelandwheretheyhadlanded
was10- (suit)foragriculture.What'smore,what
tandcouldbeusedforgrowingcropswas11- (poor)
farmedasnoneoftheconvictshadanyfarmingexperience.
Sohardtyhadtheysetupthecolony,whentherewasa
desperate12-(short) offoodasthesuppliesthathad
arrivedwiththemranout.
Buitdingsomewheretolivealsoproveda problem.The
treesonthecoastwereincrediblyhardandtheimmigrants
hadonlybeengivenafewtoolsofpoorquality.Afteronly
eighteenmonthsintheirnew'home'theywerecloseto
13- (starve),withouta roofovertheirheadsano
withoutashiptotakethemto1a- (safe).Thesituation
wasdesperate.Fortunately,on3June1790shipscarrying
225femaleconvictsandfoodandtoolscametotherescue,
savingthesettlersfromcertaindeath.Thankstothenew
convictsandsuppliesthecolonybegantosteadilygrow
andbeforelongtheystartedtotaythe1s- (found)of
oneoftheworld'smostfamouscities:Sydney.
UnitZ.,ourneys](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solutionsadvancedwb-150104211232-conversion-gate02/85/Solutions-advanced-wb-59-320.jpg)
![)
)?i
-
@ / lthoughtimetravelisstitlatheoryanda longwayfrom
hbecoming reality,literatureandthecinemadogiveus
the chanceto experiencescientificprogressas if we were
sittingin HGWells'famoustimemachine.AndjustasWells'
timetravellerdiscovereda disquietingfuture,mostof the
societiesthatfictionpresentsuswitharealsofrightening.
Butarethesedangeroussocietiesreallyrepresentingan
imageofthefutureoraretheycommentingonthepresent?
Q ntthoughtimetravelisstilta theoryanda longwayfrom
Man has alwaysspeculatedaboutwhat mighthappen,
butit wasin thenineteenthcenturythatwriters[ikeWells
startedto usethe novelformto speculatein depthabout
whattheconsequencesofthegreatscientificandindustrial
developmentsofthetimewouldbe.Peopleweregenuinely
frightenedaboutthe implicationsof scientificdiscoveries
fallingintothehandsof thewrongpeopleandnovelstike
Welts'Ihe lnvisibleMan perfectlyarticulatedthis fear.
Thisfearof the newcontinuedintothe twentiethcentury
andwasfurthercompoundedbythechangingworldorder.
Theimmensepowerof theUSAandRussia,powerthatno
countryhad everpossessedbefore,led visionarywriters
suchas AldousHuxteyto predictthe controlof people
bythe statethroughthe useof up-to-datetechnology.In
Huxley'sBraveNewWorldfamiliesarea thingof the past
andtheworldstatecreateschildrenin laboratories,where
scientifictechniquesthat resemblegeneticengineering
divide embryosinto predeterminedsocialgroups.In
Huxley'svision,scienceis primarilyusedto controlpeople.
@ fneSecondWortdWaralsoprovidedptentyofmateriaIfor
depressingvisions.GeorgeOrwellwrote1984,a novelthat
portraysafutureone-partystatewhereeveryoneismonitored
byomnipresenttelescreens.Thepresenceofthetelescreens
isonlyoutnumberedbyenormouspostersof theone-party
state'sleader,BigBrother.Themaincharacterofthenovel,
WinstonSmith,worksforthegovernmentattheMinistryof
Truth,wheretheyareproducinga newlanguage,Newspeak,
whichwittrestrictpeople'scapacityto thinkforthemselves.
Orwell'sgrimfuturisticnovelwasreallya commentaryon
the terribleconseouencesof fascismand communism
that sweptacrossEuropeduringthe 1930sand 1940s.
@ nftertheSecondWortdWartetevisionandthecinema
startedto producetheirownfuturisticvisionsoftheworld,
andwhiletheymaynothavealwaysbeenasnegativeasthe
novelists,theytendedto portraypeace-lovingdemocratic
societiesunderattackfromtotalitarianregimesthatwanted
to exploitthem.However,the enemiesdepictedin these
novels,Hollywooddirectorswere clearlyawareof the new
world orderin the fifties, and films like lhe lnvasionof the
Bodysnatchers,where small town America is infiltrated
by aliens, and The Thing ftom Another World, where the
famousfilm-makerHowardHawksshowedan alien force
attackingan Americanbasein the Arctic,werea reflection
of Americanfearsof the SovietUnionand communism.
@ However,as relationsbetweenthe world's two most
powerfulcountriesof the period began to improve in
the late 7970s, the aliens from outer space began a
transformationthatsawthemgo fromimplacableenemies
to potentialfriends.DirectorStevenSpietbergted the
way in this change,givingthe worldthe mysteriousbut
friendly aliens in Close Encountersof the Third Kind
releasedin 7977 and the loveableEl which was first
screenedin 1982.As Russiaand EasternEuropestartedto
movetowardsdemocracyand relationsbetweenthem to
improve,boththesefilmsseemedto suggestthata better
worldwaspossible.Theyarebothrareexamplesof science
fiction offering images of a potentiallybetter future.
@ Sowhatdoessciencefictiontellus abouttheworldwe
livein today?Thedanger,it seems,no longercomesfrom
outerspace.Intoday'sglobalisedworld,nationaIboundaries
are easierto crossthan ever before.The explosionin
communicationstechnologymeans we can all be in
permanentcontact24 hoursa dayandthefearof terrorism
is presentwhereverwe go.Today'sfuturisticfilmssuchas
theMatrixseriesbythe Wachowskibrothersreflectallthis,
presentingworldswheretherearenocleardistinctions.The
enemy,ifyoucanfindit,coutdbeinyourcity,yourcompany,
your home,your computeror it couldevenbe... in you!
[Jnit/ ofourne]s](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solutionsadvancedwb-150104211232-conversion-gate02/85/Solutions-advanced-wb-61-320.jpg)
![exhilarationn irg,zle'rerjn/a feelingof greathappiness
andexcitement/Vothingnuch canmotchthe
exhilarotion of white-woter rafting.
hr-fetchedadj/,fo:'fetJt/verydifficultto believe
Thewholestorysoundsratherfar-fetched.
featurefilm n /'fixje film/ a main moviewith a story,
ratherthana documentary,etc.StarWarsis oneof the
highestgrossingfeaturefilms of all tine.
flawedadi /flc:d/ havinga fault or a weakness(= a ftaw);
damagedor spoileda flawedargumenta thebook's
flawedheroine
get intosth phrv /,get'rntu/to developa particularhabit
Howdid sheget into drugs?
get sb downphrv /,get'daun/to makesb feelsador
depressedRoinydaysalwoysget me down.
grippingdi /'grrpr0iexcitingor interestingin a waythat
keepsyourattention Thestorywosgripping, I couldn't
put thebookdown.
grossv /greus/to earna particularamountof money
beforetax hasbeentakenoff it /t /5oneof the biggest
grossingmoviesof oll time.
hair-nisingadj I'hearennll extremelyfrighteningbut
often excitinga hair-roisingodventure/story
hant out phrv /,hErJ'aot/to spenda lot of time in a
placeIhe locolkidshang out at theshopping centre.
hardshipn /'ho:dJrp/a situationthat is difficultand
unpleasantbecauseyoudo not haveenougt money,
food,clothes,etc.economic/finonciolhardship
heaft-throbn /'hc:t 0rob/(usedespeciallyin newspapers)
a famousman,usuallyan actoror a singer,thata
lot of womenfind attractiveGeorgeClooneyis often
describedaso heort-throb.
heart-warmlngadi/'ho:t wc:mr1/causingfeelingsof
happinessandpleasureo heart-wormingstory
klckthe habit,drug,booze,etc.idiom/krk 6a'hebrt/to stop
doingsth harmfulthatyou havedonefora longtime
Hemanagedto kickthehabitofter15yeorsof heroin
addiction.
level-headedadi/,levl'hedrd/catmandsensible;ableto
makegooddecisionsevenin difficultsituations
light-hcailedadi/,lart'ho:nd/f. intendedto beamusing
or easilyenioyableratherthantoo serious:d light-
heortedspeech2.cheerfulandwithoutDroblems:5he
felt light-heaftedondoptimistic.
locationn /lau'kerJn/a placeoutsidea film studiowhere
scenesof a film are madeThemoviewasshot entirely
on locationin ltoly.
longingn /'lor1r4/a strongfeetingof wantingsth/sbshe3
longingto returntoJopon;shereallymissesit.
loosechangEn /.lu:s'tJernd3/coinsthatyouhavein
a pocketor a bagI gavesomeloosechangeto the
busker.
maroonv /ma'ru:n/to leavesb in a placethattheycannot
escapefrom,for examptean island'Lordofthe nies'
is o novelaboutEnglishschoolboysmoroonedon a
desertislond.
mlscastv /,mls'ka:stto choosean actorto playa rolefor
whichtheyarenot suitabte
movingadj/'mu:vrg/causingyouto havedeepfeelingsof
sadnessor sympathya deeplymovingesperience
prestigen /pre'sti:3/the respectandadmirationthat sb/
sth hasbecauseof theirsocialposition,or whatthey
havedone
quick-wittedadi/,kwrk'wrtrd/ableto think quickly;
intelligent
resentv /fl'zentlto feelbitter or angryaboutsth,
especiallybecauseyoufeelit is unfair
roadmovien /"reodmu:vi/a film whichis basedon a
journeymadebythe maincharacteror characters
self-assuredadi/,selfa'Joad/havinga lot of confidence
inyourselfandyourabilities
sequeln /'si:kwal/a book,fitm,play,etc.that continues
the storyof an earlieroneo sequelto thehit movie
'X-men'
sequencen /'si:kwens/a partof a film that dealswith one
subjectortopicorconsistsofonescene
settingn /'setrD/the placeandtimeat whichthe action
of a play,novel,etc.takesplaceshorfstorieswith o
contempororysefting
skipv /skrpito not do sththatyouusuallydo or should
do Shedecidedto skipthe afternoon'sclass.
sleeproughidiom/sli:p'rnf/to sleepoutdoors,usually
becauseyouhaveno homeandno money
supportingadi/sa'pc:trq/(aboutan actorin a playor fitm)
havingan importantpartbut not the leadingonelhe
moviefeaturedMorgonFreemonin a supportingrole.
third-rateadi /,e3:d'rert/of very poor quality o third-rate
octor
twist n /twrst/an unexpectedchangeor developmentin a
storyor situation
unfoldv /an'faold/to be graduallymadeknown;to
graduallymakesth knownto otherpeoplefhe
audiencewatchedas thestoryunfoldedbeforetheir
eyes.) Sheunfoldedher toleto us.
wackyadi/'w€ki/ funnyor amusingin a stighttycrazy
wayHehassomewackyideas.
X-ratedadj/'eksrertrd/(especiallyof a film)that people
under18 arenot allowedto seebecauseit contains
sexand/orviolence
Getreadyforyourexam2
burrowv /'bnreo/to makea holeor a tunnelinthe ground
by digging Eorthwormsburrow deep into the soil.
contractv /ken'trekt/ to get an illnessto contractAIDS/o
virus/a disease
flop n /flop/a fitm,play,party,etc.that is not successfut;
a failure
lowtyadi/'lauli/lowin statusor importance
poultryn I'paultrtlbirdssuchaschickens,ducksand
geese,kept for their meator eggsto keeppoultry a
poultryfarming
sewagen /'su:ldj/usedwaterandwastesubstances
producedbyhumanbodies,that arecarriedawayfrom
buildingsthroughspecialpipes(= 5shf.tr;a banon
the dumpingof rawsewage
slghtlngn /'sartrD/an occasionwhensb seessb/sth,
especiatlysth unusualor sth that lastsfor ontya short
time a reportedsighting ofthe LochNessmonster
slumpn /shmp/a suddenfall in sales,prices,the value
of sth, etc.a slump in profits
taintedadi/'temtrd/(offoodor water)no longersuitable
for eatingor drinkingbecauseit containsa dirty,
harmfuIor poisonoussubstancetointeddrinkingwater
urbanmythn /,s:ben'mro/a storyaboutan amusingor
strangeeventthat is supposedto havehappened,
whichis oftenrepeatedandwhichmanypeople
believeis true
Unit3 Partners
acqualntancen /o'kwerntens/a personthatyou knowbut
who is not a closefriend Clairehosa widecircleof
friendsand ocquaintonces.
affluentadi / aefluent/havinga lot of moneyand a good
standardof tivingo veryoffiuentneighbourhood
ancientadi/'ernJent/1. belongingto a periodof history
that is thousandsof yearsin the gastancienthistorya
ancientGreece
2.veryold; havingexistedfor a verylongtimean
ancientoaktree
antiqueadi/en'ti:k/ (offurniture,iewelteryetc.)otdand
oftenvaluableon antiquedesk
associaten ia'sauJiet/a personthatyouworkwith, do
businesswith or spenda lot of timewith business
associotes
attentlveadi/e'tentw/helpfuhmakingsurethat people
havewhat they need Thehotelstaffarefriendlyand
ottentive.
be blessedwith sb/sth idiom/bi 'blestwr6/to havesth
goodsuchasability,greathappiness,etc.We're
blessedwithfive lovelygrondchildren.
be steepedin sth idiom/bi'sti:pt rn/to havea lot of a
particularqualitya citysteepedin history
bulletproofadi/'bolrtpru:f/ableto stopbu[]etsfrom
passingthroughit o bulletproofvest
bustlingadi/'bnslrp/full of peoplemovingaboutin a
busyway Themorketwasbustling with life.
buzzvrbtz.lto be fullof excitement,activity,etc.Thep :::
wosbuzzingwithiournolists.
captivatingadi /'keptwertrq/takingallyourattention:
veryattractiveandinterestingHefoundher
coptivoting.
caterforsb/sth phrv /'kertafe(r)/to providethe things
that a particularpersonor situationneedsor wants
Theclasscatersfor all ability ronges.
clientelen /,kli:an'tel/all the customersor ctientsof
a shop,restaurant,organisation,etc.Wehaveon
internationaI cIientele.
close-knitadi/,klaos'nrt/(ofa groupof people)having
strongretationshipswith eachotherandtakinga
close,friendlyinterestin eachother'sactivitiesand
problemsthe close-knitcommunityof o small villo_ci
cosmopolitanadj/,kozma'pohtan/containingpeople
of differenttypesor fromdifferentcountries,
andinfluencedbytheircultureTheclubhoso
cosmopoliton atmosDherc.
cronyn /'krauni/(oftendisapproving)a personthatsb
spendsa lot of time with Hewosplaying cordswit
hiscronies.
deprivedadj/dr'prarvd/withoutenoughfood,educatio-
anda[[the thingsthatarenecessaryfor peopleto ti.*
a happyandcomfortablelifean economicollydepri,::
orea
desolateadj/'desalat/(ofa place)emptyandwithout
people,makingyoufeelsador frighteneda bleokc- :
desolatelandscope
detourn /'di:toe(r)/a longerroutethatyoutakein order
to avoida problemor to visita placeWehadto moxe:
detouraroundthefloodedfields.
downadi/datin/sador depressedl feela bit downtoo:.
driftapartphrv /,drrft e 'po:r/to becomelessfriendlyo:
closeto sbAs childrenwe wereveryclose,but os we
grew up we iustdriftedoport.
eradicatev /r'redrkert/to destroyor get rid of sth
completely,especiallysth badWearedeterninedtc
eradicateracismfrom oursport.
fair-rveatheradi/'feewe6o/(ofpeople)behavingin a
particularwayordoinga particularactivityonlywhenil
is pleasantforthema foir-weotherfriend(= s6ry6or,ot
beinga friendwhenyouareintrouble)
harkbackphrv /,ho:k'bek/to remindyouof, or to be
like,sth in the pastlhe neweststyleshorkbackto the
clothesof theseventies.
high-riseadjl'har ravl (ofa buitding)verytatlandhaving
a lot of floors hrgh-risehousing
hilly adi/'hrli/havinga tot of hillso hillyorealregion
historlcadi/hrs'tonk/importantin history;likelyto be
thoughtof as importantat sometime in the futureo
historicmonumenta Theareais of specialhistoric
interest.
hostn /haustla country,a cityor an organisationthat
holdsandarrangesa specialeventThecollegeis
ployinghostto a group of visiting Russionscientists
hygienen /'hardSi:n/the practiceof keepingyourselfand
yourlivingandworkingareascteanin orderto prevent
illnessand diseasefood hygienea ln the interestsof
hygiene,pleasewashyourhands.
immenseadj /r'mens/extremelylargeor great Thereis
stillan immenseamountofworktobe done.
laid-backadiI,lerd'6aU calmandrelaxedo loid-back
ottitude to life
livelyadi l'lallil (ofa place,an event,etc.)fultof interest
or excitementa livelybor
picturesqueadj/,prktJa'resk/(ofa place,buitding,
scene,etc.)pretty,especiallyin a waythat looksold.
fashionedo picturesquecottagelvilloge
portionn /'pr:Jn/anamountoffoodthatis largeenough
for onepersona generousportionof meot
remlniscentadi/,remr'nrsnt/remindingyouof sb/sth lhe
wayhe laughedwasstronglyreminiscentof hisfothet.
Wordlist](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solutionsadvancedwb-150104211232-conversion-gate02/85/Solutions-advanced-wb-112-320.jpg)
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Solutions advanced wb
The article discusses the origins of several extreme sports. Parkour originated in France and was developed by people who found traditional gymnastics too dull. Its practitioners aimed to navigate through obstacles in urban environments as efficiently as possible. BASE jumping traces its origins to parachuting in the 1950s. It grew out of skydiving and held its first international championships in 1982. Motocross began on muddy tracks in Europe and Australia before making its way to the international stage. It was popularized in the US by a TV program focused on motorcycle racing.
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Solutions advanced wb
- 2. p3 p11 EIAm 1 p19 EXAfl2 EIAM 3 Memories Compound What'son adiectives the box? . Reading . Useof English . Speaking oWriting Relationships Friends oTheorigins of English ArthurMilter andAllmy sons olnheritance @ Describing an event Review oDiscussion oPhrasal verbs oSporting oflgrn5 . Listening Marriagein theUK Lotdofthe Narrative Flies tenses Loveconquers all A new direction laques-Yves Cousteau Sweetdreams? Photo comparison Negotiation AnartlcleVerb patterns Protest songs Iife changes P27 p29 PJ7 p47 p55 Descdblng change o Reading . Speaking Warand peace oUseof English . Listedng oWriting Family Fightingfor tensions equality Conditionals Discussion Eltipsis Adding empasis Modalverbs Passive structures Complex sentences Dlscurslve essay Presentation Article: describinga Person Photo Story-wrlting comparison Presentation Letterof complaint Stimulus-based Areport discussion Dnwing Oplnlon conclusions essy Lookinginto Themeanlng TheEuropean the future of dreams dream? . Reading . Useof English . Listcning . Speaking eWrlting Reporting structures Tnvelling p57 about Fashlon Thetravel Earlymigration bug to Australia Time travel Foodof the future Foodor fuel? . Reading . Useof English . Listenlng oSpeaking . writing Gossip In confidence Thesecret agent Youth culture qm4 P65 p77 Threatsto ourplanet HaPPY endings? . Listenlng lmmortatity Presentation Opinlon essay EXAN 5 p83 p91 . Reading o Useof English . Speaking . Writing EXAMGHALIENGEAilD CuMUtaflvEREvrEwsp93 tuilcrrol{s BANKp1o2 WRrrrxc PHRASESBAI{Kp104 WRrrrNGBAIK p107 WoRDHsr p111 ,l- Whereveryouseethissymbol,youwillfindinteractive ' I - practiceinthecorrespondingsectionoftheMultiR0M lx vouRCDpL,qvER Track 1 1BSpeaking,page4 2 1FSpeaking:Discussion,page9 3 2FSpeaking:Stimulus-baseddiscussion,page77 4 2FSpeaking:Stimulus-baseddiscussion,page17 5 Getreadyforyourexam1,page20 6 38Speaking,page22 7 3FSpeaking:Discussion,page27 8 4FSpeaking:Discussion,page35 9 Getreadyforyourexam2,page38 10 5BSpeaking,page40 77 5FSpeaking:Presentation,page45 72 6FSpeaking:Stimulus-baseddiscussion,page53 73 6FSpeaking:Stimutus-baseddiscussion,page53 74 Getreadyforyourexam3, page56 75 7BSpeaking:Discussion,page58 76 7FSpeaking:Presentation,page63 77 8FSpeaking:Stimulus-baseddiscussion,page7L 18 Getreadyforyourexam4, page74 79 98 Speaking,pageT6 20 9FSpeaking:Stimulus-baseddiscussion,page8L 27 10FSpeaking:Presentation,page89 22 Getreadyforyourexam5, page92
- 3. Memories I can talkabout cLtLIdhtod ynzyntrtes. W o D S T R A U G H T B K A A D I c R H c R o V E R W H E L M E D E X F M T S Y N G o P R T B W R R E 0 N E N S E E E E o C D S o A M E N D E W T z V o T c U S F S X a H P R E o c c U P E D L D S o R I E N T A ,T E D R A c A S S T o S c E A N c N J M W W E o T o R W H o T L U N E z R X T E N U M M E R U E D S G z D 1 findeightadiectivestodescribefeelings1- 1.t:,). Whichofthewordsfromexercise1 describehowyoumight feelinsituationsT-7? 1 Youwakeupafteradeepsleepandhavenoideawhat timeitisorwhereyouare. 2 Youarrivelateattheairportanddiscoveryoudon'thave yourpassport._ 3 You'retryingtochooseadishfromamenu,butthereareso manytochoosefromyoudon'tknowwheretostart. 4 Yougethomeworkfromfourdifferentteachers.Theyatt wantyoutohandinthehomeworktomorrow 5 You'reata partywhereyouhardlyknowanybody.You feeltooshytosaymuch. 5 You'reworriedaboutanexamyou'retakingtomorrow andareunabletoconcentrateonanythingelse. 7 Youwanttoconfrontaclassmatewhoyoususpectofsteating moneybutneedtobeverycarefulhowtogoaboutit.- Completethesentenceswiththewordsintheboxand matchthebeginningsofthesentenceswiththeirendings. 7 2 3 4 5 5 with Asl hisflatisonthethirdftoor. ofmeetingher. avery- smell. aboutoldtimes. inmymemory. I shouldneverhavegone therealone. Shelovesto A woodfirehas I haveno Thatsongis now 4 Rewritethesentencesusingthewordsinbracketssothat thesecondsentencehasthesamemeaningasthefirst. 1 I'veaskedyourepeatedlytokeepthenoisedown.(time) 2 Sherecognisedhim immediatety.(once) 3 He'sworkingat hisfather'sshopfornow.(being) 4 They'tlbehereverysoon.(any) 5 Everybodymakesmistakesoccasionally.(while) 5 Mybrotherwasstilla babythen.(at) a b c d e f Writetheadiectivesinthecorrectboxtomakethem negative. 6 CompletethesentenceswithprefixesfromAandwords 1 | usedto workfora companybut nowI'm-. 2 Shegotfoodpoisoningaftereatingsome- chicken. 3 Standin a circleandpassthe ballroundin an- direction. 4 Don'tmentionheraccent.She's- aboutit. 5 What'sthe nameoftheactorwho- withJohnny Deppin SweeneyTodd? 6 | thoughthe saidsomethingrudeto mebutI might have-. un tn tm dis tr it -rcryp Unit1eBeginnings
- 4. Inheritance I cawtalk about tnherttedcharactertJttu. Q Of tistentoAnnietalkingaboutsimilaritiesbetween herselfandherparents.Arethesentencestrueorfalse? WriteTorF. 1 Facia[[y,Annieandhermotherarefairlyalike.- 2 Annieandhermotherhaveidenticalhairstyles.- 3 Anniethinksherfaceisverysimilartoherfather's.- 4 Annieandherfatherbothhavearelaxedattitudetolife.- 5 Annie'smotherknowswhatkindofclothesAnnie likes.- O,gt, ListenagainandcompletethephrasesAnnieuses. 1 Welt,physically, I suppose. 2 We're ofeachother. 3 Peoplesaytheycansee mydadandme. 4 I'vegota ln me. 5 Whenit taste,I reckonI'vegot 5 Writelogicalresponsestothesentencesusingwillorwould. 1 Theteacherconfiscatedmyphone. ulell.vouwillkecotattinoin claos. 2 |foundit reallyhardtogetupthismorning. 3 I'mfreezing. 4 Mygrandmother'sbeensuspendedfromdriving. 5 Joewasexpelledfromhislastschool. 5 BeforeIwentona dietlweighed75kilos. withmymum. 5 lsitsomething behaviour? orisitlearned Rewritethesentencesusingthewordsin bracketssothat thesecondsentencehasthesamemeaningasthefirst. 1 lt'seasytoseethatPaulandJoearefromthesame family.(strong/ resemblance) There 2 Youcan Phobias 3 Intermsofpolitics,Edwardandhisdadhavesimilar views.(common) When 4 Luke Luke 5 Mypersonalityis Personality-wise, verysimilarto mymum's.(after) Choosethecorrectwordstocompletethetext.Oneorboth answersmaybecorrect. inheritphobiasfromyourparents.(geneticatty) looksextremelysimilartoMattDamon.(image) Beinganidenticaltwinhasitsupsanddowns.0nthe positiveside,whenMaxandIwereyoungerwelwould never/ neverusedto feelalonebecausewe2would afways/ alwaysusedto haveeachotherto relyon. | 3usedto / wouldbequitereservedandhewas outgoingsohetvouldhelp/ helpedmeoutinsocial situations.Unlikesometwins,we5didn'tuseto/ wouldn'thaveourownlanguagebutwealwaysknew whattheother6usedto think/ wasthinking.Even nowwewilloftenfinishoffeachother'ssentences. OnethingthatlfounddifficultisthatI Tdidn'tuse / usednottofeellikeanindividualandlsusedto resent/ wasresentangthatsometimes.Peopleused to seeusasa unitandcallus'thetwins'. WhatreallygetsonmynervesasIgetolderisthat peopleeareforevermistaking/ forevermistake meforMax.Inmyfirstyearatsixth-formcollege peopleusedtolothink / werethinkingIwasrude because| (orinreality,Max)11didn't,/didn'tuseto sayhellotothemaroundtheschool.Now| 12say / will sayhellotoeveryonewhosayshellotomesothat they13don't / won'tthinkmybrother'srude.Butthe mistakenidentitythingcanbeusedto ouradvantage- likewhenI laborrowed / wouldborrowMax'sdriving licencebeforeI hadpassedmytest. Unit1. Beginnings
- 5. I cqw qvLartlcle understandand reqctto qboutthe ortgtw of Engltsl+. heoriginsofEnglis 1 Completethesummarywithwordsfromthebox. WhenBritainwasinvadedbyGermanictribesinthefifth century,ittookonthelanguageoftheinvaders,knownas 1- orOldEnglish.Manymodemdaywordsconnected with2- comeftomthisphase.OtdEnglish3- certainwordsfromtheRomansandalsoitsa-. lt latertookwordsftomt..----.-----------thelanguageofViking invaders. Aftertheeleventhcentury,MiddleEnglishbegantoo ltsgrammarbecamesimpleraswordinflections7 -. ManyFrenchwordswereintroducedfollowingtheNorman 8- in1066.Thethirdphase,ModernEnglish,began withtheinventionofthee- inthefifteenthcentury. Thefirst10-were usedinthe1700sandasaresult the11- ofwordsbecamemorestable.Thelanguage continuestoevolve,andisstrongly12- bythe IntemetandbytheEnglishspokenby13- speakers. 2 Readthetextquickly,ignoringthegaps.Whichthreewords arebeingdescribed? A- B- C Completethetextwithsuitablewords. Arethestatementstrueorfalse?WriteTorF. 7 Honeymoonusedto havemorepositiveconnotations thanit doestoday.- 2 lnahoneymoonperiod,mistakesaretolerated.- 3 InRomantimessoldierswerepaidwithsalt.- 4 Salarychangeditsmeaningduringthetransitionfrom Anglo-Normanto modernEnglish.- 5 Poshhasa popularexplanationthathasnotbeen substantiated.- 5 finOwordsinthetextwhichmatchthesedefinitions. 1 2 3 4 5 totakenonoticeof becamewider averysmallamount reasonableandtikelyto betrue , t [l tvmoloevis the study of word origins. It is | ' / a subiectwhich seemsto hold a remarkable fascination for people,as can be seenfrom the numerousblogsand Internet sitesdedicated1- lengthy discussionsand speculations 2- the origin of a given word. Below are a few examplesof words that are of particular etymologicalinterest. @According to the lexicographer,SamuelJohnson, the original meaningof this word suggestssomewhat cynically that marriage begins with the sweetnessand tendernessof honey,but soonwanes 3 - the moon. It still retains thoseconnotationstoday in the expression honeymoon periodwhich refers to the first stagea- a new activity - a government'sfirst term in office,for example- when peopleare prepared temporarily to ignore 5- imperfections.Nowadays,in the context of marriage, the pessimisticimplications have faded and the word simply refers to a holiday taken by a newly married couple. @ fnis word.originated from Latin, where salarium, a derivative of sa-lmeaning'salt', referred to 'an allowance given to soldiersto buy salt'. In former times salt was a valued commodity,over which wars were 6-. It *u" not taken for 7 - as it is today.Use of the word soon broadenedout to the current meaning of'fixed periodic payment of work done'and passedin this sensevia Anglo-Norman into English. @ fnis word describessomethingstylishly luxurious. In Britain it alsomeanssomebodyor somethingtypical 8 the upper classes.It first appearedin the early twentieth g- and was widely 10- to be an r acronym for 'Port Out, Starboard Home', referring to the locationof the more desirablecabinson passenger shipstravelling 11- Britain and India. Thoseon the port Oeft)sideon the way out, and the starboard kight) on the return trip, benefited from the seabreeze and shelterfrom the s.,n.12- it providesa very neat explanation,there isn't a shredofevidencefor it. A more plausible solution is that the modern adjective, posh, is the sameword as the now obsoletenoun posh, meaning'dandy'(a man who caresa lot about his clothes) a slang term current in the late nineteenth century. nolongerused Unit1oBeginnings
- 6. 'Tr-" portingorigin Quicklyreadthetextaboutthreeextremesports.Inwhich countrydideachsportoriginate? A_B_C_ Readthetexts.AnswerthequestionsA,BorC. Whichsport 1 wasinventedbypeoplewhofoundtifedull?- 2 hetditsfirstinternationalchampionshipsin1982?- 3beganona mudtrackandmadeitswaytotheworld stage?- discouragesparticipationincontests?- isnamedafterthedifferentcategoriesofthesport?- wasmadefamousbya programmewhichwasprimarily abouta differentsport?- usesa saferformofequipmentforparticipantsthan before?- 8 trainsitspractitionerstodealwithlife'sproblems?- 9 wasinventedasa low-costalternativeforanother soort?- 10 involvesa setofbeliefs?- 77 isshowninafamousfeaturefitm?- 72 isoftenperformedillegally?- I cawunderstqndatLarticle aboutthz ortgLwof dffirew sports. 4 Arethesentencestrueorfalse?WriteTorF. 1 ThemainaimofParkouristogetfromonepointto anotherasquicklyaspossible.- 2 SometraceurspractisedtheirsportintheParis underground.- 3 BASEjumpingismoredangerousthanskydiving.- 4 CartBoenishwasthefirstpersontoaccomplishallfour typesofBASEjump.- 5 WhenitfirstbecamepopularintheUSA,youngpeople wantedtoparticipateinmotocrossbutcouldn'taffordit. 6 Stingraybikeswerespeciallydesignedforcycling offroad.- Findwordsorphrasesinthetextwhichmatchthese definitions. 1 a fencemadeofverticalmetalbars(textA) 2 jumpoverina singlemovement,usingyourhandsto pushyou(textA) 3 4 5 6 7 8 braveacts(textA) a dishonestwayof behaving(textB) achieves(textB) becamepopular(textC) imitating(textC) a suddenincrease(paragraphC) 4 5 6 Completethesentencesusingappropriateadverbsor adverbialphrasesfromthebox. 1 Shestuck- toherargumentdespitebeing challengedbytheinterviewer. 2 3 I agreedwithwhathewassaying. WhenI realisedI hadputmyfootinit,l- changedthesubiect. t 4 Thenovelwas- basedonthewriter'sown tife. He- deniedreadingatherdiary. Thelawcasewas reportedinthepress. Sheis- opposedtocapitalpunishment. Flashphotographyis prohibitedinthis museum. Becarefulwhenpickingwildmushrooms.Certain typescanmakeyou- ilt. 5 6 7 8 Whatdoyouthinkmotivatespeopletotakeupextreme sports?Writea paragraphandgiveexamples. Unit1r Beginnings
- 7. Runnlng free f, tntneearly1990s,inthetownofLisses,50minutessouthof f,aris,agroupofboredteenagerswouldhangouttogetherinapark afterschool.Uninterestedinfootballorotherconventionalgames, :neywouldentertainthemselvesbydaringeachothertodostunts :singbenches,railings,wallsandotlrcrparkfurniture.Fromthe carktheymovedintothestreets,whereeveryobjectwasviewed assomethingtobeclimbedup,vaultedoverorswungfrom.Their groupleaderwastheexceptionallyathleticseventeen-year-old,David 3elle,whohadbeeninspiredbytheheroicexploitsofhisfather,a 'enownedmilitaryfirefighter,andbythemartialartsfilmsofBruce -ee.ThisgroupbecamethefoundersofParkouror Free-Running althoughpuristswillinsistthatthereisadifferencebetweenthetwo). rJorethanjustasport,Parkourisadisciplineandartwhichaimsto developthebodyandmindto beabletoovercomeobstacleswith 'urdity,efficiencyandspeedandtoapplytheseskillstothemental aswellasthephysicalchallengesinlife.Inthelatenineties,Parkour attracteda hugeundergroundfollowingin France,andgradually emergedacrosstheworldandlaterenteredthemainstreamafter 'eaturingin themid-2000sin variousdocumentariesandfilms, -otablyCasinoRoyale,starringSebastienFoucan,anotherParkour 'lunder,asa free-runningterroristbeingchasedoverrooftopsby JamesBond.Manytraceurs(practictionersofParkour)campaign againstitspopularisation,fearingthatitwillleadtocommercialism andcompetition,whichgoesagainstits inherentphilosophy. liuing onthe edge Ej BASEjumpingis anadventuresportwhichusesa parachute to jumpfromfixedobjects,whichmayeitherbenaturalfeatures or man-madestructures.'BASE'is anacronymforthefourtypes of objectsfromwhichonecanjump;Building,Antenna,Span(or bridge),andEarth(thewordusedfor a cliff).BASEjumpsdiffer fromtraditionalskydivingsincetheyaremadeat loweraltitude withonlya few secondsto deploythe parachute,andthey takeplaceincloseproximityto theobjectservingasa jumping platform.Ownersof structuresaregenerallyreluctantto allow themto beusedasjumpingplatforms,so manyBASEjumpers resortto subterfugeinordertogettothem.Modernbasejumping wasinventedin 1978by CarlBoenish,whofilmeda groupof friendsjumpingfromElCapitan(averticalrockface)inYosemite NationalPark,California.Theywereusinga typeof parachute whichwasmoresecurethanearliermodelsandeveryonelanded unharmed.Carlandotherpioneersof thesportsooncameup withtheBASEacronymanddevelopedtheBASEnumbersystem whereanyonewhoaccomplishesajumpof eachtypeisassigned a BASEnumber,insequenceof thepeoplewhohavecompleted all fourtypesbefore.CarlwasBASEnumber4. ln 1984,he diedafterhittinga rockoutcropwhileBASEjumpingin Norway. Extreme bilfing @ Motocross,or 'off-roadmotorcycleracing',originatedin Britaininthe1920s.Whenthesportfinallytookoff intheUSA inthe1960s,manyteenagershadthedesirebutnotthemeans to participate.Soinsteadtheystartedemulatingtheirmotocross heroesontheirbicycles,wearingfullmotocrossgear.In 1971, a motorcycleracingdocumentary,0n AnySunday,is generally thoughttohaveinspiredamovementwhichbecameknownasBMX (bicyclemotocross).Initsopeningscenesit showedteenagekids ridingtheirStingrays,themostpopularbrandofcustombike,on anoff+oaddirttrack,handlingthemwithextraordinaryskilland dexterity.Therelativelylowcostofparticipatinginthesportcoupled withthewideavailabilityofplacesto rideanddotricksmeantthat BMXbecameaninstanthitnationally.lt sweptacrossEuropein thelate70sandin 1981theInternationalBMXFederationwas founded,withthefirstworldchampionshipsbeingheldthefollowing year.In2003,theInternationalOlympicCommitteevotedtoinclude BMXracinginthe2008SummerGames,inwhich32 menand sixteenwomenparticipated.Asa resultitenjoyedanothersurgein popularity.TodaythereareoveronethousandBMXtracksaround theworldandparticipationin BMXracingis at anall-timehigh. Unit1oBeginnings
- 8. Phrasalverbs Gonstrrrction of newDNA laboratory to go ahead -m-outa"at go dor'r-n :-*itt new4gryry Scientistscome up with w?y r_togenerati syntheticbtood twinbrother tipsthemoff to mentalarithmetic' claimsresearch 'Elephantsclevererthan humanswhenit comesI Plansfor National ID card fall through rGenetics to bring about medical breakthroughs' predict scientists 1 ldentifythephrasalverbsinthenewspaperheadlinesand writetheminthecorrectcolumnofthetablebelow. Writethephrasalverbsfromexercise1 nexttotheir meanings. 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 tocausetohappen to notbecompleted towarnsbaboutsomethingillegal tofindananswer tohappen,tobedone tobecomeillwith to relatetoa particularsituation tothinkthatsbissomebodvelse Rearrangethewordsto makesentenceswithphrasalverbs. 1 place/at/down/ Manchester/offeredla lbutlwasI she/ turnedI itI LauralUniversity people/are/Whitstlin lfavourI do laway/ of/the monarchy,/ others/ some/ thinkI withI itI we lshould meaning/keep/ never/out/ butI SetI | / my/ photos / round/to / sortI itI | | to some/ boughtI AfterI new/ourI toI myselfI upI myI boyfriend/ broke/ clothes/ off/ retationship/ l/ cheer father/ was/ decidedI itI notI My/ over/ toI goI in/ New York/ but/ afterI forI itI iobI offered/ a/ thinking/ he Completetheseirtenceswiththeactive,passiveor infinitiveformsoftheverbsintheboxandanobiect pronounwherenecessary. 1 2 3 4 5 I don'ttrustheranymore.She's toooften. I can'tfindtheletter.lt mighthave-. Hewasbornand inSydney. Thatnoiseisdifficult She'tl- byhergrandparentswhilstherparentsare onholiday. Couldyou atthetrafficlights,please? Thecompanywasforced- staff. Howmanypeople tothegig? 4 6 7 8 Two-partverbswithno object 7 2 Two-partverbwherethe objectcanbecomebetween orafterthetwoparts,but comesbetweenthepartsif theobiectisa pronoun 3 4 Two-partverbswhose obiectcannotcome betweenthetwoparts 5 6 Three-partverbswhose objectcannotcome betweentheparts 7 8 Unit1oBeginnings
- 9. Discussion I I cavtupress vnyopLwow onethLcalissnes, Completethe textaboutgeneticatly-modified(GM)food with wordsfromthe box. Areyoufor or againstthe ban? When GM food first hit British supermarketshelves in 1996this major revolution in food technology passedby virtually unnoticed. It wasnt until 1999 that a 1- experimentwhich suggested that GM potatoesmight causeindigestion in rats sparkeda major 2-. Although the experimentwas subsequently 3-, it led to a massiveEuropeananti-GM food a- which resultedin an unofficial ban on the growth and import of GM s in Europe.Public opinion on GM cropsremains divided today.Somefeelsuspiciousabout the 6 - effectsit may have on health and the environment in the long 7-. Others believe it could solvethe world's food 8 6)Oz ListentotwopeoplediscussingthesubjectofGM food.Whichofthefoltowingtopicsarementioned? a solutionstowortdhunger b monopolyofthemarketbylarge GMtechnologycompanies c solutionstomalnutrition d environmentaldamagecausedbyGMproducts e dangerstohumanhealth f theethicsofinterferingwithnature t Soz Listenagainandcompletethephrasesthe speakersuse. 1 lt's territory. 2 Anychangehasitspotential 3 Cropswhichcan agriculturalconditions. 4 Surelyyoucan't - that? 5 Notifweendup poisoningpeopleinthe- 6 We'regoingto haveto agree 4 ()oz tvtatctr1-8 witha-h toformexpressionsfor reactingtoanopposingview.Whichdoyouhearinthe discussion?Listenagainandcheck. 1 | don'tagree 2 There'snoevidence 3 That'sa fair 4 | seewhat 5 Thatargumentdoesn't 6 Youtakethingstosuch 7 Youcan'tbe 8 Wherewittit Completethesentencesbychoosingthecorrectwordto completethecommonadverb-adjectivecollocations. 1 | alwaysavoidenvironmenta[[yunkind/ unfriendly oroducts. 2 Annwasreallyoffended.Shecouldn'tbelievehow potiticatlyfalse/ incorrectthespeakerwas. 3 Ben'sbehaviourwascompletety/ fullyunacceptable. 4 Somethinkcigaretteadvertisingistotally/ widelyunethica[. 5 TheGMindustryarguesthattheirworkisperfectty/ virtuallyjustifiable. 6 Manypeoplethinkcloningismorallywrong/ incorrect. 7 Banningresearchintothisisroughly/ virtuallyimpossible. 8 Aredesignerbabieswidely/ highlyimprobable? Writea paragraphagreeingordisagreeingwiththe statementbelow.Usetheideasinexercise2 andinclude somecollocationsfromexercisest and5. Atlfoodcontaininggenetically-modified products shouldbebanned. T tr T tr tr I a youmean. b makesense. c anextreme! d point,I suppose. e to proveit. f serious! g end? h withthatargument. Unit1. Beginnings
- 10. Describinganevent Preparation 1 Completethedescriptionofaneventusinglike,asorasif. Findatleastoneexampleinthestoryof: 1 ashortsentenceusedforemphasisorsuspense. 2 a synonymthathasbeenusedto avoidrepetition. 3 a simileusedtocreatea cleardescription. I can,wrLteavt,efu.tLve descrLpttovtof an evew. 3 Replacetheadjectivesin italicswithawordwitha similar meaningfromthebox.Therearetwowordsthatyoudonot need. 1 Hewasreluctanttoanswermyquestions. 2 |wasnervousaboutdrivingabroad. 3 Theplay'erwasbaffledbythereferee'sdecision. 4 Sheadmittedguiltbutdidn'tseemveryrepentant. 5 He'ssotense.Heneedsto relaxa bit. 6 She'sterrifiedofrats. Youhavebeenaskedtowriteabouta memorableeventin yourlife.Makenotes. 1 Whereandwhendidit happen? 2 Whoelsewasinvolved? 3 Howdidyoufeel? 4 Whathappenedintheend? Useyournotesfromexercise4 to writeadescriptionofthe eventfollowingthewritingguidebelow.Write200-250words. LastsummerlwentroundFranceinacampervanwitha groupoffriends.Headingtowardstheferryterminalwe felttotallyelatedasthiswasourfirstrealtasteoffreedom. Noneofushadtravelledwithoutourparentsbefore.Wehad brilliantfuncruisingalong,listeningtomusic,playinggames andtakingturnstodrlvethevan. A[[wentwetluntilwereachedthesuburbsofParisat aboutthreeinthemorning.Iwasdriving,whileArchie navigatedustowardsa campsite,andtheothertwoslept 1- logsintheback.Iwasgettingincreasingly annoyedwithArchiewhokeptgettinguslost.Eventually, I gotsoirritatedthathethrewthemapatme,toldmeto findthecampsitemyself,andthenpromptlyfellasleep. FeelingdrowsymysellI decidedto abandonthecampsite ideaandparkontheroadside.MomentslaterI came acrosswhatlooked2-an emptycarparkand pulledinforthenight. AfewhourslaterIwokeupfeelingdisorientated,andwith thesensationthatsomethingwasamiss.Iopenedthe door.WhatIthensawwillbeingrainedin mymemoryfor ever:hundredsofchildrenstaringatme3- |was acompletefoolasIstoodtherewearingjustmypyjama bottoms.I hadparkedinaschoolplayground!|stood motionless,myface red5- a beetroot, thenIsheepishlyctimbedintothefrontofthevan,anddrove away5- quicklyandcalmly7- |could,whilemy friendssleptonintheback,oblivioustotheentireepisode. 4 WritingGuide Explainthegeneralcontext,givingbriefdetailsofwhereand whentheeventhappened. Describetheeventsleadinguptothemainevent.Usethe modelinexercise1 asa guide. Describetheeventitsetlgivingdetailsofhowyoufelt. Roundoffyourstorybyexplaininghowtheeventaffected youortheotherpeople. . followedtheparagraphptan? o usedatleastoneshortsentencetoaddemphasisor buildsuspense? . includedatleastonesimile? . usedsynonymstoavoidrepetition? o checkedthenumberofwordsandmadechangesif necessary? . checkedyourworkformistakes? 3 4 I Unit1r Beginnings
- 11. Readthecluesanddothecrossword. Across 1 willingtoacceptbehaviourthatisdifferentfromyourown: --minded 2 petrifying:--raising 3calm,abletomakesensibledecisionsindifficult situations:--headed 4 havingconfidenceinyourself:self-- 5 notcarryinganything:empty-- 7 abletothinkquickly,inteltigent:quick-- 8 oversensitiveto criticismorinsults:thin-- Down 1 showingnofeelingsorpityforotherpeople:cold-- 2 caringandgenerous:kind-- 5 fullofexcitingeventsandactivity:--packed CompletethesentenceswithwordsfromAandthepresent orpastparticipleformofwordsfromB. Stepbrothersisa- filmabouttwofull-grown menthatactlikekids. Everydayshemanagesto loseorforgetsomething. She'sso Thechildrenwatchedthecircustricksin amazement. InNewSouthWales(Australia) peopleare prohibitedfromusingsolariums. A absent fair tight rong time wide Sompoundadjective B consume eye heart last mind skin I cavLtalk aboat varLow aspectsof storLes. 1 Thetortewasdeliciousbutrather- to make. 2 lt'sworthinvestinginsome energy-efficient lightbulbs. Choosethecorrectwordsto comptetethesentences. 1 Thechildrenwerepromisedthatiftheywerewell-behaved / welt-behavingtheycouldhaveanicecream. 2 Theterroristattackwillhavefar-reaching/ far-fetching implications. 3 Thereweresomestrange-sounded/ strange-sounding dishesonthemenu. 4 lt'simportantfora companyto haveaneye-catching / sight-catchinglogo. 5 Thestarting/ openingsequencewasawesomebut thefilmwentdownhillfromthenon. 6 Thefilmwasmadeonastdngtight/ shoe-stringbudget. 7 ThenewfilmstarsMexicanheart-throb/ heartbeat GaelGarciaBerna[. 8 Menin Blackwasoneofthebiggestblockbreakers/ blockbustersofthe1990s. - blurb [bb:b] noun a shortdescription ofa book, a new product, etc., written by the peoplewho haveproduced it, that is intended to attract your attention and make you want to buy it Inventthestoryofa filmandwritetheblurbforit using asmanyofthewordsintheboxasyoucan.Alternatively, writeoneforafilmyouknow. Unit2r Stories
- 12. What'sonthebox? can dtscws theeffectt of 'M on chLldrew. 1 Completethesentencesinthechatforumwiththewordsin thebox. Comptetethesentenceswithos,likeorunlike. I Cansomeoneopenthewindow?lt's- a sauna inhere! 2 |wasbornintheStates, wasmyfather. 3 Davewas-, 'Whatareyoutalkingabout?' 4 Stopbehaving a chitd! 5 Shelovesspicyfood- curry. 5 Hefoundaiob- a hotelreceptionist. 7 Listencarefullyanddo I tetlyou. 8 - mysister,whoisa briltiantpianist,I'vegotno musicaltalent. Rewritethesentencesusingthewordsin bracketssothat thesecondsentencehasthesamemeaningasthefirst. 1 | sometimesdomyhomeworkinfrontofthery.Sodoes mybrother.(as) Shetatksaboutsoapoperacharactersasiftheywere realpeopte.(tike) 3 Herfather'saTVproducer.(as) 4 Katelovesrealityshows,butI don't.(unlike) 5 | loveanimatedfilms,tikeRotatouille.(as) 6 UntikeSteve,I don'twatcha lotoftelevision.(tike) Writea paragraphcomparingyourtelevisionviewinghabits andpreferencesnowwithfiveyearsago.Uselanguage fromexercises1 and3. 4 Hasanybodybeenwatchingthelatestseriesoftheteenagedrama,Skfii? Whatarevourviewsonit? Youbetll'mcompletelyhooked.lt'ssucharefreshingchangefromallthe otherr- onTVatthemomentl Yes.Ithinkit'sbrilliant.Ihecharactersares02- andthe3 arereallygripping.Ithinkit'sgotalottod0withthefactthat4 m0$dramaswhicharesupposedlyaimedatteens,thisonesactually writtenbyteensanddealswithissues,5- drugsandeating disorders,whicharereallyrelevanttous. Ireckonit'sreallycool,reallyedgy,andIthinkthecharactersare 6-realisticallyandnotstereotyped7- theyareinalotof dramas. l'menjoyingit,butIdon'tthinkit'squiteasgoodE-the first .lthinkthat'sreflectedintheviewingfigures.Apparently,this serieshasabout' asmanyviewersasthefirst. Yeah,lovingit,especiallybecauseit's11- inBristol,my hometown! l'dratherl2 1l infrontofanepisodeofSkrnsratherthansome rom-comanyday! Unit2 . Stories
- 13. ArthurMillerandAllmvSons I cawundersto{ndand react toavtextractfrorw a play. 3 4 1 Comptetethetextwiththewordsinthebox. The1- ArthurMitlerwasthesonofanAustrian whowasdrawntotheUSAbvtheGreat AmericanDream.Milte/sfamilylater3- severe financial4-. Hismostfamousplay,Deothofa Salesman,wasanattackontheAmericansystemand its5- onmoneyandsocial6-.The ptay wonseveral7 -literary 8-. However, Millerwasfounde- bytheUn-AmericanActivities Committeeof 10- theAmeiicanwayoflife becauseofhiscommunist11-. That12- waslateroverturned. Readthetext,ignoringthegaps.WhatdoesJoecometo understandattheendoftheptay? Completethetextwithsuitablewords. Answerthequestionsinyourownwords. 1 Whydidthe21pitotsdie? 2 HowdoesJoeexplainhisdecisiontosendthefaultyparts? Whydoesthewriterusethewordironicallyinthethird paragraph? 4 HowdidJoe'ssonsfeelabouttheirfather'sdeed? WhatsimilaritiesaretherebetweenthisptayandDeoth ofaSalesman? Findwordsinthesecondandthirdparagraphsofthetext whichmatchthesedefinitions. 1 2 3 4 5 maincharacter foundto befreefromblame dishonestbehaviour workthatprovidesthemoneyyouneedtolive thequalityofbeinghonestandhavingstrongmoral principles repeatedoremphasised ALL IvtY SONS AIIMySonswasArthurMille/s firstcommerciallysuccessful ptay.Publishedtwoyears beforehismostpopular play,DeathofASalesman,it markedthebeginningofthe dramatist'smostfruitfulperiod ofcreativity.Theplayis1- inthemid-westofthe USAiustaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWarand 2- thestoryoftheKellerfamity,astheytrytocome totermswithateniblesecret. JoeKeller,theplay'sprotagonist,hasseeminglyachieved the'AmericanDream'.Hehas3-his fortunesetling aeroplanepartstothearmyo-the war.Hiseldest sonLarryismissing,presumeddeadinthewar,andhehas oneremainingson,Chris,5- isdestinedtotake 6- hisbusiness.Welearnthattwoyearseartier,|oe hadbeenaccusedofknowinglyallowingfaultyengineparts tobeshippedoutofhisfactory,causingthedeathsof21 pilots.Hewasarrestedbutthenexoneratedafterfalsely denyingallknowledgeoftheincident,layingtheblame instead7 - hisbusinesspartner,whoisnowin prison.WhenJoe'sdeceitisrevealedduringthecourseof theptay,hejustifieshisactionsayinghediditforthesake ofhisfamily'sprosperityandChris'sfuturelivelihood. ThecentralthemeoftheptayisJoeKeller'sconflictbetween hisresponsibilitytohisfamilyandtowidersociety.By shippingthefaultyparts,hehadfaitedinhisresponsibility tothemenwhodepended8- theintegrityofhis work,menwho,ironically,werepreparedtogivetheirlives intheserviceoftheirsociety.Chris,whoisessentiallya -spokesmane- theptaywright,stronglybelievesin people'sresponsibilitytoothermembersofsocietyandis honifiedbyhisfather'scrime.ltisnotuntillaterintheplay 10- Joe,onlearningthatLarryhadtakenhisown lifeafterreadingabouthiscourtcase,finallyrealisesthat hehasbeenresponsiblenot11- forthedeathof onesonbutthatthesoldierswere'al[mysons',atheme reiteratedbythetitteoftheptay. Theanti-capitalistsentimentunderlyingtheptaywasone reason12-the ptaywrighthadtoappearbeforethe Un-AmericanActivitiesCommitteeduringthe1950s. Unit2r Stories
- 14. Lordofthe Flies t0cawunderstandand react awutract frovwa wvel. 4 5 WhyisSimonattacked? WhatarethereasonsforRalph'semotionalbreakdown onthebeach? Findwordsorphrasesinthetextwhichmatchthese definitions. 1 discoverunexpectedly(paragraph1) 2 asksomebodytocometoyou(paragraph1) stronglyrecommend(paragraph2) a stateofgreatactivityandstrongemotionthatisoften violent(paragraph3) 5 waitingsomewheresecretly(paragraph4) 6 showthatsomethingisnottrue(paragraph4) gotsmaller(paragraph6) follows(paragraph5) a cruelandviolentperson(paragraph7) 3 4 7 8 9MatchsentencesA-Hwithgaps1-7 inthearticle.Thereis onesentenceyoudon'tneed. A Theotherboysstartsobbingtoo. B Ralphcallsthegrouptogetherandgivesa speech intendedto restoredisciptine. C Hispresencebringsthechildren'sfightingtoan abrupthalt. D Jack,ontheotherhand,exploitstheirfearandlures themoverto hissidewiththepromiseofprotectionfrom thebeast. E Onceassembted,theboys,allwell-to-dosonsof aristocraticfamilies,setaboutelectingthemselves a leader. F Theboysfinda pig,whichJackpreparesto slaughterbut can'tfindthecouragetostabit. G EvenRalphandPiggyhavejoinedin. H lthasbeenplacedthereearlierbyJackandhishunters asanofferingtothebeast. Readthearticte.Answerthequestions. 1 Whywastheaeroplanethatcrashedfutlofyoungboys? 2 OnwhatbasisisRalphelectedleader? 3 Whataretheyoungerboysafraidof? 4 HowdoesJackpersuadetheboystojoinhistribe? Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthe wordsinthebox. Shehadagreatholidaydespitetherather- weather. Thedoghasa- barkbuthe'sperfectlyfriendty. Theyoungchildsittinginfrontofmeonthebus - throughouttheentirejourney We- upthehittonourhandsandknees. Ithinkitwasrather- ofhertoputthephone downonmelikethat. Hereyemake-upwas- intherain. Myeyelidstartedto- uncontrollably. Joshisbriltiantat- otherpeople'svoicesand accents.Heshouldbeacomedian! LordoftheFliesisanallegoricaltale:astoryinwhich characters,settingandplotrepresenta meaningoutside thestoryitself.Whatdoyouthinkarethethemes underlyingthestory? Unit2 r Stories
- 15. LORD oFrHEF'I,IES I S.tcluring the Cold War, the story of fuird ol'the Flies takes place on an isolated tropical island. A plane evacuatinga group of British schoolboys frorn a war zone has crashed and it soon lrccornes evident that there iue no adult sun'ivors. Two ol'thc boys, Ralph and Piggy,stumble upon a conch shell and Pigg' suggeststJratRalph use it asa hom to summon any other sun'ivors rl,ho might be nearby. 1 As the holcler ol'tlte conch, which is perceived asa syrnbol of authoriry, Ralph is appointed to this role. Their new chiefappoints iurother older lxrl',Jack, to lrc in chargeof the boys rvlxr u,ill hunt for Ibod lirr tlrc entiregroup. @ Rr. a tiure the boys revel in their adult-liee lil'e, splashing itr the water and playing garnesuntil Ralph urges everyone to rr'ork togedrer towards buikling a shelter and attracting dre attentiou of passingships by creating a constant fire sigral, lit lx'fcrcussing sunlight through Piggy'sglasses.How.ever,the fire gctscorrstiurtlvoverlooked assome o[the boys,led byJack, lbcus t]reir energy on hunting the wild pigs on the island. @ Ut"" a ship passesby on the horizon one day, Ralph iurd I'ig6n'are furious to discover that the signiil fire, which has been Iack's and the hunters' responsibility to maintain, has burned out. Ralph cor.rfronts.fack, but he hasjust returned q'ith his hrst kill, ;urd all the hunters seem possessedby a strangefrenz.v,re- enacting the chasein a kind of wild dance. Piggycriticises.fack, n lto responds by slapping hirn acrossthe [ace. @ ' At the rneeting, it soon becomes clear that sorne of the younger boys are troubled by the belief that there is sorne sort of beastlurking on the island. The children begin to split into two separatetribes, based on the existence of the lleast.'l'he rational Ralph attempts to disprove its existence. 3 @ Str,rtrJvafterwards, Simon, from Ralph's tribe, comes acrossa pig's head buzzing with flies, whilst he is wandering tlrr<>ughthe forest. 4 He begins to hallucinate about the head, which he seesas'The l-ord of the Flies', and believes that it is communicating with him, telling him that the lxrvs have created the beast,and that the real beastis inside thenr all. Simon returns to the beach to report to the others u'hat he has seen,but finds them in the midst of a lienzied litual f'east.5 On seeingSimon's shadowyfigure ernerge fiorn the jungle, they attack him and kill him with their bare hands and teeth. lQl Ralph's tribe has now du'indleclto just hinrselt, Piggy,and twins Sarnand Eric. They go toJack's tribal stronghold with the dual airn of tr_vingto persuade.]ack to see reas<>nand to retrieve Pigg-v'sglasses,which rnernbers of.fack's tribe have stolen and without which Piggl' can't see. Hou'ever, a battle ensues,during which a large rock is thrown by a bo1',Roger, knocking Piggy over the cliff to his death and shattering the conch into rnillions of pieces.Eric and Sam are kidnapped into.fack's tribe, and Ralph is n<>wleft by himself. E ttr the final sequenceof the book,.fack and his friend Roger lead the tribe on a hunt for Ralph. They set the entire island on lire in order to smoke hirn out of his hiding place, which attractsthe attention of a nearby wzrship, Driven out of the hrning forest onto the beach, Ralph is on tJrepoint of being attacked by the savageswhen a British naval offrcer appears. E 5 Stunned by the savageand bloorlthirsty spectacle,the officer asksRalph to explain. Overwhelmed by the loss of Piggy,Sirnon, and of his own innocence, he breaks down and cries. E 7 The officer hrrns his back so that they may regain their composure. In the hnal line of the book, the ofticer looks out to seaat his 'trim cruiser in the distance', an ironic reminder that while the boys may have been savedfrom savageryby the adults, the world is still at war.
