The document outlines the key steps in site identification and project pre-feasibility for solar power projects. These include identifying suitable land characteristics like soil type and drainage; assessing solar radiation and shadows; conducting geological, social, and evacuation feasibility studies; selecting technology; and performing financial pre-feasibility analysis. Key site requirements include plain land near substations with proper road access and drainage. Financial analysis covers costs, revenue, cash flows, and break-even time.

1. Steps of Site Identification
&
Project Pre-Feasibility

5.  Identification of site
 Solar insolation and shadow assessment
 Geological due diligence
 Social audit of the site
 Power Evacuation Feasibility and
accessibility
 Technology and supplier selection
 Financial Pre Feasibility

6.  Land shall be plain and Red soil with
proper rain water drainage provision .
 Near to 33KV SS
 Motor able road
 Following land is not suitable :
 Black Cotton Soil
 Site located near mountain ,Larger Water
Bodies & Shadow over land .

7. • No of sunny days / sunny hours
• No of Cloudy days & Rainy days
• Relative Humidity & Temperature @ Site
• Direction of Sun Rays falling on the Panel
• Following land is not suitable :
• More dusty Area
• Site located near mountain ,Larger Water
Bodies & Shadow over land .

8. • As land orientation should preferably be flat,
considerations while identifying site must
include;
• Degree of levelization,
• A drainage system,
• Dust percentage in air
• Land/soil capacity to hold structures.
• Soil Testing Experts/ Geotechnical Engineers
having understanding of soil and land
mechanics.

9. Review issues related to:-
 Security of the project and the systems,
 Possible threats in terms of security of
employees,
 Availability of labor & local support for the
project.

10. Review issues related to:-
• Availability of substation for power evacuation
(Nearest- 11/33 KV )
• Availability / provision for Additional Bay @ SS
• Evacuation capacity of the sub-station- to be
checked with distribution utility.
• Feasibility study of Power Evacuation line of 33
KV from site to SS ( Pole compensation cost)
• Grid to be constructed as per IEGC .

11. Selection of Solar PV Technology based on -
• Past performance record, Available global
radiation(GHI), Climatic conditions- Specially
temperature and Wind velocity, Cost of technology
(capital and O&M), Projected conversion
efficiency/’s and Consequent projected CUF’s, Risks
associated with the technologies
• Solar Panels – Type
• Mono crystalline , Poly crystalline or Thin film
technology .
• Battery Banks , inverters , PV – DC Cable
connectors , etc .
• Use of specific PV DC cables

12. • Land & Development Cost
• Construction Cost
• Engineering Cost
• Equipment Cost
• Operational Cost
• Revenue
• Benefits/Incentives
• Funds Availability
• Cash Flow
• Returns

13.  Radiation at Site
 Losses in PV System
(Invertors ,Cabling, Soiling (Dust), Module
Mismatch , MPPT losses & Transformer)
 Temperature and Climatic condition
 Design Parameters of the Solar Plant
 Inverter efficiency
 Module degradation due to ageing .
 Grid Availability

14.  Direct Method –
Pyrheliometer & Pyronometer instruments used
@ site to estimate the Solar Radiation
 InDirect method –
Satelite data , NASA ,
Indian Metrological Department ,
 World Radition Data Centre ( WRDC) &
 RET Screen Canadian software - Free of
cost

15.  Reflection losses due to Sun Path, - Solar rays should
fall perpendicular to panel for higher efficiency – But
actually it may have wider incidence angle due to sun
path – 1 % loss expected .
 Soiling losses due to dust , SNOW etc – 1 % loss
 Mis Match effect losses- due to interconnection of Solar
Panels in series & parallel – Good quality panel to be
procured .
 MPPT ( Max Power Point Tracking) Losses - due to
Changes in direction of sun , changes in solar
insolations level with varying Temp
 Inverter Efficiency depends upon Conversion of DC to
AC – 96 to 98.5% .
 Cabling losses due to improper joints etc .
 Transformer losses.

