Solar photovoltaic system

Subject
Renewable Energy and Green Technology
Topic
Solar Photovoltaic System
by
Dr. Sanjay Singh Chouhan
Assistant Professor
College of Agriculture, JNKVV,
Powarkheda, Hoshangabad
1

Solar Photovoltaic System
• The most useful way of harnessing solar energy is by directly converting it into DC
electricity by means of solar photo-voltaic cells.
• Energy conversion devices which are used to convert sun light to electricity by the use of
photo-voltaic effect are called solar cells.
• Solar cells can be manufactured from different semiconductor materials and their
combinations.
• The voltage generated by a solar cell depends on the intensity of solar radiation and the
cell surface area receiving the radiations.
• The maximum achievable power is about 100 W/m² of solar cell surface area.
JNKVV- College of Agriculture, Powarkheda
2

Types of Solar Cells
(i) Monocrystalline silicon cells
(ii) Poly crystalline silicon cells
(iii) Amorphous silicon cells
(iv) Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
(v) Copper indium diselenide (CID) cells
At present, silicon solar cells occupy 60% of the world market. Basic types of silicon solar cells are:
(i) Mono crystalline silicon solar cells
(ii) Poly crystalline silicon solar cells
(iii) Thin film or Amorphous silicon solar cells.
3

Advantages of Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion
a) Absence of moving parts.
b) Direct conversion of light to electricity at room temperature.
c) Can function unattended for long time.
d) Low maintenance cost.
e) No environmental pollution.
f) Very long life.
g) Highly reliable.
h) Solar energy is free and no fuel required.
i) Can be started easily as no starting time is involved.
4

j) Easy to fabricate.
k) These have high power-to-weight ratio, therefore very useful for space application.
l) Decentralized or dispersed power generation at the point of power consumption can
save power transmission and distribution costs.
m) These can be used with or without sun tracking
5

Limitations of Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion
a) Manufacturing of silicon crystals is labour and energy intensive.
b) The principle limitation is high cost.
c) The insolation is unreliable and therefore storage batteries are needed.
d) Solar power plants require very large land areas.
e) Electrical generation cost is very high.
f) The energy spent in the manufacture of solar cells is very high.
g) The initial cost of the plant is very high and still requires a long gasification period.
6

Components of Solar
Photovoltaic systems
ARRAY
Individual solar cells are
connected to from modules of
photovoltaic system and more
modules form system of array.
Balance –of-system (BOS)
This BOS includes, battery charge
controllers, batteries, inverters
(for loads requiring alternating
current), wires, conduit, a
grounding circuit, fuses, safely
disconnects, outlets, metal
structures for supporting the
modules.
JNKVV- College of Agriculture, Powarkheda 7

Solar
Photovoltaic
Module
System

Charge controller: The controller keeps the battery fully charged without overcharging. When the
load is drawing power, the controller allows charge to flow from the modules into the battery, the
load, or both. Many controllers will also sense when loads have taken too much electricity from
batteries and will stop the flow until sufficient charge is restored to the batteries.
Battery : Usually lead-acid, are designed to gradually discharge and recharge 80% of their capacity
hundreds of times. Automotive batteries are shallow-cycle batteries and should not be used in PV
systems because they are designed to discharge only about 20% of their capacity. If drawn much
below 20% capacity more than a few dozen times, the battery will be damaged and will no longer
be able to take a charge.
Inverter : AC systems require an inverter, which changes the DC electricity produced by PV modules
and stored in batteries into AC electricity.
9

Applications of solar photovoltaic systems
Application in Agriculture: Solar fencing, Solar powered cold storage, Sprayers, Dusters,
Agrovoltic power generation, Solar tractor & mover, Solar Weeder, Solar milking machine,
Solar bird scarer,
Water pumping:- Water can be pumped from bore wells for irrigation, residential uses etc.
using solar photovoltaic systems.
Lighting:- Solar photovoltaic systems are commonly used for lighting in residences, highway
signs, street lights, recreational vehicles, remote villages and schools and marine
navigational buoys.
10

Communications:- Power generation through SPV can be applied in communications
systems like relay stations, emergency radios, mobile phone applications, satellites etc.
Refrigeration:- Solar based refrigeration systems are adopted in medicine storage, storage
of commercial products in remote areas etc.
Utility grids:- Power production in the capacity of kW or MW scale is being started in
various locations using solar PV systems.
Household applications:- Solar PV cells are used in lighting and fans of houses, lanterns,
ventilation fans, televisions, stereos and other applications.
11

Solar Lantern
• PV module
• Battery
• Led lamp

Solar Lantern
• A Solar lantern is a simple application of solar photovoltaic technology, which has found
good acceptance in rural regions where the power supply is irregular and scarce.
• Even in the urban areas people prefer a solar lantern as an alternative during power cuts
because of its simple mechanism.
• The solar energy is converted to electrical energy by the SPV panel and stored in a sealed
maintenance-free battery for later use during the night hours.
• A single charge can operate the lamp for about 4-5 hours.
• Easy and convenient alternative to kerosene / petromax / gas.
• It is easy to install, no electrical connection is required and no electricity charges.
• System is completely shock proof due to low voltage circuitry and short circuit protection.
14