- 16. - @ Narrativetenses 1 Namethetensesin italicsin1-5 below. 7 2 3 4 5 6 I had beenreodingfor hours... I reada chapterof mybook... I wasreadinga book ... I wosgoing to stoy in and read... I had atreadyreadthe book... I usedtoreadavidly... Matchsentencebeginnings1-6 in exercise1 with endingsa-f. a I whenIwokeup. b !whenlwasyounger. c f, UutI decidedtogoout. d ! somyeyeswerehurting. e f tnistimeyesterdayevening. f ! tneteacherrecommended. Choosethecorrectoption. 1 WhenSamandJessiedecidedtogetengagedtheyhad onlyseen/ beenseeingeachotherforsixmonths. 2 ,|ohnwastogo/ havegoneskiingonSaturdaybuthe brokehislegandhadtopullout. 3 Thefoodshewasmakingwaslooking/ lookeddelicious. 4 Thecarbatterywasdeadbecausemydadhadforgotten / beenforgettingtoturnofftheheadtights. 5 Hetook/ wastakingthedogforawalkwhenhebumped intoCharlotte. 6 WhenI arrivedhomemysisterwassittingoutside. Shehadwaited/ beenwaitingthereforoveranhour becauseshehadforgotten/ beenforgettingherkeys. Findtenerrorsintheuseofnarrativetensesinthefabte andcorrectthem. Thewolfinsheep'sclothing Therewasoncea wolfwho usedto wanderouteverynight in searchof a lambforhisdinner.Butrecentlythiswolf hasbeenhavingdifficuttygettingenoughto eatbecause the shepherdsin the areawereparticularlyvigilant.One dayhewascomingacrossa sheep'sfleecewhicha sheep shearerhadbeenthrowingonthefloorandforgotten. It hadgiventhewolfa cunningidea.Hedecidedthatlater he isgoingto putonthefleece.Thusdisguisedhewould beableto sneakup onthesheepwithouttheshepherd noticinghim.Sothatevening,iustasthesunhadbeen settinghewentoutin hisnewdisguise.Hewasstrolling confidentlyintoa fieldwheresomesheepgrazed. Hehadspotteda juicy-tookinglambandwaslustgoingto pounceon it,whena shepherd,who lookedfora sheep to slaughterforhisowndinner,quicklywasgrabbingthe wotf,thinkingit wasa sheep,andkitledit. 5 Writea moralforthefable. Orderthesentencestocompletetheoutlineoftheancient GreeklegendofKingMidasandtheoss'sears. ! a HeawardedtheprizetoPan. ! U Oeepinthecountryheduga holeandwhisperedthe secretintoit. I c KingMidaswasaskedtojudgea musiccontest betweenPanandApollo. ! a miOasworea purpleturbantohidehisshame. ! e Thegossipybarberfounditimpossibtetokeepthesecret. I f Ontyhisbarberknewtheterriblesecret. ! g Apotlopunishedhimbygivinghimtheearsofanass. ! tr Hecovereduptheholeandreturnedhome. ! i Withtheirrustlingleavestheywhisperedthesecret: 'Midashasass'sears.' tr i Thefoltowingspring,reedsandgrassessprangup fromthehole. Usetheoutlineinexercise6 towritethemyth.Usea varietyofnarrativetensesandmakeanynecessary changestothesentences.BeginTherewasonceo ... I can we a varLef of narcatLvetewes. 6 4 7 Unit2 . Stories {c r;.,.,
- 17. Photocomparison cancampare,coErast and reactto photor. 1Completethe sentenceswith the correctformof the verbs 4 in the box. get trangGii.''ltftittga.skiir sleep"',rt;i1i::l'r' 1 Shewassusoendedfor- school. 2 Thefreezingcoldweatherbeganto --- himdown aftera while. 3 | gotreallyboredjust- aroundat homewith nothingto do. 4 Miriam outaftera massiverowwith,|ack. 5 Didhe leavehisjoborwashe-out? 5 Shefoundit hardto hersmokinghabitbut managedto giveup in theend. 7 Therearea lotof homelesspeople roughin thatpartof thecity. 8 Heusedto- outwithp.opi. whowereintodrugs. Lookat photosA andB.Continuethe sentencesto describe the mainsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthem. 1 Thephotosaresimilarin that 2 Themostobviousdifferencebetweenthe photosisthat 3 Also,in thefirstpicture, whereasin theother 3 C)or Listenandcompareyourideaswiththeonesyou hear. Makenotesto answerthe questionsaboutthe firstphoto. Whatadjectivesdescribehowthe manmightbefeeling? Whatchatlengesdoyouthinkheisfacing? Whatcircumstancesdovouthinktedto thissituation? floa tistento the secondpartofthe description.How manyof yourideasarementioned? () O+ Completethe speculativephrasesfromthe description.Youcanusemorethanonewordin a gap. Thenlistenagainandcheck. 1 Themanin thefirstphoto havea huge amountof tuggage... 2 | heis planningto stayfora longtime. 3 He bewildered... 4 lt feellonely... 5 He's feelinganxious... 6 | he missinghisfamilytoo. 7 | if he hasemigratedbecause... 8 Orhe bean economicmigrant... Writeaboutthe secondphoto.Usethe headingsin exercise 4 to structureyourdescription.Usethe languagefor speculatingfromexercise5. 6 A Unit2. Stories
- 18. Review I cqvL a book wrtte revLew. Preparation 1Completethereviewwiththewordsinthebox. Oneofmy1 favouritebooksisAtonement,by the2 Britishnovelist,lanMcEwan.ltisquitea complexnovel,whichis3 intothreepartsand toldfromdifferentcharacters'perspectives. Thea beginsinEnglandinthesummerof 1935,whena precocious,upper-classthirteen-year-otd girt,Briony,witnessesa sceneinthegarden5 heroldersister,Ceciliaanda childhoodfriend,Robbie. Hernaivetyandoveractiveimaginationleadherto misinterpretwhatsheseesandaccuseRobbieofa crime hedidn'tcommit,anaccusationwhichhasdramatic o forCecitiaandRobbieandwhichBriony mustspendtherestofherlifehavingtoatonefor. Thebook's7 liein itsexceptionallywett- observeddepictionofcharactersandevents,particularly thedescriptionsofwarscenesinthesecondsectionof thenove[,whereRobbie,nowa soldierinWorldWarll,is desperatelytryingto reachDunkirk.Theauthor's 8 to builduptensionisabsotutelysuperband thebookisa realpage-turnerate . Aswe[[ asbeingwell-crafted,it isalsothought-provokingin its explorationoftopicssuchasguiltandforgiveness,andthe futilityofwar.Withoutspoilingtheptot,I havetosaythat myontyreservationaboutthebookisits10 which,in myview,leavesthereaderfeetingstightly cheated.However,thisismorethancompensatedforby whatisotherwiseafantasticread. Atonementisnota bookforthosewholovefast-moving plots,butfor11 ofdetailedandwetl-observed prose,I wouldthoroughty12 it. 2 Lookatthemodifyingadverbsfromthereview.Replace themwiththesynonymsinthebox.. 7 2 3 4 5 quitea complexnovel exceptionaItywell-observed absolutetysuperb stightlycheated thoroughlyrecommend Findwordsinthereviewwhichmatchthedefinitions. 1 pointsofview 2 actinawaythatshowsregretforwhatyouhavedone 3 recognisablefromreallife 4 averyexcitingbook 5 oointlessness 4 Writea reviewofa bookyouhavereadrecently. WritingGuide Paragraph1 Givethenameofthebookandanybackgroundinformation. Paragraph2 Givea briefoutlineofthestoryandthecharacters. Paragraph3 Describethestrengthsandweaknessesofthebook. Paragraph4 Saywhetheryouwouldrecommendthebookandtowhom. I . followedtheparagraphptan? i . inctudedsomerfrodifyingadverbs? i . written2OO-250words? ' .h..k.d yourworkformistakes? Unit2 r Stories
- 19. Readthearticlebelow.Completethetextbymatchingthe sentences(A-G)thatbestfitthegapsinthetext(1-5). Thereisonesentencewhichyoudonotneedtouse. tatinginsects? Eatinginsectsmighthetpfighthungerandpromote :iodiversity,butonlyifWesternerscangetoverthe'yuck' ractor.Althoughpeopleworldwidehaveenioyedeating insectssinceancienttimes,theirnutritionalvalueisoften cvertookedbythe modernWesternworld.1 Anestimated2,000insectspeciesareconsumedaround :heworld,andpeopledo notjusteatinsects,theyretish :hemasdelicacies.2-Grasshoppersandbeelarvae seasonedwithsoysaucearea favouriteinJapanandin DapuaNewGuineasagogrubs,beetlelarvaethatinhabit 3eadsagopalmtrees,arehonouredat annualfestivats. ' Plustheyhavea higherenergyvaluethanmanyother 'oodstuffs.Accordingto a 2004UnitedNationsFoodand AgricultureOrganisationrepoft,caterpillarsof manyspecies arerichin mineralsaswelIasB-vitamins.InsomeAfrican 'egions,childrenfightmalnutritionbyeatingflourmadeout cfdriedcateroillars. - Dramaticincreasesin farmingyieldsachieved :hroughtheGreenRevolutionofthe 1940sand1970s relpedto fittbetliesin developingcountries,butthese :ropsalonedid notprovidea fullcomplementof nutrients. Additionalty,biltionsof dollarsarespentworldwideto 3rotectnutritionatlyinferiorcropswithchemicalsthatkitt rerfectlyedibleinsect'pests'. -herearenofewerthan34 reasonsto exploreinsectsasa roodsource,includingtheirimpressivenutritionalvalue, easeof breedingin captivityandhighbiomass.Indeed, someresearchersproposeenrichingconsumerfoodswith rsectflourto makethemmorenutritious. ' In north-easternIndia,forexample,ediblesilkworm oupaeareprizedmorethanthesitktheyproduce,and someMexicanrestaurantschargea hefty$25fora plate cf butterflylarvae.Chineseconsumersspendabout$100 n illionperyearonedibleantsalone. Theavailabilityof high-qualityedibleinsectsiscloselytied :o intactforests.Withouttreesandfoliageto munch,insect copulationsplummet,sotriggeringinterestin preserving insectsasfoodsourcesmightbeonewayto protect sivathesof forestsandthe biodiversitywithinthem. ' Butwisemanagementof naturalresourcescould achievetwovitalgoals:raisinglivingstandardsand :onservingbiodiversity. A Yetnutritionallyimportanttraditionalfoodssuchas insectshavebeenandcontinueto beignoredby agriculturaI aid efforts. B In somecultures,edibleinsectsareconsidereda hot commodity. C InAfrica,caterpillarsandwingedtermitesarefriedand eatenasroadsidesnacks(afterwings,legsandbristles areremoved),andareoftenconsideredtastierthanmeat. D Cteartythereisa linkbetweenenvironmentaIprotection andimorovednutrition. E Insectsoftencontainmoreprotein,fatandcarbohydrates thanequalamountsof beeforfish. F AndbecauseWesterntastesareso globattyinfluential, peopleelsewheremaybeginto shuninsectsasan importantfoodsource. G In manyregionswhereforestdegradationis acute, residentsaretoo preoccupiedwithday-to-daysurvival to considertheluxuryof protectingtheenvironment. Completethe paragraphwith the correctwordsa-d. Iwasleavingtheclassroomandfeelingverytired.Thetime was2:36p.m.andschool1 . I wasreallyeagerto leave thecampus:first,becauseI wasn'tveryhappyaboutbeing at schooland,second,mymumhadsaidshe2 . I had triedto protest,but3 vain.Sheo on drivingme home.I knewshewouldcomeinthemostterriblevan t , andI didn'twantanyoneto seeit.ButI wastoo late.WhenI cameoutof school,shewasalreadythere.Of course,beingthegreatmothersheis,shehadparkedthe vanin frontofthe schoolwhereit could6 byeveryone. So,embarrassed,I decidedtheonly7-- ofactionwasto getintothevanasquicktyaspossible.I openedthesliding door,butit didnotstop.ltiustkeptonstidingandintheend ,itfetloffitshingesaltogetherandclunkedontotheground. I wished| 8-- invisible.Instead,I hadto goto the woodworkroomandaskfora screwdriverto fixit.What e - ifyouhadbeenin myplace?Tothisveryday,this story10 mewhenI steep. 1 a wouldhaveiustended 3 a b was.justended b c hadiustended c d hasjustended d 2 a wittpickmeup 4 a b woutdpickmeup b c picksmeup c d pickedmeup d Dy tn of to promised insisted wanted agreed Getreadyforyourexam1
- 20. 16)05 Readthetask.Youwitlheararecordingaboutthe developmentofwriting.Choosethebestanswera,b,cord accordingtowhatyouhear. 1 lnthebeginning,writingwas ainventedmainlyforagriculturalpurposes. b onlyfoundinSyria. c rarebecausethetokenshadto bedecorated. d difficuttbecausetheclaywaslumpy. 2 Accordingtotherecording a theSemiticalphabetconsistedofbothlettersand numbers. b thePhoeniciansystemdidn'tcoverallthesoundsin thelanguage. c theLatinandCyrillicalphabetsarenotretatedtoone another. d thefirstalphabetthatweknowofisabout3.000 yearsold. 3 TheCyritticatphabet a baseditsappearanceonLatinsymbols. b consistedonlyofsymbotsforconsonants. c isdescendedfromtheGreekalohabet. d wastheofficialatphabetofByzantium. 4 TheearlyRomanscript a quiteclearlyresembledhandwriting. b distinguishedbetweensmallandcapitalletters. c wasintroducedbyAtdusManutius. d wasdesignedto beeasiertowriteonhardsurfaces. aoaaooaaaoaaooooaaaaao i Pnrmnmroil:Writing Chooseoneofthewritingtasksbelowandwrite200-250 words. 1 Thereisa competitioninyourschootmagazineand thewinningentrywillbepubtished.Youareinvitedto describeanimportanteventthathappenedduringyour childhoodandexplainhowit influencedyour[aterlife. Inyourarticle,youshould: . includeatitle . explainwhattheeventwas . explaintheinfluenceit hadonyourlaterlife. 2 Writea reviewofa filmwhichwasanunsuccessful adaptationofawell-knownbook.Inyourreview,you should: . inctudeinformationaboutthetitleandmainactors o outlinetheplot . saywhyyoudidn'ttikethefitm. aaaaaaooooaaoaaaaaaoao 3 lnrmmnoil: Speaking Part2 - Sustainedlongturn Lookatthesetwopicturesinordertocompareand contrastthem. Theseideasmayhelpyou: . modernandold-fashionedcartoons . cartoonsforchildrenandadults . theappealofcomicbooksforadults Part4-Roleplay Workinpairsandrole-playthefollowingsituation. RoleA:YouareB'schild.Youarea student.You arefinishingsecondaryschoolandyouhavebeen acceptedata'universityin Britain.Nowyouneed to decidewhetheryouwanttostayinuniversity accommodationorwitha family.Discusstheoptions withyourparentandtryto reachanagreement. RoleB:YouareA'sparent.He/Sheisfinishing secondaryschoolandhasbeenaccepted ata universityin Britain.Nows/heneedsto decidewhethers/hewantsto stayinuniversity accommodationorwithafamily.Discusstheoptions withyourchildandtryto reachanagreement. Youmayusetheseideas: a imaginary b imagined c imaginative d imaginable a beseeing b see c havebeenseen d beseen a line b case c class d course a canbe b hadbeen cam d was a doyoudo b witlyoudo c wouldyoudo d wouldyouhavedone a reminds b recalls c haunts d dreams 10 . cost . thingstodo o culturaldifferences . freedom . language o commuting RoleAstartstheconversation.Whenyouhavefinished, changerolesandpractiseagain. UsetheFunctionsBankonpage103to helpyou. UsetheWritingBankonpage107to helpyou. Getreadyforyourexam1
- 21. 'l{w,* B an honest a blazing aKeen ctose a Iasting 3 Comptetethesentenceswith I cantaLkaboutdffireW ktndsof relattowLtLps. Relationships Readthesentencesandcompletethepuzzlewithaverbor adiective. '1 z Hedoesn'tfindit easyto closerelationships. (across)Couldyouhelpmewiththishomework?| promiseto - thefavoursometimel (down)Didtheymanageto theirdispute? Somebodyneedsto controlof thesituation. Thecompanysuffereda - setbacklastyear. Pupilsweregivenan opportunityto their opinionsaboutthe newtimetab[9. Tofuttyappreciatethesong,youhaveto pay attentionto the lyrics. She'snotafraidto -, hermind. z 3 4 q CombinewordsfromA, B andCto formverb+ adjective + nouncollocations. fromexercise2. 1 Justgiveme . I won'tbeoffended. 2 WhenI walkedin theywerehaving 3 4 I ontymetheroncebutshemade Wemetat primaryschoolandwe eversince. 5 Heshowed intheplayIwasperformingin. ],.,,]:,,,,,:i:,,r,]],,CXAtimGil Correcttheerrorsinthewordsinbold. 1 Thatrypresentergetsonmynerve. 2 We'tlhavetocallthepoticeifthingsgetoutofourhands. ''3 Theyweresittingsidetosideona parkbench. 4 Wehavea mutuallysupportingrelationship. I triedto givehim someconstructiveadvicebut hesawit the wrongway. 5 | lovebeingan actor.lt'sa greatwayto makea life. on me. haveremained --t,^td Nc remaln nave show grve c impression friends answer row interest adjective+ nouncollocations Makethesentencesmoregraphicbyreplacingthe wordsinbold.Thefirstletterhasbeengiven. 1 | droppedmycameraina puddleanditgotverywet. S 2 | triedtowakehimupbuthewasdeeptyasleep. f_ 3 Therewasnota starinthesky.ltwastotallyblack. o 4 | burnedmytongueonthesoupbecauseitwas extremelyhot.b 5 Mygrandfather'sninety-fiveandreallyfit! 6 | don'tfeeIreadytogotobedyet.I'mstillverymuch AWAKC.W 7 TheproblemwithBenis hehardlydoesanywork- he'sincrediblyidte.b 8 | can'tbelievethesesunglasseshavebrokenalready. They'recompletelynew.b Unit3 . Partners
- 22. I cavLducws thernzouivg and Lvnportaweoffrtendshtp. 1 O,oa Listentofourpeopledescribingafriend.Which categoryoffriendshipdoeseachonefallinto?Choosefrom thewordsinthebox. 1 Jordan 2 Ruth 3 Jacob 4 Gitt 2 $OS tistenagainandcompletetheseexcerptsfromthe e t Withfororsince,describinghowlonganactionhasbeen in progress Withfororsince,whentheverbisnotcommonlyusedin thecontinuousform Describinga recentactionwhichisnowcomplete Describinga recentactionwhichisongoing 5 Completethee-mailwiththepresentperfectorpresent continuousformoftheverbin brackets. descriptions. 1 Sherealty 2 She'stheonethatI'llalways allthat. ofneed. 3 Sheknowsshe 4 Hewouldhelome duringthistime. 5 | canalwaysrelyonher Rewritethesentencesusingthewordsin brackets.Youmay needto changetheformofthewordinbrackets. 1 TimandFionahavehadsomegoodtimesandbad times.(ups) 2 Jennaknowseverythingaboutme.(inside) SteveandJesshavehadanargumentandaren't speakingtoeachother.(falD MattandI havefaceda lotofdifficultsituationstogether. Go) 5 BeckyandI havebeenfriendsforeightyearsorso.(back) 6 I'veconfidedin hera lotovertheyears.(open) Underlinetheperfectstructuresinsentences1-6.Thenmatch eachsentencewithusesa-f. 1 I'vejusteatenawholechillil 2 He'sdrivenvansbefore. 3 She'shadavirusforthelastfewdays. 4 I'vebeenwaitingoveranhourfora bus.I'mgoingtowalk. 5 I'vebeenrevisingforthelasttwohours. 6 He'sbeenspendingmoretimewithhisfamilylately. a Describingsomethingwhichhasbeenhappening repeatedlyintheveryrecentpast b Describingsomethingwhichhashappenedonseveral occasionsandmayhappenagain tn prUfuRcplyAtlcf,rorvaro. * I I 1A' HiSophia, | 1- (try)to ringyoubut| 2- (notbe) abletogetthroughsoIthoughtI'de-mailinstead.I r- Get)mysetfintoa slightlytrickysituation andIwashopingthatI couldturntoyoufora bitof advice. | 4- (share)myflatwithagirlcalledHannah. Basically,she'safriendofafriendofmyboss's.She s-only recently (arrive)inLondon soI offeredto letherstaywithmeforashorttimejust whileshefindsherownaccommodation.Wetl,she 6-(stay) hereforovera monthnowandshe 7 - (notshow)anysignsofmovingout!She's reallyfriendlyandeasytogetonwith,butshejust 8- (notshow)muchinitiativewhenit comesto findingsomewhereto live. Theotherthingisthatshehardlyeverleavestheflatso shee- (notmade)manyfriends,whichmeans thatshe (hang)outwithmeandmyfriends a [ot.That'sallverywellbutasa resu]t|11- (have)verylittle'qualitytime'withmyfriendsrecently. You'reprobablywonderingwhy|12- (not kick)herout,butsheisafriendofmyboss'ssothat compromisesmeslightly.You'realwayssodiplomatic inthesesituations.WhatdoyouthinkI shoulddo? Speaksoon! Phoebe Unit3oPartners
- 23. t 1 Completethesentenceswiththewordsinthebox. 7 87o/oofwomencontributefinanciallytowardstheir Weddingsusuallyconsistofa-followedby a_. Couplesareoptingincreasinglyfornon-traditional Aboutfivepercentofpeoplegetmarriedina - office. Womenare- tosacrificespendingon weddingcakestohaveamoree{pensivewedding dress. Couplesarewaitinglongerbeforetyingthe 39%ofcoupleshavea- wedding. Tenpercentof- helppayfortheir - ring. Readthefirsttwoparagraphsofthetext.Whatisa 'hag night'?Whyisit calledthat? Completethetextwithappropriatewords. Arethesesentencestrueorfalse?WriteTorF. 1 Stagandhennightstakeplaceovera longerperiodthan theyusedto.- 2 Hagnightsarepopularwithyoungercouples.- 3 Mostofthepeopleinterviewedhadbeentoa hagparty. Itissuggestedthathagnightsarepopularasthebride- to-bedoesn'twantto beseparatedfromthegroom.- Hagweekendsarelessactivethanstagweekends.- Thepublichasbecomeaccustomedtothebehaviourof stagandhengroups.- I cawexpressrwy opLwowowrnarrLage. MarriageintheUK Pre-wedding celebrations ln Britainthereis a long-heldtraditionfor coupleswhoareabout 1- getmarriedto celebratetheirlastfew days2 being singlewithahennightforthebride-to-beandherfemale friends,andastagnightforthegroomandhisfriends. Oftencharacterised3- raucousbehaviour,these pre-weddingcetebrationshavedevelopedintoafull weekendofrevelry,withmanygroupsheadingto European destinationsa- Amsterdam,PragueandBarcelona. However,inthelastyearanda halftherehasbeena growingtrendaway5- thesesingle-sexevents.With theexceptionoftheyoungestcouples,manyarenow optingformixedoutingstowhichfriendsofboththebride andgroomareinvited. 5- toa recentsurveyof4,000youngBritishadults, aquarterofpeopleintheirthirtieshavealreadybeentoa iointparty.Mostofthosewhohadattendedthemclaimed topreferthe'hagnight',astheseeventshavebecome known,7 -the traditionalstagandhennights.Venue ownersalsowelcomethetrend.Recently,citiessuchas DublinandEdinburghhavepointedthefingerattraditional stagandhennightsforasignificantescalationinthe incidencesoffightingandvandalismintheircitycentres. CarryMarlowofRedtownLeisure,acompany8- organisespre-nuptialentertainment,explainsthatonhag nightstheemphasisisonfriendshipratherthanexcess. Shebelievesthatthenewtrendhasbeenbroughtabout e - anincreaseintheaverageageofmarriage.Asa result,manyofthecoupte'sfriendsarealreadyinlong- termrelationshipswithpartnerswhoareequallykeento joininthecelebrations.Ahagweekendisa10- more velaxingaffairthanthetraditionalstagweekend.During thedaythemenmighttakeina roundofgolf11- the womengoofftoindulgeinsomepamperingata health spabeforeeverybodymeetsupagainintheeveningtogo toa restaurantoraclub. Thisshifttowardscelebrationsthatintegratethesexes shoutdalsocome12- awelcomereliefforthegeneral publicwhoarebecomingeverlesstolerantoftherowdy stag-andhen-nightcrowds,identifiabteamileoffbytheir matchingoutfits,badgesandwigs,thatinvadetheirtowns everyweekend. 7 8 3 I 5 5 Unit3 ePartners
- 25. Whatthggdidfor lov9,...Twotrug,lovgstorigs He postedaplea Hepuzzledher por Patrick Moberg, 21, it was love at first sight when he I exchangedglanceswith a pretty woman while taking the subwayto Brooklyn one Sundayevening.Taking a deepbreath, he plucked up his courageand headedher way. Justthen the train pulled into a station.The doorsopened,a rush of humanity srvarmedin, andthen suddenly,shewas gone. He consideredgiving chase,but there'sa fine line betweenblind love and stalking.He thought of plasteringthe stationwith posters.Then a brainstorm: the Internet.'It seemedless encroaching,'hesays.'I didn't ant to punctureher comfort zone.' That night, he setup a website: n1girlofmydreams.com.On it, Patrickdeclared,'I Saw the Girl of My Dreamson the Subway Tonight.'He drew a picture of the girl, along with a portrait of himselfwith thisdisclaimer pointedat his head:'Not insane.' The websitespreadvirally, and soonhe had lots of leads.Some s-erecranks,and somewere omen offering themselvesin !-asehe failed in his mission. Then he got an e-mail from someoneclaiming to know the girl. He even supplieda photo.It s asher.Shewas anAustralian interningat a magazine,and her namewas Camille.And she $'anted to meet too. Their first meetingwas awkward. It was set upby Good Morning Arnerica. Like the rest of the media, GMA saw a great love story andpounced.But being suckedinto a mediamaelstrom isn't necessarilyconduciveto a nascentlove affair. 'We were uncertainhow to act aroundeachother,'Patrick said.And in the back of Camille's mind, a naggingthought:Who is this guy? The media circuseventuallymoved on, giving the two a chance to talk in private. 'Everything I found out abouther was anotherwonderful thing,' saysPatrick.Shewas smart,funny and a big personality,a nice fit for this shy guy. 'And,'he continuesquietly, 'we've been hangingout togetherevery day since.' "-flric Egmontknew he hadto calm down or he would blow it. I f If he didn't relax,he was sureto clue his girlfriend,Jennie, into the fact that this was no ordinary SundayBoston Globe newspaper.This was his marriage proposal. The two, both29, had datedfor four yearsand never seriously discussedmarriage.Why messup a goodthing?went thethinking. But Aric hadsecondthoughts.And sincethey werefanatics,he says,proposingvia the boxesof a crosswordpuzzle'was a more natural idea than it might seemto others.' So lastJunehe contactedthe Globe andtold them about his idea.They bit. Aric fed Globe pttzzlewriters personal information to be turned into clues,thenhe waited...for four torturous months. On the morning of September23, having not slept the entire night before,Aric nonchalantly asked Jennie,'Want to do thecrossword puzzle?'He bolteddownstairs, grabbedthe paper,then ran up to their bedroom. Climbing back into bed, the two assumedtheir normalpuzzle-solvingpose,with Jennieleaningagainsthim. Almost immediately, shewas struck by the numberof cluesthatmatchedup with people and placesin her life. For example,twenty acrossasked: 'Lover of Theseus.'The answer wasAriadne, which also happened to b_ethe nameof a good friend of Jennie's.Ninety-one across: 'NASCAR racingcar driverAlmirola,'whose first nameis Aric. Aric beganscanningaheadto where the big clue was. 'I knew themomentwascoming,'he said.And thereit was.Onehundred elevenacross:'Genericproposal.'Cleveqhe thought,a wordplay on JenandAric. 'Look at that,'saidAric. 'Will you marry me, Jennie?'Hewaited for a reaction. He didn't get one. Jennieis a smartperson,smart enoughto know all aboutGreek mythology, but this was information overload. SoAric produced a ring and asked'Will you marry me, Jennie?'After tearsand shrieksand lots of 'I love you's,'Jenniesaidyes.'I'm not themostromanticperson,'admits Aric. 'I think I wasplaying abovemy headon this one.' T SrwrneGtPtoF rql DBEAI6 TS tAE sutWAYToNlcrHT+ ol $lu#- uuLiJ tL@!'"h {lr|F J r***-i
- 26. Verbpatterns 1 Writetheseverbsandverbalphrasesinthecorrectplacein thetable. Lookattheverbsincolumnthree.Underlinethosewhose meaningchangesdependingontheformthatfollowsit. Completethetextwiththeinfinitive,baseform(infinitive withoutfo),pastparticipleor-ingformoftheverbsin brackets. I cqwwea varLef of verb patterw. 4 Rewritethesentencesusingtheverbsinbracketsinthe correctform. 1 Shedoesn'tsmokeanymore.(giveup) 2 DoyouknowKaren'se-mail,byanychance?(happen) 3 Hedidn'tbreaktheworldrecord.(fail) 4 | thinkfie'sfeelingbetter.(seem) He 5 | don'tthinkthey'ttarrivebeforemidnight.(anticipate) 6 lt lookstiketheroofwasdamagedinthestorm.(appear) Theroof 7 Heshouldn'tbeallowedtogetawaywithit.(tet) We 8 SomebodystoleMike'swalletyesterday.(have) Mike 5 Completethesentenceswithasuitableverbinthecorrect activeorpassiveform. 1 |tried itoffandonbutI stillcouldn'tgetthe printertowork. 2 Shedoesn'tappreciate whattodo.She prefersdoingthingsherownway. 3 Ohno!|thinkthishomeworkwasmeant- in 2 verbsfollowedby -ingform verbsfollowedby infinitive verbsfollowedby either Oneofthemostfamousfictional duosinhistoryisthedetective SherlockHotmesandhis assistantDrWatson. Theymadea perfect partnership.ltwas . Watson'smedical knowledgethatoften allowedthe great detective 1- (come)to someof hislogical conclusions.Watson occasionallytried 2- (solve)crimes himselfbutfailed 3- (do)so since helackedHolmes' acutepowers ofobservation anddeductive reasoning. ThecharacterswerecreatedbyArthurConanDoylewhohad originaltychosen4 ' (become)adoctor.Hedidn'tmanage s- (attract)manyclients,sousedtospendmanyhours in hisemptysurgery6- (create)thecharactersthatwere soontobecomesopopularthatthepublicrefused7- (betieve)theyweren'trealpeopte.Lettersaddressedto 'SherlockHolmes,ConsultingDetective'arriveddailyattheir fictionaIaddressinBakerStreetandScotlandYard,asking him8- (takeon)realcases.Eventua[ty,Doylebecame fedupwithe-(write) aboutHolmessohedecided 10- (have)himtt- (kill)offinoneofthestories. ThepublicwereoutragedandeventuallyDoytewas persuaded12- (bring)himbacktolife. Hewenton13- (write)morebooksincludingthefamous HoundoftheBoskervilles. yesterday. 4 Hepretendednot- meandwalkstraightpast. 5 | remembet- toeatliverwhenIwasyounger eventhoughI hatedit. Unit3 r Partners
- 27. Negotiation can ducws stggestLonsand nryottateacovLrseof actLon. Completethedescriptionsoftheweddingvenuesusingthe :orrectformofthewordsinbrackets.Whichvenueappeals :ovoumost? -: GrandHotel,a sptendidexampte9f neo-classical (architect)and2- (arguabte)the .':ndest buildingin southLondon,providesa' ':rn) locationforyourweddingandreception. -e RiversideHotelprovidesa uniqueandperfect (set)forbothintimateandgrand-scale .'.:ddings.ltsgardensoffer5 (spectacle)views, -e idealbackdropforyourweddingphotos. ',iakeyourweddinga truly6 (forget)dayby :etebratingit 135metresabovethe beautifulcityof -ondonon boarda privatecapsuleonthe LondonEye. vouwillexchangeyourvowsatthetop andduringthe (descend)youandyourguestswiltbeserved :hilledchampagne. 4 f) OZ tistentoa couplediscussingtheweddingvenues. Whichdotheychoose?Whyweretheothertworeiected? GrandHotelE RiversideHotelI Londonfye E $'O7,' Rearrangethewordsto makesentencesfor negotiating,asusedinthedialogue.Listenagainandcheck. 7 haslitlnV lquite/itlfor la lin lgoing/opinion/lot 2 canI are/thinklyoul drawbacks/thereI anyI that/of 3 isI what/ me/ location/ off/ slightty/ puts/ the 4 | / worth/ think/ one's/ consideringI thisI definitety 5 there| | | that/ around/ supposeI waysI are 5 option/ we/ on/ reject/shoutd/ reflection/ maybe/that 7 alongI thatI I'll/ with/ go Writea paragraphoutliningtheargumentsinfavourofyour preferredvenuefromexercise1,explainingwhatyoudon't likeabouttheothervenues. ryF Unit3oPartners
- 28. Preparation 1 Completethearticlewithwordsfromthebox. cawv,trLteaw arttcleqbout a popwlar towrut desttnattort. fashionableclothesfromthelatesixteenthcenturyto thepresentday,chosenfromthemuseLlm'scollection of30,000originalitems.Perhapsthemostfamousitem isa rareoutfitdating10-1660, thesilvertissue dress.Themuseum11-host totheannual'Dress oftheYear'contest,choseneveryyearsince1963by leadingexpertsto recordtheimportantdevelopments infashion.Forthosewho12- dressingup,there area numberofreproductiongarmentswhichvisitorsare invitedtotryon. 2 lmprovethearticlebyreplacingbasicvocabularywitha moreelaborateequivalentfromthebox. Makenotesabouttwovisitorattractionsinyourtown,or thenearesttowntowhereyoulive. Attraction1 r Introduction . Location o Whatvisitorscandoorsee(generat) . Thehighlightoftheexhibition . Practicalinformation Attraction2 r lntroduction o Location r Whatvisitorscandoorsee(general) . Themostfamousexhibit/ feature r Practicalinformation Useyournotesfromexercise3 towriteanarticle(200-250 words)abouttheattractions. WritingGuide 1 Followthestructureofthemodel. 2 Trytogobeyondthebasicvocabulary. 3 Incorporateasmanywordsfromtheboxinexercise1 as youcan. . followedtheparagraphplaninexercise3? . usedelaborateratherthansimplevocabulary? . usedappropriatephrasesfordescribingplaces? . usedthecorrectprepositions? . checkedyourworkformistakes? rll:l: tl Anarticle ThecityofBathinthesouth-westofEngland1- oneofthefinestexamplesofRomanremainsinEurope. Onthissitewhichis2- withtheonlyhotwater springsinBritain,standsa magnificenttempleand bathingcomplexwhichdate3-to 60AD.A huge proportionofthebathsextendsunderthemodernground level,beneathneighbouringstreetsandsquares,so peopleareoftensurprisedtodiscoverjusthowlargethe siterealtyis.VisitorscanwalkwheretheRomansonce walkedonthestonepavementsandlookatthelarge 4-of oldtreasuresrecoveredfromthesacred springwheretheywerethrownasofferingstothegoddess Minerva.Astone's5- fromthetrainandbus stations,thebathsareeasilyaccessibleforthosearriving inthecitybypubtictransport. lf fashion 6 rsmoreyour thenBathis also'- tothe MuseumofCostume. Situatedonthelowerfloor oftheimpressiveAssembly Rooms,thismuseumis 8- internationa[[y foritsinterestingcollection ofmodernandhistorical dress.The 9 with 150 dressedfigurestoillustrate thechangingstylesin roomsare 3 4 Unit3r Partners