16.  Proper selection of Modules
 Optimum angle of tilt
 Minimisation of Ohmic losess with proper
selection of conductors .
 Selection of Efficient Transformers & Inverters
Energy output depends upon
- Temperature of the module decrease the output
- Intensity of lights
- Sun lights reflection on the surface but not on
the modules
- Defuse light - Changes in Sun spectrum in the
day/ year , due to clouds, smoky, fogs etc
- Materials used in Modules – Amorphous Silicon
performance changes with aging

17.  Mounting position of modules & Air circluation
 Inclination Angle - Tilting position of modules –
Fixed type- Non Tracking system
 Performance changes with aging .
 Temp Co Efficient –Changes in power out put
with Different Temp
 Typical value of Temp co efficient
Y( P mpp) Crystaline Modules -0.4 to 0.45 % K
Y( P mpp) Amorphous Modules -0.2 to 0.23 % K
Y( P mpp) CdTe Modules -0.24 to 0.25 % K
Thin film modules can give higher performance
@ Elevated Temp compare to Crystaline silicon.

18.  Module degradation occurs to Sun light
 - Slow Breakdown of Module encapsulant
( Ethelene Vinyl Acetate EVA & Back sheet
Polyvinyl Flouride Films )
 Moisture ingress leads to corrosion formation on
Cable connectors and decreased voltage outputs
 UV rays breaks down the EVA layer between
Module Front Glass and silicon cells – Silicon cells
outputs gets affected .
 Discoloration of Panels .
 Degradation of silicon cells – Metastable Dangling
bonds – 15 to 20 % reduction in efficiency .

19. Sl No Description Life in
Years
Remarks
1 Module 30
2 Inverter 15 Small plant
30 10% Parts replacement 2 Every 10
years
3 Structure 30 Roof Top
30 to 60 Ground mounted fixed in metal
4 Cabling 30
After 10 years – 90 % & After 20 Years -80 % efficiency noticed in modules
First 03 years of Operations No reduction in designed power output and then
Yearly reduction of power output is 0.5 %

20.  Software available –
RETScreen (Free of cost), PVSyst23, Homer
 Following analysis can be done :-
-Energy Analysis
-Emission Analysis
-Cost Analysis
-Financial Analysis
-Sensitivity / risk Analysis

21.  Performance of CUF depends upon :-
 Solar Radiation
 Temperature
 Air velocity
 Module type and materials used
 Quality of Module & cable joints etc
 Efficiency of Inverter &Transformer
 Thin Film Modules most suitable higher ambient
temp area . ( CUF around 19 to 20%)
 To compensate degradation loss after 3 years add
5 KW module / MW in every year.

22. Sl No Description Cost In Crore % of Cost
1 Solar PV Modules 4.51 58.2687339
2 Solar Invertors 1.166 15.0645995
3 Transformers 0.294 3.79844961
4 Protective devices 0.12 1.5503876
5 Wire/cables 0.1 1.29198966
6 SCADA/RMS 0.1 1.29198966
7 Project Execution & Comm 0.2 2.58397933
8 Construction cost 0.4 5.16795866
9
Grid Evacuation
@ 15 L /Km x 5 KM 0.75 9.68992248
10 Other official works 0.1 1.29198966
7.74 100

23. Loan amount @ 70 % of project cost 5.418 crore
Annual EMI (Including Principle + Interest @12PA= Rs
8,76,105 Lakhs / Month)
1,05,13,320 Crore
Annual OMS Charge & Staff Pay + Admin cost 20,00,000 Lakhs
Total Expense / year 1,25,00,000 Crore
Revenue Details
Net Energy Produced in MWH 1655 MWH
PLF ( 1x24x365= 8760 MWH) / Year 18.8926%
PPA @ 7.50 KWH Cost 1,24,12,500 crore
Revenune due to sale of REC @12000 /MWH 1,97,59,180 crore
Net Cash Flow ( NCF) = ( PPA + REC cost ) 3,22,72,500 Crore
Net Balance Amount = ( NCF- Net Expense / Year) 1,97,59,180 Crore

24. Break even
7.74 / 1.97 crore
( Total Project cost /Net Balance amount/ year)
3.92 years
Net Amount at the end of the 7 th year 13,83,14,260 crore
Net Amount at the end of the 10th year 19,75,91,800 Crore