Solar Streetlight

16
Solar Streetlight

Solar Streetlight
• This system is designed for outdoor application in un-electrified remote rural areas.
• This system is an ideal application for campus and village street lighting.
• The system is provided with battery storage backup sufficient to operate the light for
10-11 hours daily.
• The system is provided with automatic ON/OFF time switch for dusk to down operation
and overcharge /deep discharge prevention cut-off
17

Solar Fencing
System

Solar Fencing System

Solar Fencing System
• Solar Fencing is the modern day's alternative to the conventional type of perimeter protection.
• These are active fences and punish the unwelcome intruder the moment they touches the fence
or try to tamper the fence.
• The conventional types of fences are only passive fences and cannot resist the intruder if they try
to forcibly intrude into the protected area.
• The Solar Fence gives a sharp, short but a safe shock and creates psychological fear.
• Against any tampering the alarm incorporated in the system gets activated and alerts the inmates
of the protected area.
• The solar fence is scientific fence and works on Solar Energy with backup facility to run
uninterruptedly during the nights as well as cloudy days.

Working principle of Solar Fencing
• The Solar module generates the DC energy and charges the Battery.
• The output of the battery is connected to Energizer or Controller or Charger or Fencer.
• The energizer will produce a short, high voltage pulse at regular rate of one pulse per second.
• The live wire of the energizer is connected to the fence wire and the earth terminal to the Earth
system.
• Animal / Intruder touching the live wire creates a path for the current through its body to the
ground and back to the energizer via the earth system and completes the circuit.
• Thus the intruder will receive a shock, the greater the shock the intruder receives the more
lasting the memory will be avoided in future.
21

Energizer
• The heart of the power fence is the Energizer.
• The energizer is selected depending on the animals to be controls, length of the fence
and number of strands.
• Main function of the energizer is to produce short and sharp pulses of about 8000 volts
at regular intervals.
• The power input is from the DC energy from battery.
• The energizer should be protected from children, should be enclosed, free from
mechanical damage and away from inflammable.
22

Earthing system
• The earth or ground system of the Energizer is like the antenna or aerial of a radio.
• A large radio requires a large antenna to effectively collect sound waves and a high
powered Energizer requires a large number of electrons from the soil.
• The earth or ground system must be perfect to enable the pulse to complete its circuit
and give the animal an effective shock.
• Soil is not a good conductor so the electrons spread out and travel over a wide area,
inclining towards moist mineral soils.
• If possible, select an area for the energizer earth site which is damp all the year.
23

Solar Water
Pumping System

25
Solar Water Pumping System

Solar Water Pumping System
• The solar water pumping system is a stand-alone system operating on power
generated using solar PV (photovoltaic) system.
• The power generated by solar cells is used for operating DC surface centrifugal
mono-block pump-set for lifting water from bore / open well or water reservoir
for minor irrigation and drinking water purpose.
• The system requires a shadow-free area for installation of the Solar Panel.

Advantages of solar pump sets
1. No fuel cost-uses abundantly available free sun light
2. No conventional grid electricity required
3. Long operating life
4. Highly reliable and durable- free performance
5. Easy to operate and maintain
6. Eco-friendly
7. Saving of conventional diesel fuel
Disadvantages
1. Unstable, pumping is affected by the intensity of sunlight
2. The pump does not work at night in areas without a grid
27

Solar Tractors & Mowers

Solar Tractors & Mowers
• Solar PV and battery powered power tractor has been developed by M/s Autosol Energy
Pvt. Limited, Ahmadabad Gujrat is capable to operate the cultivator, seed cum fertilizer
drill, rad washing and cleaning device and trailer of 1.8 tonne load capacity.
• Solar-powered tractors can easily handle non-energy intensive operations like planting
and harvesting.
• Their operating costs would be a fraction of those of conventional tractors. However, the
technology is relatively new in India and used in a few places along with conventional
tractors.
• May be in a decade, we will have fully solar-powered agricultural machineries.
29

Solar Tractors
& Mowers

JNKVV-CollegeofAgriculture,Powarkheda
31
Solar
Photovoltaic
Sprayer

Solar Photovoltaic Sprayer
• It is used for spraying of agricultural chemicals in agricultural field.
• To provide energy to DC pump (60 W) of the PV sprayer, 120Wp capacity (60 Wp×2 Nos.)
solar photovoltaic modules are connected so that the produced energy may be directly
used by DC motor.
• To provide continuous supply of power to the system and other uses, a provision of
battery bank (two batteries 12V, 7Ah each) is made.
• Performance of the sprayer has showed an application rate of 84 litre/h and coverage of
0.21 ha/h. The application rate varied as per the availability of solar radiation.
• The capacity of the tank used in the sprayer was 30 lit and approximate cost of the solar
photovoltaic sprayer is Rs 2,500 to 5,000.
32