- 29. Describingchange I cavLdercrtbethz procersof chavge. 1Completethespidergramwiththeverbsinthebox. Completethesentenceswiththewordsintheboxin noun form. 1 Inorderto marryhim,sheunderwenta- to Judaism. 2 TheHighStreethasbeenpedestrianised.lt'sa complete _! 3 Thistermwe'regoingto bestudyingthe- from OldtoMiddleEngtish. 4 Theyfaceda longperiodof- beforetheygot usedtothenewmanagementteam. 5 MammaMiaisafilm- ofa musicalofthesame name. 5 Theywillacceptthecontractontheconditionthatwe makea fewminor-. 1 Theappointmentofa newheadteachershouldmeana changeforthe 2 Theyconvertedtheinsideoftherestaurantbutleftthe outside 3 Thereareplansto builda newrunwayto airtrafficcongestion. 4. Thetwocarcompaniesmergedintooneinorderto production. 5 Thenewwebsiteisnowupand Choosethecorrectwordstocompletethesentences. 1 Rob'shada changeofmind/ heart.Hedoesn'twant to movetotheUSAafterall. 2 Emmaneedstochangeherdirection/ waysif she wantsto keepthisjob. 3 |thinkmovingschoolswasachangeforthebetter/ best.I don'thavetotravelasfarnow. 4 Thecaf6haschangedhands/ headsseveraltimesin thelastyear. 5 | feelI needa changeofdirection/ way.Thiscourse isn'treallyworkingout. 6 Jane'schangedhertune/ heartsincehervegetarian days.I sawhertuckingintoa hugesteakyesterday. 7 There'sbeenachangeofplan/ arrangement.We're meetingatJoe'scaf6,notBrown's. 8 |wasgoingto buythoseshoes,butI changedmyidea / mindwhenI sawhowmuchtheycost. changeor make somethingchange intoa different formorsystem - to Catholicism/ lslam - poundsinto euros changesomething soit'ssuitable fora different situation - a bookforthe screen eyes- to bright light/ darkness a changeslighttyto makesomething thewayyouwantit - thevolume,the seat b getusedto a new situation - tothecold climate change completelychange theappearance orcharacterof somethingsothat it is better - yourlife - yourhome developgradually fromsomething simpleto somethingmore complicated humans- from apes makesomething morepureor better - oil/ sugar -alaw Comptetethesentenceswiththewordsinthebox. Unit4 oChanges
- 30. I cawtalk aboutchangatthnt Lifechanges occurat dffirent stage^rofltf". 1 Completetheblogwithawordfromthebox. 4 Whichofthewordsorphrasescannotcompletethe sentences?Crossoutthosewhichareincorrect. 1 Teenagersare...moresensitivethanyoungerchildren. a a gooddeal b marginaltyc easilyd a farsight 2 Teenagersare...influencedbytheirparentsasyounger children. a a little b notquiteas c notsoeasily d rather 3 Money'is...themostcommoncauseofarguments. a miles b farandaway c easily d a longway 4 Beingateenageristhemostchallengingtimeinlifeby.... a a longway b anawfullot ca bit d miles Expandthesentencesusingcomparativeorsuperlative formsandmodifyingphrases. 1 Girls/ matureI dealI quickly/ boys 2 l/ quite/ confrontational/than/when/ a kid 3 | / quite/ self-centred/ as/when/younger 4 Mark/ tall/ in/ class/ longway 5 MyA levels/ far/ difficult/ otherexams/ taken Completethesentencessothatthemeaningofthe secondsentenceissimilartothefirst.Usefhe...theanda comparativeadjectiveoradverb. 1 lfyou'relate,he'llbemoreangry. Thc latarlouare.thcanoriorhc-llba. 2 3 4 5 6 lfI westartsoon,wecanfinishsoon. The lfshe'stired,shegetsmorebad-tempered. The lfyouworkhard,you'Ilearnmoremoney. The lf he'sfarfromhome,hefeelsmorehomesick. The lfthecomputerissophisticated,it'smorelikelytogowrong. The Writea paragraphaboutanaspectofyourllfethathas changedsincechildhood.Useavarietyofcomparativeand superlativeforms. o tattes in clothes o fiiends t eatinghabits l r opinlons Theendof anera.o. Welt,it'sthreedaystogobeforemy twentiethbirthday. I'mfindingit very difficultto cometo 1- with the factthat that word teenogerisnot goingto 2-to me for muchlonger:Teenagerscanget awaywith so muchwhereas'twentysomethings'are 3-to be a- more s-,Two yearsago I wasso excitedaboutturningeighteen.I couldn'twait to becomeindependentbut suddenlyI'vefoundmyself getting6- more nostalgicabout my7- childhooddayswhen nothingreallyseemedto matten I don't feelI canspendhoursin front of the television anymore becausethere'sa far 8- more pressure on me to stopbeinge- andget a part-timejob to saveup for my universityfeesnow. Therearesomeaspectsof beinga teenagerthat I'm definitelynot goingto missthough.I feelan 10- lot more self-confidentandemotionally11- than I usedto and I know I'm not 12- as13- as I was- | certainlywon't missallthoserowsthat I used to havewith my parentsandthe sheerla- of not beingunderstood,I'malsoreallylookingforward to goingto universitynext year:lt'll be the firsttime I've livedawayfrom home andthe firsttime that l'lltruly be leftto do my own 15-. /-il unit4ochanges
- 31. Protestsongs I cavLunderstandand reactt0 apratesttan4. Completethesentenceswiththewordsinthebox. abotishcaptivitycondemneconomicenvironmental free performeis political significance 1 - likeBitlieHotidayweren'talways- to singthesongstheywantedto. 2 TheAmericanCivilWarstartedbecausesome southernstatesrefusedto- slaveryand releaseAfrican-Americansfromtheir-. 3 TheelectionofBarackObamaasoresidentwasa momentofgreat inthe- historyof theUSA. Thefirst- protestsongwascalledWoodman sparethattree,complainingabdutthecuttingdown oftreesforthe- benefitofthepaper-making industry. SalesofCDsbyUScountrymusicgroupDixieChicks fellwhenoneofthemdecidedtospeakoutand thelraowarataconcert. 2 neadthetextquickly,ignoringthegaps.Whatmotivated Simonetowritethesong,MississippiGoddam,andwhat didshesayinit? Thewide rangeof musicaIstylesthat NinaSimoneexcelled t , fromctassicatpianoto jazz,soul,gospeland pop music,makesit seemthat shecomposeda songfor everyoccasion.Unfortunately,however,noteveryoccasion thatshewrote2----- wasa happyone,and in 1964she recordeda songaboutthe raciatlymotivatedmurders 3 u civitrightsworkerin Mississippiand fourblack childrenat a churchin Atabama. WhenNinaSimonesatdownto writeMississippiGoddam, herprotestsongagainstthe racistattacks,shewasa woman Completethe textwith suitablewords. Readthe text.Answerthe questions. 1 WhatmusicaIskittsdid NinaSimonehave? 2 Whathappenedat NinaSimone'sfirstconcert? 3 Whydid NinaSimoneleavethe USA? Cnnllsncr! 3 4 Writea paragraphaboutthelyricsofasongthatimpressed you.Whatdoesthecomposerwriteabout? in * thirtiesand she hadalsoexperiencedracism. NinaSimonehad beena chitdprodigyand it was her incredibleabitityat playingthe pianothatfirstbrought herfaceto facewith bigotryat the tenderageof ten.On the occasionof herdebutperformance,Nina'sproud parentssatin the frontrowof the town hall5 -- - the concertwasto takeplace.This,however,wasoversixty yearsbeforethe USAwouldelectits firstAfrican-American presidentand herparentswerenotonlyaskedto giveup theirseatsto whitepeople" theywerealsototd to sit at the back.YoungNinaSimonemadeit clearthat therewouldbe no concertif herparentsweren'tgiven backthe seatsthey7 originatlyoccupied.The audienceteftthe hattthat eveningimpressedby Nina Simone'stalentandhercharacter. AlthoughNinaSimonecontinuedto standupto racism throughouthercareer,it wasn'tuntiIthoseracistmurders in 1,964thatshestartedto writesongsthatactually commentedonthesituationof African-Americans. e MississippiGoddamsherefersto the crimes committedandthe situationofthecivilrightsmovement. Shecriticisese ooinionofthetimethatAfrican- AmericansshoulddemandgraduaIchangesandnotexpect thingsto improvequickly.Shesingsabouttheslowpace of change,suggestingthatit causesmoretragedythanif thingschangedmorequickty.Andin a message10 - seemsaimedat whiteAmericansshesingsthatallshe wantsisequality. MississippiGoddamwasthefirstof tt- protestsongs aboutracialinequalitythatNinaSimonewouldsingduring therestof hercareer.However,it seemsthesongswerenot enoughandin7974, disgustedwithracism,sheleftthe USAto live12- -. Unit4 oChanges
- 33. NATURALBORNWINNERS EleanorSimmonds @ I-rtceanyotlrcrfiveyearold schoolglrl,EleanorSjmmonds wdsnotbestpleasedatthe ideaofnotbeingallowed to moveuptothe'next {^/immirlo lpvpl rrrilh lrpr classmatesEleanorsparents tolcllrcrthatifshetrained twrceaslrard,sherniglrtbe ableto doit tleanoraccepted thcchallengearrdnotonly dlclslreimprorreherowrr swrmmingte,cltnrque,buit shestartedleavinghertaller .choolfriendsin herwakeNotbadforagirlwhowasbonrwith rclrondroplasla,amedlcalconditiontlratme'ansthatEleanorrs iinlikelytogrowto morethan123cm @ Eleanorsdesireto staywitlrherclassmatesrerrealedher rrotentralto beagreatswimmeranclthefanrilymovedto Swansea :rrWalessotlratEleanorcouldtrainintlrenrorecompetitive .'nvironmentoftheBritishDisabilityHig,hPerformanceCentre 3eforelongElearlorwasputtingin nrnetwo-hourtrainilrgsessionsa lr'eekbutallthehardworkstartedto payoffasslrebeganto notch ,ipvictoriesrninternationalcompetitiol'rsHowever,tlresevictories '.raledinconlirarjsonwith hertwo Olynrpicgoldnredaltrlumphs :t theParalymplcsin2008Thesuccesswhichsheearned1nBe;Jng lxllredjatelyturnedEleanorintoa mediastarinBritdin,rdisjrlg .rvarerlessandchangingalotofpeopleisattitudestowardsthe Jrsabled DavidWeir @ Withtwoolderbrothers whoweretrainingata boxingclubit isperhalrsnot surprlsingthatDavjclWeir war,ltedto beasportsman [)avic.lwashorrrwit]radefect in hisspina)corcl,however, andit mighthaveseemed thatdestirryhadreserved asedentarylifeforhim Butthanksto hisparents, Davldfeelsheisjustanother menrberofthefamilyand fromthestarthewas :ncouragedto getoutandplaysport;ustlikehisbrothersTheonly iorrcessionmadeto Davidisconditionwasthewideningofafew .loorsto accommodatethewheelclrairsthatgotbrggeraslredrd .sidefromthat,Davidwastreatedas'normal'andencouragedto get .rnwrthhislife @ Apartfronrtlrepracticalconstderatiol'ts,DavitiWeirhasnever consideredhimselfdisabledandhecantunderstandtheneedto makeadistinctionbetweenthetwogroupsHeremembersallother disabledboyatschoolwhoseparentsnrollycoddledhimsomuch thathewasn'tableto doanythingforhunselfThatwasn'ttheway Dar,rdwasbroughtupancilookingatWeirspowerfularmsand torsoitsharcito believethatanythingisbeyondhim Hesoneofthe fewathletestlratconlpeteineverydlstancefromlO0metrestothe marathonal'rdhedoesit exceptionallywellHesbeenvictoriousin fourLondonmarathons,hasgainedfourParalymprcmedalsandis tlteholderofrzariousworldrecordsfordifferentdistancesTlranksto I)avidisrefusalto beseenasdifferent.hehashadtheconfidenceto faceandoverconretheclrallengeofdisabilitSrAsfarashelsconcented, it-ssocietyanditsoutdatedwayofdealingwiththedisableclthat needstobeoverhaulecl EsterVergeer @ riglrtycaroldlsterVergeer waslravutgasnnmtling lessonwhenshefeltdizzy. Shedragge'dherselfoutof thepool,satdownonabenclr andtotheconstenrationof allthoscpresent,sucidenly lostconsciousnessItwasthe beglnningofanlghtnrare thatsawherconstantlyin hosprtal,undergolngtests tofindthe'rootcauseofthe problemFinally,doctorsdrscoveredthattlrcbloodcellsaroundher spinewereweakandtheyneedc-dto olrcrateurgently.Theope'ratjoll wouldentatlahighdegreeofrisk,huttlrerewasnoaltemativeIfthey didn'toperateEstercouldsufferirreparablebrairrdamageAfternine hoursofsurgerythedoctorswerepleasedwlththeoutcome,buttheir olltimisticl'noodsoondisappearedwlrentheyrealisedthatEstcrhad losttheuseofherlegs @ nlthoughEsterretlrrnedhomein awhe'e'lclrair,shelnitially thoughtit wasJustlrartoftherecoveryperiod,andthatsheclsoon beruuningaroundwith herfriendsagainThewheelchair,however, wasto becomeanlntegralpartofherlifeNotsurlrrisrngly,it took Estertimeto adaptasit gyaduallydawnedonherthatherlifewould neveFlretlresameShethenreahsedslrehadtwo options:shecould eitherspendherlifelookingoutofthewjndoworshecouldgiveit everythingshehadSheoptedforthelatter. @ tt wassportthatcal11eto therescueandhelpedEsterto changelierattjtudeto herwheelchairSportjsoftenusedto teach wheelchajrusersmobilrtybutEsterlearntto bemorethanmobile Shestoodoutasar1excellentsportswomanskilledatbothbasketball andtennjs However,afterplayingfortheDutchnatlonalbasketball team,shedecidedto focusexclusivelyontennisIt wasashrewd movebecauseshehasbeentheworldsnumberoneplayereversrnce andhasanimpressivehauJof Paralympicgoldmedalsprovingtlrat shemadetherightchoicewhenshedecjdedr,rotto spendherlife watchingtheworlcigoby. Unit4 . Changes
- 35. propJedchavgesto aitoilw ce6re. Writecompoundnounstomatchthedefinitionsof buitdingsandfacilitiesinatown. 1 Abuildingwithseveralfloorsforparkingcarsin 2 Astreetwhereyoucanwalkbutnotdrive 3 Ashopwhichisoneofa seriesownedbythesame company 4 Awayofenteringa placeforpeoplewitha physical disability 5 A metalbarforattachingbicyclesto 6 Aplacewherepeoplecancrossa roadsafely 7 Astructurewithwaterflowingthroughit createdto make a placeattractive 8 Anindoorareawithlotsofshops 9 Anareawheretrees,flowers,grass,etc.havebeen olantedto makeit moreattractive' Readthetextabouteco-townsandcompleteit withthe wordsinthebox.Doyouthinktheysoundlikeagoodidea? 3 Sffi Listento fourpeoplegivingtheirviewsonthe proposalsto buildeco-towns.Dothespeakersagree(/) or disagree(/r)withtheidea? Speaker1! Speaker2! Speaker3[ Speaker4 ! @ Listenagainandcompletethesephrases. 1 Tomy schemeslikethis...canonlybea- inthe- direction. 2 -, Ithinkitwouldbewonderfulto live... 3 Welt,that'snot- |- it atalt. 4 Thatwouldseemlikethe - me. 5 Formea- - thewholeideaisthat... 6 lthinkthat'sa--. 7 l'm- | don't- - withthatobjection. 8 So- in-, |- agree- withthe government'sproposals. Doyouagreeordisagreewiththeseopinions?Use expressionsfromexercise4 wherepossibleandgive examplestosupportyouranswer. 1 Thereisnothinggreenabouteco-towns. 2 Modernbuildingsaresoulless. 3 Graffitiisartnotvandalism. 4 Moreroadsinthecitycentreshouldbepedestrianised. Greenspaces,suchasparks,inurbanareasareessential toa person'sphysicalandmentaIwell-being. Eco-towns TheBritishgovernmenthasrecentlyannounced 1- tocreatea numberof'Eco-towns'acrossthe country,eachto bebuiltaccordingtostrictenvironmental 2-.The aimisthateachtownwillbecarbon neutral.Thismeansthatanyenergytakenfromthe nationalelectricitysupptywittbereplacedbyenergy producedfrom3- sourceswithinthecommunity. Eachtownshouldalsoexcelinoneareaofenvironmental technologysuchaswastemanagementorrainwater 4-.In eachtownthefacilitieswillbe5- watkingdistance,therebycuttingcaruseanditishoped thatatleast30%ofthehousingwillbe6- to peopleona lowincome.Wherepossiblethetownswill bebuiltonpreviously7 -or'brown field'sites, includingmilitaryandindustrialsites. Unit4 r Changes
- 37. t v{4 {1fil Readthearticlebelow.Thenforquestions1-5choosethe bestanswerA,B,CorDaccordingtothetext. Helping the rnind to cope witlr novelty and overload In2005scientistssucceededincomparingthehuman genomewiththatofchimps.Theirastonishingconclusion wasthat98.77percentoftheinformationisidentical, andthatjust1.23percentisn't.Intriguingthoughthat is,it'shardtoimaginewhatitmeans,especiattyif, likeme,youhadtolookup'genome'inthedictionary. EntertheAmericansoftwaredesigner,BenFry.Hehas devisedacharminglysimple,butaccurate,waytoexplain thedistinction.Usingthe75,000lettersofcodingin thegenome,hehascreateda photographicimageofa chimp'sheadinwhichninelettersarEdepictedasred dotstoillustratethedifferencewithhumans. 'Humansvs.Chimps'isoneof200images,objects andconceptsinanexhibitionstartingonSundayat theMuseumofModernArtin NewYork.Theshowis orchestratedbyPaotaAntonelli,thecharismaticsenior curatorofArchitectureandDesignwho,in hertwelveyears there,hasemergedasthemostinfluentialdesigncurator ofourtime.Ratherthanptaysafebycelebratingwhatit nowseemsratherquainttocall'gooddesign'asmanyof herpeersdo,Antone[[ibreaksnewgroundbyinterrogating thechangingroleofdesignnowandinthefuture. There'snothingnewintheideaofdesignersinterpreting theworkofscientistsandtechnologistsfortherestof us.They'vedonesothroughouthistory,startingwith polymathslikeLeonardodaVinci,whocombinedaltof thoserolesinRenaissanceltaly,andtheseventeenth- centuryBritisharchitects-cum-scientistsRobertHooke andChristopherWren.Throughoutthetwentiethcentury, designerstranslatedtechnicat breakthroughsintothings wecoulduseeveryday.Withoutthem,theInternetcould stillbea labyrinthofindecipherablecode;and3Mwoutd ownthepatentforatypeofgluethatisn'tquitesticky enoughtostickpermanentlyonpaper,butwouldn'thave inventedthePost-it.Theexhibitionalsoexploreshow designersaretappingintofertilefieldsofscience,suchas nanotechnology,whichcouldeventuallyenabledesigners andarchitectstodevelopobjectsandevenbuildingsthat canadapttochangingconditions. Weneedftexibilitytoembracea[[thesechangesandthe unprecedentedspeedatwhichinnovationsareemerging. Ahugeproblemisdataoverload,andtheshowsuggests howdesigncanhelpustocopewithit. 1 Accordingtothefirstparagraph,BenFry A createda charmingimageofa chimp. B didn'tfullyunderstandwhatagenomeis. C hetpedtheauthorunderstandsoftwaredesign. D producedagraphicrepresentationofascientificfinding. 2 'HumansvsChimos' A isanexhibitionattheMuseumofModernArtin NewYork. B isbeingdisptayedatPaolaAntonelli'sshow. C focusesonthebrainsofchimps. D isoneofafewimagesinanexhibition. 3 PaolaAntonelli A hasaninnovativeapproachtodesign. B isaninfluentialarchitectinNewYork. C hasspecialmusicaIqualifications. D iswidetyappreciatedbyhercolleagues. 4 Whatinformationdoesthethirdparagraphprovide? A LeonardodaVinciwasagreaterdesignerthanHooke orWren. B TheRenaissancewasa oeriodwhenscience-based designdevetoped. C Designersptayeda crucialroleintheexpansionof thelnternet. D WhenPost-itnoteswereinvented,theyweretoo adhesive. 5 Inthetwentiethcentury,designers A firstinterpretedscientificandtechnological breakthroughsforthepublic. B ensuredpeoplebenefitedfromtechnologicaladvances. C beganto lookatnanotechnology. D inventeda newtypeofglue. Completethetextwithsuitablewords.Useonewordonly ineachgap. Newrolesforwomenandmeninthetwentiethcentury TheforceschangingAmericanwomen'slivesthat1- becomeevidentbythe1950sacceleratedinthe followingdecades.TheCivitRightsActof 7964outlawed discriminationnotonly2-racial minoritiesbutalso 3- thebasisofsex.Atthesametime,thewomen's liberationmovementledtoarethinkingofgenderroles. _Peopleofa- sexesincreasinglycametoseecareers forwomenasanalternativetowomenasfult-time homemakers.Bytheendofthe1980s,5-than hatf ofwomenoversixteenwereinthelabourforce.Public opinionbegantolookwithfavouronmen6- shared housekeepingandchildcarewiththeirwives.Thisincluded kitchenduties.Men7- cookingexpertisehad 8- limitedtogritlingbaconorboitinganeggbegan totakea deepere-in cooking.Simultaneously,the trendtowardconveniencecontinuedwiththespreadof gadgetstikefoodprocessorsandautomaticdishwashers, which10- nowstandardequipment. Getreadyforyourexam2
- 39. Warandpeace I can,taLkabout rwULtarycovt'lLct. 1 Completethetextwiththewordsinthebox.Changethe verbsifnecessary. Theconflictin Afghanistanbeganin 2001,when forcesheadedbythe USA2-an attackonthe countryin responseto theSeptember11thterrorist attacks.Thepurposeofthe invasionwasto 3- OsamaBinLaden,anddestroyAl QaidaandtheTaliban regime.ByNovemberof the sameyear,the regime '-. However,a fewyearslatertherewasan increasein activitybyTaliban5--, including 5 -. severalthousand7 - fromthe USAand othercountriesremainin Afghanistanandareexpectedto be8- onlywhene- isfuttyestabtished. 2 writetheoppositesoftheunderlinedwords. 1 Thegovernmentsenta militarvforceto lraq.- 2 Hiselectionvictorvmayleadtocivilwar.- 3 Thearmybegantoadvance. 4 Thetwocountrieswereenemies.- 5 Thehostagewascapturedtwoweeksago.- 5 Theyplantoarmtherebelsoldiers 3 Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformofverbsfrom AandnounsfromB. A claim make give putup grind suffer B breakthroughorders casualties resistance halt victory 1 Thecity toa- yesterdayasit experiencedathree-hourpowercut. 2 Police a- intheirsearchfora missing paintingworthf 5 mitlion. 3 Theofficer toshootdowntheaeroplane. 4 Thearmywastooweakto any- tothe enemy'ssuperiorforce. 5 Theparty- intheelectioneventhough it shoutdhavegonetotheopposition. 5 lt isbelievedthattheorovince several afterbeinghitbyanearthquake. Completetheidiomsandmatchthemwiththeir meanings. 1 lfyoujumpthe-r 2 lfyou a bombshell, 3 lfyou.- yoursightsonsomething, 4 lfyou thehatchet, 5 lfyou toyourguns, 5 lfyoufighta- battle, 7 lfsomethingopensupold-, 8 lfyouburnyour-, a itremindsyouofsomethingunpleasantfromthepast. b youdosomethingwhichmakesitimpossibleto returntotheorevioussituationlater. c youdosomethingtoosoon. d yougivea pieceofnewswhichisunexpectedand unpleasant. e youdecidethatyouwantsomethingandtryveryhard to getit. f youtrytodosomethingthatyou'tlprobablynever managetodo. g youstopbeingunfriendlyandbecomefriendsagain. h yourefusetochangeyourmindaboutsomething. Unit5. Battles
- 40. .-....%:.: Familytensions I cavLtalk abowtfavwlly dt:putesand argurn+Ws. lSrc ListentoHannahtalkingaboutherretationshipwith hersister.Arethestatementstrueorfalse?WriteTorF. 1 Hannahandhersisterarebothnaturallyargumentative. 2 Hannahgetsonbetterwithhersisternowthansheused to.- 3 Hannah'ssisterrarelyrowswithherparents.- $ro Completetheexcerptsfromthelistening,then listenagainandcheck. 1 | ....avoidit likethe 2 therediduseto bea tittlebitof_ _ us. 3 Shesuddenlyhadto- ourparent's attention. 4 Sheclearly meto- now. 5 | raretyget- - withthem. 6 That's rivalryforyou! Completethee-mailwiththecorrectformofthewordsin brackets. 4 Rewritethesentencesusingfor+ noun/ pronoun+ infinitive. 1 lt'stimethattheystartedbeinghonestwitheachother. 2 lt'sessentialthatyoutostandyourgroundinanargument. 3 MyparentsareverykeenthatI shouldbea goodrole modelformybrother. 4 ltwoutdbeamiracleiftheymanagedadaywithoutarguing. 5 lt'scrucialthatyouapologiseforyourrudeness. 6 I'dbetternotgetintoarowwithTamsin- shehatesconflict. Writetruesentencesusin indicateattitude. 1 Tobeperfectlyhonest, g thediscoursemarkerswhich 2 Tomyutterastonishment, thankgoodness. Muchtomyannoyance, Oddlyenough, 3 4 5 tn ply ,ftnepty*ii & HiMark, Howareyoudoing?I'mfinebutI wantedtoaskyour adviceonanissuethat'sbeenbotheringmelately. It'saboutthedynamicbetweenparentsandme. t (raise)voices,prettymuchona dailybasis. Wealwaysseemto belockinghorns.Mysister,whois t (odd)enough,I feetquitegoodafteranargument threeyearsyounger,alwaysmanagesto havecalm, sometimes,althoughI havetosayit canbequite10 t (construct)conversationswiththem. (drain)too. Shesaysshefindsrows2 (upset)and Whatdoyoureckon,Mark?Doyouthinkit's ' (destroy).YetmyparentsandI justhave tt (respect)totalkto parentstikethisordoyou o (end)rowsabouthomework,taking thinkit can12 (strong)retationships? responsibitityroundthehouseandthatsortofthing. l'mnottatkingt ("nimate)discussions Givemea ca[[soon' here- I'mtatkingfull-scale6 (heat) Tilv argumentswith7 (slam)doorsand Writea replytoTilly'se-mailin exercise3.Includesomeof thevocabularyfromexercises2 and3. Unit5r Battles
- 41. Fightingforeguality I can,wnderstandand artlcle aboutcLwIrtgWs react to aw carwpaLgnzrs. 4 Readthetextagain.Answerthequestions. 1 HowdidMrsThatchelschancterhelohersucceedinoolitics? 2 WhatdidBoniSoneswriteabout? 3 HowmanywomenMPsweretherebeforethe 1997election? Whatdoesthefactthatyoucanbemoresexistin Parliamentthatinanofficesuggest? Whatdoyouthinktheoriginalsuffragetteswouldthink aboutwomen'spoliticalsituationtoday? 1 Completethesummarywiththewordsinthebox. Inthenineteenthcentury,theSuffragettes1- forthe2- tovoteforwomen.They3 meetings,senta andevencarriedoutacts ofcivil5 inctudingcommitting6-. Consequently,somewerearrestedbutonceiniaita fewwentonhunger7 -, whichwasended whentheywereforce Withthearrivalof theFirstWorldWar,theSuffragettese their campaignand10- womehtoworkinthe factoriesandfieldsasthemenwentofftofight. Thewomenwereto prove11 tothewar effort.Soonaftertheconflict,womenover30were allowedtovote.Thelawwas12 in 1928and womenfinallyhadthesamevotingrightsasmen. Writea paragraphaboutthepositionofwomeninyour country.Domorewomengoouttoworkthanbefore? Domenhelpwithdomestictasks?Doyouthinkthe situationcouldimprove?How? 2 3 Readthetextquickly,ignoringthegaps.Afterthe1997 elections,whatpercentageofBritishMPswerewomen? -7o Completethetextwithsuitablewords. THE NEW SUFFRAGETTES 'WhatBritainneedsisanlronLady', saidthecountry'sfirstwoman PrimeMinister,MrsMargaret Thatcher.Indeed,MrsThatcherwasfamousforthestrength ofherpersonatity,a characteristicsheusedtogreateffect in Parliamentarydebates,whichsheoftenwon1- by usingherfemininecharm,butbybeingdirectandoutspoken. Herewasawomanpotiticianbeatingthemenat2- owngame,somethingthatmanymalepoliticians3- bear.Theironlyanswertoherpoliticalsuccesswastocriticise herforbeingforcefuIandcombative,qualitiesthatmale politiciansareoftenpraised"-. Themessagewas thatbybecomingPrimeMinister,MrsThatcherhadlosther femininity. SinceThatcher,Britainhasseena riseinthenumberof womenpoliticiansandtheyarethemostvisiblesignthatthe suffragettes'fight5- thebeginningofthetwentieth centurywasa success,aswomenhavegoneonnotonlyto votebuttoalsotake6- importantpoliticalposts. Doesthismean,then,thatwomeninBritishpolitics achievedequality? Theanswerwouldseemto be'no'.Atleastthatisthe conclusionthatBoniSonescame7 - inherbook Womenin Parliament- theNewSuffragettes.Soneswrote abouttheresultsofthe7997Britishgeneralelectionandthe experiencesofwomenpoliticians. 8- thenumberofwomenMembersofParliament doubledafterthe1997elections,S2o/oofMPswerestitl maleandithasn'tchangedmuchsincethen.What'smore, thenewarrivatsintheHouseofCommons,knownasBlair's BabesasmostbelongedtoTonyBlair'sLabourParty,found morethaniusttheirprofessionalskittsbeingpute- themicroscooe. WhilstsomeofMrsThatcher'senemiestargetedwhatthey desc;ibed10- hermascutinecharacteristics,thenew MPsclaimedthattheirsupposedlymoreobviousfemininity becameanimmediatetargetfornegativepresscoverage.The media,theysaid,wasmoreinterestedintheirappearance thanintheirpolicies.Therewerealsoclaimsofstrongsexist remarksfrommalepoliticiansofallparties,a numberof whichwouldhavegota mansackediftheyhadbeensaidin anofficeinsteadofinParliament. NodoubttheSuffragettesweredelighted11- women finallygotequalvotingrightsin1928,butthey12- be disappointedtoseehowmodernfemalepoliticianshave theirsexusedagainstthem. Unit5r Baftles
- 42. Jacques-YvesCousteau Readthe article,ignoringthegaps.Completethe sentenceswiththecorrectnames. 1 Cousteauwonaorizeatthe foran underwater documentary. 2 Cousteauattendeda conferenceorganisedbythe in SouthAmerica. 3 Cousteauwrotea bookandmadea filmcalled 4 exoresseda viewaboutCousteauthata lotof peopleagreedwith. 5 6 7 8 Hismobilefilmstudioandlaboratorvwascalled Anawardwaspresentedto Cousteauin fora fi[m. Cousteaucreatedtheaqualungwith wasthefirstunderwaterdocumentarymadein France. Unit5. Battles I can nnderttand and react to aw artLcLeabouta naturallst. MatchsentencesA-H withgaps1-7 in the article.Thereis onesentencethatyoudo notneed. A Cousteaubelievedtelevisioncouldeducateaswellas entertain,andheproducedfilmsandsuccessfulW seriesthatdid both. B Cousteauorganiseda campaignagainstthe government'splan. C Hisfirstfilm,EighteenMetresDeep,wasalsothe first underwaterdocumentaryto bemadein France. D Cousteaucreateda televisionchannelthatallowedpeople to followhisjourneysunderthesea24 hoursa day. E Andit is in partthanksto theseprogrammesthatour awarenessabouttheenvironmentandthe needto protectit hasgrown. F Cousteauhadcontributedto givingeverybodythe opportunityof becominga'manfish'. G Hewasseriousandknowledgeableabouthissubject, andthisfascinatedhisgrowingaudience. H Trave[[ingtheworld'sseasandoceans,hestartedfilming andwritingprofusely. Findwordsor phrasesin thetextwhichmatchthese definitions. 1 a basicthingthatis useda lot (paragraph1) atlthe plantsandanimatsin a place(paragraph1) a personwithoutspecialtrainingin a subiect (paragraph2) underwater(paragraph3) attachedandkeptin position(paragraph3) 6 getridof sornethingunwanted(paragraph5) ' ,,,,,,,,,,Culu.grcrl Writea paragraphexplainingtheworkofanotherperson ororganisationindefenceoftheenvironment.Explainwhat areasoftheenvironmenttheyfocusonandwhattheytry todo. 4 4 5 3 Matchthe verbswith the nounsto makecollocations. a business dead fameandfortune a heartmassage animage anincident mixedfeelings pain a risk Completethe sentenceswith the correctformsof the collocationsfromexercise1. 1 He- the- in public,butprivatelythe presidentis reallyworriedaboutit. 2 Thedoctorinspectedthevictimandaftera few moments --- him 3 Twocompanieswantto ourcomputer butwe reallydon'twantto sel[. 4 Dentistsalwayssay'Thiswon'thurt'andthenthey a lot of-! 5 Thecompanydoesn'tbelievein playingsafeand they'rewittingto a 5 Heworksbetternowbut it's goingto be difficuttfor himto hisbad 7 Oneofthe ambulancecrew a -. whichsavedhistife. 8 lt I wasgladto geta newjob but sadto leavemyoldcolleagues. 9 Despitebecominga popstarand shewasstillthe modestgirtI hadatwaysknown.
- 43. @ ruoUoay*hopicksuptheirremotecontrolandstarts zappingwill besurprisedtofindvariousdocumentariesabout naturepoppingupontheir screensSuchdocumentaries havebecomeaTVstapleandthereareevenchannels entirelydevotedto ourplanetandthe floraandfaunathat it supports.1- Althoughwenowtakethesedocumentaries forgranted,in the 1950stelevisionwasamediumfor elltertainmentandnothingelse.It wasoneman,Jacques-Yves Cousteau,who sawits potentialasthe perfectplatformfor irTformingTVaudiencesaboutthe two-thirdsof the planet that werehiddenfrom their view:the sea @ 2- rtre films andprogrammeswereaccompanied byCousteausvoice,asheexplainedthe underwaterworld in layman'sterms SomescientistscriticisedCousteaufor simplifyingcomplexscientificconceptsin hisnarrations,but he replied:peopleprotcctandrespectwhatthcylike,andto make themlikethesea,theyshouldbefllledwith wonder.'Cousteau hadrealisedthatTVwasaninstrumentfor openingpeoples eyesto theworldaroundthemandwith timc hechanged theperceptionofwhattelevisioncoulddo Moreover,the foundationsfor hissuccessonTVhadbeencarefullylaidduring nventyyedrsofdedicationto hispassion,thesea3- @ AsayoungmanCousteauhadenlistedin the Frenchnavy but aswellasfulfillinghismilitarydutics,healsostarted to investigateandfilm the sea"- Makingsuchafilm wasincrediblydifficultthen asindividualoxygentankshad yetto beinvented,but Cousteaustillwon first prizeat the Congressof DocumentaryFilmin 1943Despitehissuccess, Cousteau'sexperiencesonEighteenMetresDeepledhim to the conclusionthat to progressin hischosenfield,heneededto finda wayof breathingwhensubmergedthat didn'trestrict hismovementsThereforealongwith Frenchengineer,Emile Gagnan,hesetaboutcreatingthehqualung',anoxygentank that couldbestrappedto adiver'sbackCousteausaidthat this inventionallowedhim to becomea'manfish'butwhat hedidn't realisewasthat the aqualullgwasto revolutionisepeople's relationshipwith the seaasscuba-divingtook off asa hobby.5- @ Rrmedwith hisaqualung,Cousteauleft the navy,acquired aboat,the Calypso,andturned it into a mobileresearch,fllm anddivingcentre6- HisbookTheSilentWorld,published in 1953,describedhisstudieson dolphinsandexplained histheorythat theypossessedsomekindofnatural radar system,abeliefthat otherscientistswouldlaterconfirm In 1956Cousteausfilm bearingthe sametitle ashisbook wonthe Cannesfilm festivalandhisnarnewasbeginningto becotnewell-knownoutsidescientificcirclesHorvever,itwas theTVseriesthat hehostedfrom the decksofthe Calypso that turnedhim into a householdnamethroughoutNorth AmericaandEurope @ etttroughnot interestcdin acquiringfameandfortune, Cousteaurealisedhewasin a uniquepositionto helpdefend the planetagainstthe excessesof mankind In October1960, onhearingofthc intentionofthe Frenchgovernmentto dumpradioactivewastein the MediterraneanSca,7 Thanksto hisintervention,publicopinionsoonopposed theproposeddumpingof nuclearwastein the seaand hundredsof peopleblockedthe railwaylinestoppingthe train carryingthe wastefrom reachingits destinationCousteau's environmentalwork,howcver,wasnot usuallythisdramatic, but it washighlyrespectedandhewasinvitedto the United NationsEarthSummitin RiodeJaneiroin 1992,whcreat a numberof meetillgshewasthe onlynon-headof state present.Onhisdeathinl997,TedTurner,thevicechairmanof TimeWarnertelevision,voicedanopinionthat manypeople shared:'lthink CaptainCousteaumight bethe fatherof the environmentalmovement' Unit5oBattles
- 44. cawwe dewces avoLdrepetLtLow. Eltipsis Match1-6 witha-fandcompletethesentenceswithan auxiliaryormodalverb. 1 Doyouevermissyourcountry? I 2 HaveyoueverheardTheStreetsptaylive? tr 3 Don'tforgettofeedthecatthisevening. tr 4 Laurahasn'thandedinherbiotogycourseworkyet. [] 5 Stevedidn'ttakeyourchequetothebank. I 5 Theshopsctoseearlytoday. tr a Don'tworry,I b Notnow,but|- when|firstgothere. c Oh,that'ssoannoying.Hepromisedhe-.^ d No,butmysister-. Shetovedthem. e Yes,I knowthey-. f That'sstrange.Shetoldmeshe Addthewordfotothesentenceswherenecessary. 1 Youcandeclinetheinvitationifyouprefer. 2 ShegotgradeA inallherexamsbutshedidn'texpect. 3 Youdon'thavetoopenthepresentnowifyoudon'twant. 4 Youcanmeetuslaterifyou'dtike. 5 | meantto buysomestampsbutI forgot. 6 Heaskedmetomakea speechathisbirthdaypartybutI don'twant. Completethedialogueswiththewordsinthebox.There aretwothatyoudon'tneed. 1 'Givemeashoutifyouneedanyhelpputtingthatshelfup.' 'Thanks,I-.' 2 'A[[myfriends'parentsletthemcomehomeatwhatever timethey[ike.' 'Perhapsthey-, butyou'renotgoingto.' 'l sawEddieintowntoday.' 'You-. He'sinMallorcawithhisfamily.' 'l wantyouto babysitforTrudythisevening.' 'Why- l?Abinevergetsaskedto babysit!' 'l haven'treceivedmyinvitationyet.' 'No-one .Theystillhaven'tbeensent.' 'l coutdgetFergusthisbookforhisbirthday.Doyouthink he'sreadit?' 'No,he lt'sonlyiustcomeout.' Completetheconversationbetweentwofriendsata concert.Usea reducedinfinitiveandaverbfromtheboxin thecorrectform. Matt Watchit!You'vejustspittyourdrinka[[overme! Jed Sorry,l1 Matt Didyoubuyanyofthemerchandisetheywere sellingbytheentrance? butitwas ridiculouslyexpensive. Comeon!Let'sgouptothestageatthefront.You don'thavetostayinyourseat,youknow. Matt Don'tworry,| 3 ! fed Shattweseeifwecangetthesinger'sautographa: the end? Matt No,I a- . I'mtooshy. Matt They'reptayingat the Leedsfestivalnextmonth. Whydon'twegoandwatchthemagain? led 15 6 butunfortunately,I becausewe'regoing on holidaythedaybefore. 4 2 3 Jed Jed Unit5. Battles
- 45. I cang[ve preseMatLovt. 1 tookatthephotosandanswerthequestions. 1Whydoyoungpeoplecarryknives? 2 Whatdoyouthinkcanbedonetoreduceknifecrime? Sff:t Readtheexamquestionbelowandlistentothe presentation.Whichmethodsofdealingwithteenageknife crimedoesthespeakerthinkcanwork? a meetingsbetweenvictimsandcriminals b a knifeamnesty c imprisonment d educationalworkshoos e meetingsbetweenpeoplecaughtcarryinga knifeandthoseconvictedofstabbingsomeone O S! Listenagainandcompletethesephrases. 1 manypeoplewouldtakea- - Completethephrasesforstructuringa presentationwiththe wordsinthebox.Therearesomewordsthatyoudon'tneed. 1 |freely- that... 2 Moving- mysecondargument, 3 Wecandismissthisargumentoutof- 4 - totheissueabout... 5 To- themainargument... 6 Thereissome intheargumentthat... 7 I'llnowturn-... Matcheachphraseinexercise5withthefunctionsin exercise4.Writea,b,cord nexttothephrases. lmagineyouaregivingthefollowingpresentation. Metaldetectorsshouldbeinstalledatschoolgatesto reduceknifecrime.Doyouagreeordisagree?Present youropinion,givingargumentstosupportyourview. Decidewhichoftheseideasareinfavourofthestatement andwhichareagainst.Tick(/) orcross(,X). . studentprivacy . dangerousforteachersto searchkidsforknives r allstudentsscanned- no-onesingledout . moststabbingsoutsideschoolgates,notinschools r studentscanswitchtonon-metallicweapons o cheaperthanputtingmorepoliceofficersonthestreets r protectsmajorityfromviolentminority . everyonetreatedaspotentialcriminal Choosetwoideasthatyouagreewith.Usethemto write thefirsthalfofa presentationfollowingtheplanbelow. Includesomephrasesfromexercises4 and5.lfyouare unsureofthewordforsomething,don'tusea dictionary, paraphraseinstead. Firststateyourpositioninrelationtothestatement. Beginwithyourstrongestargument. Acknowledgetheopposingargument,thenpresenta counter-argument,orreiterateyourview. n n tr n x T n 2 3 4 5 a a a I tr T ! T T n T tr I n n 4 tomymind,thatargument- - itcanalso- - thatforsomecriminals.... ButI entirely- the- thatthisisa usefulstrategy. I'dnowtiketo- somealternative solutions. 5 I'dtiketo- the- | madeearlier. Whatisthefunctionofeachphraseinexercise3?Writea, b,cord nexttothephrases. a changingthesubiect b acknowledginganopposingview c dismissinganopposingview d referringtosomethingsaidearlier Presentation Aretougherprisonsentencesthemosteffectivewayto combatteenageknifecrime? @i Unit5r Battles
- 46. Article:describinga Preparation 1 Completetheessaywiththecorrectformofthewordsin brackets. I carv describtvg v'/rLteawqrtLcle fiwrLoneI advwLre. 3 Asa colleagueI foundhercooperative,likeable,and highlycompetent- . beingacademicallybrilliant,she'salsovery sporTy. 3 ltwashischarm hisabititythatgothimtheiob. 4 - beingtalented,sheisalsoaltruistic. Thinkabouta personwhohasmadeadifferencetoyouor whohaschangedhistory(e.9.a campaigner,sportsperson writer).Makenotesintheparagraphplanbelow. Introduction:Saywhohe/ sheisandtheimpacthe/ she hashadonyouandothersintheworld significantlifeeventsandachievements character howtheyhaveinfluencedyouorothers 4 Useyournotestowriteanacademicessayaboutthisperson. WritingGuide 1 Thinkofa suitabletitle. 2 Considerwhoisgoingtoreadyouressayandchoosean appropriatestyld. 3 Selectjustafewkeypointsanddescribethemclearlyand vividly. Haveyou: . followedtheparagraphplan? . includedtinkingwordstojoinideastogether? . usedavarietyofwordstodescribecharacter? . checkedyourworkformistakes? 2 Completethesentenceswiththelinkersinthebox. A modern doy hero A pubticfigurewhohasmadea hugedifferenceto my . worldandthatofmillionsofothersisJKRowling,authorof theHarryPotterseries.AsI child,Iwascompletely 'r- (captivate)bytheimaginaryuniversethatshe createdandevennow,asayoungadult,| findherbooks iustas2- (compet). lnmyopinion,sheisanextremely3- (gift)writer, andevenhercriticscan'tdenytheculturalimpactshehas hadonsociety.Shehasinspiredmittionsofchildren,who mayotherwisebeo- (interest)inreading,to pick upathickbookwitha complexplotandreaditavidlyfrom coverto cover.Thisisnosmall5- (achieve)inthe digitalagewelivein,where6- (literate)isonthe decline. Aswellasprovidinguswitha formofescapism,her bookscontainstrongmessagesaboutmoralbehaviour. Theypreachagainstviolenceandthestruggleforpower, symbotisedbytheevilVoldemort,andthroughthe relationshipbetweenHarryandhisfriendstheycelebrate thevaluesofself-sacrifice,7- (toyal)and 8- (attruistic). JKRowling'sownstoryisinspirationaltoo.Shemanagedto achievesuccessinthefaceofa seriesofmisfortunesinthe earlypartofheradultlife.Shelosthermotherwhenshe wasyoung,here- (marry)failed,shewasa single parentlivinginpovertyandontopofthat,herwriting wascontinuallybeingturneddownbypublishers.ltwas onlyhersheer10- (courageous)and11- (determined)thatgotherthroughthosetoughtimes. Apartfromaltofthis,inrecentyearsJKRowlinghas becomewell-knownforher12- Generosity) charitablecontributionstoa numberofcausesincluding combating13- (poor)andsocial1a (equal),andhelpingsingle-parentfamilies. ,|KRowlinghastouchedsomanypeopleonsomanylevels thatshemostdefinitelydeservesto rankhighlyamongst thosewhohavereallymadea differencetotheworld. Unit5r Battles
- 47. Completethedictionarydefinitionswiththeverbsin thebox. 1 saywhatyouthinkwillhoppen in thefuture,basedoninformationandoftenusing scientificmethods Substitutethewordpredidinthesentencesbelow withthemostappropriatewordfromexercise1in theconectform. 1 Moretorrentialrainispredictedfortonight. 2 TheexamwasloadseasierthanI predicted. Unemploymentispredictedto riseinthecoming years. 4 Wedon'tpredictfurtherchangesto thetirnetable. ThewizardMerlinissaidto havepredictedthat politicalstrugglewouldleadto Britain'sdecline. I cawspecwlateand vwakL predLctLowabout thefiture. 3 Insertthewordsintheboxintothesentences. I can'tseemyralfgettingmarriedbeforeI'mtwenty-five. He'ssetsightsonbecominga commercialpilot. I'mnotpinningmyhopesgettingmydrivingtestbefore nextyear. I don'tseemybrotherleavinghomeintheforeseeable. AtthemomentI'mworkingimprovingmygrades. lfIsucceedgettinga part-timejob,I'tlsaveupfora holiday. lfmyptanscomenothing,I'llhavetorethinkmyaims. He'sdeterminedhavehisownbusiness. It'shardtogetintofilmdirectingbutI'mgoingtogiveit I'vegot. lflgetagooddegreeI'ltbeina bettertoearna decent salary. Completethephrasesforexpressingdoubtanduncertainty withthewordsinthebox. 1 lt's- to say,really... 2 | don't- I'll... 3 lt's- thatI'll... 4 -that... 5lmay 6 lt'sanyone's- what... 7 | could ina numberof Lookingintothefuture l A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 9 10 4 Completethequotationsusingthecorrectfuturetenseof tte verbin brackets.Somesentencesmaybepassive. 1 Afterallissaldanddone,a lotmore than done.Anonymous(say) 2 We'vegotto haveadreamifwe a dream cometrue.DenisWaitley(make) 3 Inthefutureeveryone famousforfifteen minutes.AndyWarhol(be) 4 lVhatmaybedoneatanytime, atnotime. Scottishproverb(do) 5 Gatheryerosebudswhileyemay,Oldfime isstill a-flying:Andthissameflowerthatsmilesto-day To-morrow . RobertHenick(die) F'*q!&* Unit6 r Dreams
- 48. Themeanin dreams !Yry r.-.rw Whatdoyouthi 1Losingteeth nkthesethreecommondreamssymbolise? 2 Ftying 3 Beingchased 2 Choosethecorrectoptiontocompletetheinterpretations givenbytheAssociationfortheStudyofDreams.Dothey confirmyourideas? Losingteeth Teethrepresentpower.Youusethemto bitethingsloff / out andbreakthem 2down/ out.Theymakeup a distinct partof yourappearance,sothe fearof yourteethfalling 3ofl/ outor breakingodown / off signifiesa fearof losingcontrol.lf youareabovea certainage,it mayalso representa fearthatageiscreeping5down/ up on you. Flying Taking6oft/ overandcruisingcontentedlyandwith ease suggestspowerandfreedomandmaysymbolisethe fact thatyou'veworkedTout/ overa solutionto a difficultyin yourlife.However,if youarestrugglingto keep8on/ up flyingit indicatesa lackof abilityto controlyourpersonal circumstances. Beingchased Thisisthe mostcommondreamof all.Runninge off/ out whilebeingpursuedsymbolisesyourwayof copingwith stress.Theattackerrepresentssomeonewho ispicking 10off/ on youor makingyoufeelthreatenedin someway. It maynot bea person,but anevent.lt couldevenbea partof yourself,yourfeelingsof angerorjealousywhich takeon theformof a threateningfigure.lt isalsothe case thatthisdreamcanbea wayof playinglrback / up an actualeventin yourlife. I cantalk abou,tthL sQwficaweof dreams. Completethe sentenceswith the correctformof the verbs in the box. .tffihten brush ctenr 30m€ dic{tiffi phase sign sort _;.'tBt!*F 1 Athief,posingasa shopper offwithtwo diamondrings. 2 I've- outtheproblemI hadwithmyMP3player. 3 | tikethenewcolouryou'vepaintedthesittingroom.lt really- it up. 4 Manyspecieshave- outasa resultofrainforest destruction. 5 She uotomeandaskedmetodance. 5 TheAustraliangovernmenthas- outtraditional energy-wastingtightbulbs. 7 Thesecurityguardtoldthetrespassersto_ off. 8 | needto- uponmySpanishbeforeIgoto Argentina. 9 Weoften offaformalletterwithYourssincerely. 10 She'sforgottento- offfromhere-mailaccount. 4 Completethediagramwithphrasalverbsfromexercise3 thathaveasimilarmeaningtotheverbsintheboxes. 3 Unit6 . Dreams
- 49. I I ca,aunderstandandroactto aw TheEuropeand feam ? t arficleaboutawEtt.Lnt"tLattve. 1 Completethe sentenceswith the wordsin the box. citizens commitsion conflict legrslation minister policy state Angible,,,t.t.i::tlr:...',, 1 The- betweenthetwocountriesshouldbe settledbydiplomaticmeans,notfighting. 2 The- of foreignaffairsis meetingthe Prime Ministertoday. 3 TheEUimmigration wilttookattheeffectsof migrationbetweenmemberstates. 4 Thegovernment's on unemploymenthasnot hada greateffect. 5 TheEUisgoingto propose to controlthe use of armsin memberstates. areaskedto activelyparticipatein the EUby votingin the nextelections. NationaIsecurityis controtledbyeachindividual ofthe EU. Therehavebeenno resultsfromthe EU's economicstrategyyet. Readthe text,ignoringthe gaps.In whatwayis the Erasmusprogrammebasedon Erasmus'sexperiences? Completethetextwithsuitablewords. Readthetextagain.Answerthequestions. 1 WhatwastheresultofErasmus'studiesattheUniversitv ofCambridge? 2 Whataretheobfectivesofthe Erasmusprogramme? Howdoesthe programmetryto remedyoneofthe oroblemsErasmushad? 4 Whatarethe Britishconsideredto be ooorat? 5 HowdidDanielleAndersonbenefitfromherstavin Krakow? 5 Findwordsorphrasesinthetextwhichmatchthesedefinitions. 1 suggestion(paragraph1) 2 trytobetikesomeone(paragraph2)- 3 showingtheeffectofbeingpoor(paragraph2)- 4 anorganisationthatarrangesthings(paragraph2) 5 famedfordoingsomething(paragraph3) 5 obtainsomething(paragraph4) 3 4 European studies ,',hohasn'tdreamed livingabroad ':r awhile?Thechanceto learna new :'rguage,a differentapproachto lifeandto 2 newfriends; : soundslikeanattractiveproposition.Atleastthat'swhata Dutch .:JdentfromRotterdamthought.Setontravellingandlearningas -uch 3- possible,hestudiedattheColl€gedeMontaiguin :arisbeforemovingontotheUniversityofCambridge,impressing - s professors*- muchthattheyevensuggestedthathe ='ouldstayandteach.Thestudent,5-, wasdeterminedto :aveandsetofffortheUniversityofTurinin ltaly.Obviously,a .,,ealthystudentyoumightthink.Wet[no,thestudentinquestion .',asa poororphancalledErasmus,travellingbetweentheyearsof '-495and1.506. Studentstodayaren't6-a positiontotourEuropeancentres :'learning.Nonetheless,iftheyreattywantto emutateErasmus, :: -toa certaindegree,helpisathand.TheEuropeanUnion's l'asmusprogramme,namedafterthehumanistandtheologianwe metabove,aimsto promotecooperationbetweenEuropeanstudents andinstitutions8- highereducation.Theprogrammeprovides studentse- theopportunityofspendinga minimumofthree monthsata universityinanotherEuropeancountry.Andperhapsin recognitionofErasmus'povefi-strickendays,today'sstudentsdo nothaveto payanythingtothehostuniversityandcanapplytotheir nationaIErasmusagency'10- agrant. InBritaintheBritishCouncitisresponsible11-, runningthe programmeanditswebsiteoutlinesthebenefitsof participating. Somewhatsurprisinglyfora nationnotrenownedforits[inguistic skills,learninga tanguageistopofthelist.A surveybytheBritish NationalCentreforLanguagesrevealedthatthetinguisticskitts 12-in demandbyUKbusinesseswerethemajorEuropean languages,closelyfotlowedbyEasternEuropeanlanguages, Chinese,Japanese,RussianandArabic. However,Erasmusismore13-iust a chanceto acquire languageskitls.DanietteAnderson,a historystudentfrom GreenwichUniversityin London,notonlylearntPolishduringher timein Krakow,butla- enloyeddiscoveringa newwayof life.Asweltasbroadeningherhorizons,theexperiencealtowed herto makelifelongfriendsandbecomemoreconfident.lt also turnedher15- a bigfanof Krakow'scaf6culture.Erasmus wouldhavebeenoleased! Unit6 r Dreams
- 50. Sweetdreams? Readthearticlequickly.Whichsentencebestsummarises theconclusionsofthestudiesonpeople'sdreams? A Dreamingisaverypersonalexperienceandourdreams rarelycoincidewiththedreamsofothers. Mostofthepeopleontheplanetdreamaboutsimilarthings, andthosedreamstendto bemorenegativethanpositive. People'ssexandagehasagreatinfluenceontheir dreams,butolderpeopleusuallydreammorefrequently. Answerthequestions. 1 Whydoweremembersomedreams? I can nnderstandanl re.actto an artLcleabouttthe vneaww of dreavns. giventoshowthatvariouscuttures seriously? 7 Whateverydaysituationsoccurinourdreams? 8 Howdo ourdailvlivesinfluenceourdreams? Findwordsorphrasesinthetextwhichmatchthese definitions. 1 remembersomethingfromthepast(paragraph2) 2 trytofindorobtainsomething(paragraph2) tryhard(paragraph2) somethingthatismadeknown,thatwasunknownbefo': (paragraph2) createdbya personwhosenameisunknown (paragraph4) greatorsudden(paragraph4) runaftersomeoneinordertocatchthem(paragraph5) 8 happeningat night(paragraph6) Researchandwritea paragraphaboutthesignificance giventodreamsinothercultures,e.g.bytheaboriginesin AustraliaortheNativeAmericansintheUSA. ..*__-_*.--.--** l+ 3 4 6 7 2 3 Whatexamplesare havetakendreams 3 Whathasscientificstudvfailedto discover? 4 Whatdoesthedreamingmindaccept? Whatdid CalvinS.Hallstudybeforearrivingat his conclusionsaboutdreams? Whatdifferencedid HalldiscoverbetweenAmericanand Dutchmen'sdreams? Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformofaword fromthebox. Aftertheexamsyoucan- uponyoursleepand stayinbedaltweekend. Eatinga lotlateatnightcanaffectyoursleep andcausea restlessnight. Whenlwasa childl- myselftosleepwhenmy catwasrunover. l- mysonto sleepbytellinghima story. |- a lotofsleepafterwe'dbeenburgled.I iust layawakelisteningforstrangesounds. Shewokeupbrieftybutsoonfett- tosleep. He- sleepuntilhisparentshadgonetobed andthenhestartedtextinghisclassmates. I startedwatchinga DVDbutI quicktyfellintoa _ steep. 4 5 6 7 ,.4) unit6'Dreams
- 51. S Sweet{re @ Udyou havea dream lastnight?Orperhapsit wasa nightmare? The answer is almost certainly yes',but don't worry if you can'trememberwhatyou dreamedabout,becauseresearch hasshown that we forget approximately95%of all our dreanrs upon waking However,whether we remember them or not, or1averagewe spendabout two hours everynight dreaming, lneaningthat sixyearsof ourlivesarc slrentin a dream state @ Despiteour poor mcmories when it comesto recalling dreams,there are somethat we do remember,often becauseof their strangeor disturbing cor4tentIt isthen that we beginto rvonderabout their mcaningand we start seekinganswersThis isa perfectlynatural responseand throughout history people haveendeavouredto interpret the meaningof dreams Some cultures haveseenthem asmessagesfrom God,and the Bible presents lots of dreams asexamplesof the revelation of God's rvill.Otherculturessuchasthe Greeksencouragedsickpeople to sleepin sacredtemples in the hope of receivingaturing dream'from the godswhilst they iested And at thc turn of the ttventieth centurypsychiatristssuchasSigmundFreudand Carl Jungclaimedthat dreamswerea linkbctween the conscious arrdsubconsciousparts of the mind @ today dreamsarethe subjectoffrequent scientificstudy and the Internet isfull of pageswhereyou canfind commoh dreams interpreted,but the truth of the matter isthat we still dont really know whywe dream However,researchhasbeenableto show that our dreamshavesimilar characteristics In a stuclyby the funerican psychiatrist and dream researcherJ Allan Hobson, five common dream characteristics were identifled. Hefound that dreams often involve strong emotions and unusual sensations suchasfalling Hediscoveredthat they are illogical and mix up time, peopleand placesbut are acceptedby the dreaming mind no matter how strange they are.Finally,and this won't come asa surpriseto anybody,hesawthat dreamsarequicklyforgotten by most people fO In another study by the American psychologistCalvinS.Hall which was carried out during a forty-yearperiod, over 50,000 dream reports'from children,university students and adults from all around the world were collected Hiscollaborators were asked to write anor4ymousdream diaries assoon astheywoke up;some of them were completed over decadesFrom this material Hall was ableto draw some interestirlg conclusionsabout dreams In the first place,peoplefrom very different placesaround the world generallyhavesimilardream experiencesThe most frequently experiencedemotion in dreams was anxiety,and negativefeelings were more common in dreams than positive ones.However, when it cameto extremely strorlg emotions,there were sharp differences,with 50q"of Americdnmen experiencingdggressionin dreamscomparedto only327"ofDutchmen @ Hall alsodiscoveredthat the world tends to dream about the samethings Situations related to school,work and family life were frequent aswere physicalexperiencessuchasfalling, beingchased,not beingableto moveand havingyourteeth pulled out Other universal dreams included falling in lovewith people you hardly know embarrassing momehts and arriving late for events However.while Hall found that we dream about the same things,he alsocameto the conclusionthat what we dream about is greatly influenced by what is going on in our waking lives Personalrecent experienceswere often incorporated into people's dreaihs and after analysingthe diariesrecorded overyearsand, in somecases,decades,Hallfound that the changesin the content of people'sdreamsmatchedthe changesthat occurredin their waking lives. @ Sowhile the scientificworld isstill ur4sureaboutthe purpose of dreams,a largebody of researchhas managed to remove some of the mystery from dreaming It would seemthat most of us are having very similar nocturnal experiencesbut despitethat people around the world will continue to find a wide rangeof different interpretations for them Unit6 r Dreams
- 52. ortingstructures cart report diredspeetlt tw a varLetyof ways, 1 ttttatchthesentenceswitha reportingverbandrewrite themusingreportedspeech. 'Welldoneforgettingsuchgoodgradesinyourexams.' 'Please,pleasedon'tleavemeherealone.' 'lfyourbittisnotpaidwithinsevendays,yourline wittbedisconnected.' 'Youliedtome!' 'Sorry| putmyfootin ityesterday.' 'Takethebus.lt'sthebestwaytogetthere.' 'Don'tstrokethedogashecanbevicious.' 'l didn'ttakeyourwal[etonpurpose.' + Suecongratulated mconocttinoauchooodoradesinmvgtami. Thephonecompanythreatened c Phoebeapologised d Danielrecommended e Katebegged f Jackaccused g Liamclaimed h Marcuswarned Reportthecommentswithoutusingtheprecisewordsthat werespoken.Usethewordsin bracketsandtheverbsin thebox. 3 'Howareyoufeeling today,Liz?' Jamie (health) 'l'msosorry| brokeyour carmirror,MrsJones.' Martin (apologies) 'Woutdyoulikecomeand eatwithusthisevening?' 'l'mafraidI can't,Steve I'mgoingoutwithLucy.' Rachel (invitation) 'l wouldsayI'mprobably thefastestrunnerinthe class, Robin if nottheschoo[.' (ability) 3 Completethesentenceswiththeadverbsinthebox. 7 2 3 tr n n n tr T tr n 4 5 6 7 8 a 1 'l lovethenew hairstyle,James.' Natalie (on) 'Areyoustitthappyto comeroundandhelp mefixmyscooter,Nigel?' 'Mywordismypromise, Angela.' Nigel (wittingness) Unit6r Dreams 1 2 4 5 'lf hefeelshurt,it'shisproblem.'Helensaid 'Ah,it'smiserablewhenyouhavetoothache,isn'tit?| hopeyoufeelbettersoon.' Monicasaid-. 'Thanks,Theo.ltwasreallykindofyoutospreadthat rumouraboutme,'Lydiasaid 'Stopinterrogatingme,'Michaelsaid-. 'l'mnotgoingtoschoolandnobodycanmakeme!'Jade said-. 'l'mafraidwehavenochoiceotherthantowaithereuntil someonerescuesus,'loesaid-.
- 53. Photocomparison I cavtcom,pare, and reacttoa coWrast phtto, 1 Choosethecorrectwordtocomptetetheexpressions. 1 |wasontopof/ overthemoon. 2 |wasthrilledtobits/ theskies. 3 | feltasif Iwasflyingthrough/ walkingonair. 4 |wasjumpingforioyI joyfulness. 5 ltwasa dreamcome/ comingtrue. 5 ltwassuchhonour/ anhonour. 7 lwasontopoftheearth/ world. 8 | couldn'tbelieve/ betievein myluck. Lookatthephotos.Whatisremarkableaboutwhatthey haveachieved? Photo1 Photo2 Readthetaskandlistthereasonswhypeopleundertake thesekindsofchallenge. Thesephotosshowpeoplewhohaveachieveda lifelong dream.Saywhatyouthinkmotivatedthem,andwhich ofthetwofacedthemostchallengesalongtheway. Photo1 8 'O12 Listentoastudentansweringthefirstpartofthe task.Whichofyourideaswerementioned? :{}:$a:tCompletethephrasesbelowthenlistenagainand check. ldentifyinga particularpersonorthing 1 Inthe oftheclimber,heisclearly... 2 As- thewoman,sheappearstobe... Takingsomethingintoconsideration 3 - herage,it'squitepossiblethatshemissedout ona universityeducation Completethesentenceswiththephrasesforconcession andcounter-argumentinthebox. He'splayedwellthroughoutthechampionship.I'dbe surprisedifhewonit-. I'menjoyingmyuniversitycourse. , I'llbe pleasedwhenit'sfinished. Hisbusinessisphenomenallysuccessfu[, hedoesn'tseemcompletetyfulfitted. I'dlovetoruna marathon,I don'tthink I'mfitenough. 5 , masteringa languageisa slowprocess, butyou'llgetthereintheend. Writethesecondpartofthedescriptiondescribing whichofthetwofacedthemostchallengesandwhy.Use coniunctionsfromexercise6. :.$ffi Listento thesecondpartofthetask.Howsimilaris it towhatyouwrote? Photo2 Unit6 eDreams
- 54. Story-writing cawwrLte oi,ttlrY. Preparation 1 writetheadlectivesinthecorrectplace. 1 atallwomanstrange-looking/ old 2 a longroad dark/ country 3 dishevelledhair grey/ long 4 a spookyhouse stone/ old Writethewordsin thecorrectorder. 1 atl/ came/to/the I a I trainI ofI a I haltI sudden we/ had/ noticedI thatI the/ had/ beenI soI deepI in/ even/ other/passengers/ got/ conversation/ we / hadn't/ off realised/ graduallyI that1we/ in/ the/ we/ middle/ were/ of/ nowhere we/ coverage/ discovered/ mobile/ phoneI horrorI that/ thereI wasI to/ our/ no 3 Writea storyabouta dream.Thefirstpartofthedreamis showninthepictures.Inventyourownending. WritingGuide IntroductionUsethefirstpictureto setthescene.Whowere youwith?Wherehadyoubeen?Wherewereyougoing?What wereyoutalkingabout? Middleparagraph(s)Usepicturesz-5 todescribewhathap- penednext.Usedirectspeechtodescribetheconversations. Refertoexercisesr andz forideasorthinkofyourown. FinalparagraphUseyourimaginationtowritewhathappened attheend.Finishwiththewords'AndthenIwokeup.lt hadall beena dream.' o usedadverbsandadverbphrases? .useddirectspeechwithavarietyofreportingverbsand correctpunctuation? . usedavarietyofadiectivesandputthemintheconectorder?i : :_T1.d V"urworkformistakes?__ Unit6 r Dreams {we
- 55. ,V n Readthe bookreviews.Answerquestions1-8 bychoosing romreviewsA-D. AllAboutDreamsbyPatriciaHogan ,e beenfascinatedbydreamssinceI wasa childand '.e readbooksofa[[sortsonthesubiect.Thisone - 'eallygood.lt'scertainlynotmystic,anddoesn't -:quirea PhDfromYateto grasp.Theauthorpresentsa .:'ikingtycomprehensiveaccountof thesubject- froman ='grossingsurveyof dreamhistoryto thefascinatingways - whichmodernscience,artsandeconomicsusedream -terpretation.Thisreallyistheplaceto start. ','vonlyreservationwouldbethefrequentreferencesto -er otherbooks.ThisseemsIikea oromotionaldevice -a:herthanhetpfutcross-reference. 3 TheArt of Dreomingby KathleenBegley - oracticalguideto usingthe powerof dreamsto improve ,rur wakinglifefroma recogniseddreampsychologist. -'is bookisa Iittletikea setf-helpseminaror a stirring .:eech.Fittedwithfascinatingcasestudiesand :'ovocativeideas,it offersa methodof tappingintothe -etaphoricallogicofyourdreamsandexplainshow : reamscanbea cruciaIresourceforself-knowledge, :roblem-solvingandcreativity.Thoughit is geared : rimaritytowardsbusinesspeople,a moregeneral '.rdience couldbenefitfromBegley'scallto realisethe : otentialof ourdreamingminds. C DreamingbyCarlaPerlstein ',1anybookson dreamingfa[[intothesitty,infantile - oroscopeor pop-psychologyinterpretationcategory. -itlast,hereis aninformativeandextremelyinsightfut :xpositionof thismostfascinatingtopic.Perlstein's :ackgroundin psychologygivesherthecapacityto set : scholarlyframeworkforthesubiectshepresents.This ;;ouldbethedeathofthe bookif it wasn'tfortheauthor's -ncommonlygoodsenseandsparklingprose.I givethis rookto therapyclientsto hetpthemgainan insightinto :ie processesandissuestheyexperience. D NewMethodsof Dreamlnterpretationby LauraFinch -hisbookwasrecommendedto measa guideon lucid :reaming.ComparedwithotherbooksI'veread,it does :ontainsomegeneraltruthsandthereisenoughhereto (eepyouturningthepages.Butreadersofthisbookshoutd :omparethecontentwithotherperspectives,suchas )reamingbyCarlaPerlstein.NewMethodsis probabtythe eastadvisableplaceto startasfaras Finch'sbooksgo.All n allit marksa disappointingdip in form. Accordingto the reviewer,whichbook... 1 showshowpeoplecanmaketheir day-to-dayexistencebetter? 2 is notasgoodasothersbythesameauthor? 3 includesmanyrea[-[ifeexamples? 4 providesan extremelygoodintroductionto thetooic? 5 owesitssuccessto itsauthor'swritingstyle? 5 waswrittenwitha oarticularreaderin mind? 7 is usefuIforpeoplereceivingtreatment? 8 canread[ikea marketingtoo[? Completethe sentenceswith the correctformsof the wordsin brackets. 1 Seeingthathewasgreatlyoutnumberedbythe enemy,thesergeantcalledhissuperiorsto askfor (FORCE). 2 Fromtime (MEMORY)peoplehave believedthatourdreamscancarryimportantmessages. 3 Scientistsareexaminingexactlyhowmuchdamage sleep (DEPRIVE)cancauseto peopleof differentages. 4 Unfortunately,manyparentsfindpersuadingtheirchild to giveup smokingis likefightinga (LOSE)battteandtheystoptryingalltoosoon. 5 StonehengeisanimportantpartofBritain'snational (rNHERrr). 6 ManyadventurerstosttheirlivessearchingforMayan templesin theirhopeof finding riches. (TELL) Getreadyforyourexam3
- 56. 6) t+ Youwillhearfourpeopletalkingabout JanuszKorczak,afamouschildren'sauthorandeducationalist. Matchspeakers1-4tosentencesA-E.Thereisoneextra sentencewhichyoudonotneedto use. A Korczak'sideaswerenobtebuttheirimolementation wasunrealistic. B Korczak'steachingmethodswereunconventionaland effective. C Korczak'sbooksinspiredmetochoosetheteaching orofession. D lmplementingKorczak'sideaswouldimprovethe teacher-studentrelationship. E Peopleworkinginschoolsandcourtsshouldlearnmore aboutKorczak'sideas. speaker1 speaker3 speaker2 speaker4 ao lo oa a a oao o a aaa oo aaa a i Pnrmnnmor:writinga Chooseoneofthewritingtasksbelowandwrite200-250 words. 1 Yourschoolmagazineisrunninga shortstorywriting competitionandwil[pubtishthewinningentry.Youare invitedtowritea shortstoryaboutanunusualevent startingwiththewords:'Sheneverbelievedherdreams woutdcometrue'.Inyourstory,youshould: . startwithanintroductionwhichwillencourageyour readertocarryonreading . useanappropriatestytetomaintainthereader's attention . structurethestoryappropriately. 2 Youandyourfriendslovemusicandyouwanttospend aweekendtogether.Writea lettertotheminwhich youdescribethekindofmusicyoulikeandmake suggestionsforhowtospendtheweekend.Inyour letter,youshould: . opentheletterappropriatety . describethemusicyouprefer o makesuggestionsabouttheweekend r endtheletterappropriatety. oa oa oa o a a o aa t a aa a a a oa Pnrplnnttor: Speaking Part2:Sustainedlongturn Task1:Thesetwopicturesshowpeoplefightingfor something.Compareandcontrastthemandsaywhyyou thinkpeopledosuchthings. Theseideasmayhelpyou: . people'smotivation/reasons . conseqLlences/resultsofouractions . characteristicsofpeopledoingtheseactivities Task2:Readthestatementsbelow.Chooseoneandget readyto presentanddiscussit. 1 'Keepyourfriendscloseandyourenemiesevencloser. Howdoyouunderstandthisproverb? 2 'Tohavea dreamistohaveagoa[.'Towhatextentdo youagree? Theseideasmayhelpyou: . Doyouagree/disagreewiththestatement?Why? . Canyouaddexamplesandlortalkaboutyourpersonal experience? a a o a UsetheFunctionsBankonpage102to helpyou. J!a UsetheWritingBankonpage107to helpyou. Getreadyforyourexam3
- 57. Travellingabout Choosethecorrectwordto completethesentences. 1 Columbuswentonavoyage/pilgrimagetodiscover America. 2 Tomorrowwe'regoingonafamilyouting/ iourneytothe southcoast. 3 Sixmiltionpeoplemakethepilgrimage/ expeditionto theshrineatLourdeseveryyear. 4 Wehadaweekendbreak/ tripinAmsterdam. 5 I'mlookingforuvardtoourtrip/ journeyto Naplesnext month. 6 Howlongwasthejourney/ voyagebetweenLondonand Liverpool? 7 Hewentonanexpedition/ a breaktotheWelshcoastto studythegeologythere. E Hekepta diaryofhistravels/ excursionroundSouth EastAsia. Solvetheanagramsto makeinformalequivalents. 1 verycrowded 2 exhausted 3 complain 4 food 5 rainheavily 6 sell hanegvi stetdhrea ewnghi ugbr cbuetkndwo tofg I matchtheverbsintheboxwiththedefinitions. : bea guideforsomeone : delay : land : letsbstayatyourhome : makea shortvisitsomewhere I cat+talk aboutdffired kLndsof travelandjournr-yr, 1 2 3 4 5 4 Rewritethesentencesusingthephrasalverbsinthe box.Therearetwomorethanyouneed. 1 I'mnotgoingto lethertreatmebadlylikethat withoutconsideringmyfeelings! 2 3 I vnetHarrybychanceonmywayhere. CanItellyouaboutmyideasforCharlotte'spresent to seewhatyouthink? 4 5 6 Don'tiustleavetheroomwhileI'mtalkingtoyou! Ohno!Thethere'snoinkleftintheprinter! Simon'sbeeninconsolablesinceMariasuddenlyleft himlastweek. Labelthepictureswithaverbfromthebox.There aremoreverbsthanyouneed. 'I 2 ,d .ril?Yffirl8:h UnitT. rourneys
- 59. EarlymigrationtoAustralia I Completethesentenceswiththewordsinthebox. 1 The-fortheeconomyispoorforthenextyear. 2 Hismistakesindefendingthecountryledtothe president's 3 The- ofthepopulationinanycountryisusually a mixtureofsuccessivegroupsofimmigrants. 4 The- ofthecompanywasachievedwiththe bank'shelp. 5 Therewasa- innegotiationswhenbothsides agreedto pullouttheirtroops. 6 Thelndian againstBritishruleledbyGandhi wasmostlypeaceful. 7 Theformerpresidentishopingto makea- and winthenextelection. 8 Withthe- offightingthousandsofpeopletried to leavethecountry. 2 Readthetextquickly,ignoringthegaps.Whowerethefirst immigrantstoAustraliaandwhatdidtheBritishexpect themtodo? Completethetext.Usethewordsin bracketsinthecorrect form. Readthetext.Answerthequestions. 1 WhyisAustraliaDayimportantforAustralians? Whatwasdeportation? WhywerepenalcoloniespopularwiththeBritish? 4 WhatdidCaptainPhitiprealiseaboutthelandingsite? Whywas3 June7790animportantdatefortheconvicts alreadyinAustralia? Findwordsorphrasesinthetextwhichmatchthesedefinitions. 1 worryorfear(paragraph1) 2 difficulttolivein (paragraph2) 3 a placeagroupofpeoptehavebuitttolivein (paragraph2) 4 establish(paragraph3) 5 cometoanend(paragraph3) 2 3 cawwnderstandand re.actto avt,arttcle about rwgrattovt. Eorlymigrofion to Austrolio 26January1788isaveryimportantdateinthehistory ofAustralia.ltis1- (know)asAustraliaDayand commemoratesthe2- (anive)ofelevenshipstothe stateofNewSouthWales,carryingthefirstimmigrantsfrom GreatBritain.However,thepassengersonboarddidnot experiencetheusualemotionsofexcitementand3- (apprehend)ofnewimmigrantsastheyapproachedtheir newhome.Infact,mostofthemhadgoodreasontobe 4-(worry) becausetheywerebeingsenttotheworld's 5- (big)prison.DeportationtoAustraliawastheprice theyhadtopayforthecrimestheyhadcommitted inBritain. TheBritishhadalreadyusedpenalcoloniesinAmerica butAmericanindependencemeanttheyneededa new destinationforprisonersandAustralia6-(choose). TheBritishconsidereddeportationtopenaIco]onies 7 - (use)fortworeasons:inthefirstplacetheywere farawayandsituatedinharshterritory,therefore8- (make)escapealmostimpossible.Secondly,theconvicts providedfreelabourandwereforcedtosetaboutbuitding settlementsthatcouldthenbeusedbylaterwavesof immigrants.However,onthisoccasiontheBritishplans nearlywentwrong. Fromtheverye- (begin)thenewarrivalshad problems.CaptainArthurPhitip,theofficerinchargeofthe colony,soonrealisedthatthelandwheretheyhadlanded was10- (suit)foragriculture.What'smore,what tandcouldbeusedforgrowingcropswas11- (poor) farmedasnoneoftheconvictshadanyfarmingexperience. Sohardtyhadtheysetupthecolony,whentherewasa desperate12-(short) offoodasthesuppliesthathad arrivedwiththemranout. Buitdingsomewheretolivealsoproveda problem.The treesonthecoastwereincrediblyhardandtheimmigrants hadonlybeengivenafewtoolsofpoorquality.Afteronly eighteenmonthsintheirnew'home'theywerecloseto 13- (starve),withouta roofovertheirheadsano withoutashiptotakethemto1a- (safe).Thesituation wasdesperate.Fortunately,on3June1790shipscarrying 225femaleconvictsandfoodandtoolscametotherescue, savingthesettlersfromcertaindeath.Thankstothenew convictsandsuppliesthecolonybegantosteadilygrow andbeforelongtheystartedtotaythe1s- (found)of oneoftheworld'smostfamouscities:Sydney. UnitZ.,ourneys
- 60. Timetravel I cqn wnderstqnd arLarttcleabout Choosethecorrectwordto completethesentences. 1 YoushouldgoandseeSpielberg'snewscience fictionfi[mifyougetthepossibility/ opportunity. 2 Timetravelseemsunlikelybutsomescientistsare stillconsideringitspossibility/ opportunity. 3 Herhardworkhasborne/ bornfruitandshehas beenacceptedasanastronaut. 4 HGWellswasborne/ bornnearLondonin 1886. 5 Hewasdrivingexcessively/ exceedinglyfastand nearlykilledusall! 6 |wasaloneillinhospitalwhenIwasabroadbutthe nurseswereexcessively/ exceedingtykindto me. 7 Whatcanweimply/ inferfromman'sconstantwish to knowaboutthefuture? 8 Shehasn'treadthebookwhichmightimply/ infer thatshe'snotreallyinterestedinit. 9 RaymondBradbury'sFohrenheit451isa classical / classicfuturistnovelwarningusaboutdangersto come. 10 Wecanlearna lotfromclassical/ classicauthorslike theGreeksandtheRomans. 11 Setlingtheirhouseforlessthanit costwasan unreasonable/ irrationaldecision. 12 |thinkit'sunreasonabte/ irrationalto expectmeto workallnight. 4 Orwell'snoveIwasa criticismofthetotalitarianstates thatexistedinthe1930sand1940s._ 5 Novelstendedto portraya bleakervisionofthefuture thanTVandcinema.- 6 Hollywoodusedalienstorepresentthecitizensofthe 'freeworld'intheirfighttodefendtheirwayoflife.- 7 Sciencefictioninthecinemahasregularlypresented futureworldswherepeoplelivefreelyandpeaceful[y. 8 Modernsciencefictionsuggeststhatourenemiesmay wellbeamongus. 4 findwordsorphrasesinthetextwhichmatchthese definitions. 1 causinganxietyanddissatisfaction(paragraph1) 2 theeffectsomethingwillhaveinthefuture(paragraph2) 3 expressedorexplainedyourthoughtsclearlyinwords (paragraph2) everywhere(paragraph3) unpleasant(paragraph3) impossibleto makelessangry(paragraph5) 4 5 6 Readthearticle.Whichbooksandfilmswerecreatedby thesewritersanddirectors? 1 StevenSpielberg 2 GeorgeOrwell 3 TheWachowskibrothers 4 HGWetts 5 AldousHuxley 6 HowardHawks Readthearticleagain.Arethesentencestrueorfalse? WriteTorF.Underlinethesentenceswhichgiveevidence foryouranswers. Mostfictionalfuturesocietiesareusuallydangerous. Thescientificdiscoveriesofthenineteenthcentury werewelcomedbyeverybodyastheyrepresentedthe possibitityofmoreindividuatfreedom.- AldousHuxleyworriedaboutthepotentialforscienceto takeovernaturalprocessesandtotaketheorganisation ofsocietytoextremes.- 7 2 Writeaboutafuturisticnovelorfilmthatyouhaveenjoyed. Whenwasitwrittenorreleased?Whatisitabout?Doyou thinkit hasanyrelationtothetimeitwaswrittenormadein? Unit7. lourneys
- 61. ) )?i - @ / lthoughtimetravelisstitlatheoryandalongwayfrom hbecoming reality,literatureandthecinemadogiveus the chanceto experiencescientificprogressas if we were sittingin HGWells'famoustimemachine.AndjustasWells' timetravellerdiscovereda disquietingfuture,mostof the societiesthatfictionpresentsuswitharealsofrightening. Butarethesedangeroussocietiesreallyrepresentingan imageofthefutureoraretheycommentingonthepresent? Q ntthoughtimetravelisstilta theoryanda longwayfrom Man has alwaysspeculatedaboutwhat mighthappen, butit wasin thenineteenthcenturythatwriters[ikeWells startedto usethe novelformto speculatein depthabout whattheconsequencesofthegreatscientificandindustrial developmentsofthetimewouldbe.Peopleweregenuinely frightenedaboutthe implicationsof scientificdiscoveries fallingintothehandsof thewrongpeopleandnovelstike Welts'Ihe lnvisibleMan perfectlyarticulatedthis fear. Thisfearof the newcontinuedintothe twentiethcentury andwasfurthercompoundedbythechangingworldorder. Theimmensepowerof theUSAandRussia,powerthatno countryhad everpossessedbefore,led visionarywriters suchas AldousHuxteyto predictthe controlof people bythe statethroughthe useof up-to-datetechnology.In Huxley'sBraveNewWorldfamiliesarea thingof the past andtheworldstatecreateschildrenin laboratories,where scientifictechniquesthat resemblegeneticengineering divide embryosinto predeterminedsocialgroups.In Huxley'svision,scienceis primarilyusedto controlpeople. @ fneSecondWortdWaralsoprovidedptentyofmateriaIfor depressingvisions.GeorgeOrwellwrote1984,a novelthat portraysafutureone-partystatewhereeveryoneismonitored byomnipresenttelescreens.Thepresenceofthetelescreens isonlyoutnumberedbyenormouspostersof theone-party state'sleader,BigBrother.Themaincharacterofthenovel, WinstonSmith,worksforthegovernmentattheMinistryof Truth,wheretheyareproducinga newlanguage,Newspeak, whichwittrestrictpeople'scapacityto thinkforthemselves. Orwell'sgrimfuturisticnovelwasreallya commentaryon the terribleconseouencesof fascismand communism that sweptacrossEuropeduringthe 1930sand 1940s. @ nftertheSecondWortdWartetevisionandthecinema startedto producetheirownfuturisticvisionsoftheworld, andwhiletheymaynothavealwaysbeenasnegativeasthe novelists,theytendedto portraypeace-lovingdemocratic societiesunderattackfromtotalitarianregimesthatwanted to exploitthem.However,the enemiesdepictedin these novels,Hollywooddirectorswere clearlyawareof the new world orderin the fifties, and films like lhe lnvasionof the Bodysnatchers,where small town America is infiltrated by aliens, and The Thing ftom Another World, where the famousfilm-makerHowardHawksshowedan alien force attackingan Americanbasein the Arctic,werea reflection of Americanfearsof the SovietUnionand communism. @ However,as relationsbetweenthe world's two most powerfulcountriesof the period began to improve in the late 7970s, the aliens from outer space began a transformationthatsawthemgo fromimplacableenemies to potentialfriends.DirectorStevenSpietbergted the way in this change,givingthe worldthe mysteriousbut friendly aliens in Close Encountersof the Third Kind releasedin 7977 and the loveableEl which was first screenedin 1982.As Russiaand EasternEuropestartedto movetowardsdemocracyand relationsbetweenthem to improve,boththesefilmsseemedto suggestthata better worldwaspossible.Theyarebothrareexamplesof science fiction offering images of a potentiallybetter future. @ Sowhatdoessciencefictiontellus abouttheworldwe livein today?Thedanger,it seems,no longercomesfrom outerspace.Intoday'sglobalisedworld,nationaIboundaries are easierto crossthan ever before.The explosionin communicationstechnologymeans we can all be in permanentcontact24 hoursa dayandthefearof terrorism is presentwhereverwe go.Today'sfuturisticfilmssuchas theMatrixseriesbythe Wachowskibrothersreflectallthis, presentingworldswheretherearenocleardistinctions.The enemy,ifyoucanfindit,coutdbeinyourcity,yourcompany, your home,your computeror it couldevenbe... in you! [Jnit/ ofourne]s