Solar Photovoltaic Sprayer

Solar
Photovoltaic
Duster

Solar Photovoltaic Duster
• It is used for application of dust formulation pesticides e.g. sulphur (S) dust, Malathion
powder etc.
• It essentially comprises a photovoltaic module (7.5Wp), a metal carrier, storage battery
(12V, 7Ah) and especially designed compatible dusting unit.
• The photovoltaic module is carried over the head with the help of a light metal carrier
made of aluminium (Al) sheet, which provides shade to the worker and simultaneously
charges the battery to run the duster.
• The field capacity of the device is about 0.075 ha/h.
• The unit has also the additional facility for lighting purpose during night.
35

Solar Photovoltaic Duster

Solar PV Weeder
3
7

Solar PV Weeder
• A solar PV weeder for conservation agriculture has been developed by ICAR-CIAE,
Bhopal (Singh, 2018).
• The specifications of equipment are as; L× W × H: 1680× 570 360 mm, weight: 8 kg,
solar panel size: 20 watt, Battery size: 12 V × 7 Ah and D C motor: 12 W×5 A. It has been
evaluated for weeding in maize and soybean crops.
• In field it gave working width of 400 and 200 mm, field capacity 0.10 ha/h, weeding
efficiency 92% and operating cost Rs 3000/ha.
38

Solar Powered Autonomous Weeder (Ecorobotix)

Solar Powered Autonomous Weeder (Ecorobotix)
It is an automatic sensor based weeding equipment, which identify the weeds by the sensor and
apply the current amount of chemical on the weeds to kill them.
The specification of equipment are as;
• capacity: 30 L chemical
• weight:130 kg,
• crop rows spacing: 35 to 70 cm
• navigation: sensors and GPS
• weed detection: camera
• crop height: 25 cm
• outputs: 3 ha/day
• average speed: 0.4m/second
• destroy weeds: 95%
• working width: 2 m.
• operation hour:12 hr
40

Solar
Powered
Harvesting
Devices

Solar Powered Harvesting Devices
• Efforts has been made to develop a solar powered harvesting devices for of paddy and
wheat crops by Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Science, Sri
Krishna Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India.
• Commercially available blade has been attached to the lower end of the arm of
pendulum type dynamic tester which cut the stalk with knife velocity ranging between
2.28 m/s to7.23 m/s at 42.6 % (wb) moisture content.
42

Solar Greenhouse

Solar Greenhouse
• Solar Greenhouses make optimum use of solar energy for providing heating and insulation.
• Specialized solar greenhouses can collect and store energy for night-time use or during cloudy
weather. SPV cells can be used to collect solar energy for additional insulation in colder climates.
• Such greenhouses using passive solar technology have been built for costs starting at Rs. 30,000
in Ladakh.
• In warmer climates, solar greenhouses can be used to create a cooler zone required for certain
crops.
• Cooling pumps can be powered by SPV cells placed either on top or along the sides of the
greenhouse;
• Solar energy can be used for such ventilation systems.
44

Solar
Greenhouse

46
Solar Milking
Machine

Solar Milking Machine
• Milking machines for cows operated on solar power instead of diesel or electric power
are another innovation.
• A SPV module connected to batteries powers the machine.
• A mobile milking machine along with solar panels and battery backup is available for
Rs.70,000.
• Some states like Karnataka provide subsidies of up to 50% for these machines.
• There are manual milking machines that can be either hand operated or connected to
solar power as well.
47

Solar Bird Scarer
• The solar powered bird scarer is a device to scare birds away from different locations
varying from large crop fields to airports and urban areas.
• The device is powered by PV panel (10-20 W) are portable and waterproof.
• The bird’s movement over a wide area are detected by the device using infrared
sensors.
• Once a disturbance area is detected, the device produces distress calls to drive away
the flock of birds.
• This system is very effective, portable and is independent of any external power
49

PV Mobile Unit

PV Mobile Unit
• The self-propelling PV mobile unit is a moveable power system that can be used to
accomplish domestic, agricultural and rural oriented tasks in isolated cluster of houses in
rural areas, especially in dhanis (hamlets) of the arid areas.
• The unit comprises of two 315 W monocrystalline PV modules connected to a charge
regulator, a folding system with auto locking arrangement for keeping the PV panels (630
W) at an optimum angle, an inverter and a DC motor operated drive system.
• The unit can be driven with ease and can be used for operating both AC and DC loads.
• The system has been successfully tested for operating a churner to extract butter, a
blower, a winnower, an aloe vera extractor etc.
• Such PV mobile units can be used on a custom hire basis in the village.
51

PV mobile unit
developed at CAZRI,
Jodhpur

Thanks for listening…..

Solar photovoltaic system

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Solar photovoltaic system

Similar to Solar photovoltaic system (20)

More from Dr. Sanjay Singh Chouhan

More from Dr. Sanjay Singh Chouhan (17)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Solar photovoltaic system