- 63. Presentation I cangLve preseMatlon. 1 Completethetextwiththewordsinthebox.Doyouthink thisprojectshouldhavebeenencouraged? In2006,theAmericanpropertybillionaire,Donald Trump,submitteda1-tobuitd'thegreatest golfcourseintheworld',ona stretchof2- in AberdeenshireinthenortheastofScotland.Heclaimed thatthef 1.6billion3-, withitstwoeighteen- hotegolfcourses,a hoteland950vacationhomes, wouldattractlargenumbersoftouriststothispart ofScotlandbringingenormous*- benefits. However,theproposalswere5- bythetocal planningcommitteeonthe5- thatitwoutd causesignificantdamagetothe7-, especiatty tothesanddunesinthearea,whichprovidea 8- fora numberofrarespecies.Twoyearslater thetycoontookhisproposalstotheScottishParliament whogaveitthegreentight. ftplaininyourownwordsthemeaningofgivesomething thegreenlight. 0 t0 Listentotwopeopleansweringthequestionbelow. Makea noteofthemainpointstheymake. Speaker1 Speaker2 4 r',Sil6 Completethephrasesfromthelisteningexercise. Thenlistenagainandcheck. 1 b- speaking,veryfewprivateinvestors.. 2 investments...t- tothecreationofmorelobs... 3 againstdevelopmentsthatposeat tothe environment..... 4 theeconomicbenefitssignificantlyo- the environmentaIdamage. 5 touristdevelooments...havea d- effectonthe environment... 6 | don'tseehowthelocalpopulationwitlb- from it... 7 thisistoohigha p- to payforsupposed benefits... Writeashortpresentationonyouropinionoftheexam questionbelow.Includeat leasttwoargumentsinsupport ofyouropinionandatleastoneopposingargument.Use languagefromexercise4. Takeonlypictures.Leaveonlyfootprints.Canecotourism liveupto itsgreenideals? Shoutdthedevelopmentoflandfortourismpurposesbe encouragedattheexpenseofthelocalenvironment? At
- 65. I can takabol4t clothu and fasLtton. ffi* sJ,r Fashion A A Whichistheoddwordout?Explainwhy. 1 dishevelledscruffyneatunkempt 2 dreadlocksbob corsetolaits 3 fishnetbanglechainpiercing 4 bandanacuffbucklelaces 5 stripystuddedtartanshabby Comptetethesentencesdescribingwhatthepeopleare wearing.Usetwo-partadiectives. 1 She'swearinga--- sweater,a skiftand sandals. 2 He'swearinga --- cardiganand trousers. 3 tvtatch1-9 witha-i toformclothesidioms. 1 below 2 hotunder 3 off 4 atthedropof 5 insomebody's 5 wear 7 pull 8 toobigfor 9 a feather a yoursocksup b thecuff c ahat d thetrousers e thebelt f shoes g inyourcap h thecollar i yourboots Replacethewordsin italicswithidiomsfromexercise3. 1 He'sgotterriblyself-importantsincebeingmade headofthestudents'committee. ff theteamdoesn'ttrytoimprovetheirperformance theywitlberelegatedtoa lowerdivision. Wheneverwegetontothesubjectofpoliticsweoften endup gettingangry. Congratulationsongettingintotherowingteam. That'sanotherachievementyoucanfeelveryproudof. Thatwasa brilliantspeech,consideringyoumadeit withoutanypreporation. Hercommentabouthisinabilityto makea relationshipworkwascruelandunfair. Describeinasmuchdetailaspossible: 1 Thelastitemofclothingthatyoubought. 2 Yourfavouriteoutfit. 3 Thesortofclothesyouwouldn'tdreamofwearing. 4 Whatyouarewearingnow,includinganyaccessories. Unit8r Tastes
- 66. I cawtalk aboutdffired Foodorfue[? 1Completethequestionnairewiththewordsinthebox. Thenanswerthequestionsandreadyouranalysisattheend. Areyou junkfood? a I'm morethanhappyto eatit aslongasit'stasty. b I gothrough oftryingtoavoidit. c Junkfoodiscompletelyoffthe aslar as I'mconcerned. Doyouhavea sweet-? a I regularly- onchocolateandsweets. b Notona regularbasisbutI dosometimes chocolateorcakesorsomethinglikethat. c I veryrarelyeatfoodthatishighincalories. Howdoyouorderina restaurant? a I optforsomethingdifferenteverytimesothatI myhorizons. b I enjoyingtryingnewthingsfromtimetotime. c I alwayschoosethesamethingsothatI canbesure thatI'll likeit - I'm fairly in myways. Areyouafooiliel Howdotoufeelabouttryingunusualfood,suchas friedinsects? a Mmm.Theysoundlikea real- ! b I'dhesitatebeforeeatingthem,butI wouldtry themif I hadto. c I wouldn't- them!Theysoundtotally _! How- areyouaboutavoidingfoodadditives, GMfood,etc? a I'll eatanythingaslongasit tastesgood. b I'd preferto avoidit if possible,butit doesn'tbother mehugely. c I'dsayI'm fairly abouteatingonly organically-producedfood. 4I 2 3 5 'lea ot pa;edard aie no,{lpq^ }nogP ^llnjarPl lulql puPpeureeuorsl poo,sPJP} speles{e1draqle; plnor'^no1xeleeIlrrd eJpno1s3 flu;eq '{;qrsuodsa,r pue{lq1suesleaol {,rlnoIilq pool{o[uenolsg I1ure61 'lPrlll!oos sujaJuorJaqpJoq1leaqIuelell,uo/vrnofipue'6ugq/;ana pue6u1q1fue6ullea{o[uano1'/elpoolenrle a/pno1sVrtlure4 :silnsau Findexamplesinthequizof wouldused: 1 toexpresswi[[ingnessorunwillingness. 2 withsayorthinktomakeanopinionmoretentative. 3 withlike,loveorpreferto expresspreferences. 4 ina secondconditionalsentence. Rewritethesentencesusinga formofwould,wouldn'tot wouldhaveandtheverbsinthebox. 1 Myparentsdidn'tallowmeto eatsweetstillIwasabout five. 2 fn myopinion,Luigi'srestaurantseryesthebestpizzas. 3 | don'twanttoeattoolate. 4 Shewasprobablyaboutfifteenwhenshelearnedtococ. 5 I'mgladI don'teatfisheveryday. Whenmymumwaspregnantsheusedtowantto eat nothingbutdoughnuts. I reallywantto knowhowto makeaperfectThaicurry. I askedherwhyshebecameavegetarianbutsherefu. - totellme. 7 8 .4) lrtrFrrrc
- 67. Rlr*-, Youthcutture I cavLtalk aboutyouth W: cu,ltureand fashtow I Comptetethesentenceswiththewordsinthebox. Weallgetonwellinour- becausewelovethe samemusic. My- jeansaresotightittakesmeagesto put themon! It'snotsurprisinghedoessobadlyatschoolbecause he'salways Mike'svery- aboutchill-outmusic.Heknows everything. TheyareallShakin- andtheydressjustlikeher. WhenwewereinNewYorkwe a musicalon Broadway. Thegrqupenioyedthepraiseand- the compliments. Heneverwasheshisclothesandhe'salwayswearing really- jeans. Readthetext,ignoringtheoptions.Whatdifferenttypesof musiccanyouhearatthethreeconcertswhicharedescribed? 3 Choosethecorrectwordsto completethetext. 4 Readthetextagain.Answerthequestions. 1 Whatchangewastherein livemusicinthesixtiesand seventies? 2 WhatchangeshaveoccurredtotheReadingFestival? 3 WhatisspecialaboutthevenuefortheBigChillfestival? 4 Apartfrommusic,whatdoestheBigChilloffervisitors? WhichfestivaIstagesmusicthatislikelytoappealto differentagegroups? Findwordsorphrasesinthetextwhichmatchthese definitions. 7 2 3 4 5 providewhatsomeonewants(paragraph2) develop(paragraph3)- loyalfollowers(paragraph3)- theplacewheresomethinghappens(paragnph4) produce(paragraph5)- 5 6 Writea pangraphaboutaconcertormusicfestivalyouhave attended.Wheredidlt takeplace?Whattypeofmusicwas performed?Whatwastheaudiencelike?Didyouenioyit? Sumrner rlrustc InBritainwhenthesummercomesaroundfor'lots/ many youngpeoplethereisaneventthatis2at / inthetopoftheir must-dolistfortheholidays:themusicfestiva[. Peoplehave3listenedalways/ alwayslistenedtomusicin public,butthesixtiesandseventiessawthearrivalofmonster rockconcertsthatattractedthousands.Sincethentherehas beenanincrediblegrowthinthenumberofeventsthattake placeeveryyearandthereareconcertsthatcaterforaall / everytastes,whetheryou'reintopop,rock,punkorelectronic. TheReadingFestivalisoneoftheearliestpopularmusic events,havingstartedsover f offin 1961asaiazzfestival. Ithasevolvedincredibtysincethenandnowtakesplaceon twosites,oneinthetownofReadingandtheotherinthe cig ofLeeds,attractingcrowdsofaround150,0005over / inthreedaysinAugust.Therearea numberofstageswhere youTcould / canfindrock,indie,undergroundpunkand hardcoregroupsdelightingthefaithful. lf rockandpunkaren'tyourscenethenyousmight / could liketotryelectronicmusicofthechill-outandambient varietyattheBigChitlfestivalheldatthebeginningofAugust. Thisfestivalalsohastheadvantageoftakingplaceinthe beautifulelands / groundsofEastnorCastleinHerefordshire, theperfectsettingforthemusicbeingperformed.Thereare asmanyDJsasgroupsonthestagesandthefestivalhasalso becomea showcaseforotherperformingartslolike / suchas poetryandfilms.Thereisalsoagourmetfoodfair. Peoplewhosetastein musicisn'trestrictedtojustone particularsoundshouldheadl1at / foroneoftheworld's biggestfestivals,Glastonbury.Originallya hippieinspired event,itishetdonfarmerMichaelEavis'fieldsinsouth-west EngtandinJune.170,000peopleattendeveryyearandpopular singerslikeShirleyBasseysharethestagewitholdrockers likeTheWhoandmoreuo-to-dateactssuchasTheChemical BrothersandArcticMonkeys.Anotherattractionoftheeventis thatMichaelEavisgivesa largeamountofthemoneygenerated tovariouscharities. Theseare12iust / aroundthreeofoveronehundredmusic festivalsthattakeplaceintheUKinthesummereveryyear meaningtheUKhassomethingtosuitalltastes. Unit8 oTastes
- 69. 5trlttltrE Kitchen Wheneverwehearthatscientifictechniouesandthelatest technologyarebeingapptiedto cooking,weusuallysuspect thatit isn'tgoingtobegoodforus.Whetherit'sthegrowing ofGM(geneticalty-modified)cropsortheapplicationof nanotechnologyto theproductionprocess,theideathat thefoodweeatis beingcreatedin laboratoriesworriesus. However,notonlyhassciencetakenoverthefarmingand agricultureindustries,butit hasnowfirmlyestablisheditself inthekitchensoftheworld'sgreatestchefs.Infact,anychef thatwantsto betakenseriouslytodayhasto knowallabout moleculargastronomy. lfyouthinkthetermmoleculargastronomyisyetanother exampleof scienceattemptingto changeoureatinghabitsfor thebenefitofthefoodindustry,thenyouarewrong.Molecular gastronomylooksatthechemicalchangesandprocessesthat occurin ingredientswhentheyarecookedin differentways. Italsostudiesthewaycookingmethodsaffecttheflavourof food.Withthisinformationchefshavebeenableto invent newdishesandfindwaysof cookingthatactuatlyimprove theflavourofthemealsweeat.Buthowdoesallofthisaffect ourdailydiet?'Notmuch'istheanswer.Atpresentontythe guestsat someofthebestrestaurantsintheworldhavehad theopportunityto savourthetastesensationsproducedby moleculargastronomy. HestonBlumenthalisoneof Britain'smostfamouschefsand herunsTheFatDucknearLondon.votedthebestrestaurant intheworldin 2005.Hehascloselyinvestigatedcooking processes,oftenin thecompanyof scientists,andhasbecome a bigfanof slowcooking.Slowcooking,asthenamesuggests, isallaboutgivingthecookingprocesstimeto getto workon theingredients.This,ofcourse,runscontraryto thecurrent trendinthefoodindustry,wherereducingcookingtimetakes precedenceoverallotherconsiderations,includingtaste. Blumenthalbetievesthatbygivinga pieceof meattimeto cookproperly,24 hoursforexample,it willretainallitsnatural juicesandbemuchtastierwhenit isserved.However,someof Btumenthal'smoreunusual'scientific'retioeshavebeenthe oblectof a certainamountof ridiculefromthesensationalist pressin Britain.Headapteda traditionalBritishbreakfast cereal,porridge,andgaveit thetasteof snailsandthen createdbaconandeggicecream.Suchdishes,however,have onlyservedto attractmoregourmetsto hisrestaurant. Themostfamousexponentof moleculargastronomyis Ferran Adrii fromBarcelona.Consideredthebestchefintheworld andownerof EtBulli.therestaurantthattookoverfromTheFat Duckastheworld'snumberone,Adridspendssixmonthsof theyearcookingintheElButtikitchenontheCostaBrava,and anothersixmonthsinventingandcreatingnewdisheswithhis brotherintheirworkshopbackin Barcelona.Adriihasbeen criticisedfor'playingaround'withfoodbutrespondsthatheis onlyinterestedin creativity,whichiswhatfoodpreparationhas alwaysbeenabout.Hepointsoutthatsomebodysomewhere oncecameupwiththeideaof beatinga feweggsin a pan to makeanomelette.Someoneetsedecidedto addwaterto flourandmakebreadandpastry,whichtedto thecreationof thousandsofotherdishes.Adriiandhiscollaboratorsareiust doingthesame:lookingfornewcombinationsforingredients to producetastymeals. It'scertainlya recipeforsuccess.Twomiltionpeopletryto dine atAdrii'srestauranteveryyearandthereisatwo-yearwaiting list,despitenotbeingexactlycheap.Dinnerwithyourpartnerat EtButtiwillcostyou€200...each!Andthat'swithoutordering a bottleofwineto accompanythe42differentitemsoffoodon thernenu.Despitethehighprices,Adriiclaimsthatwitha staff of 70andcapacityforonly60dinersheactuallylosesmoney. It'shisconsultancyworkwithhotels,foodmanufacturersand thebooksthathewritesthatmakethemonev. Sowhatis it thatmakesmoleculargastronomyandchefs likeFerranAdrii andhisgoodfriendHestonBlumenthal sopopular?Adriiclaimsthatalthoughthetechnologyis important,it is notwhatreallymatters.Whatmattersiswhat hasalwaysmatteredwhenpeoplesitdownto enjoya mea[: taste.AndthatiswhattheleadingchefslikeFerranand Blumenthalalwaysbearin mindastheysetaboutdetighting theirguest'spalates. Unit8 . Tastes
- 70. Modalverbs ,'(q&wry- !n$a I cqvLwe wwdalverbs accuratelyandeffutLvely. :.i,:;:'ir.. -- Schoolkids rewardedwith MP3playersfor cutting out junk foo{ 4 'We[[,ifitencourageskidstoeatmoreheatthityit (be)a goodidea.' Whichmodalverbsfit the gapsin the conversations? Sometimesallthreearecorrect. Sally Slowdown!Why1dowe haveto / mustwe / canwe run? Simon Becausethe restaurant2should I canI couldget verycrowded.Wesmay / could/ mightnotgeta table!Alsowe needto pickupJamesandMariaon theway. (AtJames'shouse) James Youamight I mayI couldhavecalledusto letme knowyouweregoingto be late. Simon Sorry,we did try butwe 5couldn't / weren'tableto / can'tgetthrough.You6must / shoutd/ hadto have hadyourphoneswitchedoffor something. lames OK.Comeon - let'sgo. (Atthe restaurant) Sally Goodevening.Couldwe havea tableforfour, Ptease? Waiter I'msorry,Madam.Therestaurantisfullybooked. You'llThaveto / must/ needwaitforan hour. lames I knewwesshould / oughtto / musthavereserved a tabte. ' Simon Nevermind.Let'sgoto thatnewrestaurantacross the road.lt's hadgoodreviewsso it eshould I canI mightbegood. Respondto the newspaperheadlineswithsuitablemodal verbsandthe verbsin brackets. 1 'Goodness!She - (get)theshockof herlife!' Firstfully-automatedrobot restaurantopensin Europe 2 'Soundscool- it (make)financialsensefor therestaurantandfortheconsumerstoobecausethev (leave)a tiPt' llfornan succe ssfrrlly sues coffee corrrpany after boiling coffee brrrns leg 3 'That'sridiculous!She hot!' Cafeclosesdown afterthreemonths 5 'Naturemakesmelonsroundfora reasonand,ifvou,r me,we (interfere).' Rewritethe sentencesusingsuitablemodalverbs. 1 I'msurethat'sAndy'sbrother- he'sthespittingimag, him. That-. - 2 | guessyouwereoverthe moonwhenyouwerepicke' fortheteam. You- 3 lt'sunlikelvthatI'tlbe latehomethisevening. 4 I'mnotsureifI'llgotothefireworkdisptay. 5 lt wouldbea goodideaforhimto apologiseto the teacher. He I regretnotputtingonmoresuncream. I 5 'lt - (have)manycustomers.' Squarewatermelons to besoldin theUK Shopperfindsscorpionin bunchof bananas Unit8 . Tastes (know)the coffeewas 'jrre
- 71. luatucetf rpceepu 2 3 GymmembershipFrozenfoodsales Overseasflights Completethecommentsabouteachofthegraphsin exercise2 withthewordsinthebox. 1 2 Fruitsaleshavedoubled ortakea percent. Seeingthefiguresinthis- rea[[ybrings toyouhowmuchoiIpricescanvary. Diamondsaleshaveincreasedby- tenpercent overthelastfiveyears. What- measmostinterestingishowlittlethis markethasbeenaffectedbytheeconomicdownturn. Inrecentyearstherehasbeena slight- to reiect frozenfoodand- freshfood. Therehasbeena definite awayfromtravelling abroadand- stayingintheUK. I cavLdercrLbeand respondto vuualstivnultLwa dkcwtLovt. 4 ffiS!ff Listento somebodytalkingabouttheinformation inthepiechart.Completeitwiththecorrectages. 72o/oaged78-24 8%aged55-64 2oloagedb) 25"/" aged25-34 40oloagedc)- Writea paragraphabouttheinformationcontainedinthe barcharts,usinglanguagefromexercises7,2 and4. Includeyouropinionofthecausesunderlyingthestatistics. 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Stimulus-baseddiscussion 1 Completethegraphsto illustratethesentences. . 100 75 t) 0 100 50 0 1 Salesrosesharply,plateauedthenslumped. Jan 2 Salesmuttiplied,decreasedmarginally,andthen stabilised. Rearrangethelettersto describetheactivityin thesales charts. Fruitsales Priceofoil Diamondsales n o E l.s c € f t.o - lc.,l o .E 0.sE f mumplet 6_ s Totalbottledwaterconsumption Stillvssparklingwater Unit8r Tastes
- 72. Areport Preparation 1 Choosethecorrectwordto completethesentences. 1lt'sa littleonthedarkend/side. 2 ltcoulddo/ havewitha refurbishment. 3 lf / Whenit'sanintimateatmosphereyou'relookingfor, thisisn'ttheplaceforyou. 4 lt'sa littlecrowdedto sayless/ theleast. 5 lt isn'texactty/ preciselycheap. 6 ltdoeshaveatendence/ tendencyto breakdown. 2 Completethereportusingwordsfromthebox. + 3 Findexamplesofnegativecommentsinthereportandsoften themwithperiphnsisandeuphemismfromexercise1. 4 Writea reportreviewingshoppingfacilitiesinthetown whereyoulive.Includerealorinventedexamples,referring totheideasintheboxoryourown. 7 2 3 4 5 5 Introduction The aim of this report is to provide an l- into the ever-growing UK music festival scene and to 2- one festival which I would particularly recommend going to. Large festivals The heavily-sponsoredV festival"- the most impressive line-up of all the sufllmer festivals. If an act is hot then likely asnot it will feature on the bill. It generally livesup to its a- asthe 'posh festival'with amenities and refreshments that are superior to those on offer at other big festivals.To my mind though, it's too commercial. And the tickets,at fl70 as--, areridiculously pricey. Far lesscommercial is the Reading Festival, which offersa wide 6- of rock, alternative,and indie acts, including a number of unsigned newcomers. However, the main tent getshorribly crowdedwhen the big bandsare on. But what it7- tn sue it 8- for in atmosphere. Small festivals Blissfieldsdoesn'thavemany internationally-e- artists.Seton a private farm in a stunning location, it has a capacityof around 5,000.The main action takesplace WritlngGuide 1 Introduction(theaimofthereport) 2 Describetwoexamplesofthefirsttypeofshoppingfacitity (shoppingcentre,market,shoppingstreet,etc.). 3 Describetwoexamplesofthesecondtype. 4 Recommendation Haveyou: o followedtheparagraphptan? o usedatleastoneexampleofeuphemismorperiphrasis? o checkedyourworkformistakes? in a natural amphitheatre and the festival concenffates on green issuesand unsigned bands, though there are always a few big-nameheadliners.The layout is extremelyconfusingbut it doesnt detract from the overall experience. With a licenseto hold 3,000people,Chagstockis l0- smaller than Blissfields. It has a cosy atrnosphere,and apart from the odd well-known band the festival 1l- local musicians.The sound systemis poor and the toilets are disgusting but at only f30 a ticket it would be 12- to expect state-of-the-art equipment and facilities. Recommendation If you only have the time for one festival, I would recommend Blissfieldsasyou getto seean eclecticline up of local and big- name acts in a festival affnosphere,without having to fight your way through hordes of people. Unit8 oTastes
- 73. Readthearticlebelowandforquestions1-4 choosethe answerA,B,C,orDthatfitsbestaccordingtothetext. HowI travelledthroughdffirentcultures tosomeacquiredtastes ,Vhathappenswhenwetryforeigndishesforthefirsttime? Lloreoftenthannotitistikefindingourselvesincircumstances lifferentfromwhatiscomfortablyfamiliar.Webalkanddeclare :remunacceptable.YettherearenouniversaIstandardsfor goodcuisine,there'sonlybadlycookedfood.Wemaynotlike someforeigndishesbutthathasnothingtodowiththeirbeing inferiororsuperior.lthaseverythingtodowithhowremoved iey arefromwhatweknow. { fewyearsbackIwasn'tparticularlyfondofIndiandishes ,viththeirstrongspices.ThenanIndianfamilymovedin rextdoorandI immediatelybecamefriendswiththetady. 3eingveryhospitablepeoptetheykeptaskingmeover. SeeingasI hadnochoice,I gavein,wentoverandwaited '.r horror.Theyserveda lotofstrange-lookingdishes, ,vhosearomawasinvitingenoughformetosuccumband samplethem.Andboy,wasI sorryI did.Mytonguefetttike : wasonfire!ButI sawitthroughtotheendsoasnotto endangerourneighbourlyrelationship.Needlesstosay, wasaskedto comebackformore.lttookafewmonths, rutI haveactuallycometolovesomehotIndiancurries andoverlyhoneyeddesserts. ncontrast,Americansteaksandburgersnowstrikemeas :ownrightdull,althoughI usedtodevourthem.Thenthere's apanesecuisine,whichIassociatedwithasmellysushibar -extdooruntilIwentonatriptoJapan.lwasserveddishes :f suspiciousodourdayindayoutand,althoughtheydidn't seemparticularlydelectable,uponmyreturnhomeIfound nyselfrepeatedlywanderingintothatsushibararoundthe :omer.ThesmellI hadthoughtdisgustinglyfishybeforenow seemedfamiliarandmouth-watering.However,Istillcan't standthesightoftofuandhaveyettomusterupthecourage :otrywhatmightbeconsideredthemostexoticoftheir lishes,butIwillgetthereoneday. r short,I haveacquiredthetasteforsomeforeigndishes lut notforat[thefoodofanyparticularcuisine.Inaway, :neabititytoacquirethetastefornewfoodshastodowith : person'sabititytoassimilatea cutture.The'acquired :aste'forfoodgoesbeyondatastebudexperience.lt has alottodowithwhata personassociatesthefoodwith, 'kefriendlyneighboursora memorablejourney.Similarly, ranyofusfindourmother'scookingincomparable.But :ratisn'tnecessarilybecauseofourmother'ssuperior <itchenskittsbutbecauseweassociatehercookingwith :rewarmthofhome. TheIndianfamily A wasverycuriousabouttheauthor. B scaredtheauthorverymuch. C madepleasantsmetlingdishes. D gotanapotogyfromtheauthor. ConcerningJapanandJapanesefood,theauthor saysthat A shelovedJapanesefoodfromherfirstdayinJapan. B onhertripshewasn'tservedtraditionalfoodveryoften. C shewassurprisedatheractionsaftershereturnedhome. D shehasgrownto tikethetasteofthemostexotic Japanesedishes. Accordingtothe[astparagraph,acquiringnewtastes A isa signofhowopen-mindeda personis. B dependsonhowsensitiveyourtastebudsare. C istikemakingnewfriendsorgoingonajourney. D iseasierifyourmotherwasn'tagreatcook. Whichofthesestatementsbestsummarisestheoverall messageofthearticle? A Travel[ingisthebestwaytoacquirenewtastes. B Themoreexoticthefood.themoredifficultitisto likeit. C Thesmellsandsightoffoodareoftenmisleading. D Experiencesarecrucialindeterminingfood preferences. Completethesecondsentencesothatit meansthesame asthefirst.Includethewordin brackets. 1 We'reattgoingtotheairportto saygoodbyeto Martha; sheisflyingtoCairo.(OFD We'reallgoingtotheairportto - she'sflyingto Cairo. It'speakseason,don'teventryto lookfora hotelroom inVenice.(USE) It'speakseason,it's hotelroominVenice. LookatSheila'sdress.I'msureitcosthera small fortune.(MUST) LookatSheila'sdress.lt smallfortune. Theyhardtyrealisedthedangersofthejourney. (DANGEROUS) Hardty thejourneywouldbe. Towhatextentistourismbeneficialtothelocal economy?(BENEFIT) tourism? lookfora Towhatextentdoes Getreadyforyourexam4
- 74. i918 Readthetask.Youwill abouttheirfavouritegadgets. thespeakers. aaaaaaoaaooaaaaaaoaa Pngplnmor: UsetheWritingBankonpage107tohelpyou. Chooseoneofthewritingtasksbelowandwrite200-250 words. 1 Agroupofforeignstudentsisvisitingyourtown.Write areportgivinginformationabouttherangeofleisure activitiesavai[able.Includeatleastoneoersonal recommendation.Inyourreport,youshould: . writeanintroductionwhichexplainstheaimofthe report . describetheactivitieswhichareavailable . makeyourrecommendation. 2 Yourschoolmagazinehasaskedforinterestingarticles. Writeanarticledescribinga placewhichseemed horribleatfirstbutwhichyougrewto like.Inyourarticle, youshould: o introducethesubiecteffectively . usedescriptivelanguage . explainwhyyoudidn'tliketheplaceatfirst . describehowyougrewto likeit. :'il;;il;rili.;;; Part2 - Sustainedlongturn Lookatthesepicturesandcompareandcontrastthem. Theseideasmayhelpyou: o musicindifferenttimesand r differentmusicaItastes o factorsinfluencingourtaste places inmusic. Part4-Roleplay Workin pairsandrole-playthefotlowingsituation. RoleA : YouareB'sroom-mate.Youhaveiustarrived ata boardingschool.Youwouldliketo buy,aW so thatyoucanwatchyourfavouriteprogrammesinthe room,butyourroom-mateisagainsthavingoneinthe room.Giveyourreasonsandtryto persuadehim/her. Tryto reachanagreement. RoleB:YouareA'sroom-mate.Youhavejustanived ata boardingschool.Yourroom-matewouldliketo buyaW sothats/hecanwatchhis/herfavourite programmesintheroom,butyouarestrictlyagainst havingaW intheroom.Giveyourreasonsandtryto persuadehim/her.Tryto reachanagreement Youmayusetheseideas: . study/leisuretime t W programmes o timemanagement. RoleAstartstheconversation.Whenyouhavefinished, changerolesandpractiseagain. hearthreespeakerstalking Matchquestionsa-f with aa a I a UsetheFunctionsBankonpage102 Whichspeaker'sgadget Speaker 7 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 a couldoroveuselesswhen youmostneedit? b isforthoseconcerned abouttheirheatth? c is notconnectedto other devices? d requiresanoutside sourceofelectricity? e isthebiggestofthethree? f requiressomepractice? Getreadyforyourexam4
- 75. Gossip I cavrnnderstandand wethz lavgu.ageof vawsandgossLp. t Usethecluestocompletethewordpuzzle. Across 2 toobtaininformationorknowledge,sometimeswith difficulty 3 behaviouroraneventwhichshockspeople 4 tomakesthknown,orshowsthwhichpreviouslycould notbeseen 5 'Mytipsare- !' 6 'Don'ttella- !' 7 notgoodatkeepingsecrets E to-abombshelt 9 a pieceofinformationwhichmaynotbetrue l0 to keepsomethingunder-. Down I to listensecretlytowhatotherpeoplearesaying 2 Completetheconversationwiththewordsinthebox. Therearemorewordsthanyouneed. I'vegotsomereally1- gossipforyou. ExcellentlI lovea bit of 2-. ButI'mtellingyouthisinthe3-4 Don'tworry,Iwon't'- awordtoanybody. Butreally,it mustn'tgoany6-. Comeon,youknowme- l'mthe7- of 8 Well...I sawGeorgeholdinghandswithRuthonthe busthismorning.I reckonthere'ssomethinggoing onbetweenthem! lsthatit?Butit'scommone- thatthey've beengoingoutwitheachotherforatleasta month. Wherehaveyoubeenallthistime? will Ela will Ela wiI Ela will Ela il I Rewrltethesentencesusingthewordsandexpressions inthebox. 1 Artex-employeeexposedFCOM'sillegalfinancial activitiestotheauthorities. Jamessuddenlystoppedtalkingwhenherealised everyonewaslistening. 3$ Thepoliticianrefusedto cooperatewhenasked questionsaboutthecorruptionscandal. Whenitwasannouncedthattherewouldn'tbea pay rise,theunionsorganiseda strike. Thejudgetriedto hidethefactthathissonhadbeen arrested. Daisyisn'tsupposedto knowaboutthepartybutI thinksomebodymusthaveaccldentallymentionedit. Unit9 oSecrets
- 76. lnconfidence I cqw we colloquLal 1Completetheexpressionswiththeverbsinthebox. 7 -your motivation 2 - upinconversation 3 -into atrap 4 -information outofsomebody 5 - backtosomebody 6 -somebody's secret 7 -somebody warning I - outto be/ that 9 -ignorance ffi Listento twopeopletatkingabouta secret.What informationisbeingkeptsecret? Speaker1 Speaker2 % Listenagain.Ticktheexpressionsinexercise1that youhear. MatchAandBto formexpressionsfromthelistening. AB 1 She'sbeensworn a inthedark 2 She'sbeenkept b daggersatme 3 Shelooked c tosecrecy Explainthemeaningoftheexpressionsinexercise4 in yourownwords. Expandthesentencesusinga phrase(verb+ noun)instead oftheverbinbold. 1 Thinkaboutit. 2 | didn'tmeantooffend. 3 Heconcludedthathehadmadea mistake. 4 Shehintedthatitwastimeformeto leave. 5 Canwetalk? 6 He'sdecidedto resign. 7 Letmelookatyourswollenankle. 8 Callmeonmymobile. 9 | coulddowithresting. 10 lt'stimeyourevised. Crossoutanywordsintheconversationswhichcouldbe omittedinnormalcolloquialspeech. 1 A Doyoufancycomingforajog? B I can'tbebothered.I'llgowithyoutomorrow. I promise. 2 A I sawConradtoday. B Didyou?Howishe?lshestillworkingattheshop? A Yes.Hesaidhewasthinkingoftravellinground Australiaforayear B Really?ThelastI heard,itwasCanada. A Oh.Hemusthavechangedhismind. B That'stypicalofhim! A Wouldyoulikeanotherdrink? B I'dbetternot.ItoldSueI'dbebackinManchesterbytr" A OK,I'llseeyousoon.Textmewhenyougethome. B Iwiltdo. A Doyoumindif I closethewindow? B No,it'squitechitlyin here,isn'tit? A Yes,theradiator'sbroken,I think. Choosesixoftheexpressionsin exercise1.Writea sentenceillustratingthemeaningofeachone. 1 2 3 4 5 6 t 1 2 3 6 Unit9 oSecrets
- 77. I cavL t0 Thesecretagent I Completethesentenceswiththeadjectivesinthebox. Thearticlewasrather-anditwasdifficultto followtheauthor'spointofview. Itwasavery- constructionandlookedasif thewindwouldblowit down. Shewas- withthecustomers,always speakingtothemina rudeway. Returningthebookwasher- reasonforthe visit,butshewantedsomethingelse. Thelowlightanddirtycurtainsgavetherooma appearance. Thepresidentgavea speechthatexcited thecrowd. Hisappearancewasvery-, withoutany noticeablefeatures. Hishandswere.--------".--_coveredindustandblackoil. Readthetextquickly,ignoringthegaps.Whydoyouthink GeorgeSmileyisconsidereda morerealisticspythan JamesBondbyex-spies? Completethetextwithsuitablewords. Readthetext.Answerthequestions. 1 HowisJamesBonddescribedintheopeningparagraph? 2 Whatisthepurposeofthereferencestoa hotellobby? 3 WhyisGeorgeSmileywell-equippedto bea spy? 4 ByfightingKarla,whatdoesSmileylearnabouthimselP WhydoyouthinkthewriterofthearticlesaysGeorge Smileyisatrulythree-dimensionalcharacter? Findwordsorphrasesinthetextwhichmatchthese definitions. 1 goodatdealingwithproblems(paragraph1)- 2 withoutwantingtoattractattention(paragraph3)- 3 greatorimpressive(paragraph3)- 4 a qualityyouarebornwith(paragraph3)- 5 wittingto hurtothersif necessary(paragraph4)- understand and react a LLteraryutract. A spyts spy story O J.r.r Bondisresourceful,cold-btoodedandskilted atself-defence.In1- wayshehasbeentrainedto betheperfectspy,buthehasa defectthattheauthorof theBondnovelsandthedirectorsofthe007filmshave alwayspresented2-a virtue:heisextremely good-looking.Butwatcha handsomemancrossa hotel lobbyandyou'llseetheheadsofadmiringwomenturn, andthestaresofmenfollowhimwithenvywrittenacross theirfaces.Attractivepeopleattractattentionandpeople 3-the pubticgazedon'tmakeverygoodspies. @ tfyoureallywantanaccurateportrayalofa spy thenyoushoutdmeetGeorgeSmiley.Created4- anauthorwho5- workedforyearsintheBritish Intelligenceservice,thecharacterofGeorgeSmileyhas beenpraisedforitsrealismbythepeopte6- should know:ex-spies.Georgeisshort,fatandincredibtyshy, andonlymanagestosmileoccasionally.ThewriterJohn LeCarr6introducedSmileytotheworldinthenovelCall ForTheDead,7- heisdescribedunflatteringlybyhis wifeasbeing'breathtakingtyordinary'.Thisisa manwho cansafelywalkacrosshotellobbies. @ aenindSmiley'sunassumingappearanceissomeone armed8- a prodigiousmemoryandaninnateability to detectpeople'sstrengthsandweaknesses;excellent skillsforworkingintheworldofespionagee- the ColdWar.Mentalstrengthisalwayspreferredto physical strength,10- isonlyeverusedsparingly.Smitey alsohasa conscience,althoughheacceptsthedeathof innocentpeoplewheneveroneofhisoperations11- threatened. @ Rsinmanyspynovels,Smiteyhasanopponenthe spendsa12- oftimeandenergyintryingto defeat. QverthreebooksSmileybattleswithKarla,thecoldand ruthlessheadofRussianintelligence.Attheendofthe lastnovelinthetrilogy,Smiley'sPeople,hewinsthelong intelligencewarthatthey13- fought.HeforcesKarla to defecttotheWestbuthissenseofvictoryisdiminished whenherealisesthatheisiust 1a- ruthlessashis enemy. @ Smiteyisatrulythree-dimensionalcharacter,and whilehespendsmostofhistimeimmersedintheworld ofintelligenceandcounter-intelligence,hehastimeto reflect1s- themeaningofpatriotism,loyaltyandthe ethicaldilemmasofspyingindemocraticsocieties. t t Unit9. Secrets
- 79. VirtualrEalitr{ Q ttsS.+Sa.m.onSeptember1i 2001andatouristinNew YorkisstandingontheobservationdeckofoneoftheTwin Towers.Withthecitystretchedoutbehindhim,hiscompanion decidesitwouldmaketheperfectphotoandtakesasnap. Therest,astheysay,ishistory.Momentslater,thefirstof twohijackedpassengerplanessmashesintothetowerand destroysit.1-Becausebehindthetouristinsteadofthe skylineoftheBigApplethereisanenormouspassengerjet justsecondsawayfromhittingthetower. J ThephotowassplashedacrosstheInternetafortnight aftertheattacksandwassentfromofficecomputertooffice computeraroundtheworldwithanaccompanyinge+nail explainingthattheFBIhadfoundthecameraandwereusing ttasevidence.However,afteritsinitialdramaticimpact, peoplestartedinspectingtheircomputerscreensmore closely.Whatwastheguydoingdressedinwinterclotheson awarmSeptemberday?2- Theseandmoreunanswered questionsveryquicklyledtheworld'sInternetuserstoone conclusion:itwasahoax. ! EversincethearrivaloftheInternetanddigitaltechnology, computerusershavefoundtheirinboxesfillingupwith hoaxes.Whetheritiswarningsaboutterribleepidemics, destructivecomputervirusesorfalsemissingchildappeals, throughacombinationofauthoritativetextandimpressive graphics,thesee-mailscomepackagedasthetruth.Butwhy wouldanyonecreatesuchanemail?lnmostcasesifseither aboredofficeworkerorajoker.Thetouristofdeath,ashe becameknown,ontheWorldTradeCentreobservationdeck wasHungarianHenceGutzli,whodecidedtoaddthepicture ofaplanetoaphotofromatriphe'dmadetoNewYorkin i997andmakeaJoke'tosharewithafewfriends.3- @ However,hoaxeshavebeenaroundforalotlongerthan theInternetandhavebeenmotivatedbyinterestsotherthan attemptsathumourofquestionabletaste.ln1983theBritish newspaperTheSundaylmesannouncedanexclusivethat wassuretoincreaseitscirculation:theserialisationofAdolf Hitler'sdiaries.TheBritishnewspaperhadboughttherightsto thediariesfromtheGermanmagazineStern,whichhadinturn paidjournalistGerdHeidemann56millionforthem,4- Thediarieswereinfactprettypoorforgeriesbutthreeexperts inhistoryhadclaimedtheywereauthenticbeforetheywere scientificallystudied.Whentheywere,itwasshownthat theyhadbeenwrittenwithmodernpensandpaperandasa consequenceHeidemannandKujauwereimprisonedandttre reputationsofthethreehistorianswereseriouslydamaged, @ Hoaxeshavealsobeenusedinanattempttoaffect theoutcomeofelectionsandformerUSpresidentGeorge WBushwasthevictimofonejustbeforethepresidential electionsof2004.5- Bush.ontheotherhand,had nothadadistinguishedmilitarycareer,andjustbeforethe electionssomedocumentssurfacedclaimingthatBushhad gonemissingduringhistimeasasoldierandhadusedhis familyconnectionstocoveruphisbadbehaviour. @ 5- Keeneyedviewerssoonspotted,however, thatbe documentsseemedtohavebeenwrittenusingfie computerprogramMicrosoftWord,whichobviouslyhadn't existedwhenBushhaddonehismilitaryseMce.CBSasked fte sourceoffteirdocumentstosendfteoriginalsbut unfortunatelyforhe channel,fie originalshadapparenflybeen destoyedsoonafterfieywerefa<ed.Finally,afterclaimingfor twoweeksfiatthedocumentswereautrcntic,thechannelhad toadmitbeywereprobablyahoaxandapologised. @ Asisoftenthecasewhenhoaxesareuncovered,fte real loserswerenotthepeoplewhohadcreatedthehoaxbut thoseuhohadmadeit,public,andtheW channelandthe journalistsinwlvedlostalotofcredibility. Unit9 oSecrets
- 80. Passivestructures I cavtwe awLderan4e ol pqJJLvettructnres. Completethetextwithappropriatepassiveformsofthe verbsinthebox. Theworldisfullofjokers,andthesearesomeofthejokes that1 onthepublicovertheyears.Wouldyou 2 bythem...? GreatmotonnayofChina ln1899newspapers aroundtheworldreported thattheChinesewere planningtodemolishtheir famousGreatWat[.A road wasto3 in itsplaceandtheproject would* byAmericanfirms. Itwasn'tuntilyearslaterthatitwasrevealedthatthestory s 6yfourjournalistsona daytherewasno excitingnews. DidtheEarthmove? At11.39on20July2006a strangeevent6 to takeplace.SixhundredmillionpeopleinEuropeandtheUS weremeanttojumpatexactlythesametime.Theevent wasadvertisedbyawebsitecalledWorldJumpDayandit 7 lhatifthisnumberofpeoplejumpedatthe 2 Rewritethesentencesinthepassiveform. 1 WhenDan'sfeelingi[[,helikespeopletogivehimlotsof attention. 2 | feltthatthepoliceweren'ttakingmycaseseriously. 3 lt wasthe longestfilm anybodyhadevermade. Foodcriticsdescribehisrestaurantasthebestinthe countrv. 5 Theyshouldn'thavetreatedtheprisonerssobadly. sametime,theEarth'sorbit would8- stightty andgtobalwarmingwoutd Theeventwas,ofcourse,a ridiculoushoax. EiffelTowerfor sale ln 7925a Parisnewspaper claimedthatthe Eiffel Towerwasin a rundown stateand mighthave 10 . on reading thearticle,conmanVictor Lustigdecidedthatmoney could11 from thissituation.Posing asa Frenchgovernment officia[,heofferedto sell the EiffetTowerto scrap metaIdeaters.Onedealer paidthe moneyupfront. WhenLustigteftwiththecash,themanwassoembarrassed to havebeentakeninthatthematter12 tothe oolice. Rewritethesentencesusinga participlephraseanda passiveconstruction. 1 EurostarsponsoredthefitmSomerslown.Thecritics praiseditveryhighty. SooneoredbvEurostar.thefilmSomersTownwatDraiscdvar.r hiohfvbvlhvcriiict. 2 SecurityguardscaughtJohnBatesshopliftingforthe secondtime.Thecourtmadehimpayafine.- 3 ThepreviousownersneglectedFelixthe cat.A couplein Grinsteadgavehima nicenewhome. Afattingt hospitat. reeinjuredMary.Aneighbourdroveherto EdvardMunchpaintedTheScreamin 1893.Thievesstole it a fewyearsago. 3 Unit9 oSecrets
- 81. I LookatphotosAandB.Choosebetweenthetwo alternativestoformphrasesfordrawingconclusions,then completethesentencesaboutthephotosina logicalway. PictureA 1,|udgingby/ fromthefactthathe'scarryinga large camera,ne 2 He'swearinga hatso I imagine/ takeit that PictureB 3 Hehashishoodup.Forthisreason,I assure/ assume He'shidingbehinda fencewhichleads/ leavesmeto think Writea shortintroductoryparagraphaboutthe photos, answeringquestionsa andb. a Whatdo thetwo photographshavein common? b Howdo the photographsdiffere.g.in termsof what steps,if any,eachpersonhastakento makehimsetf hardto see? Drawingconclusions I caruspecwlateaboutaM draw cowlusLowfrarw phttos. 3 ComptetethedescriptionofphotographAwithsuitable words. It'shardto saywherethe photohasbeentakenbutit's t fromthefactthatthereisa wideriverrunning throughit thatit'ssome2- of majorcity.Theman in the3- hasclimbedup onto4- sortof ptatform- it lookslikea rubbishbin5- me. He'sholdingontothe streetsignso he's6 - findingit hardto balance.Otherpeoplearewatchingtoo which7- to thefactthathe'sprobablytryingto geta shotof someeventor a visiting8- . Hecouldiustbea tourist,buthe'sgoingto great[engths to positionhimsetfwhichwoulde- thathe'sa professionalphotographer.Wecan'tseewhatbuitding he'swaitingoutsidebutit'sprobablya hotelor some 1o- olace. 5)zo Listenandcheckyouranswers. Describetheotherphotographusingthephrasesfor drawingconclusionsandvaguelanguagefromexercises1 and3.Usethequestionsbelowasa guide. Whoistheman?Whereishefrom? Whichcountryisthis? Whereishestanding? What'stheweatherlike? Whyishewearingthoseclothes? 4 5 s@p Unit9 oSecrets
- 83. Farewe[[ cartsayfarewell Lvta varLebl ofcontuts and sttwatLow. Completethesentencesforendingconversations.Then matchthemwiththepictures. 1 | reallybetter/ mustbegoing. 2 lt'sbeena pleasuretodo/ makebusinesswithyou. 3 BeI Makesuretojoinusagainatnine.Till/ Beforethen, goodbye.- 4 We'llbeintouchbriefty/ shortlyto have/ letyouknowif we'dlikeyoutocomebackfora secondinterview. Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformoftheverbs inthebox. Attentionallpassengers:Thistrainwill- at Coventry. Thebicyctegears- tofunctionafteraboutsix months. Thepeacetalksfinatly- inanagreementto endtheeleven-yearinsurgency. IttookKatefiveyearsto- herdegree. JelenaJankovich- thematchintwosets. Thepartywi[[haveto- beforemidnight. Thepianist hisperformancewitha pieceby Chopin. Thepostoffice- eartyonWednesdays. Theyhaven't theirhotidayplansyet. 3 Arethesentencescorrect?lmprovetheincorrectones. 1 Thefootprintsendhere. 2 QueenVictoria'sreignstoppedin 1901. 3 Theprofessorconcludedhislectureateleveno'clock. 4 Theclockseemstohavestopped. 5 Theoutdoorconcertendedwitha fireworkdisptay. 4 5 6 7 8 9 Completethedialogueswiththesynonymsorantonyms inthebox.Therearetwomorewordsthanyouneed. 1A B 2A B 3A B 4A B 5A B 5A B Ithoughtthatdocumentarywasratherbiased. True,itwasn'texactly-, wasit? Wasn'titfortuitousthatDavewasdrivingbyiustas it startedto pourwithrain? Yes,itwasrather-, wasn'tit? Thatoldladywholivesatnumber74isn'tas vulnerableassheseems,youknow. No,I know,I'veheardshe's-. Ashleydidn'tseemtenibtyhappy,considering she'djustfinishedherexams. No,shelookedkindof-, didn'tshe? AgooddictionaryisvitalforlearningEngtish. Ohyes,absolutely-. Theseportionsaretiny,aren'tthey? Yes,theyarepretty-. Gi?eanexampteofthefollowing. Asolemnoccasionyouhavebeento. Somethingpricelesswhichyouhaveseen. Atimewhenyoufeltelated. Somethingwhichinyourviewisworthitsweightingold. Unit10r Endings
- 85. Happyendings? Readthetextquickly,ignoringthegaps.Namethetwopeople responsibleforthewaymostHolllnrvoodfilmsareorganised. I cat+talk about flrwendtvgs, 4 Completethetext.Usethecorrectformofthewordsin brackets. Answerthequestions. 1 Whataccordingthetextisthemostimportantcomponent ofa film? 2 Whatcangreatlyreduceyourchancesofseeingyour specbecomea film? 3 WhatdidSydFielddiscover? 4 HowdidSydFietdadaptAristotle'splan? , Findwordsorphrasesinthetextwhichmatchthesedefinitions. 1 a success(paragraph1) 2 profitable(paragraph2) 3 verycarefully(paragraph4) 4 thinkofanidea(paragraph4) 5 themostexcitingmomentofa story(paragraph4) 1 Completethesentenceswiththewordsinthebor Itwasan spystoryandI couldn'tputit downuntilI'dfinished. Thedocumentaryhadsomeinterestingideason conservationthatwere Thewholestorywas- andtherewasn'tan originaIideainthewholefilm. Itwasa movieandweleftthecinema laughing. Thefilmwasunashamedty- andit hadthe audiencecryingfromthebeginning. Ratherthanaturningpointtherewasa- changeintheplot,butI didn'tnoticeit! Theleadcharacterisreally-; youdon't knowif he'sa herooravillainuntiltheend. Theplotwas- andIdidn'tunderstand anything! ttVritea reviewofafilm.Describetheplot.Whathappensat theturningpointandattheend?Didyouenjoythefilm? rWriting for Hollyutood @ naveyouever1- (leave)a cinemashakingyour headafterseeinga clichddfilmwithanendingthatyoucould see2- (come)fromtenkilometresaway?Mostofus have.Afi[mcanhaveastar-studdedcastandexoticlocations, butifthescreenplayispoor,it'sunliketythatitwillbea hitwith audiences. @ 3- (be)a screenwritercanbea lucrativecareer andthereisnoa- (short)ofcandidatesforthejob. However,althoughthemajorstudiosreceivethousandsof specs(unsolicitedscripts)everyyear,onlyafewmakeittothe silverscreen.Thestudioshaveverysetideasaboutwhatmakes agoodscreenplayandifawriter'sspec5- (do)match them,it hasn'tgotachance. @ fne artofscreenwritingis6-(great) influencedby Poetics,thebookonthetheoryofliteraturewrittenbyAristotte inabout350BC.Aristotleproposedthata plotshouldconsist ofthreeparts:a7-(begin) inwhichwemeetthe charactersandtheplacewheretheactionoccurs,a middlein whicha problemthathasto beovercomeisintroducedand 8- (final)anend,wheretheproblem,atleastin Hotlywoodfilms,issolved.lt maysurpriseyoutodiscoverthat anancientGreekphilosopher'sideasshouldhavesomuch influenceonsucha modernartform.ltwillsurpriseyoueven moretolearnthathisideasaremorepopularthanever. @ tntfree-(seventy), a Hollywoodscriptwriter, SydFietd,discoveredthatfilmsthatfollowedAristotle'splan didmuch10- (wett)attheboxofficethanthose thatdidn't.Fieldmeticuloustystudiedthemost'11- (success)filmsandcameupwitha morerigorousversionof Aristotle'stheory.Thebeginningofthefilmshouldlastno longerthanhalfanhour,attheendofwhichaturningpoint mustoccur.Fieldevensuggestedthattheperfectmomentfor thisturningpointisthetwenty-seventhminute!Then,forthe 12-(fottow) sixtyminutesthemaincharacteris involvedinfacingthechallengethathasbeenset.Atthe midpointofthisperiod,thewritermayintroduceanotherturning pointwhichmustbea13- (reverse)inthecharacter's fortunes.Thefinalquarterofthefilmisspentdepictingthe climaxofthestory,asthecharacterfightstoachievetheiraims. @ Ooesit soundfamiliar?lt shoulddo,becausevirtuattyall Hollywoodfilmsfollowthisscheme.Sothenexttimeyouaccuse afilmofbeingla- (originaD,you'llknowwhoto blame! Unit10r Endings
- 87. TNTMNONTRLS ManyfictionaIcharactershavehadasgreataninfluenceon historyandsocietyasreal-lifepeople.Thereallymemorable onesbecomeculturalicons,shapingourimageofwhatwe shouldbe.Theyhaveachievedsomethingthatsciencehas yettogiveus:immortality.Byreadingabouttheirexploitswe canalsolearnthatthequestionoflifeanddeathhasalways preoccupiedmankind.FromtheepicpoemsoftheGreeksof overtwoandhalfmillenniaago,tothenovelswrittenatthe dawnoftheindustrialrevolution,mankindhasexpressedits dreamsandfearsofeternal[ife. RCNILLIS Achitlesisthesonofa Greek goddessanda humanking,the kingoftheMyrmidons.Although hepossessesincrediblestrength andfightingskittsthatmakehim themostfearedofallwarriors, heismorta[.Achillesappearsin numerouspoemsthatpraisehiscontributiontotheGreeks' victoryintheTrojanWar,butitisin Homer's//iodthathe isthestaroftheshow.Achiltesisa proud,viotentman whowishesto livea longlife.However,healsodesires immortatity,a conditionreservedforthegods,andasa humanheknowseternal[ifeisonlypossiblebyseekingglory onthebattlefield.Ontybysacrificingeverythingwi[[hisname liveonandberememberedbygenerationstocome. TheGreekswerefascinatedbydestinyandmanyoftheGreek mythsdealwithfutileattemptstochangeit.Nonetheless, Achilles,who[ikethemajorityofmortalswasdestinedto dieandbeforgottenabout,managedto becomeimmortal throughhisbravery.Thelliadisthoughtto havebeenwritten around800yearsbeforethebirthofChristyetthenameof Achillescontinuesto liveonnotonlybecauseofhisexploits, butalsobecausetheGreekideasofheroism,courageand toyaltyarestillvalidtoday. NR11LIT Possiblythemostfamousfictional characterofalltime,Hamletatso speaksthemostfamouswords inthehistoryofthetheatre, 'Tobe,ornotto be'.Indirect contrasttoAchilles'obsession withimmortality,thespeech revealstheinternaIstrugglethattheyoungprincegoes throughasheconsiderscommittingsuicide.Burdenedwith theresponsibilityofavenginghisfather'sdeath,Hamlet feelstrapped.HeknowsthathisuncleClaudiuskitledhis father,theking,butheistheonlypersonthatpossesses thisknowledge.Totherestoftheworld,Claudiusisa just andnobleman,whoiswithinhisrighttositonthethrone. Hamlet'stifeisfuttofanxiety,andsuicidewouldbea way ofescapingthepressureshe'ssubjectedto.ltwouldbea chanceto sleepandrest.Butwouldit?Whatcomesafter death,heaskshimself.Whathappenstoourbodiesafter wedie?Wouldhegoto heaven,orwouldhehaveto facethe torturesof hett? Shakespeare'sDanishheroclearlyexpressesthefearsof hisChristianaudience.Nobodydoubtedthattherewasan afterlifeandthatspirituatimmortalityexisted,butequally everyonebelievedtheycouldeitherexperienceeternal happinessorspendit sufferingfortheiractsonearth. rRIlnffinSItn Fromaveryearlyage,Victor Frankensteinispassionate aboutscience.Hereads everythinghecanlayhishands onaboutthesubiectandbefore longhisknowledgeisgreater thanthatof hisorofessors atIngolstadtUniversity.Whileattheuniversity,hebegins researchonthesecretoflifeandbeforelonghebelieves thathehasfoundit.Victorisobsessedwithhisworkand hebecomescutofffromhisfamily,friendsandsociety.He secretlyconstructsa monsterfrompartsofdifferentdead bodiesandthenonedramaticnighthebringshiscreature to [ife.Onseeingtheuglinessofthebeingthathehas created,Frankensteinsuddenlyrejectsthemonster.Enraged byhiscreator'srejection,thecreaturegoesona rampage ki[[ingFrankenstein'sbrotherandlaterhisnewbride.Full ofremorse,VictorFrankensteinsetsouttodestroyhisown creation. MaryShelteywrotethebookatthebeginningofthe nineteenthcentury,atimewhentherapidadvancesof scienceandtechnologywerehavinga greateffectonsociety. Manypftheseadvanceswereseenasgoingagainstthe naturalorderofthings.Thebookwasalsoseenasa criticism of howscientistsweredetachedfromsociety,withlittle concernfortheconsequencesoftheirwork. Throughoutourhistory,literaturehasprovedanexcellent mediumforexpressingouranxietyaboutthebrevityof life andourfearsoftheunknownrealmbeyonddeath.However, asAchilles,Hamletandthemonstershow,thecertaintyof deathgivestifevitatityanda senseof purpose.Wouldthat stittbethecaseif immortatitybecamea realoption?Tobeor nottobe;willthatstitlbethequestion? Unit10r Endings
- 88. Complexsentences I cavLuJe a ofcorwplex a.i wLderavge senlentes. 1 Jointhesentenceswitha suitablerelativeclause.Omitthe pronounwherepossible. 1 TheWieticzkasaltminesarereallyworthvisiting.They're outsideKrakow. That'stheguy.Hefixedthepunctureonmybike. Thefugufishisa delicacyinJapan.ltsorganscontaina poisonwhichcankittyouinstantly. MybrotherborrowedmyiPod.ThismeantI couldn't' listentomusiconthebus. I boughta bagyesterday.lt seemsratherflimsy. Wehadsomedeliciouscake.Mygrandmotherhad madeit. Rewritethesentencesbeginningwiththewordsin bold. Userelativeclausesandaninformalstyle. 1 | hadbeenlookingfora lostring.I wasoverthemoon whenlfoundit. We'regoingtoseea Romanvilla.I oncedida school projectonit. 3 Gregwastellingmeabouta roadmovie.Wewatchedit. 4 Sarahadsethersightsona promotion.Lauragotit. 5 Katie'sseeingJoe.Sharmausedtogooutwithhim. 3 WritethestoryoffumpingfackCashbyjoiningeachgroup oftwosentencesintoone.Whentherearetwopossible positionsfora preposition,choosethemoreformal. 1 Thewinnerofthe2000DarwinAwardsisposthumously knownasJumpingJackCash.Youmayhaveheardabout hisfootishexploits. ThesceneofhisstupiditywastheGrandCanyon. Thousandsoftouristsflocktothislandmarkeveryyear. Thecanyoncontainssomeparticularlysteepdrops. Fenceshavebeenbuiltaroundthemtoprevent sightseersplummetingtotheirdeaths. Closetosomeofthedropsaresmalltoweringplateaus. Youcouldjumpontothemifyouwerefeelingverybrave. Touristsliketothrowcoinsontotheplateaus.Someof thecoinsoileontothesurfaces,whileothersfalltothe valleyfloorfarbelow. lumpingJackCashleapedovertoa plateau.Therewasa hugepileofcoinsthereandhefilledhisbagwiththem. Hetriedto leapbackbuthisbagpreventedhimandhe ptungedtothebottom.Hisbagwasnowfullofcoins. Needlesstosay,hedidn'tsurvivetocollectthecoinsin theva[[ey. 2 3 5 6 . ) unitlo. Endinss
- 89. Presentation Completethesentenceswiththecorrectwords. 1 | can'tquiterememberhow/whatit'scalled. 2 | can'tputmyfingeron/ toitatthemoment. 3 Thewordhasjustmissed/ slippedmymind. 4 Thecorrectwordescapes/ avoidsmeforthemoment. 5 Theword'sonthetip / topofmytongue. Qm Listento extractsfromtwopresentationsabout somethingthattheworldwouldbebetteroffwithout.For eachspeakerwritedownwhatisbeingdescribed,andone exampleofitsinconvenience. Speaker1 What? Example: Speaker2 What? Example: t Of" Completetheexcerptsfromthelistening.Then listenagainandcheck. 1 I'dlovesomebodytodo- withthese. butatothertimestheycan- youfor ifyou'refeelingstressedora slightly- down scientistswitlfindawayof- themonthe- I'dtoveto- the- ofthesemaliciousthings toprovehow- Windowsis lt'ssomethingedible.n7- inslighttydifferent sizesbut,onthewhole,itislargerthana plumand smallerthana coconut.ltsskinisoftengreenand smooth,butsomevarietieshavea8- brown skin.ltsflesh,whichise--green, canbefirmbut itsoftensasit ripens.lt'spear-lo- andthereisa stoneinthemiddle.ltcanbeeatenonitsownorasDart ofa dish. It's-. Youwouldneedoneofthesethingsifyouweresome kindofcraftsman.Theycomein11- ifyouwant tocutsomethingtikepaperorcardinfinedetail,orif youwantedtocutthetapesealinga packagewithout damagingit.lt consistsofaflat12-,which is probablyabout25mm13- 100mm,anda 14- bladeintheshapeofatrianglethatcanbe replaced. It's-. Thinkofanobiectthatotherpeopleintheclassareunlikely to knowthenameof.Findthenameina dictionary.Write adescriptionoftheobiectinasmuchdetailaspossible, usinglanguagefromexercise5. Inthenextclassreadoutyourdescription.Theother studentsguesstheobject.lftheydon'tknowthename, teachit tothem. 6 2 3 4 5 6 I matchthedefinitionswithwordsandphrasesinexercise3. a haveaverystrongimpact b tiredfromworkinghard c getridof(2expressions) d ableto beusedtosomeone'sadvantage e f nolongerhavetodealwith deliberatelyharmful Completethedescriptionswiththewordsinthebox.What isbeingdescribed? a Theseobjects,whichusuallycomeina pairs,areround andhavea dipinthe1-. Theyareverylightweight andvirtuallyinvisible.I supposetheyareabout8 mm 2-, moreor3-the samesizeasa penny. Theyaremadeofa materialthata- a bitlike glass.Althoughmosthavea correctivefunction,some, whicharetinteddifferents-, arecosmetic.They 6- thesamepurposeasglasses. 7 unit100Endings
- 91. Readthearticle.Completethetextbymatchingsentences (A-G)tothegapsinthetext(1-6).Thereisonesentence whichyoudonotneedto use. Disappearingcountry Facedwiththeprospectofbeingswampedbyrisingsea levels,thePacificislandnationofTuvaluisconsidering evacuatingits9,300residents.Witha highestpointjust fivemetresabovesealevel,Tuvaluisoneoftheworld's towest-lyingcountries.1Withglobalsealevets predictedto risebymorethan80cmoverthenextcentury, Tuvaluansarelivingonborrowedtime.Thegovernment's solutionistotransporttheentirepoputationoverseas. 'Wedon'tknowwhentheislandswillbecompletely covered,'saysTuvalugovernmentsecretaryPanapasi Nelesone.'Butweneedtostartworkingonthisnow.' 2 ButTofigaFatani,thepresidentoftheTuvalu church,saysthatmoreurgentactionisneeded.'Wemust knowthatsomeonewillprovidelandforus,beforea stormwashesourislandsawayaltogether,'hesaid.He istobbyingAustraliatosetasidelandtoseryeasa new homeforTuvalu'speoplewhentheyfinattyquittheirnine inhabitedatolls.3- Untilrecentty,thedatacollected frommonitoringPacificOceanlevelsshowedthatthere hadbeennosignificantchangesaroundTuvaluforten years.Someanalystsevensuggestedthattheaftermathof EtNifrocoutdcausesealevelsintheareatodropbyupto 30cminthefuture.Thatviewischanging.a Tuvaluansareusedto seeingisletsvanishbeneaththe waveswithcyclones,buttheircountryistiketytobecome uninhabitablelongbeforethewavesfina[[ycloseover them.5- Buttheseepageofsaltwaterintofarmland hasdestroyedcropsandmadethepeopledependenton cannedimoorts. Tuvalu'sPolynesianpeoplearrivedintheislands2,000 yearsagobywayofTongaandSamoa. A Nearly3,000Tuvaluansalreadyliveoverseas,anda governmentprogrammeisnowrelocatingT5moreevery year. B TheneighbouringstateofKiribatihasdozensofuninhabited islands,butitisfacingitsownpopulationpressures. C ltseems,however,theywillhavetoleavetheir homelandverysoon. D ThemostrecentfiguressuggestthatTuvalu'ssealevels haverisennearlythreetimesasfastastheworldaverage overthepastdecade,andarenow5cmhigherthanin7993. E Freshdataonsea[eve[riseshavegivena newurgency totheseefforts. F lslandersalreadydrinkfromrainwatertanksto preserve theatolls'scantygroundwater. G Halfitspopulationiscrammedonthe30hectareFunafuti atotl,whichisonlythreemetresabovethewaves. Completethetextwithsuitablewords.Useonewordonly ineachgap. Looking1- thegrammarofModernEnglish,many studentsfailto realisehowextensivelythislanguagehas changed2-the tastmillennium.Infact,theEnglish oftodayisnothingliketheEnglishofmedievaltimes. OldEngtish,thatisEnglishspokenbeforetheeleventh century,markedgrammaticalfunctionswith'endings' attached3-'base'words. Nounsandadiectives couldbeofthreegenders(masculine,feminineorneuter) andtherewerefourcases,o- ofwhichhaditsown endingsaddedtothe'base'words.ModernEnglishmarks theinfinitiveofverbswitha precedingtowhereastheOld Engtishinfinitivesendedin-an.Ina[[tenses,verbs5- separatesuffixesforsingularandpluralinthefirst,second andthirdperson.Aftertheeleventhcentury,thenumber oftheseendingswassignificantlyreduced.6- were replacedby7-is, broadlyspeaking,thesamesystem thatEnglishusestoday,which,untikeOtdEnglish,makes very8- useofwordendings.Instead,e-relies on thewordorderinthesentence.Thiswasduemosttytothe Normaninvasionafterwhichtheinvadersandtheinvaded hadtosomehowcommunicateandtheendingsonly causedconfusion,10- theywerestowlydropped. Getreadyforyourexamr
- 93. II I I Readthearticleaboutworkingmothers.Matchstatements 1-9withparagraphsA-D.Whenmorethanoneansweris required,thisisindicatednexttothestatement. SotheshinehascomeoffSupermum.Accordingto a CambridgeUniversityreportpublishedthisweek, enthusiasmforequalityin theworkplacepeakedinthe 90sandis nowwaning.Morepeoplenowthinkthata womanwhoworksdoesso attheexpenseof herfamily. Whois orwasSupermumanyway?| am a womanwho works,andwhoalsohasa sma[[child.Ninetypercent ofthetimethesetwothingshangtogether,andI am in nowaysuper- neverhavebeen,neverwill be. I meantto wearhighheetsyesterday,butneverchanged outof mycyclingshoes.Myone-year-olddaughter wentto nurseryin herpyiamas,andI couldn'tgether to standstilllongenoughto brushherhair.Butthese aredetails:tookingatthe bigpicture,it prettymuch worksout.Ofatlthemanymythsaboutmotherhood, theonethatsaysyoucan'thangonto a demandingjob istheworst.I rememberworryingin theearlymonthsof pregnancythat,sometimearoundthesix-monthmark, mymindwouldgoto mushandalliudgmentdesertme - becauseeveryonesaidit would.Andit didn'thappen. Youcanbea motherandnotloseyourmind.Youcan alsobea motherandwork,andstillnotloseyourmind. I recentlyhearda seniorexecutivein theCityshrugoff thefactthattherewereonlytwofemalecompanychairs in thetop 100companies.Shesaidthatsomewomen weresensibleandstayedat hometo lookaftertheir kids;otherswerea bit crazierandpursuedeat-you-alive iobsanddidn'thavechildren.lt wasa sadopposition, andonethatwasveryrevealingabouttheCity'sall-or- nothingmaleworkethic.Nearlya[[thewomenI know whodidn'tgo backto workafterhavingchildrenworked intheCity- as lawyers,traders,bankers.Youcouldsay theymadetheirownchoices;I wouldarguethattheir handswerepowerfullyforced. Whatdoesnobodytellyouaboutbeinga working mother?Thatit canbea lotof fun.Lifefeetsincredibly full,andoftenin a goodway.Sodon'tcountyoursetf outbecauseeveryoneteltsyouit can'tbedoneand somethingwilthaveto give,andthatthatsomething wiltbeyou.Andmostimportantly,don'tcountyourself outbecausewithoutyouin theworkplacethesituation won'tkeepimproving- whichit is.Asa colleaguetotd meafterI returnedfrommaternityleave,yes,therewi[[ bedayswhenyouhaveto makebigdecisionsafter beingup attnight- butyouhavehadhangoversbefore, andlived,andonthosedayswhenit doeswork,being a workingmotheristhebestthingin theworld.lt'swhat thesuffragetteschainedthemselvesto the raitingsfor. Let'snotouitwhilewe'reahead. Inwhichparagraphdoesthe writersaythe following? 1 Someiobs aren'tcompatiblewith havingchitdren. 2 Somepeoplesaythatemployedwomen neglecttheirfamilies. 3 | don'talwaysmanageto do everythingthe wavI wishto. 4 Workingmotherscanhavea challengingjob. 5 Accordingto somepeopleit is notimportant thattherearefewwomenin someindustries. 6 Somepeoplesaytheinterestin beingequal to menin theworkplaceis decreasing. 7 Somepeopleclaimthatreasonablewomen stopworkingaftertheygivebirth. 8 Workingmothersareadmiredlessnow. 9 lt'sworthhavinga iob despiteoccasional difficutties. 1 Completethe textwith suitablewords,usingoneword onlyin eachgap. Somepeoplecreatea wonderfulpictureof I lifewouldbe tikeifvirtuatreality2- available to everybody.Youcouldattenda friend'sweddingin the Caribbean,listento the music,feelthewarmthof the sunonyourskin,andenioythetasteof thefood 3- served- attthiswhitesittinginyourhome in Reykjavikona chillywintermorning. Supportersbelievevirtuatrealitywitlnot4 - enhanceentertainment,butalsoopenneweducational horizonsandcontributeto thedeveloomentof science andthearts.ltwill5- manyof ourtasks simpler,andaltowpeopleto express6- creativityin manynewways. Others,however,thinkthatthe long-termeffectsof virtualrealitymaybemuch7- beneficiat.They pointto probtems8- physicatandmentalthat peoplewho usethetechnologyexperience,e eyestrainand nausea.Thesearejusttemporaryeffects, butscientistsfearthatprolongeduseofvirtualreality maycausepermanentchanges,especiallyin children, 10- brainsaredeveloping. ExamChallengeI
- 95. *ffi Readthefollowingarticleaboutthegeneticmodification offood.Somepartsofthetexthavebeenremoved.Com- pletethetextbymatchingthesentences(A-G)withthe gapsinthetext(r-6).Thereisonesentencewhichyoudo notneedto use. Weweretoldthatthegeneticmodificationoffoodwould teadtotheuseofmorechemicalsprays.1- Geneticalty modified(GM)cottongrowersinIndia,AustraliaandChina aresprayinglessthanhalfasmuchpesticideontheircrops; GMcorngrowersintheUnitedStatesarespendinglessthan beforeoninsecticide.BritishgrowersofGMsugarbeetare sprayingherbicideonceinsteadoffivetimes.2- Ofcourse,theorganicfarminglobbyarguesthatit,too,can bringbackwildlife.3-Becauseorganiccropsrequire nitrogengrownelsewhereratherthanmanufacturedfrom theairinafactory,organicfarmingisland-hungry. TheeconomistIndurGoklanyhascalculatedthatifthewortd triedtofeeditscurrentpopulationofsixbillionpeopleusing the(mainlyorganic)technologiesandyieldsof1951,it wouldrequire82olooftheworld'slandareatobecultivated in'steadof38"/o.a- Speakingoffood,inEuropeit is commontoheartheargumentthattheworldnowproduces enoughfoodwithoutGMfoods.Yes,buthowdiditachieve this?Byrapidlyadoptingfeftiliser,pesticidesandhigh- yieldingvarieties.This'GreenRevolution'dependedon geneticallynewvarietiescreatedbyartificiatmutationusing nuclearradiationandchemicalmutagens. PessimistsmightsaythatdespitetheGreenRevolution, thereisstillpovertyandmalnutrition.Butforthepast centurytheworldhasgotsteadilybetterformostpeople. Youdonotbelievethat?| amnotsurprised.Youarefedsuch a strongdietofnewsabouthowbadthingsarethatitmust behardtobelievetheywereonceworse.5 Longevity isincreasingfasterinthepoorsouththanintherichnorth. lnfantmortatityislowerinAsiathaneverbefore.6- Hereathome,wearehealthier,wealthierandwiserthan everbefore.Pollutionhasdectined;prosperityincreased; optionsopened. Allthishasbeenachievedprimarilybythatmosthatedof tricks,thetechnicalfix.Byinvention,notlegislation. A Thebirds,butterfliesandflowersarecomingbackinto thefieldswhereGMcropsaregrown. B Butchooseanystatisticyoulikeanditwiltshowthatthe lotofeventhepoorestisbettertodaythanitwasin1903. C Theoppositeprovedtrue. D ThatmeansploughinguptheAmazon,irrigatingthe SaharaanddrainingtheOkavango. E F Decadebydecadepercapitafoodproductionisrising. However,thegreenrevotutiondidnotsolveallpoverty andmalnutrition. Butonlyata price. 1 Completethetextwithsuitablewords. TheMayaaremysterious.Thisishowthisancientculture 1- alwaysbeenportrayed,andrecentlya long seriesofdocumentarieshaspresenteda pictureofa peoplewithpracticesandaworldviewthatisvery difficultformodernpeople2-understand. Lots ofresearchershavedecidedtostudyMayancultureand historyandit seemsthateventsofa mysticalnaturehave guidedeveryone3- hastakenupthestudyof theMaya. Themostextraordinaryexampleina- history ofMayanismisprobablythestoryofKnorozovwhowas guidedtothetranslationoftheMayanscript.Hisstoryis worthrecounting. DuringWorldWarllYuriKnorozovwasayoungstudentin Leningrad5- hewasdraftedintotheRedArmy. InthefinaIassaultonBerlinhesawtheNationalLibrary 6-flames andsorushedinand7- randomgrabbeda booktosaveit.Thebookturnedoutto beafacsimileoftheonlythreesurvivingMayanCodices 8- wereknownatthetime.BackinRussiahe wasencouragedtotakeonbreakingtheMayancode andsevenyearse- hepubtishedthesolution ina RussianjournaIof[inguistics.lttooksomethirty additionatyearsforthissolutiontobeacceptedinthe West.I canonlyimaginethathehimsetf10- haveconcludedthatgrabbingthatparticularbookwasa mysticaleventasitdeterminedhismissioninlife. 2 Completethetextwiththecorrectwordsa-d. Eatinga properbreakfasteverymorningisnevermore importantthanwhenyouarea chitd.Nutritionistsstress that,1- harditis,parentsshould 2-sure theirchitddoesnotgotoschoolon anemptystomach.Arecentsurveyof 5,000parentsof primaryschoolpupilsacrosstheUKshowsthat, 3- thelong-runningcampaignstressingthe importanceofbreakfast,nearly25percentofchildren 4- itatteastonceaweek.Thisisnot 5-to parentaIneglectbutbecauseyoung peopleoftendon'teatwhatisputontheirplates.The bestbreakfastfoodsarethosethat5- energy ExamChallenge,(R
- 96. slowlyandarelowin saltandsugar.Mostchitdren, however,7 -to eatporridge,wholegrain breadororganiccereals.Andmanyexhaustedparents eventuallygiveup the fightoverfood,eventhoughthey seethe 8- effectsof unheatthyeatinghabits. Onein fouroarentse-that theirchildwas moreirritableif theydidn'thavebreakfastandfifteen percentsaidit 10- theirchildlethargic. 1 awhatever bwhenever chowever dwherever 2abe bdo cget dmake 3 a although b despite c in spite d during 4aswap bskip cendeavourdsavour 5 abecause bas cdue dthank 6arelease brelive crelieve dreceive Tarefuse breproach cretish drebuke 8 anegtigiblebdesirable cpowerful dharmful 9 aavoided bdenied cadmitted dcontradicted 10 acaused bmade clet daltowed 1 Amagazineisrunninga storywritingcompetition. Youhavedecidedto oafticipate.Thetitleis;HowI realisedthatI wasanodultforthefirsttime.Writea narrativeof200-250words. 2 Thereisa discussioninateenagemagazineabout workingfreelanceinwhichyouwouldliketotakepart. Writeanargumentativeessay(200-250words)inwhich yougiveyouropinion.Thetitteofyouressayis:Working freelonce. Task1:Lookatthesetwopicturesandcompareand contrastthem.Theseideasmayhelpyou: o Livingconditionsofdifferentgroupsofpeople(e.9. homelesspeople,squatters,hippies) . lmportanceofhavinga home r Influenceoftivingenvironmentonone'spersonality . TheidealplacetoIive Task2:Preparetoexpressandjustifyyouropiniononthe quotationbelow. 'Homeisa placeyougrowupwantingto leave,andgrow oldwantingtogetbackto.'flohnEdPearce) Doyouagree/disagreewiththestatement?Why? Canyouaddexamptesand/ortalkaboutyourpersonal exoerience? Task3:Speakabouttheworld'sproblems.Thefotlowing ideasmayhelpyou: o Environmentalissuesinyourcountry . Gtobalenvironmentalchanges . Gtobalpoverty . Worldandnationalpotitics(worldpowers,wars,etc.). Task4:Workinpairsandrole-playthefollowingsituation. RoteA(Child):Yourparentswentawayfortheweekend andyoudecidedtogivea parlryeventhoughyouhad promisednotto.Unfortunately,yourfriendswerevery noisyandyourneighbourscomplainedwhenyour parentscameback.Youneedtodefendyourselfand apologise.Suggestareasonablearrangementforparties inthefuture.Yourpartnerstartstheconversation. RoleB(Parent):Youarea parentofa teenageboy/ girl.Yourchildstayedathomeovertheweekend atoneandwhenyoucamebackyourneighbours complainedabouta loudpartyinyourflat.Youare veryangrybecauseyourchildhadpromisednotto doanythinglikethat.Discussitwithhim/herand discussawayofdealingwithanyfutureparties.You startthedialogue. Examchallenge2
- 97. i, RElfflB|lfrw Completethetextwithsuitablewords. Customsofficerssuspectedtherewassomethingodd 1- thetwenty-year-otdButgarianthemomentthey spottedhim2-Prague'sRuzynEAirport. Theman,who hadjustarrivedon a directcommercial ftightfromlstanbul,wasedgyanduncertain,and3 awkwardbehavioursuggestedthathehadneverreatly travelled4-. Even5- theairport'ssecurity cameramonitor,customsofficers6- sensethat histrendyclothesandcarry-onbagbetiedhisprovincial demeanour. Afterputtinghimz- andX-rayinghisbag,the officersconfirmedtheirsuspicions:thesoftmaterialbag containeda doubtebottom,in8- 2.74kgofheroin laywrappedintwolayersofbtackptastic. Forairportcustomsofficers,thisseizurewas9 secondmajorheroinhaulinasmanymonths.InDecember, a Romanianmaninhistwentieshadbeenstopped,also arrivingona directcommercialflightfromlstanbul,with 2.5kgofheroinconcealedinthereinforcedbackofhis rucksack.Witha streetvalueof10- 800to 1,000Kd (€30-€40)pergram,officiatsestimatethevatueof heroin11- manwascarryingtobeinthemittionsof Czechcrowns. @@ 2 Completethetextwiththecorrectwordsa-d. Thirtyyearsago,at7.30a.m.onaTuesday,Istood 't- a roomfulof restlesspre-adolescents.Unexpectedly,I hadbeenplacedinfrontof70ofthemwiththeinstructions: 'Theycan'tusetheplaygroundbecauseoftherain.Keep thembusyuntit2- teachersgethere.' I tookedoutovertheirfaces,3-ten percent hopefulnessthatI a- somethinginteresting,and 90percentcynicismthatanyadults-. Theirbodies wereslumped,theirarmswerefolded.Theywere6- metoentertainthem. Notknowingwhatelsetodo,I beganto7 -a story. Withinmoments,theirpostureschanged.Theirfaces relaxed.Theireyesrolledslightlyback.Bestofatt,they remainedentrancedthroughoutthefifteenminutes 8- thestory. I hadnowaye- it,butthosefifteenminuteschanged mylife.10- thenextfewyears,I followedthe'story response'ofchildrenandadults- outofmyteachingjob, intofreetanceperforming,andfinattyintomyroleasa storytellingcoach. 1 a faced b facing c havingfaced d face 2 a theother b other c theothers d another 3 a thatreleased b thatcontained c whichrevealed d whichconfirmed 4 a -witI say b wouldsay c didsay d wouldhavesaid 5 a alwayswould b evenmight c evercould d neverwill assumrng cha[[enging considering inquiring say tell talk make of while during throughout to haveknown ofknowing howto know howknow Over White ln of 5 a b c d 7 a b c d 8 a b c d 9 a b c d 10 a b c d Review1. 1-2
- 98. F r-,.!t -.'l.lr:{rar F}r- Completetheparagraphwiththecorrectwordsa-d. Withtheirbeautifulplumageandstatelystrut,peacocks area sighttobehotd.Buttheyarenot,itseems,to everyone'sliking. Whensevenroguebirdsescapedtheconfinesof PaigntonZooandtookupresidenceinthegardensof neighbouringhouses,thecomplaintsbegan. TheproblemsbeganinJulylastyearwhentheseven malebirdstookuproostundera largeashtreenext tothezoo'souterfenceandbeganenteringadjoining gardensinHarbourneAvenue. Manyresidentsweredetighted- buttwocomplained toTorbayCouncil.Onesaidhisgarden1 andwas coveredinbirddroppings. Headdedthatthepeacocks,whohavea distinctiveloud call,2- toomuchnoise. Environmentathealthofficerswerecalledinand,after severalmonthsofdebate,thepeacockswere3-. Zoobossessaythey4- unabletofindnewhomes forthem,andaddedthatwhenattempts5- to movetheterritoriaIbirds,theysimptyreturnedtotheir favouredspot. Staff6- theancienttreetostoobirds7- there inthefuture. Yesterday,PaigntonZoo'schiefexecutiveSimonTonge said:'Thedecision8- a lotofpeopte- especially measI aminthebusinessofkeepingbirdsalive.' 'Wewereableto startfromthescratchandcreatea newtype 9 oflearningaboutexperience.Therearenowhistlesorbellsor 10 lockeddoors.Wewantedtobringtheschoolcloserto reallife.' Headded:'l canunderstandpeoplee- annoyeo whenthe birdsarerightundertheirwindowsandwe tried10- the peacocksto theothersideofthe zoo, buttheyiustmadetheirwayback.' 1 a b c d 2 a b c d 3 a b c d 4 a b c d 5 a b c d couldbedamaged hadbeendamaged maydamage weredamaged make weremaking havemade wouldmake putforward putaside putdown putthrough were havebeen woutdbe are ma0e havebeenmade wouldmake hadbeenmade iha werechoppingdown beingchoppeddown choppeddown wouldchopdown roosting havingroosted roost to roost upset hadbeenupsetting wasupsetting hasupset to be been havebeen being to havemoved to move moving move 6 a b c d 7 a b c d 8 a b c d 9 a b c d 10 a b c d 2 Inmanylinesinthistextabouta Britishschoolthereisonewordwhich shouldnotbethere.Findthewrongword,crossit outandwriteit atthe endoftheline.Somelinesarecorrect.Tickthecorrectlines.Therearetwo examplesatthebeginning. A newprimaryschoolinSheffieldisfacingcriticism forthedroppingtheword'schoo['fromitstitteafter whatgovernorsdecidedthetermhad'negativeconnotations'. TheheadteacherofSheffield'sWatercliffeMeadow.Linda Kingdon,saidtheschool,whichit isduetoopenonMonday, willinsteadofbecalleda 'placeforlearning'.'Wedecided fromanearlystagewedidn'twantto usetheword"schoot",' shetoldtolocaInewspapertheSheffieldStar.'ThisisWatercliffe Meadow,a placeforlearning.'Onereasonwasthatformany oftheparentsofthechildrenheretheword'schoot'hasvery negativeconnotations. ,/ 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Review2 r 1-4
- 99. I nsvrnm*;i-b- 1 Comptetethetextwiththecorrectformofthewordsin brackets. Althoughscientistsarestilltryingtolearnexactlywhy peopleneedsleep,animalstudiesshowthatsleepis necessaryfor1- (SURVIVE).Forexample,whilerats normallylivefortwotothreeyears,thosedeprivedofall sleepliveonlyaboutthreeweeks.Sleep-deprivedrats atsodevelop2- (NORMAL)lowbodytemperatures andsoresontheirtailandpaws.Somestudiessuggest thatlackofsteep3- (AFFECI)theimmunesystemin 4-(DETRtMENt) ways. Sleepappearsnecessaryforournervoussystems toworkproperty.Toolittlesleepleavesus5 (DROWSINESS)and6- (ABILITY)to concentrate thenextday.ltalsoleadstoimpairedmemoryand physicatperformanceandreducedabititytocarryout maths7- (cALcULATE).tfsteep8- (DEpRtvE) continues,hallucinationsandmoodswingsmaydevelop. Manyofthebody'sceltsshowincreasedproductionand reducedbreakdownofproteinsduringdeepsleep.Since proteinsarethebuildingblocksneededforcellgrowth andforrepairofdamagefromfactorslikestress,deep sleepmaye- ORUE)be'beautysteep.'Activityin partsofthebrainthatcontroIemotions,decision-making processes,andsocia[10 (INTERACI)isdrasticatty reducedduringdeepsleep,suggestingthatthistypeof sleepmayhelppeoptemaintainoptimalemotionaIand sociaIfunctioningwhiletheyareawake. -L 2 Completethetextwithsuitablewords. Localpubsandinnsaroundthecountryarefighting 'l- closurewitha seemingtyimpossibtebargain - lunchforiusta quid.'Theoriginalf 1food-menu pub,'saysa2-outside theFourCrosseslnnnear Cannock,Staffordshire.Moreandmorepubsoffer incrediblycheapmeats,buttheowner,TonyRabbitts, insists3- hewasthefirsttoshowit couldbeoone. 'Atfirstitwasonceaweek,butitfilledtheplaceup,so wewentuptotwo,thenfive,andnowsevendays 4-week,' hesays.'We'dbeenstrugglingto paythe bitlsandwouldhavehadto close.butwerefusedto 5- beaten.' Fromservingabout30lunchesa day,Rabbittsisnow doingmorethan300atbusy6-, andbartakings haveincreasedfourfotd. 'We'vegotregularswhocomebackeveryday.Some people7-seven daysaweek.Minibusesfuttof pensionershavestartedcomingfromWolverhamptonfor lunchanda day8-,' saysRabbitts.Andontheday Ivisit,thereisa roaringfire,therestaurantareaisfilling e -with dinersby12.30,and,annoyingly,today,the mincedbeefandonionpiehassold10-. Review3 r 1-6
- 100. 1 Completethetextwiththecorrectformofthewordsin brackets. WeIiveinanaddiction-pronesociety,butofatlthe addictionsoutthere,oneofthemost1- (DEAD)is onethatismostoftenoverlooked:iunkfood.Theterm 'junkfood'referstoanyfoodthatishighincalories,fat, saltandsugarwithoutbringingany2-(NUTRITION) valuetothetable.Unfortunately,thisfoodisusually 3- (coNVENtENcE),tastyandextremelya- (ADDTCI). Junkfoodbecomesa dangerousaddictionbecause itseffectsaresosubtle.Whenweeata chocolatebar, a bagofchips,ora mealoffastfood,wedon'tsee ourarteriescloggingwithfatdeposits.Wedon'tfeeI ourselvesgainingweightasourinternalorgansbecome 5- (FAl)andweak,andmostofthetime,wedon't associate6- flRED),anxiety,7 - (DEPRESS)or skinproblemswiththejunkfoodweconsumedearlier intheday.Wedon'tunderstandthehugeheatth-related repercussionsthatcomeatongwiththetreatsand snacksthatseemso8- (HARM). Webeginouraddictiontojunkfoodatayoungage. Childrenwhobecomeaddictedtojunkfoodactuallystop eatingthenutritiousfoodtheyneedinordertogrowup healthy.Andthecurrentepidemicofchildhoodobesity isonlythetipoftheiceberg.Kidsthat[iveonfatsand sugarshaveshortere- (ATTEND)spans,10 (GROW)problems,andsufferfromtoothdecayandweak bonestructureearlyin life. Completethe textwith suitablewords. Tobe perfectlyhonest,browsing the shopsis somethingto 2- peopleoccupiedwhilestrandedin an anonymousairport. Manyitemsboughtat airportsareiustgimmicksbut oneseemsto 3 founda friendamongbusiness travellers:brightcolouredbucktedstrapsthatgo around yoursuitcase.Withso manysuitcaseslookingidenticat 4-days, a strap5 thiswitthelpyoupick yourbagoutat a hundredmetres,savingvitalseconds at the baggagecarousel.Theyalsohelpholdyourcase togethershouldthe locksspringopen,a notuncommon exoerience. A cheaperalternative,andalsoa device5- witt havea millionandone7 - usestoo,isa ro[[of duct tape,8- knownasgaffertape.Thissupersticky plastic-backedstuffcanbindyourluggagetogether,tape trickybucklesoutof thewayandcanalsobe usedto 2 mende- sortsof articlesthat10- break.Even mobilephonesandlaptopshavebeenspottedon flights heldtogetherwiththisamazingstuff. @@ jjl:{ Review4 r 1-8
- 101. iffisi-';Lr- Completethesecondsentencesothatit meansthesame asthefirst.Usebetweentwoandsixwordsandincludethe wordin brackets. 1Janesaid,'l'lIbebackbysevenp.m.'(ME) Jane_ backbysevenp.m. 2 Incaseyouneedanyhelp,pleasecontactouroffice. (SHOULD) _ anyhelp,pleasecontactouroffice. 3 Atthebeginningofourrelationshipwehadourupsand downs,butwehaven'tquarrelledrecently.(FALLEN) Atthebeginningofourretationshipwehadourupsand downs,butwe_ recently. 4 ltwasn'ta goodideato buysucha hugegift!(SHOULD) Youreally_ sucha hugegift! 5 Mittionsofpeopleat[overtheworldwerewatchingthe concert'FortheEarth'.(WAS) Theconcert'FortheEarth'_ bymillionsofpeopteall overtheworld. 2 ln manylinesinthistextabouta televisionprogrammethereisonewordwhich shouldnotbethere.Findthewrongword,crossit outandwriteit attheendof theline.Somelinesarecorrect.Tickthecorrectlines.Therearetwoexamplesat thebeginning. InMay,FoxTelevisionairedthefirstepisodeoftheirnew realityseries,SecretMillionaire,inwhichwealthybenefactorsgodown undercoverinanimpoverishedneighbourhoods.Eachweeka millionaire leavestheirluxurylifestylebehind,inordertotakeona secretidentityandIive ina deprivedareaforabouttendaystime.Livingona timitedbudget, theymustfindouttheirplaceinthecommunityandworkalongside thelocalstoidentifythosewhotheythinkdeserveofa sliceoftheirfortune. Attheshow'sconclusion,themillionairerevealshistrueidentitytothe communityandgivesa minimumof$100,000ofhisownmoneytoattheleast onedeservingperson.Mostofparticipantsaremen,butnotatt.Eachepisode trackstwostorylines:themillionaire'scultureshockasheorsheisimmersed inthepovertyandtherags-to-richesfairytaleofstrugglingindividuatswhogain a financialwindfall. TheysayMikehadlotsofheateddiscussionswithhis parents.(HAD) Mikeis lotsofheateddiscussionswithhis oarents. I regretvoicingmyopinioninfrontofmyteacher.(Wl5H) |- myopinioninfrontofmyteacher. Myparentsdon'tlikeit if Iwearoutlandishclothes. (oBjEcD Myparents_ outlandishclothes. Janehasseena lotin herIife,whichisprobablywhyshe isa broad-mindedperson.(lD Janewouldnotbea broad-mindedperson_ a lotin herlife. 10 TenniswassupposedlyinventedbyFrenchmonks.(HAVE) Tennis_ byFrenchmonks. down 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Review5. 1-10 SecretMillionoireisbasedona Channe[4 UKhitthatisreturningforathirdseasonandwhichwon theprestigiousawardin 2007forbestrealityseriesattheannualfestivaIin Lucerne,Switzerland. tpJk: W3t p P;
- 102. Stimulus-baseddiscussion Thematerialisallrelatedto thetopicof ... Theoverallthemeofthematerialis... Theohotoontheleftshows... Theheadlinesuggeststhat... Thegraphgivesstatisticsaboutthepercentageof... Thegraphshowsthenumbersof ... There'sa quotefrom(somebody)whichsuggeststhat... Thestatisticsintheboximplythat... Themostobvioussimilaritybetweenthephotosisthat... Thephotosaresimilarinthat... Themostobviousdifferencebetweenthephotosis (that)... Inthefirstpicture,...while/whereasin theother,... Photor shows...Photoz, ontheotherhand,shows... So,let'slookatthedifferentoptions. Whatoutsmeoffis ... Attin alt,it's/ it isn't... Ithinkweshouldmoveontothenextoption. Thisonehasquitea lotgoingforit,in myopinion. Canyouthinkofanydrawbacks? I supposetherearewaysaroundthat. Ithinkit'sdefinitetyworthconsidering. Onreflection,maybeweshoutd... So,havewereacheda decision? l'ilgoalongwiththat. Oneadvantageof...is(that)... Onedrawbackof...is(that)... Personally,Ithinkthat... I believe/ | don'tbelieve... Inmyview/ opinion,... Iagreewith.../ | disagreewith... AsfarasI'mconcerned... Personally,I believethat... ThewayI lookatit,... Idon'treallyagreewiththat. That'sjustanopinion- there'snoevidenceto proveit. Butwherewittitend? That'sa fairpoint,Isuppose.Butinmyview... Thatargumentdoesn'tmakesense. Youdon'tneedtotakethingsto suchanextreme. Iseewhatyoumean.But... Youcan'tbeserious. That'showIseeittoo. Igoalongwiththat. Icouldn'tagreemore. That'swhatIthinktoo. Ithinkyou'reabsotutelyright. That'strue,but... I seeyourpoint,but... Itmaybetruethat..., but... Iadmitthat.... However,... I'mwillingtoconcedethat.... Nevertheless,... Idon'tacceptthat. Idisagreewiththeviewthat... Idon'tthinkthat'strue/right. Itaketheoppositeview. I'moftheoppositeopinion. That'snothowIseeitatal.. That'snotthewayI lookatit. Surelyyoudon'tthinkthat... I'mnotsureaboutthat. You'remissingthepoint. Ithinkit'swrongtosaythat... Likeit ornot,... Youhaveto admitthat... Presentationsanddiscussions I'dtiketo beginbysaying... ThefirstthingI'dliketo sayisthat... Firstof all,.../ Firstty,... Secondly,... Finatly,... Somepeoplethinkthat... Othersmaintainthat... FunctionsBank
- 103. True. Yes,Isupposeyou'reright. Yes,Ihadn'tthoughtofthat. Returningto (theissueof/thepointabout...) Torestatethemainargument... AsI saidearlier,... ToreiteratethepointImade(atthestart/earlier),... It'sdifficultto say,really. IguessI'11... | (don't)supposeI't[.../l(don't)imagineI'11... Iwoutd(n't)saythat... IdoubtifI'tt... It'sunliketythatI'll... Assumingthat... I may/mightwell... Itdependswhether/how/what,etc.... It'sanyone'sguesswhat/when/where,etc.... lcouldgoina numberofdirections. ludgingbythefactthat...,I'dsaythat... Thefactthat...woutdsuggestthat... It'sclearfromthefactthat...that... Thiswouldpointtothefactthat... ...whichleadsmetothinkthat... Itakeitthat... Forthatreason,I assumethat... l'[[nowturnto ... I'dnowliketo dealwith... Movingonto mysecondargument,... ...ontheotherhand... Ifreelyadmitthat... Otherstakea differentview. ...asfarastheargumentsfor/against...areconcemed,it is sometimesarguedthat... Thereissomemeritintheargumentthat... Idon'tacceptthere'sanymeritintheargumentthat... Ientirelyreiectthenotionthat... Butthatisnota realisticview. Idon'tthinkthisargumentholdswater. WhatI meantto saywas... WhatIshouldhavesaidwas... Cometothinkofit,... Orrather,... Ortoputitanotherway... Inotherwords,... WhatI'mtryingto sayis... ThepointI'mtryingto makeis... Idon'tknowwhatit'scalledin English. It'sa kindof ... That'saninterestingquestion. Whatelse? Letmesee. Welt,it'sdifficultto say,really. Whataboutdisadvantages?Well,... I'veneverrealtythoughtaboutit before. I'msorry.Idon'tunderstandthequestion. Whatdoes...mean? Couldyourepeatthat,please? Idon'tunderstandwhatyoumean. AsI recall,thetroublestartedwhen... Withhindsight,Isupposeitwas... Ifoundthewholethingquite... Icanstillpictureit ctearly. ...untilit becamecompletelyingrainedin mymemory. ...isaveryevocativetimeforme. Ican'tcal[to mind... Istitthavea clearrecollectionof... FunctionsBank
- 104. Narratives First/ then/ afterthat/finalty Thefollowingday/week theday/night/weekbefore afterawhile Attheendoftheday/week eventually/ at tast/ atfirst/ assoonas Lastweeksomethinghappenedthat... Iwouldneverhavedreamtthat... Themostwonderfulthinghappened... Itwasanexperiencethathaschangedmytife. Hadyoutoldmethat..., Iwouldn'thavebelievedyou. RarelyhaveIbeensopleasantlysurprised... Descriptions lf(shopping)isyourthing,then... lf (nighttife)ismoreyourscene,then... Forthoseseeking... (Cheltenham)benefitsfrom... ...isideatlyplacedfor... ...hasagreatdealtooffer. ...hasawealthof... ...alsocatersfor... Shewearsherhair(tiedback/ ina ponytail/ ina bob). Healwaysseemsto be(inagoodmood). Shetendsto be(cheerful). He'sgoodcompany/ funto bewith. | findherquite(amusing). Hehasa Gentte)side. Shecanbevery(sympathetic). Altinatl,then,... Tosumup,... Forallthesereasons,I reallylikeher. WhatI likemostaboutheris... IwishIcouldseemoreofhim. I'mreallygtadthat...isa friendofmine. Ontythen(didIreatisethat)... Nosooner(hadIanived)than... After(leavingthehouse),they... Having(leftthehouse),they... Asthey(leftthehouse),they... Lookingup,shesaw... Nearthehousestoodatalltree. Beyondtheroadlaygreenfields. Snow-cappedmountainswerevisiblefromthebedroomwindow. Youcouldmakeoutatallshiointhedistance. Themountainwasshapedtikea pyramidi intheshapeofa pyramid. Theskywaslead-coloured/ thecolouroflead. Thealienwasthesizeofanelephant/ asbigasanelephant. WritingPhrasesBank
- 105. Reviews Thefilmisanadaptationof... Thefitmwasshotonlocationin... (lhe backstreetsof NewYork)providetheperfectsettingfor... (TheTwoTowers)isthesequelto... Oneofthebestbooks/filmsI'veeverread/seenis... It'soneofthemostfamousbooksinEngtishliterature/ filmsever maoe. Thebook/filmwaswritten/madeinr95o. (KeiraKnightty)waswetl/badtycastintheroleof ... (BradPitt)deliveredafineperformanceintheleadingrole. lwasveryimpressedwiththecharacterisation. Themostimoortantcharacteris... Themaincharacter(s)is(are)... Thestoryisfullofinterestingcharacters,suchas... ...isa fascinatingcharacter. Anotherfascinatingcharacteris... Themovieisbeautifullyfilmedandenhancedbydigitattechnology. Ienjoyedthisstory/book/filmbecause... Itreatlymakesyouthink. Thebestbitwaswhen... Thebest/mostexciting/funniestmomentiswhen... Therewerelotsoftwistsandturns. I couldn'toutitdown. Thebook/fitmraisesimportantquestionsabout... Thebook/fitmisabout(theprobtemof/ importanceof/ what happenswhen...) Eventhoughthestoryissetin (where?/ when?),youfeelthatits messageisstillrelevanttoday. Thecharacterof...isvery(convincing/interesting/tikeable/ mysterious,etc.) lidentifiedwith(acharacter)... Thebookisbeautifullywritten. Therearesomewonderfuldescriotionsof... Asthestoryunfolds,... Afternumeroustwistsandturns,... Theplotrevolvesaround... It'sthestoryof... Thestoryistotdby... ThestoryissetinLondon. Thestoryissetinthenineteenthcentury. Atthestartofthestory,... Inthecourseofthestory... Bytheendofthestory... There'satwistattheend. rosumup,... Altinalt,... Inconclusion,... lwouldrecommendthisbook/fitm. Ithoroughlyrecommendthebook/film. Itwasa reallygoodread. Youwon'tbedisappointed. lfyou'reafanof (sciencefictionstories),you'illovethisbook/fi1m. It'sa really(gripping)storybutifyouwantto findout(whathappens attheend/ to ...),you'lthaveto readthebook/seethefilm yourself! WritingPhrasesBank
- 106. Essays ......?Thisisthequestionweneedtoanswer. Weshouldacknowledgefromthestartthat... Thequestionweneedtoansweris... Somepeoplebelieve/claimthat...However,othersmaintain/think that... Firstofall,I'dtiketo saythat... I'dtiketo startby... Overthepastfewdecades,... Wehavenowreachedapointwhere... Newspapersarefullofstoriesabout... Insomecountries...,whileinothers... Thekeyquestionis... Whatitcomesdowntois.. Whatneedsto bedecidedis... Manypeoplearestartingtowonderwhether... Firstty,it'simportantto statethat... First,I'dliketo presentsome/theargumentsinfavourof... Itseemsclearthat... Itisclearthat... 0ntheonehand,... Itissometimesarguedthat... Oneargumentinfavourof...is... Inmyview/opinion,... | firmlybelievethat... However,,,. Ontheotherhand,... Somepeopletaketheoppositeview,andclaim/maintainthat... Havingsaidthat,... Andyet,... Anotherargumentinfavourof (abanonsmoking)is(that)... Whileit'strueto saythat...,I reallydothink... Eventhoughsomepeoplemaintainthat...,I neverthelessbelieve that... There'ssometruthintheviewthat.... Nevertheless,it doesn'tah:r myviewthat... It'shardto denythat... Tothatextent,it'struethat... Whatismore.... Moreover,... Furthermore,... Similarty,... Weshouldalsorememberthat... Itisalsoworthbearinginmindthat... Forexample,... Forinstance,... Tosumup,Iwouldsaythat... Inconclusion,... Onbalance,... Whileit'struethat...,|firmlybetievethat... However,onbalance,I betievethat... Eventhough...lwouldstillmaintainthat... Itcanbearguedthat.... However,thetruthofthematteris... Despite...Ifeetthat... ,41 writingPhrasesBank ,/
- 107. I t :,&&** ESSAY(FORANDAGATNST) Toomuchsurueillanceisbadfordemocracy.Discuss. Overthe pastfew years,especiallyafterrecentterroristattacks,public safetyhasbecomeanimportantissue.lt is undoubtedlytruethatthe useof publicvideosurveillance(CCTV)isa popularsecuritymethod, but it isalsotrueto saythat it is notwithoutproblems.Thisessaywill takea closerlookat someof the prosandconsof videosurueillance. I willstartwith pointsfor videosurveillance.Firstly,the useof CCTV leadsto the arrestof robbersat banksandcashmachinesandstops barfightsandshoplifters.Secondly,withCCW on the streetsit is claimedthat peopleareafraidof committingcrimeandso do notdo it. Whileit istrueto saythatCCW doesaffectour behavioufI thinkthat thereareat leastthreedisadvantagesto videosurveillance.First,video surveillancemay not be effective- it hasnot beenprovedthat it reduces crime.Secondly,it isexpensive- the moneycouldbe usedfor other things- suchas improvingeducationandstoppingthecausesof crime. Thirdly,CCTVtakesawayour individualfreedomsand manypeopleare startingto wonderjustwho iswatchingusandwhy. Whilereasonsfor usingvideosurveillancesystemsareunderstood,they arenotthe onlysolutionto publiccrimeanddisorder.My own viewis thatalthoughit seemslikea quicksolutionto crime,infactwe willbe -givingawayourindividualfreedominthe nottoo distantfuture. r Makesureyouhaveunderstoodthetitle + ofthe essayandhavereferredto it in the introduction. Inthefirstparagraph,givethereadersome ideaaboutthecurrentsituationandsaywhy thesubjectisimportant.Makesureyougive theoutlineofthestructureofyouressayto hetpthereaderfollowyourargument. Includepointsinfavourofthetopicinthe secondparagraph,evenifyoudisagreewith this.Showthatyoudisagreewithphrases likeWhileit istruetosay ...,Whilethe reosonsfor...areunderstood...,I willstart withpointsfor...to makethiscleartothe reader. Inthethirdparagraph,givepointsagainst thetopic- remembertoacknowtedgethe oppositeviewandstateyouropinion. lnthefinalparagraph,restatebothpointsof viewbeforegivingyourownopiniononthe subject. Astheworld'spopulationgrows,humanswilldefnitelyneedto lookforother o Giveanoutrineortheessayinthe r ;#; ;;;;'J'#;;;;; il;;;; ;t;. ;;ffi;i;;; t;# rooaywe ESSAY(OPTNTON) Whatarethe possibleusesof spacetravelin the nearfuture? Giveyouropinion. areverylikelyto havecolonisedspaceandareboundto haveinventednew formsofspacetravelInthisessayIwilllookat howwewillgoto space,and howwecanlivethere. Themostlikelywayintospaceisbyreusablespacecraftbutthereareother possibilitieslikeaspaceelevator:a liftintospace,orspaceballoonsmaywell beusedto liftusintoorbit.Otherpossibilitiesinspacearenuclear-powered spacecraft,whichareverylikelyto bebuiltorshipspoweredbysolarwinds- anotheroossiblealternative. Butwherewillwebegoing?Alreadyspacetourismisa strongpossibilitywith companiesofferingspacerides.Withinthenext100yearswewillalmost defnitelyhaveorbitinghotelsforpeopleto stayhighabovetheplanet. Ona moreseriousnote,itseemsincreasinglylikelythatwewillneedto havea baseonthemoonto minemineralsandprovideastationto goto otherplaces, forexampleNASAisalreadyplanningthisforthemiddleofthiscentury Andafterthemoon?WeknowthatthereiswateronMarsandforthelong- termfutureofthehumanrace,wewillalmostdefinitelyneedto settleon theplanetandstarta newcolonyinorderto takepressureofftheEarth's CCOSVSTCMS introductionto helpyourreaderfollow yourargument. . Inthe secondparagraph,giveyourfirst 1_ mainpointtogetherwithanysupporting ' pointsandexamples. o Inthethirdparagraph,giveyoursecond, mainpointtogetherwithanysupporting pointsandexamples. o Inthefourthparagraph,giveyourthird 1 mainpointtogetherwithanysupporting pointsandexamples.Rememberto use linkingexpressionssuchasfor exomple, moreover,in addition,and so on. . Inthe finalparagraph,giveyour ---- opiniononthetopic- ifyouare --- givinga prediction,rememberto use expressionsforspeculatingaboutthe future.
- 108. FILMREVIEW SlumdogMillionaireisthekindofedgythrillerthatpeopleabsolutely adore.BaseduponthebookQondA byVikasSwarup,itwasdirected byDannyBoyleandstarsrelativelyunknownactors. ThestoryissetinMumbaiwitheighteen-year-oldJamaljustoneanswer awayfromwinningatwenty-millionrupeefortuneontheIndianversion of WhoWantstoBeaMillionaire?Thehandsomeandterrifiedyouthis fromtheslumsbutJamal'sunexpectedsuccessturnshimintoa national sensation.ltstartsneartheendofthestorywitha brutalpoliceofficer wantingto knowhowJamalcheated.Whatthehellcanaslumboy possiblyknow?shoutsthepolicechief.Jamalrevealshoweachquestion inthequizrelatesto achildhoodmemory:growingupaloneafterthe deathofhismother;shakinghandswithaf lmstar,andsoon.Welearn thehistoryofJamalinflashbacks,asheanswersquestionsfromhisown lifeexperiences.ButwhatJamalreallywantsisto capturetheheartof hischildhoodsweetheart.Latika Thepowerofthefilmisthewayitcapturesthestorythroughtheeyesof achild.Thefilmisvisuallyastonishingandthefast-movingactionpulls youin,butit'sthecomplexcharacterswhoholdyouthere. Thiscouldbeathirdrate,light-heartedromance,butthegripping storylineandextremelypowerfulperformancesmakeitanythingbut that.Iwouldthoroughlyrecommendthisfilmforanyoneinterestedina fairy-talefilmwithrealhonestyatitsheart, r lnthefirstparagraph,givetheaimsand objectivesofyourreportandsaywhythe subjectisimportant. . Describetwoexamplesofthesubjectofyour r report,remembertosoftennegativecomments withmorewordsthannecessaryQeriphrasis) orbynotbeingdirect(euphemism). Describetwomoreexamples. Finishwitha recommendation forthereaderandgiveyour personalopinions. Tettthereaderthetitleofthefilm,the kind of fitmit is,the directorandactorsin the first paragraph. Giveanoutlineofthe ptotin thesecond paragraph.lfyoucan,includesomedirect quotationsfromthefitm.Useparticipleclauses if oossible. Saywhatyoulikedor dislikedaboutthefitml' thethirdparagraph.Rememberto uselotsof adiectivesfordescribingfilmsmakethe reade- interestedin seeingthefilmandphrasessucl- as Thepowerof thefilm is ...,if3 the... which whohold you there,the...pullsyou in. Finishthe reviewwitha recommendationto se= it or notandwhowouldbe interestedin it. a o REPORT Tourismin Ravenporthasgrownrapidly- theaimof thisreportisto review placesto stayandsuggestonefor peoplecomingto thecity Largehotels Therearetwo five-starhotelsin the Ravenportcitycentre:the Majesticand the PalaceTheMajestichasrecentlyundergonerefurbishmentandnow has air-conditioningandInternetaccessin allitsroomsandboaststhreevery goodrestaurants.Unfortunately,what it gainedin style,it lostin character andnow lookssimilarto anyotherhotel,with itssterile,formalatmosphere ThePalaceHotel,on theotherhand,isa littleon theshabbysideandis lookingquiteout-dated.However,it isstilla veryimpressiveplaceto stay with itsart-decoarchitectureandold-fashionedaccommodation Smalleraccommodation Fromthe manysmallerhotelsandbedandbreakfasts,two reallystandout asqualityplacesto stay:the HotelViktorHugoandthe OrientalRooms. Bothplacesarefamilyrunbusinesseswith a welcomingatmosphereand cleanroomswhichcanbea biton thesmallside.Thatsaid,bothplaces tendto somewhatrule-boundwhichmeansthatthe guestisrestrictedin theirtimeof arrival,breakfastandwhattimetheyareallowedto stayout Recommendation With a widerangeof accommodationin allpriceranges,it reallyisdown to personaltaste,but if youwantto experiencea tasteof authentic Ravenstownhospitality,I wouldrecommendstayingat the PalaceHotelfor at leastonenight.
- 109. ,lrJir ''j d ,tt{ Agoodtittewillinterestyourreaderand encouragethemto readfurther. Startyourdescriptionbygivingsomebackground totheeventlikehowyoufelt,whenithappened, whatotherpeoplesaidtoyou. Youcanusequestionstokeepthereader interestedandinvolvetheminthestory,tettthe readerwhathappenedinaninformalandlively stylewithadjectivesforemotionaIstatesand synonyms. Usedirectspeechtomovethestoryforwardand similesforhumorouseffect.Finishthestorywith a conclusiontosayhowit affectedyoulater. DESCRIPTIONOFAPTACE Oncenotoriousfor its deprivation,rundown housingandindustrial dereliction,Glasgowhasreinventeditself asoneof the UKs trendiestand mostvibrant cities.In factthe I-onelyPlanettravelguideratesit asoneof *rllsf,'xfffi' REPORTDESCRIBINGANEVET{T Mydisastrousfirstday Whenthealarmrangat7'.30a m Ifeltnervous- itwasmyfirstdayat workandIwasn'tlookingforwardto it Irememberedalltheadvice: dresswell,tryto smile,rememberthenamesofpeopleanddon'tbe latelIshowered,hadbreaHastanddressedinasuitl'dboughttheday before.IwasstartingworkasanlTassistantatanAmericansoftware companyandIwaseagerto makeagoodimpression. Anyway,Iarrivedasearlyaspossiblefora meetingatnine.WhenI got thereIwasverytense- whatwerethepeoplelike,whatwouldthey thinkaboutme?ThemeetingwithJonathon,alaid-backAmerican,went wellandIthoughtthatmyfirstdaywouldbefine.Hegavemeatalkand thenshowedmearoundthebuildingandintroducedmetothestaff, Theofficeswereina modernbuildingwithacoffeebarwherepeople werechattingandlaughing Jonathontookmeto meetsomecolleaguesandboughtmeacoffee. 'Look',heexplained,'Youdon'tneedto dresssosmarthere- l'mnot impressedbyappearances,'hesaidandIbeganto feellessuptight. Andcutoffthepricetagfromthebackofyourjacket',headded. 'Saveitfora moreformaloccasion.'Iwentasredasa beetrootwhen I realisedl'dtouredtheofficewitha pricetagonmyback,butweall laughedaboutitlater. o Includethe nameof the cityin the first .--+ paragraphandgivea reasonor two whyit is speciat. o In the secondparagraph,writeabout its -- theworld'stoptencitiesfor visitors- on a parwith Chicagoor Lisbon. locationandtellthereadersomeofthettring>| Scotland'sbiggestcityisnowanaffluenlcosmopolitanplaceteemingwith to seeanddothere. o Gointomoredetailaboutthingsto seeanddo a in thecityin paragraph3 andfocuson oneor two placesto describein detail.Usemetaphors like a sfone3 throwowayand the cityis buzzing 1 to makethedescriptionmorenaturaland interesting. o Finally,tettthereaderyourimpressionsofthe cityandfinishwithaquestion,ifpossible. designerbars,first classrestaurants,nightclubsandlive-musicvenuesthat caterfor all tastes.But that'snot the whole story - Glasgow'sindustrial pasthasleft the city well providedwith manybeautifulbuildings,parksand museumsdatingbackto the Victorianperiod. The city offerssomeof the bestmuseumsandgalleriesin Britain - and nearly all of these are free. Most distinctive of all is the work of Charles RennieMackintgsh,whoseelegantArt Nouveaudesignsappearall over the city,particularlyin the stunningSchoolof Art. Almost in contrastto its architecturalheritage,the old shipyardsarebeingredevelopedasthe GlasgowScienceCentrewith futuristicbuildingsa stone'sthrow from the river Clyde. Bestof all,though,is Glasgou/slive-musicscenewhich is oneof the bestin Britain, and.buzzingwithvenuesdedicatedto live music.But the mostimpressivething aboutGlasgowis the people- downto earth and humorous,proud of their working classbackgroundandleftistbaditions. And besidesall this,where elsein the world canyou land in the middleof a city in a seaplane? WritingBank
- 110. l- : .'',t"'' ARTICLE:NARRATIVE Jarvis- the guardianghost It waslatesummerwhenAlan,a twelve-year-oldboy,wassittinghaving breakfastwith hissisterandhisparents.Suddenly,a jar movedacrossthetable. Alansmiledandwhispered,'Stopit,Jarvis.'Hismotherasked,'Howdidyoudo that?''l didn't,Mum,'hereplied.'Jarvisdid it.' 'Who?'askedAlan'sfather.'The blokefromupstairs,'Alanexplainedfurther.'Thismancomesintomyroomat night,helookslikea ghost- youcanseethroughhim Hisname'sJarvis.' Thatnight,Alan'sdadwent quietlyto hisson'sbedroom.Heopenedthe door andsawAlansittingup in bed.Nearthe bedwasa shadowyfigurewhich vanishedashelookedat it.Alansdadshouted,'Alan'sriglft!Thereisa ghostin hisroom!' Thefollowingday,theyvisiteda priestThepriestinterviewedAlanthenlooked at hisparents,'Wereyouburgledaboutthreemonthsago?''Yes,'saidAlans father,'but nothingwastaken.''lsn'tthat unusual?'askedthe priest,'Alansays Jarvisscaredthe robbersaway.'Thenthe prlestaskedAlan'ssister,'Didyourun in frontof a carbut somethingcarriedyouto safety?''Yes,'Alan'ssisterreplied. 'Againit wasJarvis,'the priestsaidkindly.'AlansaysJarvislooksafteryoulikea guardianangel.You'dbetterjustlivewith him He'sdonea lotof good.' Unfortunately,onlyAlanandhissistercouldacceptJarvis,andthefamilymoved home.Ontheirlastnight,AlanheardJarviscryingsoftly. lfyoudonotknowthenameofthe personyouarewritingto,startwith DearSir/Madam,andrememberto finishwithYoursfaithfully. Trytogiveyourstoryatitlethatwantsto makethereadercontinuethestory. Givethereadersomebackgroundtothestory - whereandwhenithappenedandwhoto- - thefirstparagraph. Developthestoryin paragraphtwo- remembertouseavarietyofadverbs. Givemoredetailsabouttheplotinparagrap- 3 usingavarietyofdirectandindirectspeec- Remembertouseavarietyofreportingverbs to makethestorymoreinteresting. Finatty,tettthereaderwhathappenedatthe endofthestoryandanyconsequencestha: followedon. re.Iaxing holiday and we woul-d and service cost as well as a LETTEROFCOMPI.AII{T North Rcal Uxbrii:: Middl e s e:: ubo _ J, April 2C -, CarQuik Unit 16 Marsh Business Park Eal ing London Dear Sir/Madam, T^16 r6^^h+l!' Li-^A - r:r frnm rr fnr r urooL:nd T rm L'rifi^^ r^yvu!991''Pql'JlUroaol''w!fLltlgLv aomnliin in tha qrr^nd.cf lermq:lrnrrr !L_! "-rf urrnnn wirruv'.'yrqf il J,lvrrYerL L" Lrrvr f ha ^a r rrn,r <rrnn l i orl To begin with, in your brochure you claim that your cars are the lalest mode-Is and that they are cleaned inside and out before the next customer takes them away. When we arrived at the garage we were told that all the other cars were out and the only one availab.Ie was a ten-year-old vehicle, and we were then informed that you had not had time to cl-ean it. However, because it was Lhe tirst day of our holiday, we decided to take the car afrer your represenLacive assured us Lhat it was a very reliable vohielc. As wF wpra dri7ird j-^ tha ^^acf we noticed a rumblinc qnrrnd frn- the back of Lhe car, which got worse as we drove on. Then a few miles la--e: Lhe exhaust dropped off and black smoke scarced pouring from the engj-ne. Aa a.^nca^rrah-a uro h:d r^ c^6n.i tha fir<f Farr d:trc nf alr h^rir-.' r- - -v Jyc.re :rurfuay trl d small vil-Iage outside London waiting for the car to be repaired at our:T: expense. 18 writeaboutwhathappenedandwe weretheninformedandweweretold thattoreportwhatthepeoplesaid. Describewhathappenedand 7 givethe firstmainreasonfor complaining. Describewhathappenedand -----)> givethe secondmainreasonfor complaining. Givemoredetaitsaboutwhat --- happenedasa resultofthe - company'sfault. Inthefinalparagraph,tellthe '4> companyaboutthe overalleffectof theiractionsandwhatyouwould likethemto do. All of this snoilf what shou.Id have been a like a refund for the amount the car parts ful,l refund of the cost of the hire. L'r!urfy, M^ri^ P^dl6' WritingBank
- 111. DefinitionsadaptedfromOxfordAdvancedLearnedsDictionary,7thedition0SBN978-0-19-437606-4) Unit1 Beginnings accessibleadi/ek'sesebl/ableto bereached,entered, used,seen.etc.Thercmotedesertoreaisaccessible onlybyhelicopter. accountfor sth phrv /e 'kaunt fo(r)/to bethe explanation or causeof sth Thepoor weothermayhaveaccounted for thesmallctowd. apprehenslveadl/,aprr'hensrv/worriedor frightenedthat sth unpleasantmayhappenI wosa liftleopprehensive abouttheeffectsof whatI hadsoid.) Shewosdeeply apprehensivethotsomethingmightgo wrong. backdownphrv /,bek 'daun/to takebacka demand,an opinion,etc,thatotherpeoplearestronglyopposed to; to admit defeatSherefusedto bockdownon o pointof principle. baffiedadi/'baefld/completelyconfusedbysb/sth/'m boffiedwhyshehasn'tcalled. bewflderedadi ibr'wrlded/extremely confusedwe were reollybewilderedbyherdecisionnot to tokethejob I andlage idiom/baron'lo:d3/usedwhenyouaresaying somethingthatisgenerally,butnotcompletety,true8y ondlorge,I enioyedmytimeatschool. Gtetorically adv/,kate'gorrklii in a waythat shows thatyouareverysureaboutwhatyouaresayingHe cotegoricallyrejectedouroffer. cirumspectadi/'se:kamspekVthinkingverycarefuttyabout sthbeforedoingit, becausetheremayberisksinvotved I'mquitecircumspect- | don'tthinkit'sagoodtimeto buyproperty. disenchantedadj/,drsrn'tJo:ntrd,,no tongerfeeling enthusiasmforsb/sth;notbetievingsthis goodor worth doingHesoonbecamedisenchontedwith work -he wasnevergivenonyresponsibility- dlsllluslonedadi/,drsr'lu:3nd.rdisappointedbecausethe personyouadmiredorthe ideayoubelieyedto be goodandtruenowseemswithoutvalueI soonbecome disillusionedwith thejob. disorientatedadj/drs'c:riantertrdfeetingconfused becauseyouarein a situationthatis nothmiliarto youAsthemistdescendedwebecomedisorientoted. dlstraugfitadi/dr'strr:t extremelyupsetandamious so thatyoucannotthinkclearlyShewosdistroughtHhen sheheordof hermother'sdeoth elatedadj/r'lertrd/veryhappyandexcitedbecauseof sth goodthathashappened,orwill happenAtterI passed theexamI felt elotedfor week. evocatlveadi/r'vokatrv/makingyouthinkof or remember a strongimageor feeling,in a pleasantray Thesmell of burningleovesisso evocotiveof autumn. forthetimebeingidiom/fa 6a tarm br:rntora short periodoftime but notpermanentlyYouconleoveyour suitcoseherefor thetimebeing. gravelyadv/'grervli/seriously;in a rvaythat is a worryrng Sheis gravelyill. hlndslgfttn/hamdsarUtheunderstandingthatyouhae d asituationonlyafterit hashappenedandthatnreans youwouldhavedonethingsina differentyraytrs easytD criticisewiththebenefrtolhindsight ingrainedadiAn'grernd/(ofa habit,anattitude,etc) havingexistedfora longtimeandthereforedifficuhto changefhe beliefthatweshoulddo out dutyis deepry ingroinedin mostof us. lronlcallyadv/ar'ronrkli/usedto saythat a situationis strangeor amusingbecauseit isverydifferEntftom whatyou expectlronicolly,the bookshefelt vrs ne, worstsold morecopiesthananyof het othe,s- lfterateadi i 'lrtaraVableto readandwfile Aroundn% of thepopulotionis literote. looselyadv/'lu:slil in a waythat is not eract Thepicyis looselybosedon hischildhoodin Russio makeupyourmindidiom/merkrp ja marndto d€<ide slh They'reboth beautiful-l can'tmokeup mymi4d. onceIn a while idiom/,wlns m a'warl occasionallyOorei' a whilemyfriendsandI meetupfor o dink onwardsadv /'onwedzJcontinuingfrom a parti:rbrtfune Theylivedtherefromthe 1980sonwords. overawedadi/,euvar'r:d/beingsoimpressedbysb/sth thatyoufeelnervousor frightenedTheplayerswere overawedbytheoccosion,andlostthefinal 4-1. ovcrwhelmedadi/,auva'welmd/feelingsoemotionalin responseto sththatyoudo notknowhowto reactl,ye wereovenryhelmedbyfeelingsof guilt. paradoxicallyadv/,pera'doksrkli/usedto saythata situationisstrangebecauseit hastwooppositefeatures thatmakeit seemimpossibleor unlikelyto happen Paradoricolly,the lesssheate,thefottershegot. partialadir'po:JVshowingor feelingtoo muchsupport foroneperson,team,idea,etc.,in a waythatis unfair perplexedadi/ps'plekst/confusedandanxiousbecause youareunableto understandsth Shelooked Derclexed. petrlfiedadi/'petrrfard/extremelyfrightenedI'm petrifted of snokes. preoccupiedadj/pri'okjupard/thinkingorworryingabout sthsothatyoudo notpayattentionto otherthings Hewassopreoccupiedwith hisworkthothe missed dinner. promptlyadv/'prDmptli/immediatelyShereodtheletter ondpromptlyburstinto teors. purportedlyadv/pa'pc:trdlilaccordingto whathasbeen statedto havehappenedorto betrue,whenthismight not bethe caseo lefterpurportedlywtittenbyMozorI ecollrtion n r,reka'lekjn/a thingthatyouremember ftom the past fo havea cleor/vlvld/dlm/wgue recollrtion of sth reminiscev remr'nrs/to think.talkorwriteabouta happytimeinyourpastWespento happyevening reminiscingaboutthepast. lemoscful adi ,rI m3:sfuextremelysorryforsth wrongor badthatyouhavedone esolutely advI'rezalu:tli/in a waythat showsgreat determinationTheyremoinresolutelyopposedto theideo standupto sb/sthphrv /,stend'^p/to resistsb/sth;to notacceptbadtreatmentfromsbwithoutcomplainint I thinkyoushouldstandup to her; she'siusttryingto bullf you staundttyadv str:ntJli/in a strongandloyalwayShe stounchlydefendedthenewpolicy. sr,rpgo*dtyadv/so'pouzdli/accordingto whatis generally thougtftor believedbut not knownfot ceftainThenovel issupposedlybosedono truestory, swifttyadv 'swrftfi/ quicklyand imnediatelyHeswiftly DUto stoDto therumours, t.|rs€adi tens'(ofa person)nervousorworried,and unableto relaxEveryoneis verytensein theoffice- hopefullytheeconomywill improvesoon. therrDyadv 6ea'bal/usedto introducethe resultof theactionor situationmentionedRegularexercise strengthenstheheart,therebyreducingthe riskof heortottock thus adv 6is in this way;likethisThe universitieshove eryonded,thusallowingmanymorepeoplethe chance of highereducotion. tinc ftr timeidiom,,tam o:fte'tarm,/often;on many o<asions Youwillget aperfectresulttimeaftertimeif tou follo* theseinstructions. fail n trert a particularqualityor characteristic, 6p€cially onebelongingto a perconHonestyis on essentioltraitfor a policeofficer, traurnetkadi rrJ:metrk,/extremelyunpleasantand causingyouto feelupsetand/oranxiousThecorcrosh nasEry troumotic;shestillfindsit hardtosleep. gr..sy adi u rzi feelingworriedor unhappyabouta perticularsituation,becauseyouthinkthatsth bad mayhappenor becauseyouarenotsurethatwhatyou aredoing is (igllt I feelveryuneosyaboutbeinghere- oreyousure it'sOK? lnnarvt{ adi rn ns:rd"feelingnervousor frightened o{ hayinglostconfidenceShet beenunnervedbyher .ecentfoll,ondstoysindoorsnow, uptidiladi rpralt anxiousand/orangryaboutsth Don'tbeso uptight;youneedto learnhowto relox. wlthdrawnadi/$16'drr:n/notwantingto talk to other people;extremelyquietandshyHewasafairly withdrawnchild: he rorelyspoketo strongers. GetreadyforyourexamI attached(to sb/sth)adi/o'tEtjt futlof affectionfor sb/sth I'veneverseentwopeoplesoottochedto eochother. breedn /bri:d/a particulartypeof animalthathasbeen developedbypeoplein a controlledway,especially a type of dog,cator farm animallabradorsandother breedsof large dog extractv /'ekstrekt/to removeor obtaina substancefrom sth,forexamplebyusingan industrialora chemical grocessa machinethotextroctsexcessmoisturefrom the oir immortalityn /,mr:'teletilthe stateof beingableto live or existfor everbeliefin the immortalityof thesoul a Heis wellon hiswoytoshowbusinessimmortaliv. markv /mo:k/to bea signthatsthnewisgoingto happenTheogreementmork o newphasein international relations. notorletyn /,n3uta'rarati/fameforbeingbadin someway Sheochievednotorietyfor heraffoirwiththesenotor. replican /'rephka/a verygoodor exactcopyof sth a replicoof the Eiffeltower revulsionn /rr'vdJn/a strongfeelingof disgustor horror Shefelt o deepsenseof revulsionot theviolence, sniffsb/sthoutphrv /,snfauUto discoverorfindsb/sth by usingyoursenseof smellThedogsoretroinedto sniffout drugs. spfnl v /'sparral/to increaserapidlythespirollingcostof healthcorea Pricesarespirallingout of control. sunogateadi/'s^raget/usedto describea personorthing thattakesthe placeof,or is usedinsteadof,sb/sth elseShesowhim oso sort ofsurrogotefother, tissuen /'trju:/ a collectionof cellsthat formthe different partsof humans,animalsand plantsmuscle/brain/ nerve.etc.tissue Unit2 Stories absent-mlndedadi/,ebsant'marndrd/tendingto forget things,perhapsbecauseyouarenotthinkingabout whatis aroundyou,butaboutsth elseHe'ssoobsent- minded,he keepslosing his glasses. actlon-packedadj/'ekJn pekV fullof excitingeventsand activityThelostlndionaJonesfilm wosoction-pocked. adaptationn /,adep'terJn/a film,televisionprogramme or playthatis basedon anotherpieceof work, suchasa novelHestarredin a screenadoptotionof Shokespeore's'Macbeth'. all-timeadj/'c:l tarm/of anytime Profitsarc at on all-time hi9h. beddlngn /'bedr!/the sheetsandcoversthatyouputon a bed,oftenalsothe mattressandthe pillowslhey weregivennewbeddingaso weddingpresent, boxofficen /'bDksofis/the placeat a theatre,cinema, etc.wherethe ticketsaresold Themoviehosbeena hugebox-officesuccess(: monypeoplehovebeen to see it). buffn /brfl a personwho ls veryinterestedin a particular subiector activityandknowsa lot aboutit o film buff cold-bloodedadi/,kauld'bhdrd/(ofpeopleandtheir actions)showingnofeelingsor pityforotherpeoptea cold-bloodedkiller coretedadi/'k^vetrd/(ofanaward,iob, position,etc.) desiredorwishedfor bymanypeoplefheyorethis year'swinnersofthe covetedtophy. cut-prlceadj /,krt'prars/soldat a reducedpricecut-price goods/fares edgyadi/'ed5i/(ofa film,book,pleceof music,etc.) havinga sharpexcitingqualityo clever,edgyfilm enhancedadjAn'ho:nst/improvedin quality,valueor statusenhancedefficiency escapismn /r'skerpzam./an activity,a formof entertainment,etc,thathelpsyouavoidorforget unpleasantor boringthin$ Thefilm isa harmless pieceof escapism. Wordlist
- 112. exhilarationn irg,zle'rerjn/a feelingofgreathappiness andexcitement/Vothingnuch canmotchthe exhilarotion of white-woter rafting. hr-fetchedadj/,fo:'fetJt/verydifficultto believe Thewholestorysoundsratherfar-fetched. featurefilm n /'fixje film/ a main moviewith a story, ratherthana documentary,etc.StarWarsis oneof the highestgrossingfeaturefilms of all tine. flawedadi /flc:d/ havinga fault or a weakness(= a ftaw); damagedor spoileda flawedargumenta thebook's flawedheroine get intosth phrv /,get'rntu/to developa particularhabit Howdid sheget into drugs? get sb downphrv /,get'daun/to makesb feelsador depressedRoinydaysalwoysget me down. grippingdi /'grrpr0iexcitingor interestingin a waythat keepsyourattention Thestorywosgripping, I couldn't put thebookdown. grossv /greus/to earna particularamountof money beforetax hasbeentakenoff it /t /5oneof the biggest grossingmoviesof oll time. hair-nisingadj I'hearennll extremelyfrighteningbut often excitinga hair-roisingodventure/story hant out phrv /,hErJ'aot/to spenda lot of time in a placeIhe locolkidshang out at theshopping centre. hardshipn /'ho:dJrp/a situationthat is difficultand unpleasantbecauseyoudo not haveenougt money, food,clothes,etc.economic/finonciolhardship heaft-throbn /'hc:t 0rob/(usedespeciallyin newspapers) a famousman,usuallyan actoror a singer,thata lot of womenfind attractiveGeorgeClooneyis often describedaso heort-throb. heart-warmlngadi/'ho:t wc:mr1/causingfeelingsof happinessandpleasureo heart-wormingstory klckthe habit,drug,booze,etc.idiom/krk 6a'hebrt/to stop doingsth harmfulthatyou havedonefora longtime Hemanagedto kickthehabitofter15yeorsof heroin addiction. level-headedadi/,levl'hedrd/catmandsensible;ableto makegooddecisionsevenin difficultsituations light-hcailedadi/,lart'ho:nd/f. intendedto beamusing or easilyenioyableratherthantoo serious:d light- heortedspeech2.cheerfulandwithoutDroblems:5he felt light-heaftedondoptimistic. locationn /lau'kerJn/a placeoutsidea film studiowhere scenesof a film are madeThemoviewasshot entirely on locationin ltoly. longingn /'lor1r4/a strongfeetingof wantingsth/sbshe3 longingto returntoJopon;shereallymissesit. loosechangEn /.lu:s'tJernd3/coinsthatyouhavein a pocketor a bagI gavesomeloosechangeto the busker. maroonv /ma'ru:n/to leavesb in a placethattheycannot escapefrom,for examptean island'Lordofthe nies' is o novelaboutEnglishschoolboysmoroonedon a desertislond. mlscastv /,mls'ka:stto choosean actorto playa rolefor whichtheyarenot suitabte movingadj/'mu:vrg/causingyouto havedeepfeelingsof sadnessor sympathya deeplymovingesperience prestigen /pre'sti:3/the respectandadmirationthat sb/ sth hasbecauseof theirsocialposition,or whatthey havedone quick-wittedadi/,kwrk'wrtrd/ableto think quickly; intelligent resentv /fl'zentlto feelbitter or angryaboutsth, especiallybecauseyoufeelit is unfair roadmovien /"reodmu:vi/a film whichis basedon a journeymadebythe maincharacteror characters self-assuredadi/,selfa'Joad/havinga lot of confidence inyourselfandyourabilities sequeln /'si:kwal/a book,fitm,play,etc.that continues the storyof an earlieroneo sequelto thehit movie 'X-men' sequencen /'si:kwens/a partof a film that dealswith one subjectortopicorconsistsofonescene settingn /'setrD/the placeandtimeat whichthe action of a play,novel,etc.takesplaceshorfstorieswith o contempororysefting skipv /skrpito not do sththatyouusuallydo or should do Shedecidedto skipthe afternoon'sclass. sleeproughidiom/sli:p'rnf/to sleepoutdoors,usually becauseyouhaveno homeandno money supportingadi/sa'pc:trq/(aboutan actorin a playor fitm) havingan importantpartbut not the leadingonelhe moviefeaturedMorgonFreemonin a supportingrole. third-rateadi /,e3:d'rert/of very poor quality o third-rate octor twist n /twrst/an unexpectedchangeor developmentin a storyor situation unfoldv /an'faold/to be graduallymadeknown;to graduallymakesth knownto otherpeoplefhe audiencewatchedas thestoryunfoldedbeforetheir eyes.) Sheunfoldedher toleto us. wackyadi/'w€ki/ funnyor amusingin a stighttycrazy wayHehassomewackyideas. X-ratedadj/'eksrertrd/(especiallyof a film)that people under18 arenot allowedto seebecauseit contains sexand/orviolence Getreadyforyourexam2 burrowv /'bnreo/to makea holeor a tunnelinthe ground by digging Eorthwormsburrow deep into the soil. contractv /ken'trekt/ to get an illnessto contractAIDS/o virus/a disease flop n /flop/a fitm,play,party,etc.that is not successfut; a failure lowtyadi/'lauli/lowin statusor importance poultryn I'paultrtlbirdssuchaschickens,ducksand geese,kept for their meator eggsto keeppoultry a poultryfarming sewagen /'su:ldj/usedwaterandwastesubstances producedbyhumanbodies,that arecarriedawayfrom buildingsthroughspecialpipes(= 5shf.tr;a banon the dumpingof rawsewage slghtlngn /'sartrD/an occasionwhensb seessb/sth, especiatlysth unusualor sth that lastsfor ontya short time a reportedsighting ofthe LochNessmonster slumpn /shmp/a suddenfall in sales,prices,the value of sth, etc.a slump in profits taintedadi/'temtrd/(offoodor water)no longersuitable for eatingor drinkingbecauseit containsa dirty, harmfuIor poisonoussubstancetointeddrinkingwater urbanmythn /,s:ben'mro/a storyaboutan amusingor strangeeventthat is supposedto havehappened, whichis oftenrepeatedandwhichmanypeople believeis true Unit3 Partners acqualntancen /o'kwerntens/a personthatyou knowbut who is not a closefriend Clairehosa widecircleof friendsand ocquaintonces. affluentadi / aefluent/havinga lot of moneyand a good standardof tivingo veryoffiuentneighbourhood ancientadi/'ernJent/1. belongingto a periodof history that is thousandsof yearsin the gastancienthistorya ancientGreece 2.veryold; havingexistedfor a verylongtimean ancientoaktree antiqueadi/en'ti:k/ (offurniture,iewelteryetc.)otdand oftenvaluableon antiquedesk associaten ia'sauJiet/a personthatyouworkwith, do businesswith or spenda lot of timewith business associotes attentlveadi/e'tentw/helpfuhmakingsurethat people havewhat they need Thehotelstaffarefriendlyand ottentive. be blessedwith sb/sth idiom/bi 'blestwr6/to havesth goodsuchasability,greathappiness,etc.We're blessedwithfive lovelygrondchildren. be steepedin sth idiom/bi'sti:pt rn/to havea lot of a particularqualitya citysteepedin history bulletproofadi/'bolrtpru:f/ableto stopbu[]etsfrom passingthroughit o bulletproofvest bustlingadi/'bnslrp/full of peoplemovingaboutin a busyway Themorketwasbustling with life. buzzvrbtz.lto be fullof excitement,activity,etc.Thep ::: wosbuzzingwithiournolists. captivatingadi /'keptwertrq/takingallyourattention: veryattractiveandinterestingHefoundher coptivoting. caterforsb/sth phrv /'kertafe(r)/to providethe things that a particularpersonor situationneedsor wants Theclasscatersfor all ability ronges. clientelen /,kli:an'tel/all the customersor ctientsof a shop,restaurant,organisation,etc.Wehaveon internationaI cIientele. close-knitadi/,klaos'nrt/(ofa groupof people)having strongretationshipswith eachotherandtakinga close,friendlyinterestin eachother'sactivitiesand problemsthe close-knitcommunityof o small villo_ci cosmopolitanadj/,kozma'pohtan/containingpeople of differenttypesor fromdifferentcountries, andinfluencedbytheircultureTheclubhoso cosmopoliton atmosDherc. cronyn /'krauni/(oftendisapproving)a personthatsb spendsa lot of time with Hewosplaying cordswit hiscronies. deprivedadj/dr'prarvd/withoutenoughfood,educatio- anda[[the thingsthatarenecessaryfor peopleto ti.* a happyandcomfortablelifean economicollydepri,:: orea desolateadj/'desalat/(ofa place)emptyandwithout people,makingyoufeelsador frighteneda bleokc- : desolatelandscope detourn /'di:toe(r)/a longerroutethatyoutakein order to avoida problemor to visita placeWehadto moxe: detouraroundthefloodedfields. downadi/datin/sador depressedl feela bit downtoo:. driftapartphrv /,drrft e 'po:r/to becomelessfriendlyo: closeto sbAs childrenwe wereveryclose,but os we grew up we iustdriftedoport. eradicatev /r'redrkert/to destroyor get rid of sth completely,especiallysth badWearedeterninedtc eradicateracismfrom oursport. fair-rveatheradi/'feewe6o/(ofpeople)behavingin a particularwayordoinga particularactivityonlywhenil is pleasantforthema foir-weotherfriend(= s6ry6or,ot beinga friendwhenyouareintrouble) harkbackphrv /,ho:k'bek/to remindyouof, or to be like,sth in the pastlhe neweststyleshorkbackto the clothesof theseventies. high-riseadjl'har ravl (ofa buitding)verytatlandhaving a lot of floors hrgh-risehousing hilly adi/'hrli/havinga tot of hillso hillyorealregion historlcadi/hrs'tonk/importantin history;likelyto be thoughtof as importantat sometime in the futureo historicmonumenta Theareais of specialhistoric interest. hostn /haustla country,a cityor an organisationthat holdsandarrangesa specialeventThecollegeis ployinghostto a group of visiting Russionscientists hygienen /'hardSi:n/the practiceof keepingyourselfand yourlivingandworkingareascteanin orderto prevent illnessand diseasefood hygienea ln the interestsof hygiene,pleasewashyourhands. immenseadj /r'mens/extremelylargeor great Thereis stillan immenseamountofworktobe done. laid-backadiI,lerd'6aU calmandrelaxedo loid-back ottitude to life livelyadi l'lallil (ofa place,an event,etc.)fultof interest or excitementa livelybor picturesqueadj/,prktJa'resk/(ofa place,buitding, scene,etc.)pretty,especiallyin a waythat looksold. fashionedo picturesquecottagelvilloge portionn /'pr:Jn/anamountoffoodthatis largeenough for onepersona generousportionof meot remlniscentadi/,remr'nrsnt/remindingyouof sb/sth lhe wayhe laughedwasstronglyreminiscentof hisfothet. 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- 113. renownedadl/rr,naund/famousandrespected/f is renownedasoneof thercgion'sbestrestoutonts.a Sheisrenownedfor herpotience reprlmandv /'repflmo:nd/to tetlsbofficiallythatyou do notapproveof themor theiractionsTheomcers wereseverelyreprimandedfor theirunprofessional behaviour. run-downadi/,rnn'daon/(ofa buildingor place)in very badconditionlthathasnotbeentakencateof run' downinner-cityareos setbackn i 'setbzek/a difficuttyor probtemthatdelays or preventssth,or makesa situationworseTheteam sufferedo maiorsetbockwhentheirbestployerwos iniured. soulmaten /'soulmert/a personthatyouhavea special friendshipwith becauseyouunderstandeachothe/s feelingsandinterests spnwllngadl/'sprcftg/spreadingin an untidywayo modernsprawlingtown a stone'sthrowidiom/e'staonzorao a veryshort distanceawayWelive iusto stone'sthrowtromhere teemwith phrv /'ti:m wr6/to befutlof people,animals,etc. movingaroundThestreetswereteemingwithtourisB thrlvlngadi/'0rarurD/continuingto besuccessfut,strong, healthy,etc.o thrivingindustry touristyadi/'tuerrsti/attractingor designedto anracla lot of tourists Theislandhasbecomequitetouristy. upto dateadi/,np te 'dert/modern;fashionableup.to' doteclothesI equipment upmarketadi/,rp'mo:krt/designedforor usedbypeople whobelongto a highsocia[classor havea lotof moneyon upmorkettestauront vastadi/volst/extremelylargein area,size,amounl etc. o vostoreaof forest) Hisbusinessempirewcsvcst. vfbnnt adj/'varbranVfull of lifeandene3y Thecityisoi ts mostvibrontduringtheNewYeorcelebmtions. volcev /vJrs/to tell peopleyourfeelingsor opinions aboutsthA numberofporentshovevoicedconcen obouttheirchildren'ssofety. Getreadyforyourexam3 blossomv /'blosar/to becomemorehealthy,confident or successfuITheirfriendshipblossomedinto io'e doomv /du:rn/to makesb/sthcertainto hil suftet,die, etc.Theplan wasdoomedto foilure ) Themc.'t.9e wosdoomedfrom the stott. dnstic adj/'dresnk/extremeina rvaythathasa sudden, seriousorviolenteffectonsthdrosticn@s;.6 cnc'96 passawayphrv /,pq:se'weilto die. Peoplesay'pass away'to avoidsaying'die',Hismothetpossedcicr lostyeor- prospectiveadi /pra'spektru'expectedto do sth o{to becomesth a prcspectivebuyer stationv /'sterJn/to sendsb,especiallyfromoneof the armedforces,to work in a placefor a p€riodo{ time troopsstotionedobrood susceptlbleadj/so'septebl/verylikelyto be influenced, harmedor affectedbysb/sthHe'shighlys.s.et: De to floftery. sweetheartn /'swirho:Va Dersonwith whomsb is havinga romanticrelationshipTheywerec, a'ffi sweetheotts, tlethe knotidiom/,tardo'nDt to getmaried walkout(onsb)phrv /,wr:k'ao! to suddenvlea}?sD thatyouarehavinga relationshipwithandttEt 'ouhavea responsibilitylor Howcouldhewo;xo,: o' ' s wifeond kids? Unit4 Changes accessn /'akses/a wayof enteringor reachinga place Thereisgood wheelchairaccessto mostfoc ;: 6 adaptv /a'dapt/1.to changeyourbehaviourin ordcfto dealmoresuccessfullywith a newsituation/4 :?€ orgdnizotioncanbeslowto odoptto chonge 2. to changea bookor playsothatit canb€;rEdcinto a play,film,televisionprogramme,elc.Th'eec; -e' novelshovebeenodoptedfor television adiustvad5rst 1.to changesthslightlytomakeitmore suitablefora newsetof conditionsor to makeit work better fhls buttonisfor odjustingthe volume 2.to getusedto a newsituationbychangingtheway you behaveand/ot lhink lt tookhero whileto odjust to livingolone alterv r:lre{r)to becomedifferenttto makesb/sth differentHehodolteredsomuchI scarcelyrecognised hin a Nothingconolterthefactthotweoreto blome. boundadi baund certainor likelyto happen,or to do or besth lhereoreboundto beproblemswhenthenew systemis introduced briefadf bri:i lastingonlya shorttime;shorto brief visitImeetingIconversotion bulgingadi brldSrqthatstickoutfromsth in a round shagebulgingeyes carcfreeadj keafri:havingnoworriesor responsibitities Helookedhappyondcorefree. charactern kErekra(r)the interestingor unusual qualitythata placeor a personhasThemodernhotels hetehoveno reolchorocter. chicadj Ji:k veryfashionableandeleganto chicnew restouront drild-ftiendtyadi,,tJarld'irendli/designedto besuitablefor children;notharmfultochildren conyerty kan'r:;L 1.to beableto bechangedfrom oneform,purpose,or systemto anothero sofothat conveftsintoo bed 2.to changeor makesbchangetheirreligionor beliefsHeconvertedfrom Christionityto lslom. cyclerackn sarklrek/ a structureusuallymadeof metal barsandfoundoutsidebuildings,whichcanholdor to whichyoucanattacha bicycle dilapidatedadi dr laprdenrd/(offurnitureandbuitdings) oldandin verybadcondition dnb adl drab withoutinterestor colour;dullandboring o colddtob liftleoffice drewbadn drc:bek,'a disadvantageor problemthat makessth a lessattractiyeidea Themaindrowbockto heroroDosalis thecost. enbrcedadi rnf::st thatsb isforcedto do or experience withoutbeingableto controlit a periodof enlorced obsence cnoficv r Dl 1.to developgradually,especiallyfrom a simpleto a morecomplicatedformTheideaevolved lom o drowingI discoveredin theottic.a Eochschool n ust evolveits ownwoyof working. 2.(ofptants,animals,etc.)to developovertime,often manygenerations,intoformsthatarebetteradapted to suryiyechangesin theirenvironmentThethree speciesevolvedfromo singleancestor. hint adi ternr verysmall;possiblebut unlikelyThereis still0 loint hopethatshemoybecured. hr endaray idiom fo:r an a 'wel/by a verygreatamount She'sfor ondowoythe bestployer. gzlbntadi gal:nt brave,especiallyin averydifficult situationgollont soldiers Ule adi ardt (of people)notworkinghard;lary on idle SiLd€at i.illk adi rdrlrk peacefu[andbeautifll;perfect,without problemsto leodon idyllicexistence inprgsioflable adi rmpreJanabl/(of a person,especially a loung one)easilyinfluencedor affectedbysb/sth c';tc.enot on impressionobleoge irtfrrl adi dtrn veryhappy;causingpeopleto be rEPP' brod srtrdorn phrv, nok'daon/to destroya building by breakingits walls Theseold housesaregoing to be <lxked down listlEs adi hstl:s havingnoenergyor enthusiasmlhe ^essleftherfeelinglistlessanddepressed. eginCly adv mo:d5rnaliverystightly;notverymuch +ev 1owcostmorginollymorethontheydid lostyeor. rodiliv modrlarto changesth stightty,especiallyin orderto makeit moresuitablefora particularpurpose e sorr*oreweusehasbeenmodifiedfor us,) ge-e:ica!ly-modifiedfoods multl-storeycarparkn /,m^lti str:ri'kq:po:k/a large buildingwith severalfloorsfor parkingcarsin overbearingadi/.auve'bearrq/tryingto controlother peoplein an unpleasantwayHehodan overbeoring manner. pastoraladi /'po:stereyshowingcountrylifeor the countryside,especiallyin a rcmanticwayo pastotol scene/poem pedestrianisedadj/pa'destrianarzd/(abouta streetor Part of a town)madeintoanareathatisonlyforpeoplewho arewalking,notforvehicles periodadi/'prariad/havinga styletypicalof a particular time in historyperiodcostumeslfurniture pluckv /pl^k/ to picka fruit, flower,etc.fromwhereit is growingI pluckedon orangefrom thetree. protractedadi /pra'traktrd./lastinglongerthanexpected or longerthan lsual protractednegotiotions qualntadi/kwernVattractiveinanunusualorold-hshioned waya quaintseasidevillage refinev /rr'farn/1.to makea substancepurebytaking other substancesoutof it theprocessof refiningoill su9ar 2.to improvesth bymakingsmallchangesto it renovatev /'renaverVto repairandpaintanold building, a pieceof furniture,etc.sothatit is in goodcondition again soullessadj/'saullas/of thingsandplaces)lackingany attractiveor interestingqualitiesthatmakepeople feelhappyTheylivein soullessconcreteblocks, stateofthe art adi/,stenav di 'o:t usingthe most modernor advancedtechniquesor methods;asgood asit canbeat the Dresenttimea state-of-the-art computersystem stormyadi /'sto:mi/full of strongfeelingsandangry argumentsa stormyrelotionship transformv /trens'fo:m/L to changethe formof sth Thephotochemicolreoctionstronsformthelight into electricalimpulses. 2.to completelychangethe appearanceor character of sth,especiallysothatit is better/t woson event that wouldtronsformmylife. trendyadi/'trendi/veryfashionabletrendyclothes undergov /,nnde'gao/to experiencesth,especiallya changeor sth unpleasantntymotherunderwentmaior surgerylostyeor. upllftlngadi/,^p'hftrDimakingyoufeelhappieror giving you morehopeon upliftingexperiencelspeech Getreadyforyourexam4 amfdprep/a'mrd/surroundedby sthThehotelwosin a beautifulpositionamidIemongroves. balmyadj/'bo:mi/(ofthe air,weather,etc.)warmand pleasanto bolmysummerevening bouldern /'baolda(r)/a verylargerockwhichhasbeen shapedbywateror theweather drift n /drift/ a slowsteadymovementfromoneplaceto anothera populotion drift owoyfrom rural oreos Infestv /rn'festr(especiallyof insectsor animalssuchas rats)to existin largenumbersin a particutarplace, oftencausingdamageor diseaseThekitchenwos infestedwithcockrooches. inexapableadi/.rnr'skerpabV(ofa factor a situation) thatyoucannotavoidor ignoreThisleadsto the inescopobleconclusionthotthetwothingsore connected. partialadj/'po:Jf/not completeor wholea partiol eclipse ol thesun plateaun /'pletau/anareaof flatlandthatis highetthan the landaroundit roamv /reum/to walkortravelaroundan areawithout anydefiniteaimor directionThesheepareollowedto roomfreelyon thislond. scalev /skerl/to ctimbto thetop of sthveryhighand steepthefirst womonto scoleMountEverest seamn /si:m/a thin layerof coalor othermaterial, betweenlayersof rockunderthe groud fheystrucko richseomof iron ore. 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- 114. Unit 5 Baftles admlnlstervied'mrnrsta(r)/to givedrugs,medicine, etc.to sb Thedosewasadministeredto thechild introvenously. adance v /ad'vo:ns/to moveforwardtowardssb/sth, often inorderto attackorthreatenthemor itThetroopswere finollygiventheorderto advance. ally n /'elal a countrythathasagreedto helpandsupport anothercountryespecialtyin caseof a war altrulsmn /'eltruzenv the factof caringaboutthe needs andhappinessof otherpeoplemorethanyourown amlabllltyn /,ermia'brloti/the factof beingpleasant, friendlyandeasyto llke am y /o:ry to provideweaponsforyourself/sbin order to fight a battleor a war Themenarmedthemselves withgunsandrifles.a Thecountrywosormingogoinst theenemy. barbn /bo:b/the pointof anarrowora hookthatis curvedbackwardsto nake it difficultto pull out be in yourbloodidiom/bi rn jo 'bhd/ to bea natural partofyourcharacterandof the characterof other membersof yourfamily besidesprep/br'sard/ in additionto sb/sth; apartfrom sblsth Besideswo*ing asa doctor,he olsowrites novelsin hissparetime. bombshelln /'bomJeyan eventor a pleceof newswhlch is unexpectedand usuatlyunpleasantShedroppeda bombshellot themeetingandannouncedthotshewos leoving. breakthrouglrn /'brerk0ru:/an importantdevelopment thatmayleadto anagreementor achievemento significantbreakthrough in negotiations bumyourbrldgesidiom/,bs:n ja'b:nd5tzJto do sth that makesit impossibleto returnto the previoussituation laterThinkcarefullybeforeyouresign-you don't wont to butnyourbridges. burythe hatchetidiom/,beri 6e 'hetjIU to stop being unfriendlyandbecomefriendsagain cham n /tJo:rn/the powerof pleasingor attracting peopleo manof greatchotm clvlllanadi/sa'vrlian/(abouta person)nota memberof the militaryor policeHeleftthearmyandreturnedto civilian life. coalltlonn /,kgua'hJn/a groupformedby peoplefrom severaldifferentgroups,especiallypoliticalones, agreeingto worktogetherfor a particularpurposeo coolitionof environmentolondconsumergroups dlscdminatev /dr'skrrmmer,to treatonepersonor group worse/betterthan anotherin an unlafuwaylt is illegal to discriminoteon groundsof roce,sexor religion. doubtlessadvi 'dautlas/almostcertainlyHewould doubtlessdisopproveof whotKellywasdoing. h.zevlferzJto makeyoufeelconfusedor shocked,sothat youdo not knowwhatto do Shewosn'tfazedby his comments. f,gtt a loslngbattleidlom/fart o ,lu:zrrj'b@tvto try to do sththatyouwill probablyneversucceedin doing franklyadv/'fra1klil usedto showthat youarebeing honestaboutsth,eyenthoughpeoplemightnot like whatyouare saylnrQuitefronkly,I'm notsurpised youfailed. freelyadv/'fri:Iil withouttryingto avoidthe truth even thoughit might be unpleasantor embaftassingI freely odmitthatI madea mistoke. furthemole adv/.fe:6a'mc(r)/in additionto what has iustbeenstated.Furthermoreis usedespecially to adda pointto anargument.Hesaidhehodnot discussedthemotterwithher.Furthermore,he hodnot evencontacteclher, gtadlatodaladi/,gladia'tc:riol/relatingto or similarto fightsbetweengladiators(- menin ancientRomewho weretrainedto fightothermenor animalsln orderto entertainthe public) glasscelllngn /,glo:s'siilr1/the imaginarybarrierthat stopswomen,or othergroups,fromgeftingthe best iobsin a company,etc.althoughtherearenoofficial rulesto preventthemfromgettingtheseiobs tllnd to a halt idiom/,gramdtu a 'hc:ltl to goslower graduallyandthenstopcompletelyProductionground to a haltduringthe strike. heatedadi/'hi:trd/(ofa personor discussion)full of angerandexcitemento heotedorgumentldebate insurgentn /m'sa:dgant/a personfighting againstthe governmentor armedforcesof theirowncountry invulnerabllltyn /n,vrlnera'brlati/the stateof not being ableto be harmedor defeated iumpthegunidiom/,d3mp 6a'gnn/to do sthtoo soon, beforethe righttime iunklen /'d3n9ki/a drugaddict(= a personwhois unable to stoptakingdangerousdrugs)He'son adrenaline junkie(- hecannotstopdoingdangerousbutexciting things). laugtroff phrv /,lo:fDf/ to try to makepeoplethink that sth is notseriousor important,especiallybymaking a iokeaboutit Heloughedoffsuggestionsthathe wos going to resign. maternityleaven /ma'B:netili:v/ a periodof time whena womantemporarilyleavesheriobto havea baby moreoveradv /mc:r'auve(r)/usedto introducesomenew informationthataddsto or supportswhatyouhave said previouslyAtolentedartist,he was,moreover,a wiltet ofsomenote. openupoldwoundsidiom/,aupannp auld'wu:ndzlto remlndsbof sth unpleasantthathappenedor erlsted in the past posftfveactlonn I,pozerN'akJrvthe practiceor policy of makingsurethata particularnumberof iobs,etc. aregivento peoplefromtroups that areoftentreated unfairlybecauseof their race,sex,etc. pronouncev /pra'nauns/to sayorgivesthformally,officlally or publiclyThejudgewillpronouncesentencetoday.a Shewospronounceddeadonaniwl otthehospitol, prwoke v /pra'vauk/to causea particularreactionor havea particulareflectTheannouncementprovokedo stormofprotest. reinforcementsn /,ri:rn'fr:smentyextrasoldiersor police officerswho aresentto a placebecausemoreare neededto send in reinforcements rolemodeln /'raul modVa personthatyouadmireand try to copy setyourslghtson sth/on dolngsth idiom /,setje 'sarts Dn/to decidethatyouwantsthandto tryveryhardto get it Shesethersightsongoing to Yale. shakesth (off)v /'JeIk Dflto get rid of sthI can'tseemto shokeoffthis cold.a Hecouldn'tshokethefeelingthot therewassomethingwrong. showmann /'Jouman/a personwho doesthings in an entertainingwayandis goodat gettingpeople's attention sparksth (off)v /'spo:k ofl to causesth to startor develop,especiallysuddenlyTheriotsweresparked off bytheorrcstof o locolleoder. stalematen /'sterlmerila disagreementor a situationin a comDetltionin whichneithersidels ableto wlnor makeanyprogressThetolk endedin (o)stabmate. Ster€otyplngn/'steriotapry/theactor processof forminga fixedideaabouta pe6onorthing whichmaynotreally be truerociolI sexuolstereotyping stlckto yourgunsidiom/,strkta je'gmzl to refuseto changeyourmindaboutsthevenwhenotherpeople aretryingto persuadeyouthatyouarewrong to bootidiom/te 'bu:t/ usedto adda commentto sth that you havesaidHewaso vegetorian,ando fussyone to boot, violatlonn /,vara'lerJn/the actof breakingor refusing to obeya law,anagreement,etc.Theywerein open violotionof the treaty. voyeurlstlcadi/,vwaro'nstrk/gettingpleasurefrom watchingthe problemsandprivatelivesof otherso voyeuristicinterestin otherpeople'slives wlt n /wrVthe abilityto sayor writethingsthatare bothcleverand amusingo womanofgreatwitand intelligencet) to hovea quick/shorp/dry/reodywit Getreadyforyourexam5 amendv /e'mend./to changea law,document,statemenL etc.stightlyin orderto correcta mistakeorto impron it Heoskedto seetheamendedversion. encrcachmentn An'kreutJmonVthe actof affectingor usinguptoo muchof a person'stime,rights,personal life, etc.;actionsthat do this theregime'smony encroochmentson humonrights ftlctlonn /'fnkJr/ disagreementora lackof friendship amongpeoplewho havedifferentopinionsaboutsth conflictsandfrictionsthathovestillto be resolved lnhlbltv An'hrblVto preventsthfromhappeningorto makelt happenlesseffectivelythan before momentousadl/ma'mentayveryimportantor serious, especiallybecausetheremaybeimportantresultso momentousdecisionIeventloccasion remedyn /'remedi/a wayof dealingwith or improving an unpleasantor difficultsituationThereis nosimple remedyfor unemployment. roadnge n I'nud re;.d3la situationin whicha driver becomesextremelyangryorviotentwiththe driverof anothercarbecauseof the waytheyaredriving rcotn /ru:t/the maincauseof sth,suchasa problem or difficult situationWehavetoget to thercot of the Droblem, stlcklnyourmlndldlom/strkrnjo 'marnd/(ofa memory, an image,etc.)to be rememberedfora longtimeOne of hispointingsin particularstick in mymind. Unit6 Dreams assurev /a'Jua(r)/to tell sbthat sth is definitelytrue or is definitelygoingto happen,especiallywhenthey havedoubtsaboutit Weassurcdhim of oursuppott.a 'He'llcomebock' Susanossuredher. bitterlyadv/'brtoli/in a waythat showsfeelingsof sadnessor angerSheweptbitterly.a Theycomploinec bitterly. boastv /baust/to talkwithtoo muchprideaboutsththat youhaveor cando I don'twanttoboost,butI can actuallyspeoksk languoges.a Somboastedthat she couldbeatonyoneotpoker, callouslyadv/'kelesliiin a waythatshowsthatyoudo notcareaboutotherpeople'sfeelingsor suffering catchuponsth phrv /,ketJ'^p on/to spendextratime doingsth becauseyou havenot doneit earlierI havec lot of work to catchup on. a to cotchup on sleep compllmentv /'komplmenUto tell sbthat you likeor admiiesththeyhavedone,theirappearance,etc.she complimentedhim on hisexcellentGerman. consensusn /kan'senseVanoDinionthatall membersof a groupagreewith Thereis a growingconsensusof opinionon thisissue. counton sb/sth phrv /'kaunt Dn/to trust sbto do sth or to besurethatsthwilthappen'l'msurehe'llhelp.' 'Don'tcounton it,' ) Wecan'tcounton thiswotm weotherlosting. decllnev /dr'klan/ to refusepolitelyto acceptorto do sth I offeredtogivethemo lifrbuttheydeclined. deflantlyadv/dr'farantli/in a waythat showsan open refusalto obeysb/sth,sometimesin anaggressive way dropoff phrv /,drop'of/to fall into a light sleep/ dropped offandnissed theendof thefilm. enquireaftersb phrv /m'kwararofta(r)/ to askfor informationaboutsb,especialtyabouttheirhealthor aboutwhattheyaredoing flercelyadv/'frasli,/in an angryandaggressivewaythat is f.fghtening'Letgo of me,' shesaidfiercely.I fiercely competitive foreseeableadi/fr:'si:abVthat youcanpredictwill hagpenforeseeobleriskl consequences foundern /'faonde(r)/a personwho startsan organisation,institution,etc.orcausessthto be buitt thefounderondpresidentof thecompony fulfil v /ful'frVto do or achievewhatwashopedfor or expectedtofulfil yourdreomIombitionIpotential Wordlist
- 115. gaspv lgo:sp,to speakorsaysth in rry that showsyou are surprised,frightenedor in pain Whot wosthot noise?'hegosped. grantedadv/'gro:ntrd usedto showthat you acceptthat sth is true,oftenbeforeyoumakeanotherstatement aboutit Granted,it'snot themostpleasontofiobs but it hasto be done. troan v /graun/to speakor saysth in waythat showsyou areannoyed,upsetor in pain'lt's o completemess!' shegrooned, leglslatlonn /,led3s'lerJn/a lawor a set of lawspassedby a parliament/Vewlegislationon thesoleof drugswill be introducednextyear. moodllyadv /'mu:drli/in a bad-temperedor upsetway muchasidiom /'mrtj e/ althoughMuchas lwould liketo stay,I reallymustgo home. muddledadf /'m,rdld/confusedHegets muddledwhen the teacherstartsshouting.O muddledthinking mutterv /'m^ta(r)/ to speakor saysth in a quietvoice that is difficultto hear,especiallybecauseyouare annoyedabout sth 'Howdareshe,' he mufteredunder hisbreoth. nwerthelessadv/,neve6a'les/despitesth that you haveiust mentionedThereis littlechdncethat we will succeedin chongingthe low.Nevertheless,it is importantthatwe try. nonethelessadv /,nnn6e'les/despitethis fact Ihe bookis too long but, nonetheless,informativeond entertaining. on top of the world idiom /on ,top av 6s-wa:ld./very happyor proud overthe moonidiom/,ouva6a'mu:n/extremetyhappy andexcited pln(alt)yourhopeson sb/sthidiom/,prnjc:'haupson/ relyon sb/sthcompletelyfor successor helpIhe componyis pinning itshopeson the newproiect. piquen /pi:ldannoyedor bitterfeelingsthatyouhave, usuallybecauseyourpridehasbeenhurt Whenhe realisednobodywaslisteningto hin, he left in a fit of ptque. plethon n /'ple0arc/an amountthat is greaterthanis neededor canbe usedThereoreo plethoroof choices ovoiloble. poolv /pu:Vto collectmoney,information,etc.from differentpeopleso that it canbe usedbyall of them Policeforcesocrossthe countryarepooling resources in ordet to solvethis crime. recuningadi/n'ks:ng/happeningagainor a numberof timeso recuffingillnesslproblemlnightmore, etc. reslgnedlyadv/rr'zamdnrdli/in a rvaythat showsa willingnessto calmlyacceptsth unpleasantor difficult thatyoucannotchange'lsupposeyou'reright,'she said resignedly. sercastlcallyadv /so:'kestrklil(usedabouta wayof speaking)usint wordsthatarethe oppositeof what you meanin orderto be unpleasantto sb or to make fun ofthem sharplyadv/'Jo:pli/ ln a critical,roughor severeway '/s therea problem?'he oskedshorply. shriekv /Jri:lJ to saysth in a loud, hitfi voice,for examplewhenyou areexcited,frigfitenedor in pain 'Therc'ssomebodyupstairs!'heshrieked. slgh v /sar/to speakor saysth in waythat showsthat you aredisappointed,sad,tired, etc.'Oh well,benerluck nexttime,' shesighed. soyeElgnty n /'sDvrentilthe stateof beinga countrywith freedomto govem itselt Thedeclarotionprxloimed the fullsovereigntyofthe republic. stablllty n /sta'brlsti/the quality or stateof b€ingstcady andnot changingor beingdisturbedin anyrry (= the quality of beingstable)polificolleconomicl socialstobility sympatheticallyadv/,srnpe'0etrkl7in a kind rry that showsthatyou understandandcareabut andr€r person'sproblemsto smileotsbsympotheticoly tell sb off phr v /,tel 'Df/to speakan$ily to sb for d<ing sth wrong/ told fhe boysofffor makingso mud ^ose. e Didyouget told offt thdlled adi /0nld/ veryexcitedand pleasedHewos thrilledot theprospectof seeingthemogain. unravelv /^n'r@vUto explainsth that is difficutt to understandor is mysterious;to becomecleareror easierto understandThediscoverywill help scientists unravelthe mysteryof the lceAge. wearllyadv/'wrerali/in a waythat showsyou arevery tired,especiallyafterworkinghardor doingsthfor a long time Heclosedhis eyeswearily. whlnev /warn/to complainin an annoying,cryingvoice whlsperv /'wrspe(r)ito speakveryquietlyto sb sothat otherpeoplecannothearwhatyouaresaying'Canyou meetme tonight?'he whispered.a Whotareyou two whisperingabout? yellv dellto shoutloudly,for examplebecauseyouare angry,excited,frightenedor in pain 'Wotchout!'he yelled. Getreadyforyourexam6 abollshv /a'bohfl to officiallyenda [aw,a systemor an institution Thistaxshouldbe abolished. antipathyn /en'trpeoila strongfeelingof diglike personallmutuolontipathya o gtowing antipothy towardsthe idea distressn /dr'stress/a feeling_of€featworry or unhappiness;greatsuffering5he wosobviouslyin distressafterthe ottock.t| deepemotionaldistress griefn /gri:f/a feelingof greatsadness,especially whensb dies Shewasovercomewithgrief whenher husbonddied. grlwe v /gri:v/to feelverysad,especiallybecausesb has died Theyore stillgrievingfor theirdeodmother. moumfuladj /'mc:nfu verysadmournfulmusictl I couldn'tbearthe mournfullookon herface. rccountv ln'kaunrl to tell sbaboutsth,especiallysth thatyouhaveexperiencedTheyrecountedwhathad hoppenedduring the interveningyeors. reslgnyourselfto sth phr v /rr'zarnjaself t./ to acceptsth unpleasantthatcannotbe changedor avoidedShe resignedheBelf to herfate. sobv /sDb/to crynoisily,takingsudden,sharpbreaths Hestartedto sob uncontrollobly. statlonv /'sterJr/to go somewhereandstandor sit there, especiallyto waitfor sth;to sendsb somewhereto do this Shestofionedherselfot the windowto owoit hisreturn. Unlt7 fourneys backpackv i 'bekpeld to traveIon holidaycarryingyour equipmentandclothesin a backpack(= a largebag carriedon the back)Theywentbockpackingin Spoin lostyeor. blandadj /blend/ not havinga strongor interestingtaste o ratherbland diet of soup, fishond bread bome pp /bc:n/= past participleof the verbto bearHe's borneo grudge againstme eversincethatdoy. bustadi /bnst/brokenMy wotchis bust. checkinto phr v /'tJek mte/to arriveat a hotel or private hospitalto beginyour staythere Hecheckedinto a top Londonclinicyesterdayfor on operotiotlon his knee. chillout phrv /,tJrl'aut/to relaxandstopfeelingangryor nervousabout sth Theysometimesmeetup to chill out ond watcho movie. classicadi /'klasrk/acceptedasoneof the bestor most importantof its kind a clossicnovellstudylgoal classicatadi /'klesrkV 1. widely acceptedand usedfor a longtime;traditionalin styleor ideaclassicoland modernballet 2. connectedwith or influencedbythe cultureof ancientGreeceandRomeo classicalscholor(= an erpertin LatinandGreek) commutev ka'mju:Vto tlavel regularlyby bus,train, car, etc.betweenyourplaceof workandyourhomeShe commutesfrom Oxfordto Londoneveryday. oofom (to/with sth) v /kan'fc:m/to obeya rule, law,etc. fhe building doesnot conformwith sofetyregulations. cre€pv /kri:p/ to moveslowly,quietly and carefully, becauseyou do not want to be seenor heardI creptup the stairs,trying not to wakemyporcnts. detdmentaladi /,detrr'mentVharmful Thepolicy will be detrimentalto thepeoceprocess. exceedinglyadv/rk'si:dr4li/extremely;very much excesslvelyadv/rk'sesrvli/to a degreeor levelthat is greaterthanwhatseemsreasonableor approptiate estcessiveIy high prices excursionn irk'ska:Jn/a short iourneymadefor pleasure, especiallyonethat hasbeenorganisedfor a groupof peopleThey'vegone on on arcusion to York, eryedltlon n /,ekspa'drJn/an organisediourneywith a particularpurpose,especiallyto find out abouta placethat is not well known to planI leadlgo on on erpedition to the North Pole lmply v hm'plar/to suggestthat sth is true or that you feel or think sth, without sayingso dircctlyAreyou implying (thot)lom lying? Inferv hn'fs(r)/ to reachan oplnionor decidethat sth is trueon the basisof informationthat is availableMuch ofthe meaningmustbe inferredfrom the context. lrntlonal adi/r'reJanVnot basedon,or not uslng,clear logicalthought an irrationalfear ) You'rcbeing irrctiondl. kip v /krp/ to sleepYouconkip on thesofa,if you like. llmp v /hmp/ to walk slowlyor with difficulty because one ieg ls iniwed Shehod twistedherankleand wos limping. loo n nu:/ a toilet She'sgone to the loo. lug v /l^g/ to carryor drag sth heavywith a lot of effort / had to lug mybogsup to thefourlh floor. marchv /mo:tfl to walk with stiff regularstepslike a soldierSoldiersweremarchingup and downoutside the governmentbuildings. maten /men/a friend They'vebeenbestmatessince school. mutualadi/'mju:tJueVusedto describefeelingsthat two or morepeoplehavefor eachother equally,or actionsthataffecttwo or morepeopleequallymutual supportlaid outlng n /'autrrj/ a trip that you go on for pleasureor education,usuallywith a groupof peopleandlasting no morethan onedaywe wenton an outing to London, a a fomily outing outweigftv /,aut'we/ to be greateror moreimportantthan sth Theadvontogesfor outweigh the disadvantages. pilgimage n /'prlgnmrdg/a iourneyto a holy placefor religiousreasons plod v /plDd/to walk slowlywith heavysteps,especially becauseyou arctircd I wotchedherplodding her woy ocrossthe field. plumbingn /'phmrD/the systemof pipes,etc.thatsupply waterto a building posev /peuzlto createa threat, problem,etc,that hasto be dealt with to posea threotlchollengeldongerlrisk putsb up phrv /,put'^p/to letsb stayat yourhomeWe conput you up for the night. runlntosb phrv /,r^n 'nto/ to meetsb by chanceGuess who I rcn into todoy! runsb/sthdownphrv /,rnn'daun/to criticisesb/sth in an unkindwayHe'solwaysrunningher downin front of otherpeople. runsth by sb phrv /,rnn'ba/ to showsb sth or tell sb aboutan ideain orderto seetheir reactionto it saunterv /'sr:nta(r)ito watkin a slow lelaxedwayHe sounteredby, lookingas if he had all the timein the world. seesb ofi phr v /,si:'of/ to go to a station, an airport, etc. to saygoodbyeto sb who is startinga iourney sneakv /sni:k/to movevery quietly,trying to avoidbeing seenor heardI sneakedup the stoirs. stagglrv /'stega(ryto walkwithweakunsteadysteps,asif youareaboutto fallHestaggeredhome,drunk stop by phrv /,stDp'bal to makea shortvisit somewhere l'll stopby thiseveningfor a chat. Wordlist
- 116. stopover(at/ in) phrv/,stop'auve(r)/to staysomewhere fora shorttimeduringa longiourneyI stoppedoverin HongKongon the woytoAustrolia. stridev /strard/to walkwith longstepsin a particular directionShecamestridingtowordsmeetme. strollv istrauyto watksomewherein a slowrelaxedway Peoplewerestrollingalongthebeach. strutv /str^t/to walkproudlywithyourheadup and chestoutto showthatyouthinkyouareimportantlhe ployersstruftedondposedfor thecameros. stumblev /'strmbl/to hit yourfootagainststhwhileyou arewalkingor runningandalmostfall/ sfumbledover a rock. surchargen / s3:tJo:dyanextraamountof moneythat youmustpayin additionto the usualprice tiptoev /'trptao/to walkusingthe frontpartsof yourfeet only,sothatotherpeoplecannothearyouI tiptoed overto the window- traipsev /trerps/to walksomewhereslowlywhenyouare tiredandunwilling trekv/trek/to spendtimewalking,especiallyin mountainsandforenioymentandinlercstWewent trekkingin Nepal. trudgev /tr^d3/to walkslowlyorwith heavysteps, becauseyouaretiredor carryingsth heavylhe men trudgedup thehill, corryingoll thesupplies unreasonableadi/,ln'ri:znabl/notfair;expectingtoo muchThejob wasbeginningto mokeunreasonoble demandson hisfreetime. upshotn /'^pJDt/the finalresultof a seriesof eventslhe upshotof it oll wasthotheleftcollegeondgotaiob. walk(a[1)oversb phrv /,wc:kJ:l 'auva(r)/to treatsb badly,withoutconsideringthemor theirneedsHe'11 olwoyslet her wolkoll overhim. wanderv /'wonda(r)/to walkslowlyaroundorto a place, oftenwithoutanyparticularsenseof purposeor directionShewonderedaimlesslyoroundthestreets. yobn /jDb/a rude,noisyandsometimesaggressiveand violentboyoryoungmanHewosattockedbyo bunch of vobs. Getreadyforyourexam7 breedv /bri:d/(ofanimats)to havesexandproduce youngManyanimalsbreedonlyat certointimesof the yeor. diminutiveadi/dr'mrnjatrv/verysmallShewasa dininutivefrgurebesideherhusband. dustsheetn /'drst Ji:Va largesheetthatis usedto protectfloors,furniture,etc.fromdustor paint featn /fi:Vanactionora pieceof workthatneedsskill, strengthor courageThetunnelis o brilliontfeatof engtneenng- loadv /laod/to puta largequantityof thingsor people onto or into sth Sockiwerebeingloadedontothe rrucK, precariouslyadv/pn'keeriesli/in a waythatis tikelyto falt or causesbto fallHebalancedtheglossprecoriously on the armof hischoir. rampn /remp/a slopeor setof stepsthatcanbemoved, usedfor loadinga vehicleorgettingon or off a plane a loadingramp roofrackn /'ru:f rek/ a metalframefixedto the roofof a carandusedforcarryingbags,casesandotherlarge obiects stackv /stak/to arrangeobiectsneatlyin a pile;to be arrangedin this waytostockboxes trackv /triDk/to foltowthe movementsof sb/sth, especialtybyusingspecialelectronicequipmentl,ye continuedtrackingtheplaneon our radar. Unit8 Tastes banglen /'be49l/a pieceof lewelleryin theformof a largeringof gold,silver,etc.wornlooselyaroundthe wrist bobn /bDb/a styleof hairin whichit is cutthe same lengthall thewayaroundShewearsherhoirin a bob. bucklen /'brkl/ a pieceof metalor plasticusedfor ioiningthe endsof a beltor forfasteninga partof a bag,shoe,etc. checkn /tJek/a patternof squares,usuallyof two colours Doyoupreferchecksorstripes?a a checkshirtlsuit chokern /'tjeuke(r)/a pieceof iewelleryor narrowband of clothworncloselyaroundthe neck cloven /klaov/oneof the smatlseparatesectionsof a bulb(= 16"roundundergroundpart)of gartic cloyingadi/'klcrjr4/(offood,a smell,etc.)sosweetthat it is unpleasant clued-upadj/,klu:d'rp/ knowinga lotaboutsth;having a lot of informationaboutsth crampedadi/krampt/ (ofa room)nothavingenough spaceforthe peoplewithinit to movearoundfreely workingin crompedconditions cravatn /kra'v@t/a shortwidestripof silk,etc.wornby menaroundtheneck,foldedinsidethecollarofa shirt cravev /krerv/to havea verystrongdesireforsthshe hasalwovscrovedexcitement. cuffn /krl/ the endof a coator shirtsleeveat thewrista collarandcuffsof whitelace desertedadildt'zz:rd/(ofa place)with no peoplein it desertedstreets dishevetledadl/dr'Jevld/(ofhair,clothes,etc.)very untidyHelookedtiredonddishevelled. dreadlocksn /'dredlnks/hairthatis twistedintolong thickpiecesthathangdownfromthe head,worn especiatlybyRastafarians fishnetn /'frJneva typeof ctothmadeof threadsthat producea patternof smatlholeslikea netfrshnet stockings flippantadi/ flipanr/showingthatyoudo nottakesthas seriouslyasotherpeoptethinkyoushoulda flippont onswerlattitude foodien / fu:di/a personwhoisveryinterestedin cookingandeatingdifferentkindsof food garmentn /'9q:mant/a pieceof clothingwoollenlwintetl outet9ornents goateen /geo'ti, a smatlpointedbeardthat isgrown ontyonthechin gorgev /gc:d3lto eata lotof sth,untiIyouaretoo fullto eatanymore heartyadi/'hq:ti/(ofa meal)large;makingyoufeelfulla heartybreokfost intimateadi/'rntrmel/(ofa placeor situation) encouragingctose,friendtyor romanticrelationships an intimaterestauront knobn /nob/a smalllumpof sthsuchasbutter lacen /leis/a deticatematerialmadefromthreadsof cotton,sitk,etc.thataretwistedintoa oatternof holeso /ocehandkerchief lapsth up phrv /,lep'rp/to acceptor receivesthwith greatenioyment,withoutthinkingaboutwhetherit is good,trueor sincereSheslmplylappedup allthe compliments. outdatedadi/,aotdertrd/no [ongerusefulbecauseof beingotd-fashionedoutdatedequipment periln /'peraUthefactof sth beingdangerousor harmful a worningobouttheperilsof drug abuse piercingn /'presr4/the holethatis madein yourear,nose or someotherpartof yourbodysothatyoucanwear fewellerythere5hehaso tonguepiercing. pinchn /prntJ/the amountof sththatyoucanhold betweenyourfingerandthumbo pinchof solt plaitn /plat/ a longpieceof hair,thatis dividedinto threepartsandtwistedtogether5he woreherhoirin plaits. plateauv /'pletao/to stayat a steadylevelaftera period of growthor progressUnemploymenthosot last ptoteouedout. plummetv /'plnmrt/to fallsuddenlyandquicktyfroma high levelor positionShorepricesplummetedto on oll-timelow. quiffn /kwrf/a pieceof hairat the frontof the headthat is brusheduowardsandbackwards rocketv /'rDkrt/to increaseveryquicktyandsuddenly rocketingpricesa Soleshoverocketedup ogain scrawnyadi/'skrr:ni/(ofpeopteoranimals)verythin i- : waythatis notattractive scruffyadi /'skr^fi/ dirty or untidyHelookeda little scruffy.a scruffypoir ofjeans shabbyadi /Jrebi/(ofbuitdings,ctothes,etc.)in poor conditionbecausetheyhavebeenuseda lot Sher,_-.: shabbyoldjeonsonda T-shirt. skivev /skarv/to avoidworkor schoolbystayingaway:' leavingearly'Where'sTom?"Skivingasusuol.'a S-. olwaysskivesoff eorlyon Fridays. sloppyadl /'slopr/showinga lackof care,thoughtor effortYourworkissloppy. slumpv /slnmp/to fall in price,value,number,etc., suddenlyandby a largeafiount Profitsslumpedb, over507o. sprign /sprrg/a smallstemwith leaveson it froma pta-: or bush,usedin cookingor asa decorationa sptiE:' parsley stalen/sterU(offood,especiallybreadandcake)nolonea freshandthereforeunpleasantto eat stubblen /'strbl/the shortstiffhairsthatgrowon a man'sfacewhenhe hasnotshavedrecently stylishadi/'starhJ/fashionable;elegantandattractive- _. stylishwifea o stylishrestourant swiftadi/swift/happeningor donequicklyand immediately;doingsth quicklyswiftaction) o sn : decision tactlessadi/'tEktlas/sayingordoingthingsthatarelike,. to annoyor to upsetotherpeopleo tactlessrem7rk tailoff ohrv /.terl'Df/to becomesmatlerorweakerlhe numberof touriststailsoff in October. tangyadi/'te4i/ havinga strongsharptasteor smell: refreshingtangylemonflovour tanktop n /'tBlk t1p/ o sweoterwithoutsleeves tartann i 'to;tn/a patternof squaresandlinesof differe-- coloursandwidthsthatcrosseachother,used especiallyon cloth,andoriginaltyfromScotlandt tortanrug unkemptdj /,rn'kempt/(especiallyof sb'shairor genez appearance)notwetlcaredfor;not neatortidygr€:j unkempthair zapv lzEp/to cookor heatsthquicklyin a microwave oven Getreadyfor yourexam8 farflungadj/,fo:'flnp/a longdistance awayexpeditio.:': thefor-flungcornersof the world grandeurn / grendge(r)/the qualityof beinggreatand impressivein appearanceThehotelhodon airoffc:: : grondeur, haulv /hr:l/to pullsth/sbwitha lot of effortThewagc-: werehouledby horses. jet tagn /'d3etlzeg/thefeelingof beingtiredandstigh,t:, confusedaftera longplaneiourney,mainlydueto tt-e differencein timebetweenthe placeyouleftandthe placeyouhavearrivedin opulentadi / Dpjalan/madeor decoratedusing exoensivematerials palaten /'palat/the abilityto recogniseand/orenioy goodfoodanddrinko menuto tempteventhemos: jodedpalote restorativeadi/fl'stc:ratrv/makingyoufeelstrongand heatthyagainthe restorativepoweroffresh oir revitalisev /,ri:'vafialavlto makesb/sthstronger,more activeor morehealthymeasuresto revitalisethei.-. citiesa o revitolisingdrink salinityn /sa'hneti/theamountof saltwithina particula- liquidor substanceto meosurethesalinityof thewc:: summitn/'s^mrt/thehighestpointofsth,especiattytheto.: of a mountainThispathleadstothesummiL Wordlist
- 118. endlessadi/'endlevcontinuingfora longtimeand seemingto havenoendon endlessroundofpoftiesond visitsa I'vehad enoughof theirendlessarguing. extinctlonn Ak'str0kJn/a situationin whicha plant,an animal,a wayof life,etc.stopsexistingThemountoin gorilla is on the vergeof extinction. feaslbleadj /'fi:zabllthat is possibleand likely to be achievedlt's iustnotfeasibleto monogethe business on o pott-time basis. feel-goodadi /'fi:l gud/ makingyou feel happyand pleasedabout life o feel-goodmovie finalisev /'famalarzlto completethe last part of a plan, trip, proiect,etc.to finaliseyourplanslarrangements flatly adv/'fletlil in a waythat is verydefinite andwill not be changedto flatly denylrejectlopposesth hackneyedadi/'heknid./usedtoo oftenandtherefore boring o hackneyedphroselsubiect heart-rcndlngadj /'ho:t rendrt/ causingfeelingsof great sadnessd heart-rendingstory hotlyadv/'h otli/ donein an angryor excitedwayor with a lot of strongfeeling Thercsultswerehotly disputed. lll-hted adj /,rl'fetud/notluckyandendingsadty,especially in deathor hllure on ill-fotedexpedition lmmaterialadi/,rme'trarial/not importantin a particular situation Thecostis immotetiol.a lt is immoterialto me whetherhe staysor goes. incongruousadj/rn'ko4gruaVstrange,andnot suitable in a particularsituationSuchtraditionalmethodsseem incongruousin our technicaldge, Intrlgulngadj/rn'trirgrg/veryinterestingbecauseof beingunusualor not havingan obviousanswerdn intriguing possibility) Hefound her intriguing. malftrnctlonlngadi/,mel'f,r4kJnrj/(ofa machine,etc.) failing to work coilectly lf yourPCis malfunctioning, contoctthe lTdeportment. mlsdirectedadi/,mrsda'rektrd/aimingto achieyethe wrongobiectivesHiseffortswercmisdirected. (as)misenble as sln idiom laz ,marabl az 'srn/usedto emphaslsethat sb is veryunhappyHeneversmiles, he's miserableas sin. nondescrlptadi/'nondrskrrpVhavingno interesting or unusualfeaturesor qualitlesHeworea shobby nondescriptjocket. nonsensicaladi/non'sensrkVridiculous;with no meaning TheJabberutockyis a nonsensicolpoem. opportuneadi /'Dpatju:n/(of an actionor event)done or happeningat the righttimeto be successfulon oppoftuneremotk overblownadi /,er:va'blaun/that is madeto seemlarger, moreimpressiveor moreimportantthanit reallyis an overblownsituation relteratev /ri'naren/to repeatsth that you havealready said,especiallyto emphasiseit to reiterateon orgumentla demondIon offer resfdentn |}eztdant/a personwho lives in a particular placeor who hastheirhometheteo residentofthe UnitedStates sentimentaladi/,sentr'mentVhavingor produclng emotionssuchas pity,romanticloveor sadness,in a waythat is exaggeratedor not sincered slushy, sentimentallovestory solemnadi/'solam/done,said,etc,in a veryseriousand sincerewaya solemnoothI undertokinglvow spectacularadi/spek'takjela(r/veryimpressivein an excftingor dramaticwaya spectoculorfight scene) Rooneyscoreda spedaculorgool. stockpllev /'stokparyto collectand keepa largesupply of slh Thereareconcernsthe militontshavebeen stockpilingorms. tallbackn /'terlbck/ a long line of trafflc that is moving slowlyor not movingat a[1,becausesth is blocking the rcadA toilbockon the M40 is causinglong delays. thougltt-pmwklngadi/'Ocr pra,veofu/makingpeoplethink seriouslyabouta particularsubiectotissueI watcheda thoughtprovokingdocumentoryobouttheMiddle East peoceprocess, touchlngadl/'trrtjr0/causingfeelingsof pityor sympathy;makingyoufeelemotional/t waso touchingstorythat movedmanyof us to teors. (as)tougfi asold bootsidiom/az ,t,rf ezeuld 'bu:tV verystrongandableto deaIsuccessfullywith difficult conditionsor situationsJohn'sostoughasold boots- he'llsoonbe backtonormol. unimaginableadi/,,rnr'madSnebVimpossibleto think of or to believeexistsunimaginableweolth) Thislevelof successwouldhovebeenunimaginablejust lostyeor. vulnenbleadi/'vnlnerebVweakandeasilyhurt physicatly or emotionally5helookedveryvulnerablestanding thereon her own. tl ln cosesof foodpoisoning,young childrenore especiollyvulneroble.a Thesudden rcsignotionof thefinoncialditectorput the companyin o veryvulnerobleposition. windsth up phrv i,warnd'npito bringsth suchasa speechor meetingto an end Thespeoketwasiust windhg up whenthe door wasflung open.) lf weall ogree,let's wind up the discussion. wnp up phrv /,rap ',rp/to completesth suchasan agreementor a meetingin an acceptablewayThotiust aboutwrapsit up for today. Getreadyforyourexam10 bearthe bruntof sth idiom /beo6e 'br,rnt/to receivethe mainforceof sth unpleasantSchoolswill bearthe brunt of cutsin governmentspending. chaoticadi/ker'otrk/in a stateof completeconfusion and lackof order Thetrofficin the cityis chaoticin the rushhour. dispersev /dr'spa:Vto moveapart andgo awayin differentdirections;to makesb/sthdo this lhe fog beganto disperse. engulfv /rn'g^lf/to surroundor to coversb/sth completelyThevehiclewasengulfedin flomes. llfespann /'larfsp@r/the lengthof time that sth is likely to live, continueor function Wormshavea lifespanof o fewmonths. nebulan /'nebjale/a massof dustor gasthat canbe seen in the nightsky,oftenappearingverybright outermostadi /'autameust/furthest from the insideor cente the outermostplonet residualadi /rr'zrdjual/remainingat the endof a process Thereore stilla few residualproblemswith the computerprogrom. scorchv /skriji to becomeor to makesth become ext.emelydry or slightlyburnt,especiallyfromthe heatof the sun o scorched,lifelesslondscope swell(up)v /,swel'rp/ to becomebiggeror rounderHer orm wosbeginningto swellup wherethe beehgd stung het. Wordlist
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TheauthorsondpubltsheraregroteJulto thosewhohave givenpeftnissionto rryroducethefolloritingextractsof coyyrightmaterial:p5 Adapted extracts from The BloottlsburyAdionary ofWord Ongtu by John Ayto. Reproducedby permission ofA&C BlackPublishers Ltd. p19 From EdibleIflsectsby Alison Frornme, Juf Aug2OOSZoocoerMagazine,Smithsonian'sNational ZoologicalPark.Reproducedby perrnission; p25 Extract from WhatTheyDiilForLoveby Andy Sinmons, February2008.Reprintedwith permission from kader's Digest.Copyright O 2008 by The Reader'sDigestAssociation,lnc. p37 Extract frorn Helpingthemind to copewith nwelty ondorerloail by Alice Rawsthorn, 17 February2008,International Herald TFibune @2009 Alice Rawsthorn (Distributed byThe New York TirnesSyndicate).Reproduced by permission: p56 Extract from IanuszKorczak by SandraJoseph,from www.korczak.org uk. Reproducedby permission ofthe author; p88 Adapted extract fromJumptngJackCashfrom The DatwinAwardsby Wendy Northcutt. Reproduced by permissior ofthe author; p91 Extract from klanderscotrsiderexodusassealerclrisesby David Fickling, first published in TheGuardion79 Jttly 2003.Reproducedby permission ofthe author: p93 Extract flom youdon'thavetobeSupefinumto manage wo*andmotherhoodby MelissaDenes,7August 2008,from TheGuardian.Copyight GuardianNews & Media Ltd.2008. Reproducedby permission: p94 Extract from Angry ltaliots togoonnationalpasta strikeby Malcom Moore, 2 September2007,from www.telegraph.co.uk@Telegraph Media Group Limited 2007.Reproducedby permission; p95 Extract from SolvingtheGreaustMysteryofOurTime - TheMayanCalendarby Dr. Carl Johan Calleman, Ph.D.Reproducedby permission; p95 Extract from We'venarcrhodit sogood- andit'sallthanksJorsclence by Maft Ridley,first published in TheGuardian, 3 April 2003.Reproducedby permission ofthe author. p97 Extract from Howa roiny morningchanged my[fe by Doug Lipman @Doug Lipman, www. storydynamics.corn.Reproducedby permissiou p97 Extract ftom Pragueisa stnpfor heroinentering EuropebyWencyLeung,5 February2009,Iiom www.praguepost.com.Reproducedby permission; p98 Extract from SilmceoJthepeocockby Luke Salkeld,6June2007,TheDoilyMail.Reproducedby permission; p98 Extract from l4lord'school'rswtJor nant&.7m Shefieldprimtry by Davtd Batty, 2January 2OO9, TheGuordian.Copyright Guardian News & Media Ltd. 2009.Reproducedby permission; p99 Extract from Th€perlectcreditcflnrhmenu: pubsoffn mealsforE1by StephenMoss,3January2009,The Guardian.Copytight Guardian News & Media Ltd. 2009.Reproducedby permission; p99 From Br4irl Basts- Undersnndng Sileep,ftom www.ninds.nih. gov (NationalInstitute of NeurologicalDisorders and Stroke).p100Extract fiomAids ondGodgetsfor BttsinessTrwels from www.businesstravelexpert. co.uk. Reproducedby permission; p100 Extract from ThehtJalh ofEatinglunk Foodby Wayne Mcgtegor, from www.weightlossforall.corn. Reproducedby permission; p111Adaptedfrom the Blokrby Tom Slemen.Reproducedby permission of The BluecoatPressandTom Slemen. Sources:wwwbritishbottledwater.org www.manilastandardtoday.com www.wikipedia.corn Theautlwrsard yntblisherwwld lil,eto thankthefollorring for tharktnd permissiontoreproducephotographsand otherartwork cowight materials:Alamy Images pp23 (Hen night celebration/aberystwyth),27 (Hotel Ritz, Paris/Directphoto.org),27 (Rivercafe/GregBalfour Evans),27 (British Airways LondonEyeWedding/ Trinity MirrorA4irrorpix), 31 (SingerNina Simone/ Pictorial PressLtd),33 (Olympic medallist Eleanor Sirnmonds/dovmakabaw),37 (Businessmeeting/ moodboard),39 (USAImy soldier on patrol/lenny Matthews),41 (MargaretThatcher/DavidCole), 44 (Crowdat rock concert/lbestobhoto),45 (Knife amnestybinftlic Hamilton), 45 (Youngman with knife/Xeith Morris), a6 [K Rbwling/Arts & Authors), 53 (Climber walking on cliffsfioetscher Chlaus),56(Environmentalist in tree),58 (Sleddogs/ imagebroker),58 (Pyramidsand camels/Bl Images Ltd),63 (Beach/SimonPrice),59 (ChefHeston Blumenthal/PeterTitmuss),74 (Folkband/Kevin Britland), 74 (USrock group Anthrax/Pictorial Press Ltd), 7a (Choir/JeremyHoare),80 (GreatWall of China/JonArnold ImagesLtd),80 (Groupof people jumping at sunset/MicaSelects),80 (TheEiffel Tower/AlexSegre),81 (Paparazziphoto$apher/ Deco),83(/PaylessImages,Inc.),94 (ApresSki),94 (Beach),95 (girl reading),95 (homelessperson),97 (Pub/RichardWayman),100(Luggagecarouse{Alex Segre);Aquarius Library pp18 (Atonement,2OO7I Working Title Filrns),20 (SnowWhiteandtheSevell DwarJt[ValtDisney),51 (KeanuReeves,T'lreMatri.x Reloaded,2003/lvarner Bros.),Aquarius Library p87 (BradPift, Troy,200411rVarnerBros.);Aquarius Library p87 (KennethBmnagh,Homlet,79951 Copyright Control); 87 (Boris Karloff , FranLerctein, l98Ucopyright Contlol); CorbisppTs (Lordofthe Ringstheatre production/R.obbie Jack), 17 (Police arresting illegal immigants/Ann Johansson),43 (OceanographerJacquesCousteau/Bettmann); FashionMuseum Bath p 28 (1750sDress):Getty Imagespp9 (Protest/HultonArchive), 10 (woman leaning out ofvan/Altrendo images),17(Passenger with luggage/AFP),49 (Groupof friends/joSon),53 (Mature graduate/DavidYoung-Wolff),72 (Couples at outdoor concert/Vcl/AlistafuBerg),83 (TV presenterAnne WiIl), 83 (BusinessmeetingA.eza Estakhrian),83 (Coupleshopping/Eastphoto),92 (DanishRoyalcouple aftend wedding),92 (Woman writing diary/StudioMPM),98 (Schoolchildren in class);iStockphoto pp7 (Parkourjump/Anthony Brown), 7 (BASEjumping/Jonathan Benton),7 (BlvD( rycling), 81 (Bird watching/Martin Bowker);OUP pp4 (twins/Photodisc),28 (RomanBaths/Corel),30 (teengirl/t{addon Davies),101(money/Photodisc); Photolibrary pp40 (Girl yelling/Photodisc),56 (Rock climber with prosthetic leg/Corbis),90 (Students in computer class/DigitalVision);PunchStockp97 (Boredyoung women in classphotodisc);Reuters Picturespp33 (Athlete DavidWeir/Gary Hershorn), 33(TennisplayerEsterVergeerfShannonStapleton): Scienceand SocietyPicture Library p34 (Thewright Brothers' glider 19O2/ScienceMuseum).Penguin p13 (coverofAll mysonsbyArthur Miller (Penguin Books,2009)Copyright 1947bytuthur Miller. Reproducedby permission ofPenguin BooksLtd. Illusftations:Nick Hardcastle p26; Stuart Harrison p51,52,65,84,88:Andy Parkerpp15,36,4a,54,57, 62, 79;Dylan Teaguep20.
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